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448 Bibliography
A Abdomen
plain films of, 240 vascular injury to, 324 wall
hernias of, 289–290
pediatric defects in, 389–390 Abdominal compartment syndrome,
83 Abscess, liver
amebic, 246–247 bacterial, 246 echinococcal, 247 Absorption
of food, 211–212 small intestine and, 221 Achalasia, 191
Actinic keratoses, 180–181 Acute limb ischemia, 300–301 Acute liver failure, 257–259 Acute renal failure (ARF), 101–102 Acute respiratory distress syndrome
(ARDS) in ICU, 69–70
skeletal injuries and, 115
Adenocarcinoma, pancreatic, 282–284 Adenomatous polyps, 207
Adherence molecules, 8–9 Adrenal androgens, 349 Adrenal corticoids, 127 Adrenal glands
anatomy of, 372 physiology of, 348–349 Adrenal incidentalomas, 355 Adrenal medullary hormones, 349 AFP. See Alpha-fetoprotein Alkaloids, 36
Alkylating agents, 35
Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), 31–32 Amebic abscess, of liver, 246–247 American Society of Anesthesiologists
(ASA), classification, 58
Amides, 61
Aminoglutethimide, 166 Anal canal
anatomy of, 224 cancer of, 229–230 Anaplastic carcinoma, 342 Androgens, adrenal, 349 Anemia
in gastrectomy, 205–206 transfusion therapy and, 79–80 Anesthesia
general, 59–60 local, 61 Aneurysm
aortic, 306–308 femoral, 308
peripheral artery, 309–310 popliteal, 308
splenic artery, in pregnancy, 400 visceral, 311–312
Angiography, 45 Angiosarcoma, 250 Annular pancreas, 273 Anterior cord syndrome, 110 Antibiotics, for cancer, 36–37 Antibodies, 128
Anticoagulation for DVT, 77–78 in ICU, 74–75
Antigen recognition, 11–12 Antimetabolites
for cancer, 35–36
immunosuppression and, 127 Aortic aneurysm, 306–308
Appendicitis, in pregnancy, 398–399 ARDS. See Acute respiratory distress
syndrome
ARF. See Acute renal failure Aromatase inhibitors, for cancer, 37 Arterial aneurysms
peripheral, 309–310 types of, 306–308
ASA. See American Society of Anesthesiologists Ascites
chylous, 326 in liver failure, 260
portal hypertension and, 255, 256
Atherosclerosis, 313
Atherosclerotic plaques, 315–316 Atrial fibrillation, 315
Autonomous zone, 113 Axonotmesis, 112
B
Bacilli, 64–65
Bacterial abscess, of liver, 246 Basal cell carcinoma, 180 B cells, 12
Benign hepatic neoplasm, 251–252
Bile, physiology of, 263–264 Bile duct, injury to, 268 Biliary dyskinesia, 266 Biliary strictures, 267–268 Biliary tract, infections of, 265 Bilirubin, excretion of, 239 Biopsies, 33–34
Bladder
anatomy of, 373–374 injury to, 379–380
pelvic fractures and, 117 neurogenic, 381–382 pressure in. See Abdominal
compartment syndrome Bleeding disorders, 74–75 Bleomycin, for cancer, 36–37 Blood supply, to flaps, 23–24 Blood transfusions, 79–80 Brain death, 105–106 Breast
anatomy of, 161–162 benign disease of, 164–165
Index
449
Breast (cont.) cancer
inflammatory, 171 invasive, 166–168 male, 173–174 noninvasive, 169–170 in pregnancy, 397–398
sentinel lymph node biopsy for, 34
complaints, 163 phyllodes tumor, 172 ultrasound of, 41
Bronchoscopy, for lung cancer, 149 Brown-Sequard syndrome, 110 Burkitt’s lymphoma, 27–28 Burns. See Thermal injuries Buschke-Löwenstein tumor, 230
C
Calcineurin inhibitors, 127 Calcitonin, 32
Calcium, 97–98
physiology of, 343–344 Cancer. See also specific types
