State-by-State Medical Marijuana Laws. How Remove the Threat of Arrest

Ç <ehdem"\[Z[hWbbWm_iXb_dZjej^[m_iZece\W\kjkh[ZWom^[dj^[

h_]^jjeki[c[Z_YWbcWh_`kWdWjeWbb[l_Wj[[nYhkY_Wj_d]fW_dcWoX[

Z[[c[Z\kdZWc[djWb$7bj^ek]^j^WjZWo^Widejo[jZWmd[Z"Yedi_Z[h_d]

j^WjZkh_d]j^[bWijj[do[Whi[b[l[dijWj[i^Wl[b[]Wb_p[Zj^[ki[e\

c[Z_YWbcWh_`kWdW"j^WjZWocWoX[kfedkiieed[hj^Wd[nf[Yj[Z$ ÆD_dj^9_hYk_j9ekhje\7ff[Wbi"HW_Y^l$=edpWb[i"CWhY^(&&- È

IjWj[#8o#IjWj[

C[Z_YWbCWh_`kWdW

BWmi

>emjeH[cel[j^[J^h[Wje\7hh[ij

(&&.

F$E$8en--*/(

9Wf_jeb>_bb

MWi^_d]jed":9(&&')

?iik[ZXoj^[CWh_`kWdWFeb_YoFhe`[Yj F^ed[0(&(*,(#+-*-

<Wn0(&(()(#&**(

iXi$h[fehj6cff$eh]

mmm$cWh_`kWdWfeb_Yo$eh]

Ij Wj[#8o#Ij Wj[H[fehj(&&.

9EDJ;DJI _

Ij Wj[#8o#Ij Wj[H[fehj(&&.

9edj[dji

;n[Ykj_l[IkccWho$ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ ' El[hl_[m $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ ( CWh_`kWdWÊiC[Z_YWbKi[i $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ ) 9h_c_dWb_p_d]FWj_[dji$ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ ) 9^Wd]_d]<[Z[hWbBWm $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ * 9^Wd]_d]IjWj[BWmi0<hec'/-.je'//+ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ * 9^Wd]_d]IjWj[BWmi0I_dY['//, $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ + M^Wjj^[D[mIjWj[BWmi:e$ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ ,

?iJ^[h[9ed\b_Yj8[jm[[dD[mIjWj[BWmiWdZ<[Z[hWbBWm5 $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ .

<[Z[hWb9ekhjHkb_d]i>Wl[9bWh_\_[Zj^[IYef[e\IjWj[BWmi$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$.

El[hl_[me\A_dZie\IjWj[BWmi $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ '&

M^[h[J^_d]i7h[=e_d]<hec>[h[$ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ '(

J78B;I

JWXb['0;\\[Yj_l[C[Z_YWbCWh_`kWdWBWmi_d')IjWj[i$ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ '*

JWXb[(0JWbboe\IjWj[C[Z_YWbCWh_`kWdWBWmi$ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ '/

C7FI

IjWj[im_j^[\\[Yj_l[c[Z_YWbcWh_`kWdWbWmi$ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ / IjWj[im_j^c[Z_YWbcWh_`kWdWbWmi$ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ '' IjWj[ij^WjYedi_Z[h[Zc[Z_YWbcWh_`kWdWb[]_ibWj_ed

Zkh_d]j^[(&&-#(&&.b[]_ibWj_l[i[ii_edi$ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ ') 7FF;D:?9;I

7ff[dZ_n70IjWj[C[Z_YWbCWh_`kWdWBWmi $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 7#' IjWj[im_j^[\\[Yj_l[c[Z_YWbcWh_`kWdWbWmih[celWbe\Yh_c_dWbf[dWbj_[i$ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 7#' IjWj[im_j^mehaWXb[c[Z_YWbcWh_`kWdWbWmi $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 7#.

IjWj[im_j^c[Z_YWbcWh_`kWdWh[i[WhY^bWmij^[hWf[kj_Yh[i[WhY^fhe]hWci$ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 7#.

IjWj[im_j^iocXeb_Yc[Z_YWbcWh_`kWdWbWmi$ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 7#'(

IjWj[i_dm^_Y^c[Z_YWbcWh_`kWdWbWmi^Wl[[nf_h[ZehX[[dh[f[Wb[Z $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 7#', IjWj[ij^Wj^Wl[d[l[h^WZc[Z_YWbcWh_`kWdWbWmi$ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 7#'/

IjWj[ij^Wj^Wl[fWii[Zded#X_dZ_d]h[iebkj_edikh]_d]j^[\[Z[hWb]el[hdc[dj

jecWa[cWh_`kWdWc[Z_YWbboWlW_bWXb[$ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 7#(&

7ff[dZ_n80C[Z_YWbCWh_`kWdW8h_[\_d]FWf[h $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 8#'

7ff[dZ_n90;nY[hfji\hecj^[?dij_jkj[e\C[Z_Y_d['///H[fehj $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 9#'

7ff[dZ_n:0Ikhl[oie\FkXb_YIkffehj\ehC[Z_YWbCWh_`kWdW $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ :#'

DWj_edm_Z[c[Z_YWbcWh_`kWdWfkXb_Yef_d_edfebb_d]h[ikbji$ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ :#'

IjWj[#if[Y_\_Yc[Z_YWbcWh_`kWdWfkXb_Yef_d_edfebb_d]h[ikbji$ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ :#)

Ij Wj[#8o#Ij Wj[H[fehj(&&.

9EDJ;DJI __

7ff[dZ_n;0J^[<[Z[hWb9edjhebb[ZIkXijWdY[i7YjWdZ:hk]IY^[Zkb[i $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ ;#' 7ff[dZ_n<0>emj^[');\\[Yj_l[IjWj[BWmi7h[Meha_d]$ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ <#' C_Y^_]Wd$ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ <#' D[mC[n_Ye $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ <#(

H^eZ[?ibWdZ$ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ <#(

CedjWdW$ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ <#) L[hcedj$ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ <#)

>WmW__ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ <#*

9ebehWZe$ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ <#+

D[lWZW$ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ <#.

CW_d[ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ <#/

Eh[]ed $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ <#'&

7bWiaW $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ <#') MWi^_d]jed $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ <#'*

9Wb_\ehd_W $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ <#'+

7ff[dZ_n=0Jof[ie\B[]Wb:[\[di[i7\\ehZ[ZXo;\\[Yj_l[IjWj[C[Z_YWbCWh_`kWdWBWmi$ $ $ $ $ =#' 7ff[dZ_n>0Jof[ie\F^oi_Y_Wd:eYkc[djWj_edH[gk_h[Zje9kbj_lWj["Feii[ii"

ehKi[C[Z_YWbCWh_`kWdW $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ >#' 7ff[dZ_n?0<[Z[hWbB_j_]Wj_edH[bWj[Zje;\\[Yj_l[IjWj[C[Z_YWbCWh_`kWdWBWmi$ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ ?#'

4b=QbSec3_^Q^df:_X^<GQ\dUbc $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ ?#(

E^YdUTCdQdUc_V1]UbYSQf?Q[\Q^T3Q^^QRYc2eiUbcÄ3__`UbQdYfU $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ ?#) 7_^jQ\UcfBQYSX$ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ ?#*

3_e^di_VCQ^dQ3bejUdQ\f1cXSb_VdUdQ\$$ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ ?#, 7ff[dZ_n@0J^[hWf[kj_YH[i[WhY^Fhe]hWci $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ @#' 7ff[dZ_nA0C[Z_YWbD[Y[ii_jo:[\[di[$ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ A#' 7ff[dZ_nB0IjWj[C[Z_YWbCWh_`kWdWB[]_ibWj_ed9edi_Z[h[Z(&&-#(&&.$ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ B#' 7ff[dZ_nC0CeZ[bH[iebkj_ede\Ikffehj$ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ C#' 7ff[dZ_nD0IjWj[iJ^Wj>Wl[j^[?d_j_Wj_l[FheY[ii$ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ D#' 7ff[dZ_nE0;\\[Yj_l[7h]kc[dji\ehC[Z_YWbCWh_`kWdW7ZleYWj[i $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ E#' 7ff[dZ_nF0FWhj_WbB_ije\Eh]Wd_pWj_edim_j^<WlehWXb[Fei_j_ediedC[Z_YWbCWh_`kWdW $ $ $ $ $ F#' 7ff[dZ_nG0CeZ[b8_bb $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ G#' 7ff[dZ_nH0El[hl_[mWdZ;nfbWdWj_ede\CeZ[b8_bb$ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ H#' 7ff[dZ_nI0M^Wj:e<[Z[hWbHW_Zi_d9Wb_\ehd_WC[Wd\ehIjWj[C[Z_YWbCWh_`kWdWBWmi5 $ $ $ I#' 7ff[dZ_nJ0C[Z_YWb9edZ_j_edi7ffhel[Z\ehJh[Wjc[dj

M_j^CWh_`kWdW_dj^[')IjWj[iM_j^C[Z_YWbCWh_`kWdWBWmi $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ J#'

'

Ij Wj[#8o#Ij Wj[H[fehj(&&.

;n[Ykj_l[IkccWho

š <WlehWXb[c[Z_YWbcWh_`kWdWbWmi^Wl[X[[d[dWYj[Z_d),ijWj[ii_dY['/-.$>em[l[h"ceije\

j^[i[bWmiWh[_d[\\[YjkWb"Zk[jej^[_hh[b_WdY[edj^[\[Z[hWb]el[hdc[djÊiZ_h[Yjbofhel_Z_d]

ehWkj^eh_p_d]Wb[]Wbikffboe\c[Z_YWbcWh_`kWdW$I_ne\j^[i[bWmi^Wl[i_dY[[nf_h[ZehX[[d

h[f[Wb[Z$

š 9khh[djbo")'ijWj[iWdZj^[:_ijh_Yje\9ebkcX_W^Wl[bWmiedj^[Xeeaij^Wjh[Ye]d_p[cWh_`kWdWÊi

c[Z_YWblWbk[0

# I_dY['//,"')ijWj[i^Wl[[dWYj[ZbWmij^Wj[\\[Yj_l[boWbbemfWj_[djijeki[c[Z_YWbcWh_`kWdWZ[if_j[

\[Z[hWbbWm$JeX[[\\[Yj_l["WijWj[bWmckijh[cel[Yh_c_dWbf[dWbj_[i\ehfWj_[djim^eki[WdZfeii[ii

c[Z_YWbcWh_`kWdWm_j^j^[_hZeYjehiÊWffhelWbehY[hj_ÓYWj_ed$;\\[Yj_l[bWmickijWbieWbbemfWj_[dji

je]hemj^[_hemdcWh_`kWdWehWbbemWfhel_Z[hjeZeie\ehj^[fWj_[dj$

# 7'*

ijWj["CWhobWdZ"^Wi[ijWXb_i^[ZWdW\ÓhcWj_l[Z[\[di[bWmj^Wjfhej[YjifWj_[djim^efeii[ii

cWh_`kWdW\hec`W_bi[dj[dY[iXkjdejÓd[i$CWhobWdZÊibWmWbieZe[idejWbbemYkbj_lWj_ed$

# D_d[ijWj[iieb[bo^Wl[ÇJ^[hWf[kj_YH[i[WhY^Fhe]hWcÈbWmij^Wj\W_bje]_l[fWj_[djib[]WbWYY[iije

c[Z_YWbcWh_`kWdWX[YWki[e\\[Z[hWbeXijhkYj_ed_ic$

# ;_]^jijWj[iWdZj^[:_ijh_Yje\9ebkcX_Wieb[bo^Wl[iocXeb_YbWmij^Wjh[Ye]d_p[cWh_`kWdWÊic[Z_YWb

lWbk[Xkj\W_bjefhel_Z[fWj_[djim_j^fhej[Yj_ed\hecWhh[ij$

š D_d[ e\ j^[ ') [\\[Yj_l[ c[Z_YWb cWh_`kWdW bWmi m[h[ [dWYj[Z j^hek]^ j^[ XWbbej _d_j_Wj_l[

fheY[iiÆ_d7bWiaW"9Wb_\ehd_W"9ebehWZe"CW_d["C_Y^_]Wd"CedjWdW"D[lWZW"Eh[]ed"WdZ

MWi^_d]jed$J^[ej^[h\ekh[\\[Yj_l[bWmim[h[fWii[ZXoj^[ijWj[b[]_ibWjkh[ie\>WmW__"

