List of Figures
1.1 concept of a hybrid car . . . 2
1.2 Energy flow in a hybrid car . . . 2
2.1 Topology of the bidirectional buck-boost converter’ . . . 3
2.2 Simpowersystems MOSFET model . . . 5
2.3 Simplorer MOSFET Model . . . 6
2.4 Generic switch characteristics . . . 7
3.1 restive step-down circuit . . . 8
3.2 restive step-down circuit when the mosfet is on . . . 9
3.3 Blocks diagram of the step-down circuit when the mosfet is on . . . 10
3.4 restive step-down circuit when the mosfet is off . . . 10
3.5 Block diagram of the step-down circuit when the Mosfet is off . . . 11
3.6 Block diagram of the complete step-down circuit . . . 12
3.7 resistive step-up circuit . . . 12
3.8 resistive step-up circuit when the Mosfet is on . . . 13
3.9 Block diagram of the step-up circuit when the Mosfet is on . . . 14
3.10 Resistive step-up circuit when the Mosfet is off . . . 14
3.11 Block diagram of the step-up circuit when the Mosfet is off . . . 15
3.12 Block diagram of the complete step-up circuit . . . 16
4.1 buck circuit . . . 18
4.2 Comparison between eq.4.10 and eq. 4.1 . . . 19
4.3 Progress of the current and of the voltage in the inductor at the Boundary . 20 4.4 Discontinuous conduction in a buck converter . . . 21
4.5 discontinuous conduction in a buck converter . . . 22
4.6 Progress of the current and of the voltage in the inductance at the steady-state 23 4.7 Output voltage ripple in a buck converter . . . 25
4.8 Boost circuit . . . 26
4.9 Comparison between eq.4.46 and eq. 4.37 . . . 28
4.10 Progress of the current and of the voltage in the inductor at the Boundary . 28 4.11 Discontinuous conduction in a buck converter . . . 30
4.12 Progress of the current in the inductance, the diode, the load resistance and the output capacitor . . . 30
4.13 Progress of the current and of the voltage in the inductance at steady-state . 32 5.1 Topology of the bidirectional buck-boost converter . . . 34
5.2 typical current progress in the inductance . . . 37
5.3 Brake step-down circuit . . . 38
5.4 Most simple model of the Braking step down circuit mode of operation . . . 38
5.5 Brake step-down supplied by a square wave . . . 39
5.6 Contour lines for Vload = 10V . . . 40
5.7 Contour lines for Vload = 11V . . . 40
5.8 Contour lines for Vload = 12V . . . 40
5.9 Contour lines for Vload = 13V . . . 40
5.10 Contour lines for Vload = 14V . . . 40
5.11 Contour lines for Vload = 10V . . . 42
5.12 Contour lines for Vload = 11V . . . 42
5.13 Contour lines for Vload = 12V . . . 42
5.14 Contour lines for Vload = 13V . . . 42
5.15 Contour lines for Vload = 14V . . . 42
5.16 contour lines for Vload = 10V (theoretic) . . . 44
5.17 contour lines for Vload = 11V (theoretic) . . . 44
5.18 contour lines for Vload = 12V (theoretic) . . . 44
5.20 contour lines for Vload = 14V (theoretic) . . . 44
5.21 Motor step up circuit . . . 45
5.22 Motor step-up supply by a square wave . . . 45
5.23 contour lines for Vin = 10V . . . 47
5.24 contour lines for Vin = 11V . . . 47
5.25 contour lines for Vin = 12V . . . 47
5.26 contour lines for Vin = 13V . . . 47
5.27 contour lines for Vin = 14V . . . 47
5.28 Contour lines for Vin = 10V (theoretical) . . . 49
5.29 Contour lines for Vin = 11V (theoretical) . . . 49
5.30 Contour lines for Vin = 12V (theoretical) . . . 49
5.31 Contour lines for Vin = 13V (theoretical) . . . 49
5.32 Contour lines for Vin = 14V (theoretical) . . . 49
5.33 Contour lines for Vload = 10V . . . 50
5.34 Contour lines for Vload = 12V . . . 50
5.35 Contour lines of the motoring step-up for Vin = 12V . . . 50
6.1 Topology of a three phases converter . . . 51
6.2 Progress of the currents through each capacitor and their sum . . . 52
6.3 Inductance current ripple as a function of the duty cycle . . . 52
6.4 Three phase converter step-down mode . . . 53
6.5 Three phases converter step-up mode . . . 54
6.6 Progress of the current through every inductance . . . 56
6.7 Progress of iind and iload . . . 56
6.8 Progress of iC2 . . . 56
6.9 Progress of Vload . . . 56
6.10 Progress of the current through every inductance . . . 57
6.11 Progress of iind and iload . . . 57
6.12 Progress of iC2 . . . 57
6.14 Progress of the current through every inductance . . . 58
6.15 Progress of iind and iload . . . 58
6.16 Progress of iC2 . . . 58
6.17 Progress of Vload . . . 58
6.18 Progress of the current through every inductance . . . 59
6.19 Progress of iind and iload . . . 59
6.20 Progress of iC2 . . . 59