of anal canal, 229–230 breast, 34, 166–171, 397–398
male, 173–174 colon, 226–227 gastric, 208–209 lung, 148–150 ovarian, 366–368 pancreatic, 282–284 rectal, 228
systemic therapy for, 35–38 testicular, 376–377
Carbohydrates, digestion of, 211 Carcinoid tumors, 149
Carcinoma. See also Tumors anaplastic, 342
basal/squamous cell, 180 ductal, 166
gallbladder, 270 hepatocellular, 248–249 Hürthle cell, 341 merkel cell, 181 renal cell, 375–376 thyroid, 340–342 Cardiogenic shock, 82 Cardiovascular disease,
immunosuppression and, 129 Carpal tunnel syndrome, 120–121 Causalgia, 113
Cecum, 223 Cell(s)
epithelioid, 10 natural killer, 11 physiology of, 3–4
cytokines, 5–7 lymphocytes, 11–12 macrophages, 10
neutrophils, 8–9 nitric oxide, 13–14 polymorphonuclear, 17 Cell-mediated rejection, 126 Central cord syndrome, 110 Central venous pressure (CVP), 70 Cerebrovascular disease, 315–316 Cervical cord neurapraxia, 110 Cervical disc disease, 107–108 Cervical injury, 323
Chemodectomas, 142 Chemotherapy
for esophageal cancer, 196 for lung cancer, 150 neoadjuvant, 166, 168 Chest wall, tumors of, 155–156 CHF. See Congestive heart failure Chilblains, 89–90
Children. See also Infants
abdominal wall defects in, 389–390 fluid/electrolyte management in,
384
hernias in, 392–393 infections in, 384–385 Intussusception in, 391 nutrition and, 385 postoperative care of, 383 shock in, 383–384 solid tumors in, 387–388
Child-Turcotte-Pugh score, 132–133 Chlorambucil, for cancer, 35 Cholangiocarcinoma, 249 Cholangiograms, 242
Cholecystectomy, in pregnancy, 399 Cholecystography, oral, 240 Cholecystokinin, 213 Choledochal cysts, 269 Cholestatic syndrome, 244 Chronic liver failure, 257–259 Chronic rejection, 126 Chronic venous insufficiency,
321–322 Chylothorax, 151–152 Chylous ascites, 326 Cisplatin, 35
Clark level classification, 178 Claw hand deformity, 113 Clinical trials, 52–53 Coagulation
in ICU, 74–75 inflammation and, 6–7 Cocci, 64
Cold injuries, 89–90
Collagen, wound healing and, 18 Collateralization, 302
Colon
absorption by, 212 anatomy of, 223–224 cancer of, 226–227 Colonic polyps, 225
450 Index
Compartment syndrome definition of, 84 of hand, 120
skeletal injuries and, 115
Computed tomography (CT), 43–44 hepatobiliary, 241
Congestive heart failure (CHF), in elderly, 394–395
Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP), 72
“Contracture,” 19
CPAP. See Continuous positive airway pressure
Cricopharyngeal achalasia, 197 Crohn’s disease, 215–216 Crow’s feet, 199
CT. See Computed tomography Cushing’s syndrome, 350–351 CVP. See Central venous pressure Cyclin-dependent kinases, 4 Cyclophosphamide, 35 Cysts
choledochal, 269 pseudo, 280–281 Cytokines, 5–7
in wound healing, 19–20
D
Dactinomycin, 36
Deep venous thrombosis (DVT) hypercoagulable states and, 76–78 in pregnancy, 401
Depolarizing agents, 62 Diabetic foot, 319–320 Diarrhea, in UC, 217
Diffuse esophageal spasm, 191 Digestion, 211–212, 221 Diverticulum, 234
Doppler ultrasound, hepatobiliary, 241
Doxorubicin, for cancer, 36 Ductal carcinoma, 166 Dumping syndrome, 205 Dupuytren’s disease, 122
DVT. See Deep venous thrombosis Dyskinesia, biliary, 266
E
Echinococcal abscess, of liver, 247 EDRF. See Endothelium-derived