D[mC[n_Ye"H^eZ[?ibWdZ"WdZL[hcedj$>WmW__WdZD[mC[n_YeÊibWmim[h[[dWYj[Zm_j^

j^[]el[hdehiÊi_]dWjkh[i$J^[H^eZ[?ibWdZbWmmWi[dWYj[Zel[hj^[]el[hdehÊil[je"WdZ

L[hcedjÊi ]el[hdeh Wbbem[Z j^[ c[Z_YWb cWh_`kWdW b[]_ibWj_ed je X[Yec[ bWm m_j^ekj ^_i

i_]dWjkh[$

š J^[\[Z[hWb]el[hdc[djYWddej\ehY[ijWj[ije^Wl[bWmij^WjWh[_Z[dj_YWbje\[Z[hWbbWm"deh

YWdj^[\[Z[hWb]el[hdc[dj\ehY[ijWj[WdZbeYWbfeb_Y[je[d\ehY[\[Z[hWbbWmi$

š 8[YWki[//e\WbbcWh_`kWdWWhh[iji_dj^[dWj_edWh[cWZ[XoijWj[WdZbeYWbdej\[Z[hWb

e\ÓY_Wbi"fhef[hbomehZ[ZijWj[bWmi[\\[Yj_l[bofhej[YjWjb[Wij//ekje\[l[ho'&&c[Z_YWb

cWh_`kWdWki[him^eej^[hm_i[mekbZ^Wl[X[[dfhei[Ykj[Z$?dZ[[Z"j^[h[Wh[dÊjWdoademd

YWi[i_dm^_Y^j^[\[Z[hWb]el[hdc[dj^Wifhei[Ykj[ZfWj_[dji\ehicWbbWcekdjie\cWh_`kWdW

_dj^[')ijWj[ij^Wj^Wl[[dWYj[Zc[Z_YWbcWh_`kWdWbWmii_dY['//,$

š I_dY[(&&'"\[Z[hWbYekhji^Wl[^WdZ[ZZemdZ[Y_i_ediedj^h[[i_]d_ÓYWdjc[Z_YWbcWh_`kWdW

YWi[i Æ K$I$ l$ EWabWdZ 9WddWX_i 8ko[hiÊ 9eef[hWj_l[ E989" =edpWb[i l$ HW_Y^" WdZ

9edWdjl$MWbj[hi$J^[K$I$Ikfh[c[9ekhj_iik[Zef_d_ediedj^[Óhijjmee\j^[i[YWi[i

WdZZ[Yb_d[Zje^[Whj^[j^_hZ$

# ?dE989"j^[YekhjZ[j[hc_d[Zj^Wjj^[c[Z_YWbd[Y[ii_joZ[\[di[YWddejX[ki[ZjeWle_ZW\[Z[hWb

Yedl_Yj_ed\ehcWh_`kWdWZ_ijh_Xkj_ed1_dHW_Y^"j^[Yekhj^[bZj^Wjj^[\[Z[hWb]el[hdc[djYWdWhh[ij

WdZfhei[Ykj[fWj_[dji_dijWj[im^[h[c[Z_YWbcWh_`kWdW_ib[]WbkdZ[hijWj[bWm$:[if_j[_iik_d]

kd\WlehWXb[Z[Y_i_edi_dXej^YWi[i"j^[K$I$Ikfh[c[9ekhjZ_Zdej_dWdomWodkbb_\oj^[')[\\[Yj_l[

ijWj[c[Z_YWbcWh_`kWdWbWmi"dehZ_Z_jfh[l[djWZZ_j_edWbijWj[i\hec[dWYj_d]i_c_bWhbWmi$

# J^[K$I$Ikfh[c[9ekhjWbiei[djj^[HW_Y^YWi[XWYajej^[D_dj^K$I$9_hYk_j9ekhje\7ff[Wbije

Yedi_Z[hWZZ_j_edWbb[]Wb_iik[i$J^[D_dj^9_hYk_jhkb[Zj^Wjj^[h[_idejo[jWYedij_jkj_edWbh_]^jje

ki[cWh_`kWdWjefh[i[hl[ed[Êib_\[$?jWbie^[bZj^Wjj^[Çc[Z_YWbd[Y[ii_joÈYh_c_dWbZ[\[di[YWddejX[

Ij Wj[#8o#Ij Wj[H[fehj(&&.

(

ki[Z_dWY_l_bik_jjefh[l[djW\[Z[hWbfhei[Ykj_ed$

# ?dZ[Y_Z_d]9edWdj"j^[D_dj^K$I$9_hYk_j9ekhje\7ff[Wbi^[bZj^WjZeYjehiYWddejX[fhei[Ykj[Z

\ehh[Yecc[dZ_d]j^Wjj^[_hfWj_[djiki[c[Z_YWbcWh_`kWdW$8oY^eei_d]dejje^[Wh 9edWdj"j^[K$I$

Ikfh[c[9ekhj[\\[Yj_l[bob[jj^_ifhej[Yj_edijWdZ$

š Kbj_cWj[bo" j^[ \[Z[hWb [n[Ykj_l[ XhWdY^ i^ekbZ Wbbem cWh_`kWdW je cel[ j^hek]^ j^[ <:7

WffhelWbfheY[iiiej^WjcWh_`kWdWYWdX[Wffhel[ZWiWfh[iYh_fj_edc[Z_Y_d[WdZiebZj^hek]^

f^WhcWY_[i1eh"XWhh_d]j^Wj"9ed]h[iiWdZj^[fh[i_Z[dji^ekbZ[dWYjb[]_ibWj_ed]_l_d]ijWj[ij^[

h_]^jjecWa[cWh_`kWdWc[Z_YWbboWlW_bWXb[_dWdomWoj^[oY^eei[m_j^ekj\[Z[hWb_dj[h\[h[dY[$

>em[l[h"X[YWki[j^[\[Z[hWb]el[hdc[djh[\ki[ijeXkZ][ed[_j^[he\j^[i[jme\hedji"j^[edbo

mWojefhej[YjcWh_`kWdW#ki_d]fWj_[dji\hecWhh[ij_ij^hek]^b[]_ibWj_ed_dj^[ijWj[i$

š J^_ih[fehjZ[iYh_X[iWbb\WlehWXb[c[Z_YWbcWh_`kWdWbWmi[l[h[dWYj[Z_dj^[Kd_j[ZIjWj[i"

Z[jW_bij^[Z_\\[h[dY[iX[jm[[d[\\[Yj_l[WdZ_d[\\[Yj_l[ijWj[bWmi"WdZ[nfbW_dim^WjckijX[

Zed[je]_l[fWj_[dji_cc[Z_Wj[b[]WbWYY[iijec[Z_YWbcWh_`kWdW$7YYehZ_d]bo"WceZ[bX_bb

WdZWYecf_bWj_ede\h[iekhY[i\eh[\\[Yj_l[WZleYWYoWh[fhel_Z[Z$

El[hl_[m

:[if_j[cWh_`kWdWÊim_Z[boh[Ye]d_p[Zj^[hWf[kj_YlWbk["j^[c[Z_YWbki[e\cWh_`kWdWh[cW_diW

Yh_c_dWbe\\[di[kdZ[h\[Z[hWbbWm$D[l[hj^[b[ii"\WlehWXb[c[Z_YWbcWh_`kWdWbWmi^Wl[X[[d[dWYj[Z

_d),ijWj[ii_dY['/-.$

Ceije\j^[\WlehWXb[ijWj[bWmiWh[_d[\\[YjkWb"Zk[jej^[_hh[b_WdY[edj^[\[Z[hWb]el[hdc[djÊi

Z_h[Yjbo fhel_Z_d] eh Wkj^eh_p_d] W b[]Wb ikffbo e\ c[Z_YWb cWh_`kWdW$ <ehjkdWj[bo" i_dY[ '//," ')

ijWj[i ^Wl[ \ekdZ W mWo je ^[bf i[h_ekibo _bb f[efb[ ki[ c[Z_YWb cWh_`kWdW m_j^ l_hjkWb _cfkd_jo"

Z[if_j[\[Z[hWbbWm$

7'*

bWm"[dWYj[Z_dCWhobWdZ_dCWo(&&)"_im[Wa[hj^Wdj^[')ej^[hbWmiX[YWki[_jfhej[Yji

c[Z_YWbcWh_`kWdWfWj_[djiedbo\hec`W_bi[dj[dY[iÆdejÓd[iÆWdZ_j\ehY[ifWj_[djijeeXjW_d

j^[_hikffboe\c[Z_YWbcWh_`kWdW\hecZhk]Z[Wb[hi$J^[CWhobWdZbWmi^ekbZdejX[ki[ZWiWceZ[b

\ehej^[hijWj[i$

7bj^ek]^j^[K$I$Ikfh[c[9ekhjhkb[Z_dK$I$l$EWabWdZ9WddWX_i8ko[hiÊ9eef[hWj_l[E989

De$ &&#'+' j^Wj j^[ c[Z_YWb d[Y[ii_jo Z[\[di[ YWddej X[ ki[Z je Wle_Z W \[Z[hWb Yedl_Yj_ed \eh

cWh_`kWdW Z_ijh_Xkj_ed" W ijWj[ cWo ij_bb Wbbem _ji Y_j_p[di je feii[ii" ]hem" eh Z_ijh_Xkj[ c[Z_YWb

cWh_`kWdW$<khj^[hceh["W(&&-D_dj^9_hYk_j9ekhje\7ff[WbiZ[Y_i_edÆ=edpWb[il$HW_Y^Æb[\j

ef[dj^[feii_X_b_joj^WjWfWj_[djcWoX[WXb[jehW_i[Wc[Z_YWbd[Y[ii_joZ[\[di[jefh[l[djW\[Z[hWb

Yh_c_dWbYedl_Yj_ed$J^[E989hkb_d]Ze[idejdkbb_\oj^[')[\\[Yj_l[ijWj[c[Z_YWbcWh_`kWdWbWmi"

dehZe[i_jfh[l[djej^[hijWj[i\hec[dWYj_d]i_c_bWhbWmi$

J^_i_i_cfehjWdjX[YWki[j^[el[hm^[bc_d]cW`eh_joe\cWh_`kWdWWhh[ijiWh[cWZ[Wjj^[ijWj[WdZ

beYWbb[l[b"dejj^[\[Z[hWbb[l[b$

J^[\[mcWh_`kWdWWhh[ijicWZ[Wjj^[\[Z[hWbb[l[bWbceijWbmWoi_dlebl[bWh][#iYWb[Z_ijh_Xkj_ed$

ÇM[ZedejjWh][ji_YaWdZZo_d]f[efb["ÈWYYehZ_d]je\[Z[hWb:hk];d\ehY[c[dj7Zc_d_ijhWj_ed

:;7Y^_[\AWh[dJWdZo"m^e_di_ijij^Wjj^[\[Z[hWb]el[hdc[dj_i_dj[h[ij[Z_dedboj^ei[m^e

jhW\ÓY_dbWh][Wcekdjie\j^[Zhk]$



J^_i h[fehj WdWbop[i j^[ [n_ij_d] \[Z[hWb WdZ ijWj[ bWmi WdZ Z[iYh_X[i m^Wj YWd X[ Zed[ je ]_l[

UUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU '

I[[7ff[dZ_n7$

(

I[[JWXb['\ehZ[jW_biedj^[')[\\[Yj_l[ijWj[bWmi$

)

Ç@kij_Y[iHkb[K$I$9Wd8WdC[Z_YWbFej"ÈBei7d][b[iJ_c[i"@kd[-"(&&+$

)

Ij Wj[#8o#Ij Wj[H[fehj(&&.

