acid-producing diatom Pseudo-nitzschia multistriata

Harmful Algae News

ēĊĜĘđĊęęĊėĔēĔĝĎĈđČĆĊĆēĉđČĆđđĔĔĒĘ No. 65 - September 2020 · www.ioc-unesco.org/hab

Content

Featured article:‡‘‹…

”‡•‘—”…‡•ˆ‘”–Š‡†‘‘‹…

ƒ…‹†Ǧ’”‘†—…‹‰Pseudo-nitzschia multistriata ȋƒ”‹‡ŽŽƒ ‡””ƒ–‡

Ƭƒ”‹ƒ‘–”‡•‘”ȌǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ ͳ Cyanobacterial and micro- algal toxic HABs

Š‡–‹†‡•…‘ŽŽ‹†‡ǣ ”‡•Š™ƒ–‡”

›ƒ‘•ƒ†Karenia brevis 

‹ Ž‘”‹†ƒǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ Ͷ

‡…‘”†Ž‡˜‡Ž•‘ˆʹƒ†

Dinophysis acuta‹‘—ƒ”‡‡œ

ƒ›ǡ ”ƒ…‡ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ ͸ Benthic HABs

Ostreopsis†‹˜‡”•‹–›‹ ”‡…Š

‘Ž›‡•‹ƒǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤ ͺ

‘š‹•‘ˆGambierdiscus lapillus

ˆ”‘–Š‡‘‘•Žƒ†•ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͳͲ Macroalgal HABs

‡†ƒŽ‰ƒCeramiuminƒ”–ƒ‰‡ƒǡ

‘Ž‘„‹ƒǡƒ”‹„„‡ƒ‡ƒǤǤǤǤǤͳʹ High Biomass and Fish Killer HABs

Karlodinium†‹•–”‹„—–‹‘‹–Š‡

‘Š‘”–”ƒ‹–ǡƒŽƒ›•‹ƒǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͳͶ

‡†–‹†‡•‘ˆAkashiwo sanguin- eain‡‡”ƒƒ‰‘‘ǡƒŽƒ›•‹ƒͳͷ HAB projects

 ’”‘Œ‡…–‘ˆ‘‘†

•ƒˆ‡–›–Š”‡ƒ–•’‘•‡†„›•

ƒ†…Ž‹ƒ–‡…Šƒ‰‡ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͳ͹

Ž‘‘‹‰—††‹‡•ǣƒ•–‡”

‡•‡ƒ”…Š”‘Œ‡…–‘ ”‡•Š™ƒ–‡”

›ƒ‘•ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤͳͻ Training, Cooperation and Networking

ʹͷ^–Šƒ‹˜‡”•ƒ”›‘ˆ–Š‡

‡–”‡‹‘’‡Šƒ‰‡ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤʹͳ

–‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽŠ›–‘’Žƒ–‘

–‡”…‘’ƒ”‹•‘ȋȌ‡š‡”…‹•‡Ǥʹʹ

NEW

ƒƒ†‹ƒ”‡˜‹‡™‘ƒ”‹‡

•ƒ†’Š›…‘–‘š‹•ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤʹ͵

ǣͳͺ”‘…‡‡†‹‰•

‘ǦŽ‹‡ǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤǤʹ͸

Genomic resources for the domoic

acid-producing diatom Pseudo-nitzschia multistriata

’‡…‹‡• ”‡•’‘•‹„Ž‡ ˆ‘” ƒ”ˆ—Ž Ž‰ƒŽ

Ž‘‘• ȋ•Ȍ ƒ”‡ ƒ‘‰ –Š‡ „‡•–

•–—†‹‡† —‹…‡ŽŽ—Žƒ” ‹…”‘ƒŽ‰ƒ‡Ǥ •

’‘•‡ƒ•‡”‹‘—•”‹•–‘Š—ƒŠ‡ƒŽ–Šƒ†

ƒ”‡ ”‡•’‘•‹„Ž‡ ˆ‘” …‘•‹†‡”ƒ„Ž‡ ‡…‘Ǧ

‘‹…Ž‘••‡•‹–Š‡ƒ“—ƒ…—Ž–—”‡‹†—•Ǧ

–”› ™Š‹…Š Šƒ• ”‡•—Ž–‡† ‹ –Š‡ ˆ—†‹‰

‘ˆ ‘‹–‘”‹‰ ’”‘‰”ƒ• –‘ ‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‡

–Š‡‹”–‡’‘”ƒŽƒ†•’ƒ–‹ƒŽ†‹•–”‹„—–‹‘ǡ

ƒ• ™‡ŽŽ ƒ• ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š ’”‘Œ‡…–• ƒ‹‡† ƒ–

—†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰˜ƒ”‹‘—•ƒ•’‡…–•‘ˆ–Š‡‹”

„‹‘Ž‘‰›Ǥ”‡…‡–†‡…ƒ†‡•ǡ—†‡”•–ƒ†Ǧ

‹‰ƒ„‘—–†‹˜‡”•‹–›ǡ’Š›•‹‘Ž‘‰›ƒ†

–”‘’Š‹… Šƒ„‹–•ǡ –Š‡ ‡…Šƒ‹•• –Šƒ–

”‡‰—Žƒ–‡–‘š‹’”‘†—…–‹‘ǡƒ†–Š‡”‘Ž‡

‘ˆ ‡˜‹”‘‡–ƒŽ ˜ƒ”‹ƒ„Ž‡• ƒ† ‹–‡”Ǧ

ƒ…–‹‘• ™‹–Š ‘–Š‡” ‡„‡”• ‘ˆ –Š‡

’Žƒ–‘ …‘—‹–› ‘ –Š‡‹” ‰”‘™–Š

†›ƒ‹…•Šƒ•‹…”‡ƒ•‡†ǤŠ‡”ƒ’‹††‡Ǧ

˜‡Ž‘’‡– ‘ˆ ‰‡‘‹…Ǧ ƒ† –”ƒ•…”‹’Ǧ

–‘‹…Ǧ„ƒ•‡†ƒ’’”‘ƒ…Š‡•ǡ‘™ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡

ˆ‘”ƒ‹…”‡ƒ•‹‰—„‡”‘ˆ—‹…‡ŽŽ—Žƒ”

‡—ƒ”›‘–‡•‹…Ž—†‹‰•’‡…‹‡•ǡ‹•ƒŽǦ

Ž‘™‹‰•…‹‡–‹•–•–‘‰ƒ‹ƒ‡…Šƒ‹•–‹…

—†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰‘ˆƒ„”‘ƒ†”ƒ‰‡‘ˆ„‹‘Ǧ

Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽˆ‡ƒ–—”‡•Ǥ

Š‡‰‡—•Pseudo-nitzschia ‹…Ž—†‡•

–Š‡ƒŒ‘”‹–›‘ˆ•’‡…‹‡•–Šƒ–’”‘†—…‡–Š‡

‡—”‘–‘š‹ †‘‘‹… ƒ…‹†ǡ –Š‡ …ƒ—•ƒ–‹˜‡

ƒ‰‡– ‘ˆ ‡•‹… Š‡ŽŽϐ‹•Š ‘‹•‘‹‰Ǥ

„‘—– ͷͲ •’‡…‹‡• Šƒ˜‡ „‡‡ †‡•…”‹„‡†

–‘†ƒ–‡ƒ†ŠƒŽˆ‘ˆ–Š‡•‡ƒ”‡‘™–‘

’”‘†—…‡ †‘‘‹… ƒ…‹†Ǥ Š‡ ‹’‘”–ƒ…‡

‘ˆ–Š‹•‰‡—•‘–‹˜ƒ–‡†–Š‡•‡Ž‡…–‹‘‘ˆ

‘‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘•– –‘š‹… •’‡…‹‡•ǡ Pseudo- nitzschia multiseriesǡ–‘„‡‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ‡™