relaxing factor Elderly, surgery in, 394–396 Electrical injury, 91 Electrocautery, 46
Electrolyte management, in children, 384
Empyema, 151
Encephalopathy, hepatic, 261 Endocrine pancreas, 276–277 Endocrine system, 329–357
Endothelium-derived relaxing factor (EDRF), 13
Enteroglucagon, 213
Epiphrenic outpouchings, 197 Epithelialization, of skin, 18–19 Epithelioid cells, 10
Esophageal
anatomy and physiology of, 189–190 diverticula, 197–198
function tests, 191–192 neoplasms, 195–196
perforation and injury, 193–194 Esters, 61
Estrogen, 37
Etoposide, for cancer, 36 Euvolemic hypernatremia, 92 Exocrine pancreas, 275–276 Extubation, 73
F FAST, 42
Fat, digestion of, 212, 221
Fat embolism, skeletal injuries and, 115
Femoral aneurysm, 308 Femoral shaft fractures, 115 Fibroblasts, wound healing and, 18 Fibroid polyps, 207
Fibromuscular dysplasia, 313 Flaps, 23–24
Fluid management in children, 384
in thermal injuries, 86–87 Fluorouracil, 36
Flutamide, 37
FNH. See Focal nodular hyperplasia Focal nodular hyperplasia (FNH), 251 Follicular carcinoma, 341
Folliculitis, 67
Food ingestion, 201–203 Foot, diabetic, 319–320 Fractures
femoral shaft, 115 open, 114 pelvic, 116–118 scaphoid, 120 Frostbite, 89–90 Fungi, 65
G
Galactocele, 163
Gallbladder, carcinoma, 270 Gallstones
biliary strictures and, 268 in pregnancy, 399 Ganglia, 121
Gastrectomy, 205–206 Gastric mucosal barrier, 202 Gastrin, 213
Gastroesophageal reflux, 190
Gastrointestinal lymphoma, 184–185, 210
Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST), 183
Gastrointestinal tract Crohn’s disease in, 215–216 obstruction of, 231–233 ultrasound of, 41–42 Gastroparesis, 206 Gastroschisis, 389–390
GCS. See Glasgow Coma Scale General anesthesia
induction, 59–60 inhalational, 60
Genes, tumor suppressor, 29–30 GIST. See Gastrointestinal stromal
tumors
Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS), 103 Glucocorticoids, 348–349 Grafts, skin, 23–24
Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), 126 Gram-negative bacilli, 64–65
Gram-positive cocci, 64 Granuloma, 10 Grave’s disease, 334
GVHD. See Graft-versus-host disease Gynecomastia, 163
H Hand
carpal tunnel syndrome of, 120–121 compartment syndrome in, 120 Dupuytren’s disease, 122 infections in, 121–122 masses of, 121
scaphoid fracture to, 120 trauma to, 119
Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, 338 HCC. See Hepatocellular carcinoma Head injury
brain death in, 105–106 ICU management of, 104–105 initial evaluation of, 103–104 Helicobacter pylori, in peptic ulcers,
204–205 Hemangiomas, 251
Hemorrhage, in pelvic fractures, 116–117 Hemothorax, 152
Hepatectomy, 262 Hepatic. See also Liver
anatomy, 237–238 failure, 257–259
coagulation and, 75 malignancies, 248–250 neoplasms, 251–252 physiology, 238–239 Hepatitis, viral, 253–254 Hepatobiliary diseases
imaging of, 239–243 in pregnancy, 399
Index 451
Hepatoblastoma, 249
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), 248–249
Hepatorenal syndrome, 261 Hernias
abdominal wall, 289–290 pediatric, 392–393 Hidradenitis suppurativa, 67 Histones, 3
HIV. See Human immunodeficiency virus
Hodgkin’s lymphoma, 184 Hormonal therapy, for cancer, 37 Hormones
adrenal medullary, 349 gastrointestinal, 202, 213–214 Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV),