fWj_[djib[]WbWYY[iijec[Z_YWbcWh_`kWdW$J^[ceij[\\[Yj_l[mWojeWbbemfWj_[djijeki[c[Z_YWb

cWh_`kWdW _i \eh ijWj[ b[]_ibWjkh[i je fWii X_bbi

i_c_bWhjej^[bWm[dWYj[ZXoj^[H^eZ[?ibWdZ

=[d[hWb7ii[cXbo_d@kd[(&&-$

7ceZ[bijWj[c[Z_YWbcWh_`kWdWbWm"m^_Y^_i

XWi[Zedj^[H^eZ[?ibWdZbWm"YWdX[\ekdZ_d

7ff[dZ_nG$

CWh_`kWdWÊiC[Z_YWbKi[i

CWh_`kWdW ^Wi W m_Z[ hWd][ e\ j^[hWf[kj_Y

Wffb_YWj_edi"_dYbkZ_d]0

š h[b_[l_d]dWki[WWdZ_dYh[Wi_d]Wff[j_j[1

š h[ZkY_d]ckiYb[ifWiciWdZifWij_Y_jo1

š h[b_[l_d]Y^hed_YfW_d1WdZ

š h[ZkY_d]_djhWeYkbWhÇm_j^_dj^[[o[Èfh[iikh[$

J^ekiWdZi e\ fWj_[dji WdZ j^[_h ZeYjehi ^Wl[ \ekdZ cWh_`kWdW je X[ X[d[ÓY_Wb _d jh[Wj_d] j^[

iocfjecie\7?:I"YWdY[h"ckbj_fb[iYb[hei_i"]bWkYecW"WdZej^[hi[h_ekiYedZ_j_edi$

<ehcWdo

f[efb["cWh_`kWdW_ij^[edboc[Z_Y_d[m_j^Wik_jWXb[Z[]h[[e\iW\[joWdZ[\ÓYWYo$

?d CWhY^ '///" j^[ DWj_edWb 7YWZ[co e\ IY_[dY[iÊ ?dij_jkj[ e\ C[Z_Y_d[ ?EC h[b[Wi[Z _ji

bWdZcWhaijkZo"=QbYZeQ^QQ^T=UTYSY^U*1ccUccY^WdXUCSYU^SU2QcU$J^[iY_[dj_ijim^emhej[j^[h[fehj

YedYbkZ[Zj^WjÇj^[h[Wh[iec[b_c_j[ZY_hYkcijWdY[i_dm^_Y^m[h[Yecc[dZicea_d]cWh_`kWdW

\ehc[Z_YWbki[i$È

7YYehZ_d]bo" fkXb_Y ef_d_ed febbi ÓdZ j^Wj ceij 7c[h_YWdi ikffehj b[]Wb WYY[ii je c[Z_YWb

cWh_`kWdW$



9h_c_dWb_p_d]FWj_[dji

<[Z[hWbcWh_`kWdWf[dWbj_[iWii_]dkfjeWo[Wh_dfh_ied\ehWib_jjb[Wied[cWh_`kWdWY_]Wh[jj[Æ

WdZkfje\_l[o[Whi\eh]hem_d][l[ded[fbWdj$J^[h[_ide[nY[fj_ed\ehc[Z_YWbki["WdZcWdoijWj[i

c_hheh\[Z[hWbbWm$

J^[h[ m[h[ .(/",(- cWh_`kWdW Whh[iji _d j^[ Kd_j[Z IjWj[i _d (&&," ./ e\ m^_Y^ m[h[ \eh

feii[ii_eddejiWb[ehcWdk\WYjkh[$

;l[d_\edbo'e\j^ei[Whh[ij[Zm[h[ki_d]cWh_`kWdW\eh

c[Z_YWbfkhfei[i"j^[dj^[h[Wh[ceh[j^Wd-"&&&c[Z_YWbcWh_`kWdWWhh[iji[l[hoo[Wh

?dWZZ_j_ed"kdjebZj^ekiWdZie\fWj_[djiWh[Y^eei_d]jeik\\[hXodejjWa_d]Wjh[Wjc[djj^WjYekbZ

l[hom[bbYWki[j^[cjeX[Whh[ij[Z_d)-ijWj[iWdZj^[:_ijh_Yje\9ebkcX_W$

ÈK_\dfjk\]]\Zk`m\nXp

kfXccfngXk`\ekjkflj\

d\[`ZXcdXi`alXeX`j]fi

jkXk\c\^`jcXkli\jkfgXjj

Y`ccjj`d`cXikfk_\cXn

\eXZk\[Ypk_\I_f[\

@jcXe[C\^`jcXkli\`e

Ale\)''.%É

UUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU

* I[[7ff[dZ_n8\ehWceh[Z[jW_b[ZXh_[Ód]fWf[hWXekjcWh_`kWdWÊic[Z_YWbki[i$

+ I[[7ff[dZ_n9\eh[nY[hfji\hecj^[?ECh[fehj$

, 7(&&+dWj_edWb=Wbbkffebb\ekdZikffehj\ehc[Z_YWbcWh_`kWdWWj-.$I[[7ff[dZ_n:\ehj^[h[ikbjie\cW`ehfkXb_Yef_d_edfebbi$

- <8?Kd_\ehc9h_c[H[fehji"9h_c[_dj^[Kd_j[ZIjWj[i0(&&+#,"fkXb_i^[Z_dI[fj[cX[h(&&-$

Ij Wj[#8o#Ij Wj[H[fehj(&&.

*

9^Wd]_d]<[Z[hWbBWm

J^[\[Z[hWb9edjhebb[ZIkXijWdY[i7Yje\'/-&[ijWXb_i^[ZWi[h_[ie\Ól[ÇiY^[Zkb[iÈYWj[]eh_[i

_dje m^_Y^ Wbb _bb_Y_j WdZ fh[iYh_fj_ed ikXijWdY[i Wh[ fbWY[Z$ CWh_`kWdW _i Ykhh[djbo _d IY^[Zkb[ ?"

Z[Ód_d]j^[ikXijWdY[Wi^Wl_d]W^_]^fej[dj_Wb\ehWXki[WdZdeYkhh[djboWYY[fj[Zc[Z_YWbki[_d

jh[Wjc[dj_dj^[Kd_j[ZIjWj[i$

J^[\[Z[hWb]el[hdc[djZe[idejWbbemIY^[Zkb[?ikXijWdY[ijeX[

fh[iYh_X[ZXoZeYjehiehiebZ_df^WhcWY_[i$IY^[Zkb[??ikXijWdY[i"edj^[ej^[h^WdZ"Wh[Z[Ód[Z

Wi^Wl_d]WYY[fj[Zc[Z_YWbki[Çm_j^i[l[h[h[ijh_Yj_edi$ÈIY^[Zkb[i???"?L"WdZLWh[fhe]h[ii_l[bo

b[iih[ijh_Yj_l[$

J^[ :;7 ^Wi j^[ Wkj^eh_jo je cel[ cWh_`kWdW _dje W b[ii h[ijh_Yj_l[ iY^[Zkb[$ 7\j[h o[Whi e\

b_j_]Wj_ed" _j ^Wi [ii[dj_Wbbo X[[d Z[j[hc_d[Z j^Wj j^[ :;7 m_bb dej cel[ W ikXijWdY[ _dje W b[ii

h[ijh_Yj_l[iY^[Zkb[m_j^ekjWde\ÓY_WbZ[j[hc_dWj_ede\ÇiW\[joWdZ[\ÓYWYoÈXoj^[K$I$<eeZWdZ

:hk]7Zc_d_ijhWj_ed<:7$

Kd\ehjkdWj[bo"Ykhh[dj\[Z[hWbh[i[WhY^]k_Z[b_d[icWa[_jd[Whbo_cfeii_Xb[jeZeik\ÓY_[djh[i[WhY^

jec[[jj^[<:7Êi[nY[[Z_d]bo^_]^ijWdZWhZe\c[Z_YWb[\ÓYWYo\ehcWh_`kWdW$

I_dY['//+"CFF

^WiX[[d^[bf_d]iY_[dj_ijiWjj[cfjjedWl_]Wj[\[Z[hWbh[i[WhY^eXijWYb[i"WdZ_j^WiX[Yec[Yb[Wh

j^Wj_jm_bbjWa[Wjb[WijWZ[YWZ[Æ_\[l[hÆ\ehj^[<:7jeWffhel[j^[ki[e\dWjkhWbcWh_`kWdWWi

Wfh[iYh_fj_edc[Z_Y_d[ÆWdZj^_iWiikc[ij^WjWfh_lWj[bo\kdZ[ZYecfWdo_im_bb_d]jeif[dZj^[

j[die\c_bb_edie\ZebbWhij^Wjm_bbX[d[Y[iiWhojeZej^[h[i[WhY^$

>em[l[h"j^[h[Wh[i[l[hWbej^[hmWoijeY^Wd][\[Z[hWbbWmje]_l[fWj_[djib[]WbWYY[iijec[Z_YWb

cWh_`kWdW0

š 8[YWki[j^[<:7_ifWhje\j^[K$I$:[fWhjc[dje\>[Wbj^WdZ>kcWdI[hl_Y[i>>I"j^[

K$I$ I[Yh[jWho e\ >[Wbj^ WdZ >kcWd I[hl_Y[i YWd Z[YbWh[ j^Wj cWh_`kWdW c[[ji ik\ÓY_[dj

ijWdZWhZie\iW\[joWdZ[\ÓYWYojemWhhWdjh[iY^[Zkb_d]$

š 8[YWki[ 9ed]h[ii Yh[Wj[Z j^[ 9edjhebb[Z IkXijWdY[i 7Yj 9I7" 9ed]h[ii YWd Y^Wd][ _j$

Iec[feii_X_b_j_[i_dYbkZ[0fWii_d]WX_bbjecel[cWh_`kWdW_djeWb[iih[ijh_Yj_l[iY^[Zkb[1

cel_d]cWh_`kWdWekje\j^[9I7[dj_h[bo1eh[l[dh[fbWY_d]j^[[dj_h[9I7m_j^iec[j^_d]

Yecfb[j[boZ_\\[h[dj$?dWZZ_j_ed"9ed]h[iiYWdh[cel[Yh_c_dWbf[dWbj_[i\ehj^[c[Z_YWbki[

e\cWh_`kWdWh[]WhZb[iie\m^WjiY^[Zkb[_j_i_d$

š >>IYWdWbbemfWj_[djijeWffbo\ehif[Y_Wbf[hc_ii_edjeki[cWh_`kWdWedWYWi[#Xo#YWi[

XWi_i$ ?d '/-." j^[ ?dl[ij_]Wj_edWb D[m :hk] ?D: YecfWii_edWj[ WYY[ii fhe]hWc mWi

[ijWXb_i^[Z"[dWXb_d]Zep[die\fWj_[djijeWffbo\ehWdZh[Y[_l[cWh_`kWdW\hecj^[\[Z[hWb

]el[hdc[dj$Kd\ehjkdWj[bo"j^[fhe]hWcmWiYbei[ZjeWbbd[mWffb_YWdji_d'//("WdZedbo

j^h[[Wh[ij_bbh[Y[_l_d]c[Z_YWbcWh_`kWdWj^hek]^j^[fhe]hWc$

7bbe\j^[i[hekj[i^Wl[X[[djh_[ZÆWdZ\W_b[Z$Kdj_bWceh[iocfWj^[j_Yfh[i_Z[djWdZ9ed]h[ii

Wh[_dfem[h"j^[h[_ib_jjb[Y^WdY[e\Y^Wd]_d]\[Z[hWbfeb_Y_[ije]_l[fWj_[djib[]WbWYY[iijec[Z_YWb

cWh_`kWdW$9edi[gk[djbo"j^[]h[Wj[ijY^WdY[e\ikYY[ii_i_dj^[ijWj[i$

9^Wd]_d]IjWj[BWmi0<hec'/-.je'//+ ^'(

IjWj[i^Wl[X[[djho_d]je]_l[fWj_[djib[]WbWYY[iijecWh_`kWdWi_dY['/-.$8o'//'"\WlehWXb[bWmi

^WZX[[dfWii[Z_d)*ijWj[iWdZj^[:_ijh_Yje\9ebkcX_W$J^[)+

ijWj[">WmW__"[dWYj[Z_jibWm_d

UUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU . I[[7ff[dZ_n;\ehceh[Z[jW_biedj^[\[Z[hWb9edjhebb[ZIkXijWdY[i7Yj$$

/ 7ff[dZ_n8fhel_Z[iceh[_d\ehcWj_edWXekjj^_ib_j_]Wj_ed$

'&I[[7ff[dZ_n8\ehZ[jW_biedj^[Z_\ÓYkbj_[i_dlebl[Zm_j^cWh_`kWdWh[i[WhY^$

'' 7ff[dZ_n8Z[jW_biiec[e\j^[i[ej^[hhekj[i$

'(I[[ÇEl[hl_[me\A_dZie\IjWj[BWmiÈedfW]['&$

+

Ij Wj[#8o#Ij Wj[H[fehj(&&.