Fig. 1. A. Light micrograph of a natural phytoplankton sample collected at the Long Term Ecological Research station MareChiara (Gulf of Naples, Italy) on October 3^rd 2013. Pseudo-

‹–œ•…Š‹ƒ—Ž–‹•–”‹ƒ–ƒ…‡ŽŽ•ȋƒ…Šƒ‹‹•‹†‹…ƒ–‡†™‹–Šƒƒ””‘™Ȍ…ƒ„‡‡ƒ•‹Ž›‹†‡–‹ϔ‹‡†„›

their slightly sigmoid shape. Photo: Marina Montresor. Two Pseudo-nitzschia multistriata cells

ƒ’’”‘ƒ…Š‹‰…‡ŽŽ†‹˜‹•‹‘ǡǤ„”‹‰Š–ϔ‹‡Ž†ǡǤ…ŠŽ‘”‘’Š›ŽŽƒ—–‘ϔŽ—‘”‡•…‡…‡‹–Š‡…ŠŽ‘”‘’Žƒ•–•ǡ

and D. merged images.

ʹ HARMFUL ALGAE NEWS NO. 65 / 2020

†‹ƒ–‘• •‡Ž‡…–‡† ˆ‘” ‰‡‘‡ •‡“—‡…Ǧ

‹‰™Š‡–Š‹•™ƒ••–‹ŽŽƒ†‡ƒ†‹‰ƒ†

–‹‡…‘•—‹‰‡ˆˆ‘”–ǤŠ‡P. multiseries

‰‡‘‡ Šƒ• „‡‡ ’—„Ž‹…Ž› ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡

•‹…‡ ʹͲͳͳ ȋhttps://mycocosm.jgi.doe.

gov/Psemu1/Psemu1.home.htmlȌ ƒ†

†‡•’‹–‡ „‡‹‰ “—‹–‡ ˆ”ƒ‰‡–‡†ǡ ’‘••‹Ǧ

„Ž›†—‡–‘–Š‡Š‹‰Š…‘–‡–‘ˆ”‡’‡–‹–‹˜‡

•‡“—‡…‡•‹–Šƒ•”‡’”‡•‡–‡†ƒ˜ƒŽ—ƒ„Ž‡

”‡•‘—”…‡ —•‡† –‘ ‡š’Ž‘”‡ †‹ƒ–‘ „‹‘ŽǦ

‘‰›‹‰‡‡”ƒŽƒ†‹ƒ›…‘’ƒ”ƒ–‹˜‡

‰‡‘‹… ƒƒŽ›•‡•Ǥ —„•‡“—‡–Ž›ǡ Pseu- do-nitzschia –”ƒ•…”‹’–‘‡• „‡…ƒ‡

ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡–Š”‘—‰Š–Š‡ƒ”‹‡‹…”‘„‹ƒŽ

—ƒ”›‘–‹… ”ƒ•…”‹’–‘‡ ‡“—‡…‹‰

”‘Œ‡…– ȋȌǡ ‡Žƒ”‰‹‰ –Š‡ ”‡’Ǧ

‡”–‘‹”‡ ‘ˆ •‡“—‡…‡ ”‡•‘—”…‡• ˆ‘” –Š‡

‰‡—• ȋhttps://www.imicrobe.us/#/

search/mmetspȌǤ —””‡–Ž›ǡ –Šƒ• –‘

–Š‹•‹‹–‹ƒ–‹˜‡ǡ–”ƒ•…”‹’–‘‹…•†ƒ–ƒƒ”‡

ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡ ˆ‘” P. arenysensisǡ P. delicatis- simaǡP. fraudulentaǡP. australisǡP. heimii

ƒ† P. pungensǤ ”ƒ•…”‹’–‘‹…• †ƒ–ƒ

Šƒ˜‡ ƒŽ•‘ „‡‡ ‰‡‡”ƒ–‡† ‹ †‡†‹…ƒ–‡†

•–—†‹‡•ˆ‘”‘–Š‡”•’‡…‹‡•ǡƒ‡Ž›P. mul- tiseries, P. granii, P. seriataƒ†P. obtusa ȏͳǦ͵ȐǤ

‡”‡™‡‹ŽŽ—•–”ƒ–‡‰‡‘‹…”‡•‘—”…Ǧ

‡• –Šƒ– ƒ”‡ ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡ –‘ –Š‡ ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š

…‘—‹–› ˆ‘” ƒ‘–Š‡” –‘š‹… Pseudo- nitzschia •’‡…‹‡•ǡ P. multistriata. ‡

ƒŽ•‘ ’”‘˜‹†‡ ƒ ˆ‡™ ‡šƒ’Ž‡• ‘ˆ “—‡•Ǧ

–‹‘•–Šƒ–…ƒ„‡ƒ††”‡••‡†„›‰‡‘‹…

ƒ’’”‘ƒ…Š‡•Ǥ

Pseudo-nitzschia multistriata ™ƒ•

†‡•…”‹„‡† ‹ ͳͻͻ͵ „› ‹†‡ƒ‹ ƒƒ‘

ˆ”‘…‘ƒ•–ƒŽ™ƒ–‡”•‹•‘—–Š‡” ƒ’ƒǤ

Š‡ •’‡…‹‡• ’”‘†—…‡• †‘‘‹… ƒ…‹† ȏͶȐ

ƒ† Šƒ• „‡‡ ”‡’‘”–‡† ˆ”‘ ˜ƒ”‹‘—•

”‡‰‹‘• ™‘”Ž†Ǧ™‹†‡ ȋ‡†‹–‡””ƒ‡ƒ

‡ƒǡ —Žˆ ‘ˆ ‡š‹…‘ǡ ƒŽƒ›•‹ƒǡ ‹‰ƒǦ

’‘”‡ǡ‡™‡ƒŽƒ†ǡ–Š‡ƒ…‹ϐ‹……‘ƒ•–‘ˆ

‡š‹…‘ǡ•‡‡ȏͷȐȌǤ‡ŽŽ•‘ˆP. multistriata …ƒ‡ƒ•‹Ž›„‡‹†‡–‹ϐ‹‡†‹Ž‹‰Š–‹…”‘•Ǧ

…‘’› †—‡ –‘ –Š‡‹” †‹•–‹…– Ǯ•‹‰‘‹†ǯ

•Šƒ’‡ȋ ‹‰—”‡ͳȌǤŠ‹••’‡…‹‡•„‡‰ƒ–‘

„‡”‡…‘”†‡†ƒ––Š‡‘‰‡”…‘Ž‘‰‹Ǧ …ƒŽ‡•‡ƒ”…Š•–ƒ–‹‘ƒ”‡Š‹ƒ”ƒ‹–Š‡

—Žˆ‘ˆƒ’Ž‡•‹ͳͻͻ͵ƒ†•‹…‡–Š‡‹•

”‡‰—Žƒ”Ž›”‡…‘”†‡†‹•—‡”Ǧ‡ƒ”Ž›ƒ—Ǧ

–—ǤŠ‡”‡Žƒ–‹˜‡‡ƒ•‡‘ˆ‹†‡–‹ϐ‹…ƒ–‹‘

ƒ†‡‹–ƒ‘†‡Žˆ‘”ƒŽ‘‰–‡”•–—†›‘ˆ

’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘ •–”—…–—”‡ —•‹‰ ‹…”‘•ƒ–‡ŽǦ