in ICU, 65–66 Hürthle cell carcinoma, 341
Hydrochloric acid, food ingestion and, 201
Hyperacute rejection, 126 Hyperaldosteronism, 352 Hypercalcemia, 97–98, 343–344 Hypercoagulable states, 76–78 Hyperkalemia, 94–95
Hypermagnesemia, 96 Hypermetabolism, 88 Hypernatremia, 92–93
Hyperparathyroidism, 345–347 Hyperphosphatemia, 99 Hyperplastic polyps, 207 Hypersplenism, 256 Hypertension
portal, 255–256 renovascular, 313–314 Hyperthyroidism, 334–335 Hypervolemic hypernatremia, 92 Hypocalcemia, 97, 344
Hypokalemia, 94 Hypomagnesemia, 96 Hyponatremia, 93 Hypophosphatemia, 99
Hypotension, head injury and, 103 Hypovolemic hypernatremia, 92–93 Hypovolemic shock, 81–82
Hypoxemia, 69
Hypoxia, head injury and, 103
I Imaging
angiography, 45 electrocautery, 46 hepatobiliary, 239–243 MRI and CT, 43–44, 241–242 ultrasound, 41–42, 241 Immersion foot, 89–90 Immune response
functions of, 125
small bowel and, 221–222
Immunology basic, 125
immunosuppression, 127–129 rejection, 126
Immunosuppression, complications of, 128–129
Immunotherapy, for cancer, 37–38 Incidentalomas, adrenal, 355 Induction, anesthesia, 59–60 Infants. See also Children
pyloric stenosis in, 386 Infections
of biliary tract, 265 in children, 384–385 of hand, 121–122 hepatic failure and, 258 immunosuppression and, 128 soft tissue, 67–68
Inflammation
coagulation and, 6–7 wound healing and, 17–18 Infliximab, 6
Inhalational induction, 60 Integrins, 8–9
Interferons for cancer, 37–38 physiology of, 5–6
Interleukin-1, tumor necrosis factor and, 5
Interleukin-2 for cancer, 38 physiology of, 6
Interleukin-2 receptor inhibitors, 128 Interleukin-6, 6
Intra-islet regulation, 277 Intraoperative ultrasound, 42 Intussusception, 391
Ischemia
acute limb, 300–301 chronic lower limb, 302–303 mesenteric, 317–318
J Jaundice
gastrointestinal disorders and, 244–245
pancreatic adenocarcinoma and, 282–283
postoperative, 245
K Kidney
anatomy of, 372–373 injury to, 378
physiology of, 369–371 transplantation, 130–131
L
LAD I. See Leukocyte adhesion deficiency I
Lag phase, of wound healing, 18 Laparoscopy, physiologic effects of,
293–294
Large bowel, obstruction of, 232–233 Lauren classification, 208
Leg, ischemia, 300–301 Leiomyomas, 195 Lesions
neck, 141–142 spinal disc, 107–108
Leukocyte adhesion deficiency I (LAD I), 8
Leuprolide, 37 Ligands, 3
Liver. See also Hepatic abscesses, 246–247 acute failure of, 257–259 anatomy of, 235–236 chronic failure of, 260–261 hepatectomy, 262
lymphomas/sarcomas of, 250 transplantation, 132–133 Local anesthesia, 61 Lower extremities
ischemia of, 302–303 vascular anatomy of, 297 venous insufficiency in, 304–305 Lungs
cancer of, 148–150 function tests for, 147 Lymphatic system
chylous ascites, 326 physiology of, 324–325 tumors of, 326 Lymph nodes
anatomy of, 325 dissection, 377
sentinel biopsy of, 33–34 Lymphocytes, 11–12 Lymphomas
Burkitt’s, 27–28 classification of, 184
gastrointestinal, 184–185, 210 of liver, 250
in neck, 142 thyroid, 185, 342 Lynch II syndrome, 366 Lynch syndrome, 226
M
Macrophages, 10 Magnesium, 96 Magnetic resonance
cholangiopancreatography (MRCP), hepatobiliary, 242 Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI),
43