(&&&"WdZCWhobWdZ"j^[),

ijWj["[dWYj[Z_jibWm_d(&&)$Kd\ehjkdWj[bo"X[YWki[e\dkc[heki

\[Z[hWbh[ijh_Yj_edi"ceije\j^[i[bWmi^Wl[X[[dbWh][boiocXeb_Y"m_j^b_jjb[ehdefhWYj_YWb[\\[Yj$

<eh[nWcfb["i[l[hWbijWj[ifWii[ZbWmiijWj_d]j^WjZeYjehicWoÇfh[iYh_X[ÈcWh_`kWdW$>em[l[h"

\[Z[hWbbWmfhe^_X_jiZeYjehi\hecmh_j_d]Çfh[iYh_fj_ediÈ\ehcWh_`kWdW"ieZeYjehiWh[kdm_bb_d]

jeh_ia\[Z[hWbiWdYj_edi\ehZe_d]ie$<khj^[hceh["[l[d_\WZeYjehm[h[je]_l[WfWj_[djWde\ÓY_Wb

Çfh[iYh_fj_edÈ\ehcWh_`kWdW"j^[ijWj[iZ_ZdejWYYekdj\ehj^[\WYjj^Wj_j_iW\[Z[hWbYh_c[\ehf^WhcWY_[i

jeZ_ijh_Xkj[_j"iefWj_[djimekbZ^Wl[demWojeb[]WbboÓbbj^[_hcWh_`kWdWfh[iYh_fj_edi$

9^Wd]_d]IjWj[BWmi0I_dY['//,

J^[j_Z[X[]Wdjejkhd_d'//,m_j^j^[fWiiW][e\W9Wb_\ehd_WXWbbej_d_j_Wj_l[$9Wb_\ehd_WX[YWc[

j^[ÓhijijWj[je[\\[Yj_l[boh[cel[Yh_c_dWbf[dWbj_[i\ehgkWb_\o_d]fWj_[djim^e]hem"feii[ii"WdZ

ki[ c[Z_YWb cWh_`kWdW$ J^[ bWm if[Y_Ó[i j^Wj gkWb_\o_d] fWj_[dji d[[Z W ZeYjeh je Çh[Yecc[dZÈ

cWh_`kWdW$8oWle_Z_d]_iik_d]Wfh[iYh_fj_ed"ZeYjehiWh[dejl_ebWj_d]\[Z[hWbbWm_dehZ[hjeY[hj_\o

j^[_hfWj_[dji$E\dej["7h_pedWlej[hiWbiefWii[ZWc[Z_YWbcWh_`kWdW_d_j_Wj_l[_d'//,"Xkj_j

jkhd[ZekjjeX[edboiocXeb_YX[YWki[_jh[gk_h[ZWfh[iYh_fj_edÆWdehZ[hjeZ_if[di[Wc[Z_YWj_ed

ÆhWj^[hj^WdWh[Yecc[dZWj_edÆWijWj[c[dje\WZeYjehÊifhe\[ii_edWbef_d_ed$

El[hj^[d[nj\ekho[Whi"i[l[dijWj[iWdZj^[:_ijh_Yje\9ebkcX_W\ebbem[Z_d9Wb_\ehd_WÊi\eejij[fi$

7bWiaW" Eh[]ed" MWi^_d]jed" WdZ j^[ :_ijh_Yj e\ 9ebkcX_W fWii[Z i_c_bWh _d_j_Wj_l[i _d '//.$

9ed]h[iimWiWXb[jefh[l[djj^[:$9$_d_j_Wj_l[\hecjWa_d][\\[YjX[YWki[:$9$_iWZ_ijh_Yj"dej

WijWj["WdZ_ij^[h[\eh[ikX`[Yjjeijh_Yj\[Z[hWbel[hi_]^j$CW_d[fWii[ZWd_d_j_Wj_l[_d'///"WdZ

9ebehWZeWdZD[lWZW\ebbem[Zik_j_d(&&&$

7bie_d(&&&">WmW__Xhea[d[m]hekdZ"m^[d_jX[YWc[j^[ÓhijijWj[je[dWYjWbWmjeh[cel[

Yh_c_dWbf[dWbj_[i\ehc[Z_YWbcWh_`kWdWki[hil_WWijWj[b[]_ibWjkh[$=el$8[d9Wo[jWde:"m^e

ikXc_jj[Zj^[eh_]_dWbX_bb_d'///WdZi_]d[Zj^[ÓdWbc[Wikh[_djebWmed@kd['*"(&&&"iW_Z"ÇJ^[

_Z[We\ki_d]cWh_`kWdW\ehc[Z_YWbfkhfei[i_ied[j^WjÊi]e_d]jeim[[fj^[Yekdjho$È

EdCWo(("(&&)"=el$HeX[hj;^hb_Y^e\CWhobWdZX[YWc[j^[ÓhijH[fkXb_YWd]el[hdehjei_]d

mehaWXb[ c[Z_YWb cWh_`kWdW b[]_ibWj_ed _dje bWm$ =el$ ;^hb_Y^ i_]d[Z >$8$ -&(" j^[ :Whh[bb FkjdWc

9ecfWii_edWj[Ki[7Yj"_dj^[\WY[e\ijWkdY^effei_j_ed\hecM^_j[>eki[Zhk]YpWh@e^dMWbj[hi$

J^[bWmh[cel[iYh_c_dWbf[dWbj_[i\ehc[Z_YWbcWh_`kWdWfWj_[djim^eYWdfhel[Wc[Z_YWbd[Y[ii_jo_d

Yekhj$Kd\ehjkdWj[bo"j^[i[fWj_[djiij_bb\WY[Whh[ij"WÓd[e\'&&"WdZfeii_Xb[h[bWj[ZYekhjYeiji$

L[hcedjX[YWc[j^[d_dj^ijWj[jefWiiWd[\\[Yj_l[c[Z_YWbcWh_`kWdWbWmedCWo(,"(&&*"m^[d

=el$@Wc[i:ek]bWiHWbbem[ZI$-,"7d7YjH[bWj_d]jeCWh_`kWdWKi[XoF[hiedim_j^I[l[h[

?bbd[ii"jeX[Yec[bWmm_j^ekj^_ii_]dWjkh[$=el$:ek]bWi"jee"mWifh[iikh[ZXoj^[M^_j[>eki[

Zhk]YpWhjeh[`[Yjj^[X_bb"XkjZk[jej^[^_]^fheÓb[e\j^[c[Z_YWbcWh_`kWdWX_bb_dj^[c[Z_WWdZ

el[hm^[bc_d]fkXb_YikffehjXoL[hcedj[hi"^[Z[Y_Z[ZW]W_dijWl[je$

?dDel[cX[he\(&&*"CedjWdWlej[hiWffhel[ZWd_d_j_Wj_l[jeWbbemgkWb_Ó[ZfWj_[djijeki[WdZ

Ykbj_lWj[cWh_`kWdW\ehj^[_hc[Z_YWbki[$J^[fhefeiWbh[Y[_l[Z,(e\j^[lej[$

H^eZ[?ibWdZX[YWc[j^[''

ijWj[jefWiiWd[\\[Yj_l[c[Z_YWbcWh_`kWdWbWm_d(&&,ÅWdZj^[Óhij

ijWj[je[dWYjWc[Z_YWbcWh_`kWdWbWmi_dY[j^[K$I$Ikfh[c[9ekhjÊiZ[Y_i_ed_d=edpWb[il$HW_Y^$

M^[dj^[ijWj[b[]_ibWjkh[fWii[Zj^[;ZmWhZE$>Wma_diWdZJ^ecWi9$IbWj[hC[Z_YWbCWh_`kWdW

7Yj ed @kd[ (." (&&+" WdZ i[dj j^[ X_bb je =el$ :edWbZ 9WhY_[h_Êi H Z[ia \eh ^_i i_]dWjkh[" j^[

]el[hdehl[je[Zj^[b[]_ibWj_edj^[l[hod[njZWo$Ed@WdkWho)"(&&,"j^[H^eZ[?ibWdZB[]_ibWjkh[

el[hm^[bc_d]boel[hheZ[j^[]el[hdehÊil[jeÅiefWj_[dji_dH^eZ[?ibWdZYekbZki["feii[ii"WdZ

]hemj^[_hemdc[Z_YWbcWh_`kWdWm_j^ekjj^[\[Whe\Whh[ij$J^[_d_j_WbbWm^WZWXk_bj#_dikdi[j

YbWki["Xkj_jmWicWZ[f[hcWd[djel[h=el$9WhY_[h_Êil[jeed@kd[('"(&&-$I_]d_ÓYWdjbo"H^eZ[

?ibWdZÊibWm_ij^[ÓhijijWj[c[Z_YWbcWh_`kWdWbWmjeX[[dWYj[Zel[hj^[l[jee\W]el[hdeh$

Ij Wj[#8o#Ij Wj[H[fehj(&&.

,

?d(&&-"=el$8_bbH_Y^WhZied:X[YWc[j^[Óhij

]el[hdeh_d^_ijehoje[dWYjWc[Z_YWbcWh_`kWdWbWm

m^_b[hkdd_d]\ehj^[fh[i_Z[dYoXoi_]d_d]I8+()"

cWa_d]D[mC[n_Yej^['(j^ijWj[jefhej[Yjc[Z_YWb

cWh_`kWdWfWj_[dji\hecWhh[ij$D[mC[n_YeÊic[Z_YWb

cWh_`kWdW bWm _i j^[ edbo ed[ e\ j^[ ') [\\[Yj_l[

ijWj[ c[Z_YWb cWh_`kWdW bWmi j^Wj Z_h[Yji j^[ ijWj[

jeZ[l[befWioij[c\ehj^[Z_ijh_Xkj_ede\c[Z_YWb

cWh_`kWdW je gkWb_\o_d] fWj_[dji$ J^[ Z[fWhjc[dj

^Wi^[bZfkXb_Yc[[j_d]ih[]WhZ_d]j^_i_iik[WdZ_i

[nf[Yj[ZjecWa[h[Yecc[dZWj_edi\eh[dWYj_d]j^_i

fhel_i_ede\j^[bWmiec[j_c[_dj^[d[Wh\kjkh[$

I_njo#j^h[[f[hY[dje\C_Y^_]Wdlej[hiWffhel[ZWc[Z_YWbcWh_`kWdW_d_j_Wj_l[edDel[cX[h*"

(&&.$J^WjcWZ[C_Y^_]Wdj^[')

ijWj[m_j^Wd[\\[Yj_l[c[Z_YWbcWh_`kWdWbWm"WdZj^[Óhij_dj^[

C_Zm[ij$

Ceh[j^Wd-'c_bb_ed7c[h_YWdiÆWXekj(*e\j^[K$I$fefkbWj_edÆdemb_l[_dj^[')ijWj[i

m^[h[c[Z_YWbcWh_`kWdWki[hiWh[fhej[Yj[Z\hecXej^Whh[ijWdZfh_iedkdZ[hijWj[bWm$

J^[dkcX[he\ijWj[#b[]Wbc[Z_YWbcWh_`kWdWfWj_[dji_iWlW_bWXb[\ehd_d[e\j^[c[Z_YWbcWh_`kWdW

ijWj[i"m^[h[fWj_[dji^Wl[jeh[]_ij[hjeX[fhej[Yj[Z\hecWhh[ij$Kde\ÓY_Wb[ij_cWj[iWh[WlW_bWXb[

\ehj^[CW_d[WdZMWi^_d]jed"m^_Y^^Wl[deh[]_ijho"WdZ\eh9Wb_\ehd_W"m^[h[ceijfWj_[djiZedej

h[]_ij[h$C_Y^_]WdÊibWm_iied[mj^Wjj^[h[]_ijho_idejo[jkfWdZhkdd_d]$

J^[dkcX[he\h[]_ij[h[Zc[Z_YWbcWh_`kWdWki[hi_d7bWiaW"9ebehWZe">WmW__"CedjWdW"D[lWZW"