Ž‹–‡•ȏ͸ȐǤŠ‹••–—†›”‡“—‹”‡†–Š‡‹•‘ŽƒǦ

–‹‘‘ˆƒˆ‡™Š—†”‡†•–”ƒ‹•–‘‘„–ƒ‹

–Š‡‹” Ǥ ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„‹Ž‹–› ‘ˆ ƒŽŽ ‘ˆ –Š‡•‡

•–”ƒ‹•”‡’”‡•‡–‡†ƒ‰”‡ƒ–”‡•‘—”…‡ˆƒǦ …‹Ž‹–ƒ–‹‰–Š‡—•‡‘ˆP. multistriataƒ•ƒ

‰‡‡–‹…‘†‡ŽǡƒŽŽ‘™‹‰‰‡‡–‹……”‘••‡•

ƒ† ’”‘†—…–‹‘ ‘ˆ ‡™ ‰‡‡”ƒ–‹‘• ‹

–Š‡Žƒ„‘”ƒ–‘”›Ǥ

‡™‘—Ž†Ž‹‡–‘ƒ˜ƒ‹Ž‘ˆ–Š‹•‘’’‘”–—‹–›–‘’—„Ž‹…‹œ‡‘—””‡“—‡•–ˆ‘”P. mul- tistriata•–”ƒ‹•–‘ƒŽŽ‘ˆ‘—”…‘ŽŽ‡ƒ‰—‡•™‘”‹‰™‹–Š’Š›–‘’Žƒ–‘•ƒ’Ž‡•

™Š‘ƒ›ϐ‹†–Š‡•’‡…‹‡•ǡ‡ƒ•‹Ž›†‹•–‹‰—‹•Šƒ„Ž‡ˆ”‘‘–Š‡”Pseudo-nitzschia

†—‡–‘–Š‡…—”˜‡†–‹’•ƒ†•‹‰‘‹†•Šƒ’‡Ǥ–”ƒ‹•ˆ”‘†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–‰‡‘‰”ƒ’Š‹…

Ž‘…ƒ–‹‘•™‹ŽŽ‰”‡ƒ–Ž›‡”‹…Š‘‰‘‹‰’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘‰‡‘‹…•ƒƒŽ›•‡•ƒ†…‘—Ž†

”‡˜‡ƒŽ‘”‡ƒ„‘—–…‘”‡ƒ††‹•’‡•ƒ„Ž‡”‡‰‹‘•‘ˆ–Š‡‰‡‘‡ǡ•‡Ž‡…–‹‘ǡƒ†

—Ž–‹ƒ–‡Ž›ƒ„‘—––Š‡‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‹•–‘š‹…•’‡…‹‡•Ǥ

Fig. 2. Schematic drawing of the life cycle of the pennate diatom Pseudo-nitzschia multistriata. The vegetative phase is characterized by pro- gressive cell size reduction of the population. When cells reach the sexual size threshold (SST), they can either keep decreasing in size until they die, or undergo sexual reproduction and escape the size-decreasing process producing large initial cells. The perception of chemical cues deriv- ing from the mating partner brings cells of opposite mating type to pair and haploid gametes are produced following meiosis. Conjugation of gametes produces two expandable zygotes that develop into auxospores, within which an initial cell of maximum size is synthesized, restoring the vegetative phase of the cycle. Representative microscopic images of the different stages are shown outside the circle; bar, 10 µm. From [7].

͵

HARMFUL ALGAE NEWS NO. 65 / 2020

Š‡‰‡‘‡…‘—Ž†„‡•‡“—‡…‡†‡šǦ

’Ž‘‹–‹‰ ‹„”‡† •–”ƒ‹•ǡ ‘„–ƒ‹‡† ˆ”‘

–Š‡…”‘••‘ˆƒϐ‹”•–‰‡‡”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ•‹„Ž‹‰

•–”ƒ‹• ȏ͹ȐǤ ‡…ƒ—•‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ Ž‘™‡” ’‘Ž›Ǧ

‘”’Š‹•‘ˆ‹„”‡†•ǡ‹–™ƒ•’‘••‹„Ž‡–‘

”‡…‘•–”—…–Ž‘‰ˆ”ƒ‰‡–•‘ˆˆ”‘

”‡ƒ†•‘„–ƒ‹‡†™‹–Š–Š‡ŽŽ—‹ƒ–‡…ŠǦ

‘Ž‘‰›ǡ ‘˜‡”…‘‹‰ –Š‡ Ž‹‹–• ‘ˆ •Š‘”–

”‡ƒ†•ƒ••‡„Ž›Ǥ†‡‡†ǡ–Š‡ƒ••‡„Ž›‘ˆ

Š‹‰Š’‘Ž›‘”’Š‹…•‡“—‡…‡”‡ƒ†•ƒ‡

‹– Šƒ”†‡” ˆ‘” …‘‘ ƒ••‡„Ž› •‘ˆ–Ǧ

™ƒ”‡–‘„‹†•ƒŽŽ•‡“—‡…‡•–‘‰‡–Š‡”

–‘ ’”‘†—…‡ –Š‡ Ž‘‰ ˆ”ƒ‰‡–• …ƒŽŽ‡†

•…ƒˆˆ‘Ž†•Ǥ

Š‡ ͷͻ „ ‰‡‘‡ ‘„–ƒ‹‡† ‡Ǧ

Šƒ…‡†–Š‡”ƒ‰‡‘ˆ’‘••‹„Ž‡ƒ’’”‘ƒ…ŠǦ

‡•–‘‡š’Ž‘”‡–Š‡‰‡‡–‹…„ƒ•‹•‘ˆƒ›

‘ˆ –Š‡ •’‡…‹‡• ˆ‡ƒ–—”‡•ǡ ‹…Ž—†‹‰ –Š‡

…ƒ’ƒ„‹Ž‹–›–‘—†‡”‰‘•‡š—ƒŽ”‡’”‘†—…Ǧ

–‹‘Ǥ P. multistriataǡ Ž‹‡ –Š‡ ƒŒ‘”‹–›

‘ˆ’‡ƒ–‡†‹ƒ–‘•ǡŠƒ•ƒŠ‡–‡”‘–ŠƒŽŽ‹…

ƒ–‹‰•›•–‡ǤŠ‹•‹’Ž‹‡•–Šƒ–•‡š—ƒŽ

”‡’”‘†—…–‹‘ǡ –Š‡ ’”‘…‡•• ‹ †‹ƒ–‘•

–Šƒ– …‘—–‡”ƒ…–• ’”‘‰”‡••‹˜‡ …‡ŽŽ •‹œ‡

”‡†—…–‹‘ –‘ ’”‘†—…‡ Žƒ”‰‡Ǧ•‹œ‡† ͳ

…‡ŽŽ•ǡ ‘Ž› ‘……—”• ™Š‡ …‡ŽŽ• ‘ˆ ‘’’‘Ǧ

•‹–‡ ƒ–‹‰ –›’‡ ȋΪ ƒ† ǦȌ ƒ‡

…‘–ƒ…–ȋ ‹‰—”‡ʹȌȏ͹ȐǤ‡‡‡š’”‡••‹‘

•–—†‹‡•„ƒ•‡†‘Ǧ•‡“Šƒ˜‡ˆ‘…—•‡†

‘–Š‡Ž‹ˆ‡…›…Ž‡ƒ†‘–Š‡•‡š—ƒŽ”‡’”‘Ǧ

†—…–‹‘’Šƒ•‡ǡ”‡˜‡ƒŽ‹‰†‹ˆˆ‡”‡…‡•‹

–Š‡ –”ƒ•…”‹’–‘‹… „‡Šƒ˜‹‘” „‡–™‡‡

–Š‡ –™‘ ƒ–‹‰ –›’‡•ǡ ‡˜‡ ‹ˆ –Š‡› ƒ”‡

‘”’Š‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽŽ› ‹†‡–‹…ƒŽǤ ‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡

‘•– ‡š…‹–‹‰ ϐ‹†‹‰• ‡ƒ„Ž‡† „› –Š‡

‰‡‘‡ •‡“—‡…‡ ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„‹Ž‹–› ™ƒ• –Š‡

†‹•…‘˜‡”› ‘ˆ –Š‡ ϐ‹”•– ƒ–‹‰ –›’‡ †‡Ǧ

–‡”‹‹‰‰‡‡ˆ‘”†‹ƒ–‘•Ǥ‘™ƒ…‡ŽŽ

„‡…‘‡•Ϊ‘”Ǧ™ƒ•—‘™Ǣ†‹ˆǦ

ˆ‡”‡–‹ƒŽ ‡š’”‡••‹‘ ‘ˆ ƒ •’‡…‹ϐ‹… ‰‡‡

„‡–™‡‡‰”‘—’•‘ˆΪƒ†Ǧ•–”ƒ‹•

™ƒ•Ž‹‡†–‘•–”—…–—”ƒŽ†‹ˆˆ‡”‡…‡•‹ƒ

•’‡…‹ϐ‹… ‰‡‘‹… ”‡‰‹‘ǡ ’”‘˜‹†‹‰ –Š‡

ϐ‹”•–…Ž—‡‘Š‘™–Š‡‹••’‡…‹ϐ‹‡†ȏͺȐǤ

‹ƒ–‘‰‡‘‡•ǡ™Š‡…‘’ƒ”‡†–‘

‡•–‹ƒ–‡•ˆ‘”‘–Š‡”–‘š‹…’Š›–‘’Žƒ–‘

•—…Šƒ•†‹‘ϐŽƒ‰‡ŽŽƒ–‡•’‡…‹‡•ǡƒ”‡‰‡‡”Ǧ

ƒŽŽ›•ƒŽŽ‡”ƒ†Ž‡••Dz‹–‹‹†ƒ–‹‰dzǡƒ†

‰‡‘‡•‡“—‡…‹‰‹•ƒ’’”‘ƒ…Šƒ„Ž‡ˆ‘”

‡˜‡•ƒŽŽ–‡ƒ•ǡ™‹–Š‘—––Š‡”‡“—‹”‡Ǧ

‡––‘‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•ŠŽƒ”‰‡…‘•‘”–‹ƒǤŠ‡P.

multistriata‰‡‘‡•‡“—‡…‹‰’”‘Œ‡…–

™ƒ•ƒ•ƒŽŽ’”‘Œ‡…–ˆ—†‡†„›ƒƒ”‹‡

—”‹‡ƒ”‡‡”‹–‡‰”ƒ–‹‘‰”ƒ–ǡ‹–ƒ‹Ž›

‹˜‘Ž˜‡†–™‘–‡ƒ•ǡ–Š‡‹ƒ’Ž‡•

ȋ–ƒŽ›Ȍ ƒ† –Š‡  ‹ ‘”™‹…Š ȋȌ

ȋ‘™ ƒ”ŽŠƒ •–‹–—–‡Ȍǡ …‘•– ƒ”‘—†

ͳͲǡͲͲͲ‡—”‘•ƒ†™ƒ•‹‹–‹ƒŽŽ›”‡Ž‡ƒ•‡†

‘ƒ„”‘™•‡”™Š‹…Š™ƒ•’ƒ••™‘”†

’”‘–‡…–‡†‹Ž‹‡™‹–Š‹•–‹–—–‡’‘Ž‹…‹‡•Ǥ

‘ ƒ‡ ‹– ‘”‡ ‡ƒ•‹Ž› ƒ……‡••‹„Ž‡ǡ –Š‡

‰‡‘‡ „”‘™•‡” ‹• ‘™ „‡‹‰ Š‘•–Ǧ

‡†„›–Š‡„‹‘‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹…••‡”˜‹…‡ƒ––Š‡

ǡ ȋhttp://bioinfo.szn.it/pmultistria- ta/Ȍǡ‡„‡††‡†‹–Š‡•‡”˜‹…‡’Žƒ–ˆ‘”

(http://bioinfo.szn.it/Ǣ ‹‰—”‡ ͵Ȍ ™Š‡”‡

‹– ‹• ˆ”‡‡Ž› ƒ……‡••‹„Ž‡ –‘‰‡–Š‡” ™‹–Š ƒŽŽ

–Š‡ ”‡Žƒ–‡† Ǧ•‡“ †ƒ–ƒ ’”‘†—…‡† •‘

ˆƒ”Ǥ‡›‘†‰‡‡–ƒ‰•ǡ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡”•Šƒ˜‡

–Š‡ ’‘••‹„‹Ž‹–› –‘ „”‘™•‡ –Š‡ ‰‡‘‡

‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ ˜‹•—ƒŽ‹œ‹‰ ”‡’‡–‹–‹˜‡ ‡Ž‡Ǧ

‡–•ǡ …‘•‡”˜‡† ”‡‰‹‘• ‹ …‘‘

™‹–Š ‘–Š‡” •’‡…‹‡• ƒ† ‘–Š‡” ˆ‡ƒ–—”‡•ǡ

™‹–ŠŽ‹•’”‘˜‹†‡†–‘–Š‡†ƒ–ƒϐ‹Ž‡•ƒ†

–‘–Š‡”‡Ž‡˜ƒ–Ž‹–‡”ƒ–—”‡Ǥ ‹ƒŽŽ›ǡ™‹–Š‹

–Š‡—”‘’‡ƒ’”‘Œ‡…–ƒ†™‹–Š

–Š‡ ƒ••‹•–ƒ…‡ ‘ˆ —”‘’‡ƒ ‹‘‹ˆ‘”Ǧ

ƒ–‹…••–‹–—–‡–‡ƒ•ǡƒ††‹–‹‘ƒŽ™‘”

‘–Š‡•‡“—‡…‹‰†ƒ–ƒŠƒ•„‡‡†‘‡

–‘Šƒ˜‡‹–”‡Ž‡ƒ•‡†‹•‡„Žȋhttps://

protists.ensembl.org/Pseudonitzschia_

multistriata/Info/IndexȌǡ‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡ƒǦ

Œ‘”‰‡‘‡„”‘™•‡”•ǡ‘”‹‰‹ƒŽŽ›…”‡ƒ–‡†

ˆ‘”˜‡”–‡„”ƒ–‡‰‡‘‡•„—–™‹–Šƒ‡šǦ

’ƒ†‹‰ •‡…–‹‘ ˆ‘” ’”‘–‹•–•Ǥ ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„‹ŽǦ