hepatobiliary, 241–242
Malignancy, immunosuppression and, 128–129
452 Index
Mallampati classification, 58 Malnutrition, liver failure and, 261 MALT. See Mucosa-associated lymphoid
tissue
Manometry, esophageal, 191 Marjolin’s ulcer, 22
Markers, tumor, 31–32 Masses. See Cancer; Tumors Mechanical ventilation, methods of,
71–72 CPAP in, 72–73 extubation, 73 weaning from, 73 Meckel’s diverticulum, 234 Mediastinal tumors, 153–154 Medullary carcinoma, 341–342 Melanoma, 177–179
sentinel lymph node biopsy for, 33–34
MEN. See Multiple endocrine neoplasia
Mercaptopurine, 36 Merkel cell carcinoma, 181 Merlin, 30
Mesenteric ischemia, 317–318 Metabolic acidosis, 100 Metabolic alkalosis, 100 Metabolism, thyroid and, 332 Methotrexate, 35–36
Microbes, surgical bacilli, 64–65 cocci, 64 fungi, 65 viruses, 65–66 Mineralocorticoids, 349 Molecules, adherence by, 8–9 Morbid obesity, 291–292 Motilin, 213
Motility, gastric, 202–203 MRCP. See Magnetic resonance
cholangiopancreatography MRI. See Magnetic resonance imaging Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue
(MALT), 210
Multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN), 356–357
Muscles, relaxation of, 62–63
Myofibroblasts, wound healing and, 19
N
Natural killer cells, 11 Neck
injuries to, 139–140 masses, 141–143
Necrotizing soft tissue infections, 67 Neoadjuvant chemotherapy, 166, 168 Neoplasms
benign hepatic, 251–252 esophageal, 195–196 small bowel, 219–220
Nerves
peripheral, trauma to, 112–113, 324 vagus, 199–200
Neu gene, 28 Neurapraxia, 112 Neuroblastoma, 387–388 Neurofibromatosis, 30 Neurogenic bladder, 381–382 Neurogenic shock, 82
Neuromuscular blockers, 62–63 Neuron-specific enolase (NSE), 32 Neuropathy, diabetic foot and, 319 Neurotensin, 213
Neurotmesis, 112 Neutrophils, 8–9 Nipple discharge, 163 Nitric oxide (NO), 13–14
Nitric oxide synthases (NOSs), 6–7 Nitrosoureas, 35
NO. See Nitric oxide Nondepolarizing agents, 62 Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, 184 NOSs. See Nitric oxide synthases NSE. See Neuron-specific enolase Nutrition, children and, 385
O
Obesity, morbid, 291–292 Ogilvie’s syndrome, 232 Omphalocele, 389 Oncogene, 4, 27–28 Oncogenesis, 27–28 Oncology
anticancer therapy in, 35–38 oncogenes, 4, 27–28
sentinel lymph node biopsy, 33–34 tumor markers, 31–32
tumor suppressor genes, 29–30 Open fractures, 114
Oral cholecystography, 240 Organelles, 3
Outpouchings, of esophagus, 197–198 Ovarian cancer, 366–368
P
Paget’s disease, 229 Painless breast mass, 173 Pancreas
anatomy of, 271–272 annular, 273 cancer of, 282–284 divisum, 273–274 physiology of, 275–277 Pancreatic pseudocysts, 280–281 Pancreatitis, 278–279
Papillary carcinoma, 340–341 Parabronchial outpouchings, 197 Parathyroidectomy, 346–347 Parathyroid gland, anatomy of,
330–331
Pathologic scars, in wound healing, 21 PDGF. See Platelet-derived growth
factor
Pediatrics. See Children Pedicle, 23–24
PEEP. See Positive end-expiratory pressure
Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), 361–362
Pelvic ring disruption, 116 Pelvis, fractures to, 116–118 Penis, anatomy of, 374 Peptic ulcer disease, 204–206 Percutaneous transhepatic
cholangiography (PTC), 243 Peripheral nerve injuries, 112–113,
324
Peristalsis, 189, 222 Pernio, 89–90