D[mC[n_Ye"Eh[]ed"H^eZ[?ibWdZ"WdZL[hcedji^emij^WjWdWl[hW][e\&$'-e\j^[fefkbWj_ed

ki[ic[Z_YWbcWh_`kWdW_dj^[ijWj[ij^Wj^Wl[WlW_bWXb[_d\ehcWj_ededfWj_[djdkcX[hi$

7dZ\hecj^ei[ijWj[iÊdkcX[hi"m[YWd[njhWfebWj[j^Wjj^[f[hY[djW][e\f[efb[_dWd[mc[Z_YWb

cWh_`kWdWijWj[m^emekbZjWa[WZlWdjW][e\Wc[Z_YWbcWh_`kWdWbWmi_c_bWhjeCFFÊiceZ[bX_bb

mekbZX[X[jm[[d&$&',WdZ&$+)'$I[[j^[Y^Whj_d7ff[dZ_n<\ehZ[jW_biWXekjj^[dkcX[he\

h[]_ij[h[ZfWj_[dji_d[WY^ijWj[$

M^Wjj^[D[mIjWj[BWmi:e

J^[d_d[ijWj[_d_j_Wj_l[#Yh[Wj[ZbWmi"WdZj^[\ekhbWmiYh[Wj[ZXoijWj[b[]_ibWjkh[iWh[i_c_bWh_d

m^Wjj^[oWYYecfb_i^$

;WY^e\j^[')ijWj[iWbbemifWj_[djije]hem"feii[ii"WdZki[c[Z_YWbcWh_`kWdW_\Wffhel[ZXoW

c[Z_YWbZeYjeh$

FWj_[djicWoWbieX[Wii_ij[ZXoWYWh[]_l[h"m^e_iWkj^eh_p[Zje^[bfj^[fWj_[dj

]hem" WYgk_h[" eh Yedikc[ c[Z_YWb cWh_`kWdW$ <khj^[h" f^oi_Y_Wdi Wh[ _cckd[ \hec b_WX_b_jo \eh

Z_iYkii_d]ehh[Yecc[dZ_d]c[Z_YWbcWh_`kWdW_dWYYehZWdY[m_j^j^[bWm$

JegkWb_\o\ehfhej[Yj_edkdZ[hj^[bWm"fWj_[djickij^Wl[ZeYkc[djWj_edl[h_\o_d]j^[o^Wl[X[[d

Z_W]dei[Zm_j^Wif[Y_\_[Zi[h_eki_bbd[ii$J^[YedZ_j_ediWh[dejif[Y_\_[Z_d9Wb_\ehd_W"Wbj^ek]^_d

ceijijWj[ij^[h[_iWZ[\_d[Zb_ije\c[Z_YWbYedZ_j_edi$

ÈGXk`\ekje\\[X

[fZkfikfÊi\Zfdd\e[Ë

dXi`alXeX%9p

Xmf`[`e^k_\nfi[

Êgi\jZi`Y\#Ë[fZkfij[f

efke\\[kfm`fcXk\

]\[\iXccXn`efi[\ikf

_\cgk_\`igXk`\ekj%É

UUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU ')I[[JWXb['\ehif[Y_ÓYied[WY^ijWj[bWm$7biei[[7ff[dZ_n<\eh^emj^[i[bWmiWh[meha_d]_dj^[h[WbmehbZ$

'*CWhobWdZÊibWm"m^_Y^fhej[Yjic[Z_YWbcWh_`kWdWfWj_[dji\hecYh_c_dWbf[dWbj_[i"YedjW_dide[nfb_Y_jfhel_i_ed\ehYkbj_lWj_ed$

J^[j[nje\D[mC[n_YeÊibWmZe[idejif[Y_\oj^WjfWj_[djiYWdYkbj_lWj[cWh_`kWdW1_jfhel_Z[i\ehijWj[#h[]kbWj[ZZ_ijh_Xkj_edWdZ

Wbbemij^[Z[fWhjc[djjeZ[j[hc_d[^emckY^cWh_`kWdWfWj_[djiWdZj^[_hYWh[]_l[hiYWdfeii[ii$J^[D[mC[n_Ye:[fWhjc[dj

e\>[Wbj^[dWYj[Zhkb[iWbbem_d]j^[Wcekdje\cWh_`kWdWfWj_[djiYWdfeii[iije_dYbkZ[fbWdji$7jj^[j_c[e\j^_imh_j_d]"j^[

ijWj[#h[]kbWj[ZZ_ijh_Xkj_edioij[c_idejo[j_d[\\[Yj$

-

Ij Wj[#8o#Ij Wj[H[fehj(&&.

CeijijWj[ih[gk_h[WijWj[c[dje\WffhelWbi_]d[ZXoj^[

fWj_[djÊif^oi_Y_Wd"Xkjiec[f[hc_jWfWj_[djÊif[hj_d[dj

c[Z_YWb h[YehZi je i[hl[ Wi lWb_Z ZeYkc[djWj_ed$ Je

^[bfbWm[d\ehY[c[dj_Z[dj_\ogkWb_\o_d]fWj_[dji"iec[

ijWj[i^Wl[_cfb[c[dj[Z\ehcWbijWj[h[]_ijhofhe]hWci

j^Wj_iik[_Z[dj_\_YWj_edYWhZijeh[]_ij[h[ZfWj_[djiWdZ

j^[_hYWh[]_l[hi$

FWj_[djiÊ cWh_`kWdW feii[ii_ed WdZ Ykbj_lWj_ed b_c_ji

Wh[ ][d[hWbbo h[ijh_Yj[Z je W YedYh[j[ dkcX[h0 ed[ je

(* ekdY[i e\ kiWXb[ cWh_`kWdW WdZ i_n je (* fbWdji"

iec[j_c[ib_c_j_d]j^[dkcX[hj^WjYWdX[cWjkh[$Ed[

ijWj["MWi^_d]jed"^WiWYedY[fjkWbcWh_`kWdWb_c_j"f[hc_jj_d]WÇ,&#ZWoikffbo"Èm^_Y^_iX[_d]

\khj^[hZ[\_d[ZXoj^[ijWj[Êi^[Wbj^Z[fWhjc[dj$9Wb_\ehd_WÊi'//,c[Z_YWbcWh_`kWdWbWmf[hc_ji

[dek]^cWh_`kWdWÇ\ehj^[f[hiedWbc[Z_YWbfkhfei[ie\j^[fWj_[dj$È7(&&)WZZ_j_edjej^[bWm"I$8$

*(&"]kWhWdj[[ifhej[Yj_ed\hecWhh[ij\ehfWj_[djim^efeii[iiijWj[#_iik[Z?:YWhZiWdZfeii[ii

kfje[_]^jekdY[ie\kiWXb[cWh_`kWdWWdZi_ncWjkh[fbWdjieh'(_ccWjkh[fbWdji$>em[l[h"Wj

j^[j_c[j^_ih[fehjmWifkXb_i^[Z"'.e\9Wb_\ehd_WÊi+.Yekdj_[iWh[dejo[jZ_ijh_Xkj_d]ijWj[m_Z[

c[Z_YWbcWh_`kWdW?:YWhZi$

H[]WhZb[iie\m^[j^[hfWj_[dji]hemj^[_hemd"][j_j\hecWYWh[]_l[h"ehXko_j\hecj^[Yh_c_dWb

cWha[j"WfWj_[dj_dfeii[ii_ede\WdWbbemWXb[gkWdj_joe\cWh_`kWdWWdZej^[hm_i[_dYecfb_WdY[

m_j^j^[bWm_ifhej[Yj[Z\hecWhh[ijWdZ%ehYedl_Yj_ed$

Je_bbkijhWj[^emj^[bWmmehai"Yedi_Z[hj^[\ebbem_d]fhejejof_YWbl_]d[jj[0

Ç@e[È^Wi7?:I$>_iZeYjehWZl_i[Z^_cj^WjcWh_`kWdWYekbZXeeij^_iWff[j_j["ie^[

^Wij^h[[cWh_`kWdWfbWdji]hem_d]_dj^[Ybei[je\^_iWfWhjc[dj"WdZ^[icea[i\ekh

fk\\ie\cWh_`kWdW[l[hoZWoX[\eh[Z_dd[h$Ed[ZWo"@e[Êid[_]^Xehic[bbij^[cWh_`kWdW

icea[WdZYWbbij^[feb_Y[$J^[e\ÓY[hadeYaied@e[ÊiZeeh"WdZm^[d@e[ef[di_j"j^[

e\ÓY[hi[[ij^[cWh_`kWdWf_f[edj^[jWXb[$

BkYa_bo" @e[ b_l[i _d ed[ e\ j^[ ') ijWj[i m_j^ [\\[Yj_l[ c[Z_YWb cWh_`kWdW bWmi$ @e[

WYademb[Z][i]hem_d]WdZki_d]cWh_`kWdW"Xkjj^[di^emij^[e\ÓY[hWdej[ed^_i

ZeYjehÊi b[jj[h^[WZ" m^_Y^ iWoi" Ç? Wc jh[Wj_d] @e[ \eh 7?:I" WdZ _d co fhe\[ii_edWb

c[Z_YWbef_d_ed?X[b_[l[j^Wjj^[X[d[Ójie\@e[Êic[Z_YWbcWh_`kWdWki[ekjm[_]^Wdo

feii_Xb[^[Wbj^h_iai$ÈJ^[e\ÓY[hZeYkc[djiehl[h_Ó[i@e[Êi_d\ehcWj_ed"]_l[i@e[^_i

X[ijm_i^[i"WdZ]e[ied^_imWo$

?\@e[b_l[Z_ded[e\j^[)-ej^[hijWj[i"^[mekbZX[Whh[ij[Z"fhei[Ykj[Z"WdZfeii_Xbo

i[djjefh_ied$

7iWcWjj[he\fhWYj_Y["feb_Y[e\j[dZedejWhh[ijWdZfhei[Ykjehie\j[dZedejfhei[Ykj[_dZ_l_ZkWbi

m^eYWdh[WZ_boi^emj^Wjj^[oWh[gkWb_\_[ZfWj_[dji"j^ki[b_c_dWj_d]j^[d[[Z\ehWjh_Wb$?dj^[

[l[djj^WjWfWj_[dj_iWhh[ij[Z\ehcWh_`kWdWfeii[ii_edehYkbj_lWj_ed_ded[e\j^[')ijWj[im_j^

[\\[Yj_l[bWmi"j^[fWj_[dj_iij_bbWbbem[ZjeWh]k[Wjjh_Wbj^Wj^_ieh^[hcWh_`kWdWki[mWic[Z_YWbbo

d[Y[iiWho$



UUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU '+I[[7ff[dZ_n=\ehceh[Z[jW_b[ZZ[Ód_j_edie\j^[i[Z[\[di[i$

ÈJfd\Y\c`\m\

k_Xkk_\]\[\iXc

^fm\ied\ekZXe

elcc`]pjkXk\cXnj#fi

k_Xkk_\cXnj_Xm\ef

i\XcmXcl\`ek_\]XZ\

f]]\[\iXccXn%K_Xk`j

j`dgcpefkk_\ZXj\%É

Ij Wj[#8o#Ij Wj[H[fehj(&&.

.

?iJ^[h[9ed\b_Yj8[jm[[dD[mIjWj[BWmiWdZ<[Z[hWbBWm5

?dj^['(o[Whii_dY[9Wb_\ehd_WWdZej^[hijWj[iX[]Wdfhej[Yj_d]c[Z_YWbcWh_`kWdWfWj_[dji\hec

Whh[ij"cWdogk[ij_edi^Wl[ikh\WY[Zh[]WhZ_d]j^[ijWjkie\j^ei[bWmi_dh[bWj_edje\[Z[hWbbWm$

Iec[X[b_[l[j^Wjj^[\[Z[hWb]el[hdc[djYWddkbb_\oijWj[bWmi"ehj^WjijWj[bWmi^Wl[deh[WblWbk[_d

j^[\WY[e\YedÔ_Yj_d]\[Z[hWbbWm$J^Wj_ii_cfbodejj^[YWi[$

;l[dj^ek]^fWj_[djiYWdX[f[dWb_p[ZXo\[Z[hWbWkj^eh_j_[i\ehl_ebWj_d]\[Z[hWbcWh_`kWdWbWmi"W

ijWj[]el[hdc[dj_idejh[gk_h[Zje^Wl[_Z[dj_YWbbWmi$J^[h[\eh["WijWj[cWoij_bbWbbem_jih[i_Z[dji

jefeii[ii"]hem"ehZ_ijh_Xkj[cWh_`kWdW\ehc[Z_YWbfkhfei[i$

J^_iYhkY_WbZ_ij_dYj_ed_ie\j[dc_ikdZ[hijeeZ0?j_ijhk[j^Wjj^[\[Z[hWb]el[hdc[djYWd[d\ehY[

\[Z[hWbbWmiWdom^[h[_dj^[Kd_j[ZIjWj[i"[l[dm_j^_dj^[XekdZWh_[ie\WijWj[j^Wjh[`[Yjij^ei[

bWmi$D[l[hj^[b[ii"j^[\[Z[hWb]el[hdc[djYWddej\ehY[ijWj[ije^Wl[bWmij^WjWh[_Z[dj_YWbje\[Z[hWb

bWm"dehYWdj^[\[Z[hWb]el[hdc[dj\ehY[ijWj[WdZbeYWbfeb_Y[je[d\ehY[\[Z[hWbbWmi$

J^_iZ_l_i_ede\fem[h_i[njh[c[boWZlWdjW][ekijefWj_[djim^ed[[Zjeki[cWh_`kWdW08[YWki[

