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UNIVERSITÀ DEGLI STUDI DI PADOVA. Dipartimento di Scienze Economiche Marco Fanno

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UNIVERSITÀ DEGLI STUDI DI PADOVA Dipartimento di Scienze Economiche “Marco Fanno”

FROM CONTROLLED TO LOOSE CO-PRODUCTION:

BENEFITS DISTRIBUTION BETWEEN FIRMS AND CONSUMERS

ELEONORA DI MARIA University of Padova

MARCO PAIOLA University of Padova

June 2011

“MARCO FANNO” WORKING PAPER N.135

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