‹–› ‹ •‡„Ž ƒ‡• –Š‡ †ƒ–ƒ ”‡ƒ†‹Ž›

†‹•…‘˜‡”ƒ„Ž‡ „› –Š‡  …‘—‹–›ǡ

„› •…‹‡–‹•–• ™‘”‹‰ ‘ ˜‡”› †‹•–ƒ–Ǧ

Ž›”‡Žƒ–‡†‘”‰ƒ‹••ǡƒ†ˆƒ…‹Ž‹–ƒ–‡•‹–•

—•‡‹Žƒ”‰‡•…ƒŽ‡…‘’ƒ”ƒ–‹˜‡•–—†‹‡•Ǥ

ˆ‘”–—ƒ–‡Ž› †—‡ –‘ •’‡…‹ϐ‹… ”‡“—‹”‡Ǧ

‡–• ‘ˆ –Š‡ •‡„Ž „”‘™•‡” ™Š‹…Š

†‹† ‘– •—’’‘”– –Š‡ ‘”‹‰‹ƒŽ ϐ‹Ž‡• ‰‡Ǧ

‡”ƒ–‡† ˆ‘” P. multistriataǡ –Š‡  ƒ†

–Š‡•‡„Ž˜‡”•‹‘•‘ˆ–Š‡‰‡‘‡ƒ”‡

‘–—‹ˆ‘”Ǣ–Š‡•…ƒˆˆ‘Ž†ƒ‡•ƒ”‡†‹ˆǦ

ˆ‡”‡– ƒ†ǡ ‹ •‡„Žǡ ƒŽŽ P. multistri- ata’”‘–‡‹•ƒ”‡”‡’‘”–‡†ƒ•Dz—‘™

’”‘–‡‹•dz ™Š‹Ž‡ ƒ †‡–ƒ‹Ž‡† ˆ—…–‹‘ƒŽ

ƒ‘–ƒ–‹‘‹•’”‘˜‹†‡†„›–Š‡’Žƒ–ˆ‘”

ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡ˆ”‘Ǥ

Š‹Ž‡–Š‡•‡†‹•…”‡’ƒ…‹‡•Š‹‰ŠŽ‹‰Š–

–Š‡‡š‹•–‡…‡‘ˆ†‹ˆϐ‹…—Ž–‹‡•‹…”‘••Ž‹Ǧ

‹‰Ȃ‘‹…•†ƒ–ƒˆ”‘†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–”‡•‘—”…Ǧ

‡•ǡ ‡•’‡…‹ƒŽŽ› ˆ‘” ‘Ǧ‘†‡Ž •›•–‡•

ƒ• ™‡ŽŽ ƒ• –Š‡ ‡‡† ˆ‘” …‘•–ƒ– ƒ†

•—’’‘”–‡†‹–‡”ƒ…–‹‘„‡–™‡‡™‡–Žƒ„

•…‹‡–‹•–• ƒ† „‹‘‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹…‹ƒ•ǡ –Š‡

ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„‹Ž‹–› ‘ˆ P. multistriata ‰‡‘‡

”‡•‘—”…‡• ™ƒ• ƒ „‹‰ ‘’’‘”–—‹–› ˆ‘”

…‘’ƒ”ƒ–‹˜‡ ƒƒŽ›•‡•Ǥ – Šƒ• ‡ƒ„Ž‡†

ƒ† •–”‡‰–Š‡‡† ‹’‘”–ƒ– †‹•…‘˜‡”Ǧ

‹‡•ǡ•—…Šƒ•–Š‡…‘•‡”˜ƒ–‹‘‘ˆƒ…Ž—•–‡”

‘ˆ ˆ‘—” ‰‡‡• ‹˜‘Ž˜‡† ‹ †‘‘‹… ƒ…‹†

•›–Š‡•‹•ǡ‘”‹‰‹ƒŽŽ›‹†‡–‹ϐ‹‡†‹–Š‡P.

multiseries‰‡‘‡ȏͻȐǤ Fig. 3. The genome browser available on the SZN BioInforma platform.

Fig. 4. Some Pseudo-nitzschia fans at Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn: (standing from left to right) Svenja Mager, Maria Immacolata Ferrante , Francesco Manfellotto, Anna Santin, Maria Valeria Ruggiero, Monia Russo, Viviana Di Tuccio, (sitting from right to left) Rossella Annunzi- ata, Antonella Ruggiero, Pina Marotta, Marina Montresor

Continued on page 5

Ͷ HARMFUL ALGAE NEWS NO. 65 / 2020

When tides collide: Harmful cyanobac- terial and microalgal blooms in Florida and implications for risk assessment