Peutz-Jeghers syndrome, 225 Phagocytosis, 10
Phagosome, 8, 10
Pharyngoesophageal outpouchings, 197
Pheochromocytoma, 353–354 Philadelphia chromosome, 27 Phlebectomy, 321–322 Phosphorus, 99
PID. See Pelvic inflammatory disease Pilonidal disease, 67–68
Plain films, abdominal, 240
Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), 19–20
Platelets, coagulation and, 74 Pleura
effusion, 151–152 pneumothorax, 152 tumors, 152
Plicamycin, for cancer, 36 Plummer’s disease, 334
PMN. See Polymorphonuclear cell Pneumothorax, 152
Polymorphonuclear cell (PMN), 17 Polyps
colonic, 225 gastric, 207
Popliteal aneurysm, 308
Portal venous system, elevated pressures in, 255–256
Positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP), 70
Postoperative care of children, 383 jaundice and, 245 Potassium, 94–95
Prednisone, for cancer, 37 Pregnancy
appendicitis in, 398–399 breast cancer in, 397–398 deep venous thrombosis in, 401
Index 453
hepatobiliary diseases in, 399 splenic artery aneurysm in, 400 surgical intervention during,
363–365 trauma in, 400–401
Preoperative assessment, 57–58 Pressure ventilation, 72 Procarbazine, 35 Proctocolectomy, 218 Prostate, anatomy of, 374
Prostate-specific antigen (PSA), 32 Proteins, digestion of, 211–212, 221 PSA. See Prostate-specific antigen Pseudocysts, pancreatic, 280–281 PTC. See Percutaneous transhepatic
cholangiography Pulmonary function tests, 147 Pyloric stenosis, in infants, 386 Pyoderma gangrenosum, 68
R
Radionuclide imaging, 240 Ranson’s criteria, 279 Ras genes, 27 Rectum
anatomy of, 224 cancer of, 228
Reflux, gastroesophageal, 190 Regional anesthesia, 61
Renal bicarbonate, processing of, 370 Renal cell carcinoma, 375–376 Renal injury, 378–379
Renal occlusive disease, 313–314 Renin-angiotensin, physiology,
370–371
Renovascular hypertension, 313–314 Retroperitoneal lymph node dissection
(RPLND), 377
Retroperitoneal sarcomas, 183 Review answers, 445–446 Review questions, 405–444 Rhabdomyosarcoma, 388 Riedel’s thyroiditis, 339 Rolling, 9
RPLND. See Retroperitoneal lymph node dissection
S
Salivary glands, 137–138 Sarcomas
of liver, 250 retroperitoneal, 183 soft tissue, 142–143, 182–183 Scalds, 85
Scaphoid fracture, 120 Scars, pathologic, 21
SCIWORA. See Spinal cord injury without radiographic abnormality
Secretin, 213
Selectins, 8–9
Sentinel lymph node biopsy for breast cancer, 34 for melanoma, 33–34 Septic shock, 82
Serologic compatibility, 79 Shock
cardiogenic, 82 in children, 383–384 hypovolemic, 81–82 neurogenic, 82 septic, 82 Sirolimus, 128 Skeletal injuries
compartment syndrome, 115 fat embolism and, 115 fractures, 114–115 Skin
epithelialization of, 18–19 grafts, 23–24
malignancies of lymphoma, 184–185 melanoma, 177–179 nonmelanoma, 180–181 soft tissue sarcoma, 182–183 Small bowel. See also Gastrointestinal
tract
neoplasms of, 219–220 obstruction of, 231–232 physiology of, 221–222 Small intestine. See Small bowel Sodium, 92–93
Soft tissue
infections of, 67–68 sarcomas, 142–143, 182–183 Solitary pulmonary nodules, 149 Somatostatin, 213–214
Spherocytosis, 286 Spinal anesthesia, 61
Spinal cord injury, 109–111, 110 Spinal cord injury without radiographic
abnormality (SCIWORA), 110
Spinal disc lesions, 107–108 Spleen