//e\WbbcWh_`kWdWWhh[iji_dj^[dWj_edWh[cWZ[XoijWj[WdZbeYWbÆdej\[Z[hWbÆe\ÓY_Wbi"

\WlehWXb[ijWj[bWmi[\\[Yj_l[bofhej[Yj//ekje\[l[ho'&&c[Z_YWbcWh_`kWdWki[him^eej^[hm_i[

mekbZ^Wl[X[[dfhei[Ykj[Z$<[Z[hWbZhk][d\ehY[c[djW][djii_cfboZedej^Wl[j^[h[iekhY[iehj^[

cWdZWj[jefWjhebj^[ijh[[jie\WijWj[jebeea\ehYWdY[hfWj_[dji]hem_d]W\[mcWh_`kWdWfbWdji$



?d\WYj"j^[\[Z[hWb]el[hdc[dj^WiZ[YbWh[Z_ji_dj[dj_eddejjefkhik[fWj_[djim^efeii[iiehki[

icWbbWcekdjie\cWh_`kWdW\ehc[Z_YWbki[$8kjZ_ijh_Xkjehie\c[Z_YWbcWh_`kWdWWh[edj^[\[Z[hWb

hWZWhiYh[[d$F^WhcWY_[iZedeji[bbcWh_`kWdWWdom^[h[_dj^[Kd_j[ZIjWj[i$8kjdkc[hekic[Z_YWb

cWh_`kWdW Z_ijh_Xkj_ed Y[dj[hi j^Wj [c[h][Z _d 9Wb_\ehd_W WdZ i[l[hWb ej^[h ijWj[i Æ Yeccedbo

ademd Wi Z_if[diWh_[i Æ ^Wl[ X[[d jWh][j[Z Xo j^[ \[Z[hWb ]el[hdc[dj$ J^_i ^Wi X[[d Wd _iik[

ceijbo_d9Wb_\ehd_W"m^[h[j^[\[Z[hWb]el[hdc[dj^WihW_Z[Zi[l[hWbbWh][#iYWb[Z_ijh_Xkj_edY[dj[hi

WdZ]hemef[hWj_edi"[if[Y_Wbboi_dY[(&&'$I[[7ff[dZ_nI$

<[Z[hWb9ekhjHkb_d]i>Wl[9bWh_\_[Zj^[IYef[e\IjWj[BWmi

JeZWj["j^[h[^Wl[X[[dedbojmec[Z_YWbcWh_`kWdWYWi[i^[WhZXoj^[K$I$Ikfh[c[9ekhj0EC

f?Q[\Q^T3Q^^QRYc2eiUbcÄ3__`UbQdYfU?323WdZ7_^jQ\UcfBQYSX$

7j^_hZYWi["3_^Q^dfGQ\dUbc"

mWiWff[Wb[Zjej^[K$I$Ikfh[c[9ekhj"Xkjj^[YekhjY^ei[dejje^[Whj^[YWi[$J^[i[YWi[iZe

dejY^Wbb[d][j^[b[]_j_cWYoe\j^[ijWj[c[Z_YWbcWh_`kWdWbWmiWdZj^[h[\eh[ZedejW\\[Yjj^[WX_b_jo

e\ijWj[ijefhej[Yjc[Z_YWbcWh_`kWdWfWj_[djikdZ[hijWj[bWm$?dij[WZ"j^[o\eYkiieb[boed\[Z[hWb

_iik[i$

?d j^[ E989 YWi[" j^[ K$I$ Ikfh[c[ 9ekhj kdWd_cekibo hkb[Z .Å& j^Wj c[Z_YWb cWh_`kWdW

Z_ijh_Xkjehi YWddej Wii[hj W Çc[Z_YWb d[Y[ii_joÈ Z[\[di[ W]W_dij \[Z[hWb cWh_`kWdW Z_ijh_Xkj_ed

Y^Wh][i$J^[hkb_d]"_iik[ZedCWo'*"(&&'"Ze[idejel[hjkhdijWj[bWmiWbbem_d]i[h_ekibo_bbf[efb[

jefeii[iiWdZ]hemj^[_hemdc[Z_YWbcWh_`kWdW$

E989Z[Wbj[nYbki_l[bom_j^\[Z[hWbbWmWdZmWi[ii[dj_Wbbob_c_j[ZjeZ_ijh_Xkj_ed_iik[i$J^[YWi[

Z_Zdejgk[ij_edWijWj[ÊiWX_b_jojeWbbemfWj_[djije]hem"feii[ii"WdZki[c[Z_YWbcWh_`kWdWkdZ[h

UUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU ',I[[<8?Kd_\ehc9h_c[H[fehji(&&($K$I$=el[hdc[djFh_dj_d]E\ÓY["(&&)f$(()"JWXb[*$'WdZf$((*"JWXb[(/WdZ

9ecf[dZ_kce\<[Z[hWb@kij_Y[IjWj_ij_Yi(&&($8kh[Wke\@kij_Y[IjWj_ij_Yi"(&&*"f$')"<_]kh['$'$9WbYkbWj_ediZ[h_l[Z\hecj^[

jmeY_j[ZKd_\ehc9h_c[H[fehjijWXb[ii^emj^Wjj^[h[m[h[WjejWbe\,/-"&.(cWh_`kWdWWhh[ijidWj_edm_Z[Zkh_d](&&($J^[

9ecf[dZ_kce\<[Z[hWb@kij_Y[IjWj_ij_YijWXb[ijWj[ij^Wjj^[h[m[h[-"*,*Whh[iji\eh\[Z[hWbcWh_`kWdWe\\[di[i_dj^['(#cedj^

f[h_eZ[dZ_d]edI[fj[cX[h)&"(&&($J^ki"j^[Whh[iji\eh\[Z[hWbcWh_`kWdWY^Wh][iWh['$&-e\j^[jejWbcWh_`kWdWWhh[iji$

Dej["^em[l[h"j^Wjj^[WYjkWbdkcX[he\f[hiediWhh[ij[ZXo\[Z[hWbW][djied\[Z[hWbY^Wh][i_i[l[dbem[hj^Wd-"*,*Æ+e\

f[hiediWhh[ij[Zed\[Z[hWbY^Wh][im[h[Whh[ij[ZXoijWj[WdZbeYWbW][dY_[i$

'-I[[7ff[dZ_n?$

/

Ij Wj[#8o#Ij Wj[H[fehj(&&.

ijWj[bWm"WdZ_jfh[i[djide\eh[i[[WXb[XWhh_[hijeWZZ_j_edWbijWj[#b[l[bfhej[Yj_edi$

7j_iik[_d=edpWb[il$HW_Y^mWim^[j^[hj^[\[Z[hWb]el[hdc[dj^Wij^[Yedij_jkj_edWbWkj^eh_jo

jeWhh[ijWdZfhei[Ykj[fWj_[djim^eWh[ki_d]c[Z_YWbcWh_`kWdW_dYecfb_WdY[m_j^ijWj[bWmi$Ed

@kd[,"(&&+"j^[K$I$Ikfh[c[9ekhjhkb[Z,#)j^Wjj^[\[Z[hWb]el[hdc[djYWdYedj_dk[Whh[ij_d]

fWj_[djim^eki[c[Z_YWbcWh_`kWdWb[]WbbokdZ[hj^[_hijWj[bWmi$>em[l[h"j^[YekhjZ_Zdejel[hjkhd

ijWj[c[Z_YWbcWh_`kWdWbWmieh_dWdomWo_dj[h\[h[m_j^j^[_hYedj_dk[Zef[hWj_ed$

=edpWb[i l$ HW_Y^ Ze[i dej W\\[Yj ijWj[iÊ WX_b_jo je fWii c[Z_YWb cWh_`kWdW bWmi Æ WdZ _j Ze[i

dejel[hjkhdj^[bWmidemfhej[Yj_d]j^[h_]^je\ceh[j^Wd-'c_bb_ed7c[h_YWdib_l_d]_d7bWiaW"

9Wb_\ehd_W" 9ebehWZe" >WmW__" CW_d[" C_Y^_]Wd" CedjWdW" D[lWZW" D[m C[n_Ye" Eh[]ed" H^eZ[

?ibWdZ"L[hcedj"WdZMWi^_d]jedjeki[c[Z_YWbcWh_`kWdWb[]WbbokdZ[hijWj[bWmi$

9edWdj Yedi_Z[h[Z m^[j^[h j^[ \[Z[hWb ]el[hdc[dj YWd fkd_i^ f^oi_Y_Wdi \eh Z_iYkii_d] eh

h[Yecc[dZ_d]c[Z_YWbcWh_`kWdW$J^[K$I$:_ijh_Yj9ekhj\ehj^[Dehj^[hd:_ijh_Yje\9Wb_\ehd_W

hkb[Z_dI[fj[cX[h(&&&j^Wjj^[\[Z[hWb]el[hdc[djYWddej]W]ZeYjehi_dj^_i\Wi^_ed1j^[hkb_d]

mWikf^[bZ_dWdEYjeX[h(&&(ef_d_ed\hecj^[D_dj^K$I$9_hYk_j9ekhje\7ff[Wbi$Ed@kbo-"

(&&)"j^[\[Z[hWb]el[hdc[djÓb[ZWdWff[Wbm_j^j^[K$I$Ikfh[c[9ekhj"m^_Y^Y^ei[jedej^[Wh

j^[YWi[edEYjeX[h'*"(&&)$J^_i_ij^[edboWff[bbWj[YekhjZ[Y_i_ededj^[_iik[e\f^oi_Y_Wdi

h[Yecc[dZ_d]c[Z_YWbcWh_`kWdW"WdZ_j_iYedjhebb_d]bWm_dj^[i[l[dc[Z_YWbcWh_`kWdWijWj[i

_dj^[D_dj^9_hYk_j$J^_ikdWd_cekiZ[Y_i_ed_dj^[D_dj^9_hYk_j_iieb_Zbo]hekdZ[Z_dj^[<_hij

7c[dZc[dj"WdZf^oi_Y_Wdim^e[lWbkWj[j^[h_iaiWdZX[d[Ójie\j^[c[Z_YWbki[ie\cWh_`kWdW

Hawaii

Thirteen states have laws that protect patients who possess medical marijuana with their doctors' approval and that allow for the cultivation of medical marijuana.

13 States Have Effective Medical Marijuana Laws

Alaska

Ij Wj[#8o#Ij Wj[H[fehj(&&.