›ƒ‘„ƒ…–‡”‹ƒŽ„Ž‘‘•ƒ”‡ƒ”‡‰—Žƒ”‘…Ǧ …—””‡…‡‹•‘—–Š‡” Ž‘”‹†ƒǤƒ–‡””‡Ǧ

Ž‡ƒ•‡•ˆ”‘ƒ‡‡‡…Š‘„‡‡–‘ƒ‹Ǧ

–ƒ‹ –Š‡ ™ƒ–‡” Ž‡˜‡Ž ‹ –Š‹• Žƒ”‰‡ Žƒ‡

”‡‰—Žƒ”Ž›‘……—”ƒŽ‘‰–Š‡–Ǥ—…‹‡ƒƒŽ

–‘ –Š‡ ‡ƒ•–‡” •‡ƒ„‘ƒ”† ‘” ƒŽ‘‰ –Š‡

ƒŽ‘‘•ƒŠƒ–…Š‡‡ –‘ ‘”– ›‡”• ƒ† –Š‡

—Žˆ‘ˆ‡š‹…‘ȋ ‹‰ǤͳȌǤ—‡–‘‹…”‡ƒ•‡†

—–”‹‡– Ž‘ƒ†‹‰ ‹ ƒ‡ ‡‡…Š‘„‡‡ǡ

…›ƒ‘„ƒ…–‡”‹ƒŽ„Ž‘‘•ǡˆ”‡“—‡–Ž›…‘Ǧ

’‘•‡†‘ˆMicrocystis aeruginosaƒ”‡”‡Ǧ

Ž‡ƒ•‡† ˆ”‘ –Š‡ Žƒ‡ ƒ† …‘–ƒ‹ƒ–‡

„‘–Š –Š‡•‡ ™ƒ–‡”™ƒ›•Ǥ Š‹• ”‡•—Ž–• ‹

Žƒ”‰‡ǡ ‹…”‘…›•–‹Ǧ…‘–ƒ‹‹‰ …›ƒ‘Ǧ

„ƒ…–‡”‹ƒŽ „Ž‘‘• –Šƒ– …ƒ ƒˆˆ‡…– –‘—”Ǧ

‹•ƒ†ϐ‹•Š‡”‹‡•ȋ ‹‰ǤʹȌǤ”‡••”‡’‘”–•

…ƒ–ƒŽ‘‰—‹‰–Š‡•‡‡…‘‘‹…ƒ†Š‡ƒŽ–Š

‹’ƒ…–•‹ Ž‘”‹†ƒƒ”‡…‘‘Ǥ

 •—‡” ʹͲͳͺǡ –Š‡ •‹–—ƒ–‹‘ ‘

–Š‡™‡•–…‘ƒ•–‘ˆ Ž‘”‹†ƒ™ƒ•‡šƒ…‡”„ƒ–Ǧ

‡†„›–Š‡ƒ’’‡ƒ”ƒ…‡‘ˆƒ„Ž‘‘‘ˆKa- renia brevis‹–Š‡—Žˆ‘ˆ‡š‹…‘ǤŠ‹•

„”‡˜‡–‘š‹Ǧ’”‘†—…‹‰ ƒŽ‰ƒŽ „Ž‘‘ ”‡Ǧ

•—Ž–‡†‹–Š‡†‡ƒ–Š•‘ˆƒ”‹‡ƒƒŽ•

ƒ†ϐ‹•Š™‹–Š—„‡”•‹–Š‡–Š‘—•ƒ†•

”‡’‘”–‡†‘–Š‡„‡ƒ…Š‡•ƒ”‘—†•‘—–ŠǦ

™‡•– Ž‘”‹†ƒǤ—‡–‘–Š‡Žƒ”‰‡†‹•…Šƒ”‰‡

‘ˆ™ƒ–‡”ˆ”‘ƒ‡‡‡…Š‘„‡‡ǡ’—Ž•‡•

‘ˆˆ”‡•Š™ƒ–‡”‡†‡†—’‹–Š‡‡•–—ƒ”‹‡

ƒ†…‘ƒ•–ƒŽ‡˜‹”‘‡–•Ǥ

ƒ’Ž‹‰ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒŽ‘‘•ƒŠƒ–…Š‡‡ ‹

ʹͲͳͺ •Š‘™‡† Š‹‰Š …‘…‡–”ƒ–‹‘• ‘ˆ

Microcystis aeruginosa ƒ† ‹…”‘…›•–Ǧ

‹Ǧ ƒ……‘”†‹‰ –‘ ‹…”‘•…‘’›ǡ Ǧ

ƒ†ǦȏͳȐǤ™ƒ•ƒŽ•‘

†‡–‡…–‡† „› –”‹’Ž‡ “—ƒ†”—’‘Ž‡ ƒ••

•’‡…–”‘‡–”›ƒ–—…ŠŽ‘™‡”…‘…‡–”ƒǦ

–‹‘ǤŽ–Š‘—‰Š•—…Š„Ž‘‘•†‘‹ƒ–‡†

–Š‡ˆ”‡•Š™ƒ–‡”‡˜‹”‘‡–‘ˆ–Š‡”‹˜‡”ǡ

˜‹•—ƒŽŽ›‹–ƒ…–Microcystis …‘Ž‘‹‡•™‡”‡

‘„•‡”˜‡†‹„”ƒ…‹•Š™ƒ–‡”‹–Š‡•‘—†

ƒ†‡•–—ƒ”›’ƒ•––Š‡–‹†‡Ž‹‡Ǥ‘˜‡”•‡Ǧ

Ž›ǡƒŽ–Š‘—‰Š†‹ƒ–‘•ƒ††‹‘ϐŽƒ‰‡ŽŽƒ–‡•

…‘—Ž† ‘– „‡ ‘„•‡”˜‡† ‹ ˆ”‡•Š™ƒ–‡”

•ƒ’Ž‡•ǡƒƒŽ›•‹•ˆ‘”„”‡˜‡–‘š‹•

•Š‘™‡†Ž‘™’‘•‹–‹˜‡…‘…‡–”ƒ–‹‘•‹

–Š‡ ƒŽ‘‘•ƒŠƒ–…Š‡‡ ƒ† Žƒ”‰‡ …‘…‡Ǧ

–”ƒ–‹‘•‹–Š‡„”ƒ…‹•Šƒ†ƒ”‹‡‡Ǧ

˜‹”‘‡–Ǥ

Š‡ ϐ‹†‹‰• ‘ˆ –Š‡ Dz…”‘••‹‰Ǧ‘˜‡”dz

‘ˆ „Ž‘‘• ”ƒ‹•‡ “—‡•–‹‘• …‘…‡”‹‰

–Š‡ ”‹• ƒ••‡••‡– ‘ˆ …›ƒ‘„ƒ…–‡”‹ƒŽ

ƒ† †‹‘ϐŽƒ‰‡ŽŽƒ–‡ –‘š‹• ‹ ‡•–—ƒ”‹‡

‡˜‹”‘‡–•Ǥ ‹”•–ǡŠ‘™ˆƒ”…ƒ–‘š‹•

’”‘†—…‡† „› ˆ”‡•Š™ƒ–‡” …›ƒ‘„ƒ…–‡Ǧ

”‹ƒŽ„Ž‘‘•„‡ˆ‘—†‹•ƒŽ‹‡‡˜‹”‘Ǧ

‡–•ǫ ‘˜‡”•‡Ž›ǡ …ƒ ƒ”‹‡ †‹ƒ–‘

ƒ† †‹‘ϐŽƒ‰‡ŽŽƒ–‡ –‘š‹• „‡ ”‘—–‹‡Ž›

ˆ‘—† ‹ ˆ”‡•Š™ƒ–‡” ‡˜‹”‘‡–•ǡ

‘•– Ž‹‡Ž› –Š”‘—‰Š ƒ˜‹‰ƒ–‹‘ ƒ†

–‹†ƒŽϐŽ‘™•ǫ—”†ƒ–ƒ‹†‹…ƒ–‡–Šƒ–„‘–Š

ƒ”‡ ’‘••‹„Ž‡ǡ ƒŽ–Š‘—‰Š ƒ ‰”‡ƒ–‡” —Ǧ

†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡‡ˆˆ‡…–‘ˆ•ƒŽ‹‹–›‘

–Š‡ ‰”‘™–Š ‘ˆ Microcystis ‹• ”‡“—‹”‡†ǡ

„—‹Ž†‹‰ —’‘ ’”‡˜‹‘—• ™‘” –Šƒ– Šƒ•

•Š‘™–Šƒ–‡Ǥ‰Ǥ‹…”‘…›•–‹…‘…‡–”ƒǦ

–‹‘•…ƒ„‡‹…”‡ƒ•‡†ƒˆ–‡”•ƒŽ–•Š‘…

ȏʹȐǤ —”–Š‡”‘”‡ǡ‹‘–Š‡”‡•–—ƒ”‹‡‡Ǧ

˜‹”‘‡–•ƒ™‹†‡”ƒ‰‡‘ˆƒ”‹‡ƒ†

ˆ”‡•Š™ƒ–‡” –‘š‹• Šƒ˜‡ „‡‡ ‹†‡–‹ϐ‹‡†

ȏ͵ȐǤ

ˆ–Š‡’ƒ”–‹…—Žƒ”–‘š‹ȋ•Ȍƒ”‡‘™

™‹–Š‹ ˆ”‡•Š™ƒ–‡” ‘” ƒ”‹‡ „Ž‘‘•ǡ

–Š‡ ƒ†‡“—ƒ–‡ ”‹• ƒ••‡••‡– ‹• ’‘•Ǧ

•‹„Ž‡ –‘ ’”‘–‡…– Š—ƒ ƒ† ƒ‹ƒŽ

Š‡ƒŽ–ŠǤ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ™Š‡—Ž–‹’Ž‡„Ž‘‘•

‘……—”ƒ––Š‡•ƒ‡Ž‘…ƒ–‹‘ǡ–Š‡–‘š‹…Ǧ

‹–›ƒ••‡••‡–ƒ†”‹•ƒ••‡••‡–ƒ”‡

‡…‡••ƒ”› –‘ †‡–‡”‹‡ ™Š‡–Š‡” –Š‡”‡

ƒ”‡ ‹–‡”ƒ…–‹‘• „‡–™‡‡ –Š‡ –‘š‹…ƒ–•

–Šƒ– ƒ› …Šƒ‰‡ –Š‡ –‘š‹…‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽ ‘—–Ǧ …‘‡Ǥ‘—‹…ƒ–‹‘‹•ƒŽ•‘‡••‡–‹ƒŽ