anatomy of, 285 wandering, 287 Splenectomy, 286–287
complications of, 287–288
Splenic artery aneurysm, in pregnancy, 400
Spondylosis, 107
Squamous cell carcinoma, 180
Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome, 68
Statistical tests, 49–51 Stomach
anatomy of, 199
gastric lymphoma in, 210
physiology of, 199–203 Strictures, biliary, 267–268 Stroke, 315–316
Systemic anticancer therapy, 35–38
T
Tachypnea, 69 Tamoxifen, 37 Taxol, 36 Teniposide, 36
Tertiary contractions, of esophagus, 189
Testicular cancer, 376–377 Testis, anatomy of, 374
TGF. See Transforming growth factor Thermal injuries
care of, 87
fluid resuscitation in, 86–87 hypermetabolism in, 88 types of, 85–86
Thoracic
chest wall tumors, 155–156 lung cancer, 148–150 mediastinal tumors, 153–154 outlet syndrome, 157 pleura, 151–152
pulmonary function tests, 147 Thorax, vascular injury to, 323–324 Thrombocytopenia purpura, 286 Thyroid. See also Hyperthyroidism
anatomy of, 329–330 lymphoma, 185, 342 malignancies, 340–342 nodules, 142, 336–337 physiology of, 332–333 Thyroidectomy, 335 Thyroiditis, 338–339
TNF. See Tumor necrosis factor TNFR. See Tumor necrosis factor
receptors
Transforming growth factor (TGF) neurofibromatosis and, 30 physiology of, 6
wound healing and, 19–20 Transfusion therapy, 79–80 Transphenoidal resection, 351 Transplantation
kidney, 130–131 liver, 132–133, 258–259 Trastuzumab, 38
Trench foot, 89–90
Truncal vagotomy, in peptic ulcer, 205
Tumor
markers, 31–32 necrosis factor, 5 Tumor markers, 31–32 Tumor necrosis factor (TNF),
interleukin-1 and, 5
454 Index
Tumor necrosis factor receptors (TNFRs), 4
Tumors. See also Carcinoma carcinoid, 149
chest wall, 155–156 in children, 387–388 of hand, 121 lymphatic, 326 mediastinal, 153–154 metastatic, 250 neck, 141–143 phyllodes, 172 pleural, 152
small bowel, 219–220 Tumor suppressor genes, 29–30
U
UC. See Ulcerative colitis Ulcerative colitis (UC), 217–218 Ulcers
diabetic foot, 319–320 Marjolin’s, 22 peptic, 204–206 venous stasis, 22, 321 Ultrasound, 41–42 Ureter
anatomy of, 373 injury to, 379 Urethra, injury to, 380 Urologic anatomy, 372–374 Urologic injury, 378–380 Urologic malignancy, 375–377
V
Vagus nerves, 199–200 Vascular system
anatomy of, lower extremities, 297
noninvasive testing on, 298–299 trauma to, 323–324
Vascular ultrasound, 42
Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), 214
Vena cava filters, 78 Venous stasis ulcers, 22, 321 Venous system
chronic insufficiency of, 321–322 in lower extremities, 302–305 portal, pressures in, 255–256 Ventilation, mechanical, 71–73 Vinblastine, 36
Vincristine, 36
VIP. See Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide
Viral hepatitis, 253–254 Viruses, ICU and, 65–66 Visceral aneurysm, 311–312 Volume ventilation, 72 Von Willebrand disease, 75
W
Wagner classification, 319–320 Wandering spleen, 287
Warfarin-induced skin necrosis, 78 Water, digestion and, 212
Weaning, from mechanical ventilation, 73
Wilm’s tumor, 388 Wound healing
abnormal, 21–22 normal, 17
cytokines in, 19–20 inflammatory phase of,
17–18
Index 455
maturational phase of, 19 proliferative phase of, 18–19 skin grafts and flaps, 23–24
Z
Zenker’s diverticula, 197 Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, 205