'&

ekji_Z[j^[D_dj^9_hYk_ji^ekbZWbie^Wl[dej^_d]je\[Wh$

J^[h[ Wh[ ej^[h _cfehjWdj \[Z[hWb YWi[i j^Wj ^Wl[ dej o[j

cWZ[_jkfjej^[K$I$Ikfh[c[9ekhj1j^[i[Wh[h[l_[m[Z_d

7ff[dZ_n?$

7jj^[ijWj[b[l[b"j^[lWijcW`eh_joe\YWi[ij^Wj^Wl[[c[h][Z

^Wl[ gk[ij_ed[Z m^[j^[h _dZ_l_ZkWbi eh eh]Wd_pWj_edi Wh[ _d

Yecfb_WdY[ m_j^ ijWj[ bWm$ =[d[hWbbo" ijWj[#b[l[b YWi[i ^Wl[

\eYki[Zedm^[j^[h_dZ_l_ZkWbigkWb_\oWifWj_[djiehYWh[]_l[hi

ehm^[j^[hj^[ofeii[iiWdWcekdje\cWh_`kWdW_d[nY[iie\

j^[if[Y_Ó[Zb[]Wbb_c_j$

Ie\Wh"j^[edboYWi[Y^Wbb[d]_d]WijWj[

c[Z_YWbcWh_`kWdWbWm^Wi\W_b[Z$J^h[[9Wb_\ehd_WYekdj_[iÆ

IWd:_[]e"IWd8[hdWhZ_de"WdZC[hY[ZYekdj_[iÆj^WjZ_Z

dejmWdjje_cfb[c[djj^[ijWj[Êic[Z_YWbcWh_`kWdW?:YWhZ

fhe]hWcÓb[Zik_j$J^[Yekdj_[iYbW_c[Zj^Wjj^[?:YWhZiWdZckY^e\j^[h[ije\9Wb_\ehd_WÊic[Z_YWb

cWh_`kWdWbWmm[h[_dlWb_ZX[YWki[e\\[Z[hWbbWmWdZjh[Wj_[i$J^[Yekdj_[ibeij_dj^[ikf[h_ehYekhj

_d:[Y[cX[h(&&,$C[hY[Zj^[dZheff[Zekje\j^[YWi["WdZj^[jmeh[cW_d_d]Yekdj_[ibeijW

kdWd_cekihkb_d]_d@kbo(&&.$7ie\fkXb_YWj_ed"IWd:_[]e9ekdjofbWdijeWff[Wbj^[YWi[jej^[

ijWj[ikfh[c[Yekhj"XkjIWd8[hdWhZ_de^WidejZ[Y_Z[Zm^[j^[hje`e_d_dj^[Wff[Wb$J^[YWi[_i

[nf[Yj[Zjebei[$

El[hl_[me\A_dZie\IjWj[BWmi

7jlWh_ekij_c[ii_dY['/-."),ijWj[iWdZj^[:_ijh_Yje\9ebkcX_W^Wl[^WZ\WlehWXb[c[Z_YWb

cWh_`kWdWbWmi$

BWmi_dÓl[ijWj[i^Wl[[_j^[h[nf_h[ZehX[[dh[f[Wb[Z"Xkj)'ijWj[iWdZ:$9$Ykhh[djbo^Wl[bWmi

edj^[Xeeai$7bj^ek]^m[bb#_dj[dj_ed[Z"ceije\j^[i[bWmiZedejfhel_Z[[\\[Yj_l[fhej[Yj_ed\eh

fWj_[djim^ed[[Zjeki[c[Z_YWbcWh_`kWdW$

8[YWki[iec[ijWj[i^Wl[[dWYj[Zceh[j^Wded[jof[e\bWm"j^[jejWbi\ehj^[\ebbem_d]ikXi[Yj_edi

WZZkfjeceh[j^Wd),$

;\\[Yj_l[bWmi

J^[edbobWmij^WjYkhh[djbofhel_Z[c[Wd_d]\kbfhej[Yj_ed\ehfWj_[djiWh[ed[ij^Wjh[cel[ijWj[#

b[l[b Yh_c_dWb f[dWbj_[i \eh Ykbj_lWj_ed" feii[ii_ed" WdZ ki[ e\ c[Z_YWb cWh_`kWdW$ J^_hj[[d ijWj[i

Å7bWiaW"9Wb_\ehd_W"9ebehWZe">WmW__"CW_d["C_Y^_]Wd"CedjWdW"D[lWZW"D[mC[n_Ye"Eh[]ed"

H^eZ[?ibWdZ"L[hcedj"WdZMWi^_d]jedÅ^Wl[[\\[Yj_l[bWmie\j^_idWjkh["Wbbe\m^_Y^^Wl[X[[d

[dWYj[Zi_dY['//,$

MehaWXb[bWmi

CWhobWdZ_ij^[edboijWj[j^Wj^Wim^WjCFFYedi_Z[hiWÇmehaWXb[bWm$ÈCWhobWdZfhej[YjifWj_[dji

\hec`W_bj_c[\ehfeii[ii_ede\cWh_`kWdW"Xkjj^[bWmZe[idejif[Y_ÓYWbboWZZh[iiYkbj_lWj_ed$<eh

fWj_[djim^eYWdfhel[_dYekhjj^Wjj^[_hki[e\cWh_`kWdWmWiWc[Z_YWbd[Y[ii_jo"j^[cWn_ckc

f[dWbjo_iW'&&Ód[$

ÈK_\fecpcXnj

k_XkZlii\ekcp

gifm`[\d\Xe`e^]lc

gifk\Zk`fe]fi

gXk`\ekjXi\fe\jk_Xk

i\dfm\jkXk\$c\m\c

Zi`d`eXcg\eXck`\j

]fiZlck`mXk`fe#

gfjj\jj`fe#Xe[lj\f]

d\[`ZXcdXi`alXeX%É

UUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU '.I[[7ff[dZ_n7\ehZ[jW_biedWbbijWj[c[Z_YWbcWh_`kWdWbWmi$

'/9ekdjoe\IWd:_[]el$IWd:_[]eDEHCB"De$=?9.,&,,+IWd:_[]eIkf[h_eh9ekhj(&&,$

''

Ij Wj[#8o#Ij Wj[H[fehj(&&.

J^[hWf[kj_Yh[i[WhY^fhe]hWci

J^[d_d[ijWj[ib_ij[ZkdZ[hj^_ij_jb[_d7ff[dZ_n7"fbki9Wb_\ehd_W"D[mC[n_Ye"H^eZ[?ibWdZ"

WdZMWi^_d]jed"Ykhh[djbo^Wl[bWmij^WjWbbemfWj_[djijeb[]Wbboki[c[Z_YWbcWh_`kWdWj^hek]^

ijWj[#hkdj^[hWf[kj_Yh[i[WhY^fhe]hWci$:kh_d]j^[bWj['/-&iWdZ[Whbo'/.&i"Wjb[Wiji[l[dijWj[i

eXjW_d[ZWbbe\j^[d[Y[iiWho\[Z[hWbf[hc_ii_edi"h[Y[_l[ZcWh_`kWdW\hecj^[\[Z[hWb]el[hdc[dj"

WdZZ_ijh_Xkj[Zj^[cWh_`kWdWjeWffhel[ZfWj_[djij^hek]^f^WhcWY_[i$

J^[\[Z[hWbWffhelWbfheY[ii\ehc[Z_YWbcWh_`kWdWh[i[WhY^_i[nY[ii_l[boYkcX[hiec[$7iWh[ikbj"

ijWj[^[Wbj^Z[fWhjc[djiWh[][d[hWbbokdm_bb_d]jeZ[lej[j^[_hb_c_j[Zh[iekhY[ijej^[bed]WdZ

fej[dj_Wbbo\hk_jb[iiWffb_YWj_edfheY[ii"dehWh[j^[om_bb_d]jeif[dZjWnfWo[hced[oWZc_d_ij[h_d]

j^[fhe]hWc$7ZZ_j_edWbbo"cWdofWj_[djWZleYWj[ieffei[h[i[WhY^fhe]hWciWij^[fh_cWhoceZ[e\

WYY[iijec[Z_YWbcWh_`kWdWX[YWki[[dhebbc[dj_dikY^fhe]hWci_i^_]^boh[ijh_Yj_l[$

?dikc"j^[hWf[kj_Yh[i[WhY^fhe]hWcbWmiWh[debed][h[\\[Yj_l[X[YWki[e\\[Z[hWbeXijhkYj_ed_ic$

IocXeb_Yc[Wikh[i

Fi[kZe#fh[iYh_fj_l[WYY[ii$;_]^jijWj[i^Wl[bWmij^WjWbbemfWj_[djijefeii[iicWh_`kWdW_\

eXjW_d[ZZ_h[Yjboj^hek]^WlWb_Zfh[iYh_fj_ed$J^[fheXb[c_ij^Wjj^[h[_ideb[]Wbikffboe\cWh_`kWdW

jeÓbbikY^Wfh[iYh_fj_ed$<[Z[hWbbWmfhe^_X_jij^[Z_ijh_Xkj_ede\cWh_`kWdWWdZej^[hIY^[Zkb[?

ikXijWdY[i\ehWdoh[Wiedej^[hj^Wdh[i[WhY^$:eYjehiYWddejÇfh[iYh_X[ÈcWh_`kWdW"WdZf^WhcWY_[i

YWddejZ_if[di[_j$

Fh[iYh_fj_l[#WYY[iibWmiZ[cedijhWj[WijWj[Êih[Ye]d_j_ede\cWh_`kWdWÊij^[hWf[kj_Yki["Xkjj^[o

Wh[dej[\\[Yj_l[Wimh_jj[dm_j^ekjWY^Wd][_d\[Z[hWbfeb_Yo$

;ijWXb_i^_d] fhel_i_edi \eh j^[ ijWj[ ]el[hdc[dj je Z_ijh_Xkj[ YedÓiYWj[Z cWh_`kWdW$

UUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU (&I[[7ff[dZ_n@\ehZ[jW_biedj^[hWf[kj_Yh[i[WhY^fhe]hWci$

Hawaii Alaska

Washington, DC

13 states have laws that allow the cultivation of medical marijuana and that protect patients who possess medical marijuana (with their doctors' recommendations or certifications) from criminal penalties.

17 states and the District of Columbia have laws that recognize marijuana’s medical value, but these laws are ineffective because they rely on federal cooperation.

Maryland protects medical marijuana patients from jail, but not from fines or a criminal conviction.

It also does not allow cultivation.

31 S ^TATES W ^ITH M ^EDICAL M ^ARIJUANA L ^AWS , 2008

Ij Wj[#8o#Ij Wj[H[fehj(&&.

'(

8[\eh[_jmWih[f[Wb[Z_d'/.-"WdEh[]edbWmWbbem[Zf^oi_Y_Wdijefh[iYh_X[YedÓiYWj[ZcWh_`kWdW$

I[l[hWbej^[hijWj[i^Wl[Yedi_Z[h[Zi_c_bWhb[]_ibWj_ed"Wbj^ek]^_jZe[idejWff[Whj^WjYedÓiYWj[Z

cWh_`kWdW^Wi[l[hX[[dZ_ijh_Xkj[Z_dWdoijWj[$

?j_ied[j^_d]\ehijWj[]el[hdc[djijebeeaj^[ej^[hmWom^_b[fWj_[dji]hemc[Z_YWbcWh_`kWdW\eh

j^[ci[bl[i"Xkj_jÊiWdej^[hj^_d]\ehj^[ijWj[]el[hdc[dj_ji[b\jeZ_ijh_Xkj[WIY^[Zkb[?ikXijWdY[

\eh Wdoj^_d] ej^[h j^Wd \[Z[hWbbo Wffhel[Z h[i[WhY^$ IjWj[ e\ÓY_Wbi mekbZ X[ ^_]^bo lkbd[hWXb[ je

\[Z[hWb fhei[Ykj_ed \eh cWh_`kWdW Z_ijh_Xkj_ed" Wi j^[o Wh[ ceh[ l_i_Xb[ jWh][ji j^Wd _dZ_l_ZkWb

fWj_[dji$7dej^[hYedY[hd_ij^WjYedÓiYWj[ZcWh_`kWdWcWoYedjW_dWZkbj[hWdjiWdZmekbZh[gk_h[

iYh[[d_d]"m^_Y^YekbZX[fhe^_X_j_l[bo[nf[di_l[$

H[iY^[Zkb_d]cWh_`kWdW$IjWj[i^Wl[j^[_hemdYedjhebb[ZikXijWdY[iY^[Zkb[i"m^_Y^jof_YWbbo

c_hhehj^[\[Z[hWb]el[hdc[djÊi$>em[l[h"ijWj[iWh[\h[[jeiY^[Zkb[ikXijWdY[iWij^[oi[[Ój$

<ekhijWj[iÆ7bWiaW"?emW"CedjWdW"WdZJ[dd[ii[[ÆWdZj^[:_ijh_Yje\9ebkcX_WYkhh[djbo

fbWY[cWh_`kWdW_diY^[Zkb[ij^Wjh[Ye]d_p[_jij^[hWf[kj_Yki[$

>em[l[h" j^[h[ _i b_jjb[ eh de fhWYj_YWb i_]d_ÓYWdY[ je h[iY^[Zkb_d] cWh_`kWdW ed j^[ ijWj[ b[l[b"

X[YWki[j^[\[Z[hWbiY^[Zkb[iikf[hi[Z[ijWj[iY^[Zkb[iWdZj^[\[Z[hWb]el[hdc[djZe[idejf[hc_j

cWh_`kWdWfh[iYh_fj_edi$7im_j^Çfi[kZe#fh[iYh_fj_l[WYY[iiÈbWmi"_j_ikdYb[Whm^[j^[hYekhjimekbZ

_dj[hfh[jj^[i[bWmiWif[hc_jj_d]WÇc[Z_YWbd[Y[ii_joÈZ[\[di[$

Ded#X_dZ_d] h[iebkj_edi$ 7j b[Wij i[l[d ijWj[ b[]_ibWjkh[i Æ 9Wb_\ehd_W" C_Y^_]Wd" C_iiekh_"