‹‘”†‡”–‘ƒŽ‡”––Š‡’—„Ž‹…–‘’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ

‹••—‡•–Šƒ–ƒ›ƒ”‹•‡ˆ”‘‡š’‘•—”‡–‘

‘‡‘”‘”‡…Žƒ••‡•‘ˆƒ“—ƒ–‹…–‘š‹ȋ•Ȍǡ

™Š‡–Š‡” ˆ”‘ Šƒ”ˆ—Ž …›ƒ‘„ƒ…–‡”‹ƒŽ

ƒ†Ȁ‘” ƒŽ‰ƒŽ „Ž‘‘•Ǥ —”–Š‡” …‘—Ǧ

‹…ƒ–‹‘ƒ›„‡‡…‡••ƒ”›ƒ•ǡ†‡’‡†Ǧ

‹‰ ‘ –Š‡ …‘—–”›ǡ ƒ”‹‡ ƒ† ˆ”‡•ŠǦ

™ƒ–‡”• ƒ› „‡ —†‡” –Š‡ Œ—”‹•†‹…–‹‘

‘ˆ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡– ƒ‰‡…‹‡• ™‹–Š †‹ˆˆ‡”‡– ƒ…Ǧ …‘—–ƒ„‹Ž‹–‹‡•ƒ†”‡•’‘•‹„‹Ž‹–‹‡•ǤŠ‡

’”‡•‡…‡‘ˆ•—…Š—Ž–‹’Ž‡„Ž‘‘•ƒ›

ƒŽ•‘ Šƒ˜‡ ‡ˆˆ‡…–• —’•–”‡ƒ ƒ•ǡ ‹ –Š‡

…ƒ•‡ ‘ˆ Ž‘”‹†ƒǡ …Šƒ‰‡• –‘ †‹•…Šƒ”‰‡•

ˆ”‘ƒ‡‡‡…Š‘„‡‡ƒ›Šƒ˜‡–‘‘…Ǧ …—” ™Š‡ ƒ”‹‡ „Ž‘‘• ƒ”‡ ’”‡•‡–Ǥ

Š‡–‹†‡•…‘ŽŽ‹†‡ǡ’”‘…‡†—”‡•‡‡†–‘

„‡ ‹ ’Žƒ…‡ –‘ †‡–‡”‹‡ –Š‡ ’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ

”‹•ǡ …‘—‹…ƒ–‡ ™‹–Š ”‡Ž‡˜ƒ– ’ƒ”Ǧ

–‹‡• ƒ† ’‡”ˆ‘” –‘š‹…‹–› ƒ••‡••‡–•

™Š‡‡…‡••ƒ”›Ǥƒ††‹–‹‘ǡ…‘ŽŽ‡…–‹‘

‘ˆƒ—–‘’•›ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ•…ƒƒŽ•‘†‡–‡”‹‡

™Šƒ––‘š‹…ƒ–•ƒ›„‡…ƒ—•‹‰ƒ†˜‡”•‡

Š‡ƒŽ–Š ‡ˆˆ‡…–•ǡ ™Š‡–Š‡” –‘ ™‹Ž† ‘” †‘Ǧ

‡•–‹… ƒ‹ƒŽ• ‘” Š—ƒ•Ǥ Ž–‹ƒ–‡Ž›ǡ

Ž‡‰‹•Žƒ–‹‘ ƒ† ‰‘‘† •–‡™ƒ”†•Š‹’ ‘ˆ

™ƒ–‡”• ƒ† ”‡Ž‡˜ƒ– …‘–‹‰‡…‹‡• …ƒ

‹‹‹•‡ –Š‡ ’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ ”‹• ‘ˆ ƒ†˜‡”•‡

Š‡ƒŽ–Š‡ˆˆ‡…–•ˆ”‘‘……—””‹‰Ǥ

Acknowledgements

‡ƒ”‡‰”ƒ–‡ˆ—Ž–‘”Ǥ ‘Šƒ••‹‹ǡ ƒ•‘

Fig. 1. Location of Lake Okeechobee and Caloosahatchee River in Southern Florida, USA where a bloom of Microcystis aeruginosa released from the lake collided with a red tide of brevetox- in-producing Karenia brevis near Sannibel Island. Bottom left Insert, a colony of Microcystis aeruginosa (approx. 500 m width) from Caloosahatchee River

ͷ

HARMFUL ALGAE NEWS NO. 65 / 2020

‹ƒ†ƒŽ—•ƒƒ–‡”‡‡’‡”•ˆ‘”ƒ••‹•Ǧ

–ƒ…‡‹•ƒ’Ž‹‰Ǥ

References

1. Metcalf JS et al (in press). Neurotox Res 2. Matthiensen et al 2000. In: de Koe WJ

et al (eds), Mycotoxins and Phycotox- ins in Perspective at the Turn of the Millenium. Proc X^th Int IUPAC sympo- sium on Mycotoxins and Phycotoxins, Guaruja,Brazil, 21-25 May 2000, pp 527-536

3. Peacock MB et al 2018. Harmful Algae 73: 138-147

Authors

James S Metcalf, Nara Souza, Sandra Anne Banack & Paul Alan Cox, Brain Chemistry Labs, Jackson, WY 83001, USA

Email corresponding author:

james@ethnomedicine.org Fig. 2. Bloom of Microcystis aeruginosa at Lake Okeechobee, Florida, summer 2018

Š‡”ƒ™ ƒ† ’”‘…‡••‡†•‡“—‡…‹‰

†ƒ–ƒ ‰‡‡”ƒ–‡† …ƒ „‡ „‡‡ϐ‹…‹ƒŽ ˆ‘”

ƒ› ƒ’’Ž‹…ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ ‘‡ ƒ”‡ ƒŽ”‡ƒ†›

”‘—–‹‡‡–Š‘†•ǡ•—…Šƒ•–Š‡—•‡‘ˆ–Š‡

‰‡‘‡ƒ•ƒ”‡ˆ‡”‡…‡–‘ƒ’Ǧ•‡“

”‡ƒ†• ƒ† ‹–‡”’”‡– –”ƒ•…”‹’–‘‹…•

•–—†‹‡•ǡ…‘’ƒ”ƒ–‹˜‡ƒƒŽ›•‡•™‹–Š‘–ŠǦ

‡”‰‡‘‡•–‘†‡ϐ‹‡•–”—…–—”ƒŽƒ†Ȁ‘”

’Š›Ž‘‰‡‡–‹… ”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’•ǡ ‡•–‹ƒ–‹‘

‘ˆ–Š‡‡š–‡–‘ˆ‰‡‘‹…˜ƒ”‹ƒ–‹‘•ƒ†

”‡ƒ””ƒ‰‡‡–•ǡ ƒ† –Š‡ ‹†‡–‹ϐ‹…ƒ–‹‘

‘ˆ ”‡‰‹‘• —†‡” •‡Ž‡…–‹‘ǡ …‘–”‹„Ǧ

—–‹‰ –‘ ‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘ƒ”› ‹•‹‰Š–• ‹ ’‘’Ǧ

—Žƒ–‹‘• ƒ† •’‡…‹‡•Ǥ –Š‡” ƒƒŽ›•‡•

–Šƒ– …ƒ „‡‡ϐ‹– ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ‡š‹•–‡…‡ ‘ˆ

ƒ”‡ˆ‡”‡…‡‰‡‘‡‹…Ž—†‡•—’’‘”–‹

–ƒš‘‘‹…ƒ••‹‰ƒ–‹‘ƒ†‹–Š‡‹–‡”Ǧ

’”‡–ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ”‡•—Ž–• ˆ”‘ ‡–ƒ‰‡‘Ǧ

‹…• ƒ† ‡–ƒ–”ƒ•…”‹’–‘‹…• ’”‘Œ‡…–•Ǥ

‘„‹‹‰ ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ ˆ”‘ •—…Š ƒ’Ǧ

’”‘ƒ…Š‡• …ƒ Ž‡ƒ† –‘ ‹‘˜ƒ–‹˜‡ ™ƒ›•

–‘‘‹–‘”’Š›–‘’Žƒ–‘Ǣˆ‘”‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡ

‰‡‡•ˆ‘—†Š‹‰ŠŽ›‹†—…‡†—†‡”•’‡Ǧ …‹ϐ‹…‡š’‡”‹‡–ƒŽ…‘†‹–‹‘•‹–Š‡Žƒ„Ǧ

‘”ƒ–‘”› …ƒ „‡…‘‡ ƒ”‡”• –‘ ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™

•’‡…‹ϐ‹… ’”‘…‡••‡• ‹ –Š‡ ƒ–—”ƒŽ ‡˜‹Ǧ

”‘‡–„›“‘”‡–ƒ–”ƒ•…”‹’–‘Ǧ

‹…•Ǥšƒ’Ž‡•‹…Ž—†‡‰‡‡•‹˜‘Ž˜‡†‹

–Š‡•›–Š‡•‹•‘ˆ–‘š‹•ǡ‰‡‡•‡š’”‡••‡†

†—”‹‰•‡š—ƒŽ”‡’”‘†—…–‹‘ǡ‰‡‡•ƒ…–‹Ǧ

˜ƒ–‡††—”‹‰•’‡…‹ϐ‹…•–”‡••…‘†‹–‹‘•Ǥ

‡ƒ”‡‘™ˆƒ‹Ž‹ƒ”™‹–Š–Š‡ˆƒ…––Šƒ–

…‘—‹–› …‘’‘•‹–‹‘ …ƒ „‡ †‡Ǧ

•…”‹„‡†™‹–Š„ƒ”…‘†‡•‡“—‡…‡•Ǥ–Š‡

ˆ—–—”‡™‡™‹ŽŽ„‡ƒ„Ž‡–‘‹†‡–‹ˆ›‘”‰ƒǦ

‹••„›”‡–”‹‡˜‹‰–Š‡‹”‰‡‘‡•ǡƒ•‹•

‘™ –Š‡ …ƒ•‡ ˆ‘” „ƒ…–‡”‹ƒǤ ‘”‡‘˜‡”ǡ

•’‡…‹‡•Ǧ•’‡…‹ϐ‹… ‰‡‡• ƒŽŽ‘™ •’‡…‹ϐ‹…

ˆ—…–‹‘• ˆ”‘ ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ •’‡…‹‡• –‘

„‡ —†‡”•–‘‘†ǡ ‡Ǥ‰Ǥ –‘ ‘„–ƒ‹ ƒ ’‹…–—”‡

‘ˆ–Š‡‹”‡–ƒ„‘Ž‹…•–ƒ–‡ǡ‘”–Š‡’Šƒ•‡‘ˆ

–Š‡‹”Ž‹ˆ‡Š‹•–‘”›Ǥ ‹ƒŽŽ›ǡˆ‘”ƒ›–”ƒ†‹Ǧ

–‹‘ƒŽ ‘” ‘”‡ ‹‘˜ƒ–‹˜‡ ‡–Š‘†• ˆ‘”

–Š‡•–—†›‘ˆ‰‡‡ˆ—…–‹‘ǡ–Š‡’”‡•‡…‡

‘ˆƒ”‡ˆ‡”‡…‡‰‡‘‡‹•ƒ†ƒ–‘”›Ǥ‘Ǧ

’Š‹•–‹…ƒ–‡†ƒ‹’—Žƒ–‹‘•ƒ†‰‡‘‡

‡†‹–‹‰‡–Š‘†•ǡ‹…Ž—†‹‰–Š‡Ȁ

ƒ•ͻ–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›ǡƒ”‡‘™™‹–Š‹”‡ƒ…Š

ˆ‘”–Š‹•Pseudo-nitzschia•’‡…‹‡•Ǥ

 ˜‹‡™ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ ˆ‘” P. mul- tistriata–‘„‡—•‡†ƒ•ƒ‘†‡Žˆ‘”’ŽƒǦ

–‘‹… †‹ƒ–‘ Ž‹ˆ‡ …›…Ž‡•ǡ ‘”‡ •–—†‹‡•

ƒ”‡‘‰‘‹‰ǡƒ†ƒˆ—”–Š‡”Ž‡ƒ’ˆ‘”™ƒ”†

‹• ‡š’‡…–‡† –Šƒ• –‘ –Š‡ •—’’‘”– ‘ˆ

–Š‡ ƒ”‹‡ ‹…”‘„‹ƒŽ ‹–‹ƒ–‹˜‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡

‘”†‘ ƒ† ‡––› ‘‘”‡ ‘—†ƒ–‹‘ǡ

™Š‹…Š‹•ˆ—†‹‰ƒ’”‘Œ‡…–ȋhttp://www.

szn.it/index.php/en/research/integra- tive-marine-ecology/research-projects- emi/discoȌ –‘ †‹••‡…– –Š‡ ‡…Šƒ‹••

—†‡”Ž›‹‰•‡š†‡–‡”‹ƒ–‹‘ƒ†…‘Ǧ

–”‘ŽŽ‹‰ –”ƒ•‹–‹‘• „‡–™‡‡ Ž‹ˆ‡ …›…Ž‡

’Šƒ•‡•ǡ –‘ †‹•…‘˜‡” –Š‡ ‰‡‡• ƒ† ‰‡Ǧ

‘‹…”‡‰‹‘•–Šƒ–ƒ”‡—†‡”•‡Ž‡…–‹‘

‹ ƒ–—”ƒŽ ’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘•ǡ ƒ† –‘ ƒ••‡••

–Š‡‡ˆˆ‡…–•‘ˆ•‡š‘‰‡‘‡‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘Ǥ

‘”‡P. multistriata‰‡‘‡•ƒ”‡„‡‹‰

”‡Ǧ•‡“—‡…‡†–Šƒ•–‘–Š‹•’”‘Œ‡…–ǡƒ†

–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽ ƒ†˜ƒ…‡• ƒ† ‡™ –‡…ŠǦ

‘Ž‘‰‹‡• ‰”ƒ†—ƒŽŽ› „‡…‘‹‰ ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡

™‹ŽŽ„‡‡š’Ž‘‹–‡†–‘‹’”‘˜‡–Š‡…—””‡–

‰‡‘‡ƒ••‡„Ž›ǡ–‘‡š’Ž‘”‡‡’‹‰‡‡–‹… …‘–”‘Žƒ†–‘„”‹‰‘—”‘™Ž‡†‰‡‘ˆ

Pseudo-nitzschia–‘ƒŠ‹‰Š‡”ˆ—…–‹‘ƒŽ

Ž‡˜‡ŽǤ

References

1. Bender et al 2014. Front Mar Sci 1: 3 2. Cohen et al 2018. Environ Microbiol 20:

3109-26

3. Harðardóttir et al 2019. BMC Mol Biol 20: 7

4. Orsini et al 2002. Eur J Phycol 37: 247- 257

5. Bates et al 2018. Harmful Algae 79:

3-43

6. Ruggiero et al 2018. ISME J 12: 463–72 7. Basu et al 2017. New Phytol 215:

140–156

8. Russo et al 2018. Nat Comm 9: 5050 9. Brunson et al 2018. Science 361: 1356-

1358

Authors

Maria Immacolata Ferrante & Marina Montresor, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121 Napoli (Italy)

Email corresponding author:

mariella.ferrante@szn.it Continued from page 3