D[m>Wcfi^_h["D[mC[n_Ye"H^eZ[?ibWdZ"WdZMWi^_d]jedÆ^Wl[fWii[Zded#X_dZ_d]h[iebkj_edi

kh]_d]j^[\[Z[hWb]el[hdc[djjeWbbemZeYjehijefh[iYh_X[cWh_`kWdW$Ded#X_dZ_d]h[iebkj_ediWh[

fWii[ZXoed[ehXej^Y^WcX[hie\WijWj[Êib[]_ibWjkh[WdZZedejh[gk_h[j^[]el[hdehÊii_]dWjkh[$

J^[h[iebkj_edii[dZWc[iiW]["e\ÓY_WbbofheYbW_c_d]j^[b[]_ibWjkh[iÊfei_j_edi"XkjZedejY^Wd][

ijWj[feb_YoWdZWh[kdb_a[bojeX[e\WdofhWYj_YWb^[bfjefWj_[dji$

BWmij^Wj^Wl[[nf_h[ZehX[[dh[f[Wb[Z

?dWZZ_j_edjej^[)'ijWj[im_j^Ykhh[djbWmi"7haWdiWi"<beh_ZW"Dehj^9Wheb_dW"WdZM[ijL_h]_d_W

^Wl[h[f[Wb[Zj^[_hc[Z_YWbcWh_`kWdWbWmi$?dE^_e"ed[bWm[nf_h[ZWdZWi[YedZbWmmWih[f[Wb[Z$

7\[mej^[hijWj[i^Wl[^WZbWmij^Wj^Wl[[nf_h[ZehX[[dh[f[Wb[ZÆXkjikXi[gk[djbo[dWYj[Zej^[h

c[Z_YWbcWh_`kWdWbWmij^WjWh[ij_bbedj^[Xeeai$

7dZ"ÓdWbbo"'*ijWj[i^Wl[d[l[h^WZ\WlehWXb[c[Z_YWbcWh_`kWdWbWmi$

M^[h[J^_d]i7h[=e_d]<hec>[h[

J^[ '& ijWj[m_Z[ c[Z_YWb cWh_`kWdW _d_j_Wj_l[i j^Wj lej[hi Wffhel[Z" d_d[ e\ m^_Y^ h[ikbj[Z _d

[\\[Yj_l[ijWj[bWmi"^Wl[X[[dZ[iYh_X[ZWij^[ÓhijmWl[e\WYj_l_jojefhej[Yjc[Z_YWbcWh_`kWdW

fWj_[djidWj_edm_Z[$DejedboZej^[ofhel_Z[b[]Wbfhej[Yj_ed\ehfWj_[dji_dijWj[ij^WjYebb[Yj_l[bo

YedjW_dWXekj(*e\j^[K$I$fefkbWj_ed"j^[oWbiel[h_\o7c[h_YWdiÊijhed]ikffehj\eh\WlehWXb[

c[Z_YWbcWh_`kWdWbWmi$

?djkhd">WmW__ÊiikYY[ii^WiX[[dYWbb[Zj^[X[]_dd_d]e\j^[i[YedZmWl["m^[h[XoijWj[b[]_ibWjkh[i

Wh[[dWYj_d][\\[Yj_l[bWmijefhej[Yjc[Z_YWbcWh_`kWdWfWj_[dji$

?dj^[(&&-#(&&.b[]_ibWj_l[i[ii_edi"'-ijWj[b[]_ibWjkh[i^Wl[Yedi_Z[h[ZX_bbijeh[cel[Whh[ij

WdZYh_c_dWbf[dWbj_[i\ehc[Z_YWbcWh_`kWdW"Wjj[cfj_d]je[ijWXb_i^bWmii_c_bWhjej^ei[_dj^[

ijWj[ij^Wj^Wl[Wbh[WZo[\\[Yj_l[boWbbem[ZfWj_[djijeki[c[Z_YWbcWh_`kWdW$JmeWZZ_j_edWbijWj[

b[]_ibWjkh[iYedi_Z[h[ZX_bbij^WjmekbZh[cel[j^[Y^WdY[e\Yedl_Yj_ed"XkjdejWhh[ij\hecc[Z_YWb

cWh_`kWdW$L[hcedj"H^eZ[?ibWdZ"WdZD[mC[n_YefWii[ZikY^X_bbi_djebWm_d(&&*"(&&,"WdZ

(&&-" h[if[Yj_l[bo$ ?d (&&-" L[hcedj [nfWdZ[Z j^[ YedZ_j_edi Yel[h[Z Xo _ji c[Z_YWb cWh_`kWdW

')

Ij Wj[#8o#Ij Wj[H[fehj(&&.

UUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU ('I[[7ff[dZ_nB\ehWb_ije\WbbijWj[c[Z_YWbcWh_`kWdWX_bbiWdZh[iebkj_ediYedi_Z[h[ZZkh_d](&&-$

bWm"WdZH^eZ[?ibWdZceZ_Ó[ZWdZcWZ[f[hcWd[dj_jibWm$9Wb_\ehd_W">WmW__"CW_d["CedjWdW"

Eh[]ed"WdZMWi^_d]jedYedi_Z[h[Z[nfWdZ_d]j^[_h[\\[Yj_l[bWmi$

J^[ heb[ e\ ijWj[ b[]_ibWjkh[i _d j^[ cel[c[dj je fhej[Yj c[Z_YWb cWh_`kWdW fWj_[dji YWddej X[

el[hijWj[Z$Edbo()ijWj[iWdZj^[:_ijh_Yje\9ebkcX_W^Wl[j^[_d_j_Wj_l[fheY[ii"m^_Y^c[Wdij^Wj

Y_j_p[di_d(-ijWj[iYWddejZ_h[Yjbo[dWYjj^[_hemdbWmi$J^[ockijh[boedj^[_hijWj[b[]_ibWjkh[i

je[dWYj\WlehWXb[c[Z_YWbcWh_`kWdWbWmi"WdZj^[dkcX[he\\kjkh[b[]_ibWj_l[l_Yjeh_[im_bbZ[f[dZ

ed^emcWdof[efb[[\\[Yj_l[bobeXXoj^[_hijWj[e\ÓY_Wbi$Ceh[el[h"b[]_ibWj_ed_ickY^ceh[Yeij#

[\\[Yj_l[j^WdXWbbej_d_j_Wj_l[i"m^_Y^YWdX[l[ho[nf[di_l[[dZ[Wlehi$

J^[fWiiW][e\WZZ_j_edWbijWj[c[Z_YWbcWh_`kWdWbWmim_bb^Wl[j^[WZZ[ZX[d[Óje\fh[iikh_d]j^[

\[Z[hWb]el[hdc[djjeY^Wd][_jibWmi$

J^[j^_hZWdZÓdWbmWl[m_bbX[WY^Wd][_d\[Z[hWbbWm$

27 States Considered Medical Marijuana Legislation During the 2007 or 2008 Legislative Sessions

Hawaii

During the 2007 and 2008 legislative sessions:

17 states considered bills to protect medical marijuana patients and caregivers from arrest and criminal penalties.

8 states considered bills to amend existing, effective medical marijuana laws.

Texas and Kansas considered bills that would protect medical marijuana patients from being convicted, but not arrested.

For more information about these bills, including their status, please see Appendix L.

Ij Wj[#8o#Ij Wj[H[fehj(&&.

'*

J78B;'0 ;\\[Yj_l[C[Z_YWbCWh_`kWdWBWmi_d')IjWj[i

J78B;' 0;\\ [Yj_l [C[Z_YW bCWh _`kWdWBW mi_d')IjW j[i IjW j[1  C[Wikh [%e\ lej[1  :W j[[dWYj[Z

IjW jkjeh oeh Yedij_jkj_edW bW

>embW mfh ej[Yji fW j_[djiZ[\ [di[i fh el_Z[Z X :eYkc[djW j_edh [gk_h [Z H[]_ijh oioij[c \ehfW j_[djiWdZ YWh []_l [h i

CWh _`kWdW  gkWdj_job_c_ji 9Wh []_l [hfh el_i_edi 9Wdc[Z_YW b YedZ_j_ediX[ WZZ[Z5

Measure 8 (ballot initiative/58%) November 3, 1998 (mo dified by S.B.

94, effective June 2, 1999)

statutory

affirmative defense provided only for those registered with the state

c

signed physician statement that the patient was examined in the context of a bona fide physician- patient relationship, the patient has been diagnosed with a debilitating medical condition, and other approved medications were “considered”

with state Department of Health and Social Services one ounce of marijuana in usable form and six marijuana plants, with no more than three mature and flowering plants pro

ducing usable marijuana at any one time one primary and one alternate caregiver who may serve only one patient at a time, with limited exceptions

yes

Proposition 215 (ballot initiative/56%) November 5, 1996 (mo dified by S.B. 420,

effective January 1, 2004)

statutory

exemption from arrest for those with voluntary ID cards; affirmative defense or dismissal for those with only written recommendations

“written or oral recommendation or approval of a physician” who has determined that the patient’

s

health “would benefit from medical marijuana” in the treatment of a qualifying condition

voluntary patient registry system; caregivers and patients with IDs are verified through the C al ifo rn ia M ed ic al M ar iju an a Pr og ra m W eb site

the state initiative, which cannot be amended by legislation, did not include limits; the legislature later enacted quantity

guidelines, which

are being challenged in court as unconstitutional caps, see Appendix F for details the individual designated by the patient who has consistently assumed responsibility for the housing, health, or safety of that person; this may include a person who was designated by more than one patient if they all reside in the same city or county

N/A

Amendment 20 (ballot initiative/54%) November 7, 2000

constitutional

exemption from prosecution if in lawful possession of a registry card; affirmative defense if not registered but in compliance with the law diagnosed by a physician (prior to arrest) as having a debilitating condition and “advised” by the physician, in the context of a bona fide physician-patient relationship, that the patient “might benefit” from medical marijuana with state Department of Public Health and Environment two usable ounces and six plants, three of which may be mature; patients may use affirmative defense to argue that greater amounts are medically necessary an individual who has significant responsibility for managing the well- being of the patient

yes

'+

Ij Wj[#8o#Ij Wj[H[fehj(&&.

J78B;' 0;\\ [Yj_l [C[Z_YW bCWh _`kWdWBW mi_d')IjW j[i IjW j[1  C[Wikh [%e\ lej[1  :W j[[dWYj[Z

IjW jkjeh oeh Yedij_jkj_edW bW

>embW mfh ej[Yji fW j_[djiZ[\ [di[i fh el_Z[Z X :eYkc[djW j_edh [gk_h [Z H[]_ijh oioij[c \ehfW j_[djiWdZ YWh []_l [h i

CWh _`kWdW  gkWdj_job_c_ji 9Wh []_l [hfh el_i_edi 9Wdc[Z_YW b YedZ_j_ediX[ WZZ[Z5

S.B. 862 HD1 (enacted by legislature) June 14, 2000

statutory

exemption from prosecution if in lawful possession of a registry card; “choice of evils” defense also on the books, independent of this statute patient’ s medical records or a statement signed by the patient’ s

physician, stating that in the physician’

s professional opinion,

the patient has a debilitating condition and the “potential benefits of the medical use of marijuana would likely outweigh the health risks”

with state Department of Public Safety seven plants, three of which may be mature, and one

ounce per mature plant one caregiver per patient, and a caregiver may serve only one patient at any given time

yes

Question 2 (ballot initiative/61%) November 2, 1999 (mo dified by L.D.

611, effective April 1, 2002)

statutory

exemption from prosecution if in possession of a “usable amount” of medical marijuana and has available an authenticated copy of an appropriate medical record or written documentation from a physician; affirmative defense if in compliance with statute an authenticated copy of pertinent medical records or written documentation from a physician showing that the patient has a qualifying condition; the physician has discussed the risks and benefits of medical marijuana; and the patient has been “advised” by the physician that he or she “might benefit” from medical marijuana

N/A

2.5 ounces and six plants, three of which may be mature

one caregiver , who

has consistently assumed responsibility for the housing, health, or safety of the patient or who is a member of the same household and is named in a written individual instruction or power of attorney for health care

no

Proposal 1 (ballot initiative/63%) November 4, 2008

statutory

exemption from prosecution if in lawful possession of a registry card; affirmative defense if not registered but meet certain conditions valid, written documentation from the person’

s physician stating that

the person has been diagnosed with a debilitating medical condition and that “the patient is likely to receive therapeutic or palliative benefit from the medical use of marihuana”

with the state Department of Community Health 2.5 usable ounces and 12 plants one caregiver per patient

yes