Space Project: 2020 Update

(1)

10th PC-CP Plenary Meeting, 13-14 October 202 Strasbourg I via Zoom | 13 October 2020

Prof. Marcelo F. Aebi (PhD)

Mélanie M. Tiago (MLaw)

Yuji Z. Hashimoto (M. Law)

(2)

SPACE I

(3)

Map 1. Prison population rates (inmates per 100,000

inhabitants) on 31

^st

January 2019

(4)

2.9 31.3 40.3 49.8 54.8 56.4 59.7 60.6 66.4 67.1 68.9 73.5 76.4 76.7 78.9 79.2 81.2 81.3 82.5 94.9 99.0 99.6 103.2 104.5 105.6 106.1 106.6 106.7 107.5 108.2 110.1 125.2 125.7 125.7 125.9 128.7 137.9 146.0 156.1 169.5 181.1 183.4 184.5 185.5 188.9 190.1 197.0 202.6 218.2 232.1 269.7 329.0 386.1 0

50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450

SanMarino Liechtenstein Iceland Finland Monaco Netherlands Sweden Norway BH:RepublikaSrpska Slovenia Denmark Andorra Armenia Germany Croatia UK:NorthernIreland Ireland Switzerland Cyprus Belgium Greece Italy NorthMacedonia France Austria Europeanmedian Romania Bulgaria Malta Luxembourg Spain(Catalonia) Portugal Ukraine Spain(Total) Europeanaverage Spain(StateAdministration) UK:EnglandandWales UK:Scotland Serbia(Republicof) Hungary Estonia Latvia Albania Montenegro SlovakRepublic Poland Moldova CzechRepublic Azerbaijan Lithuania Georgia Turkey RussianFederation

Prisonpopulationrate(per100,000inhabitants)

Figure 1. Prison population rates (inmates per 100,000

inhabitants) on 31

^st

January 2019

(5)

Figure 2. Trends in the prison population rates, from 2009 to 2019

90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160

2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2018 2019

Prisonpopulationrateper100,000inhabitants

European average (49 prison administrations) European median (49 prison administrations)

(6)

Figure 3: Percentage change in prison population rates (2019 compared to 2009)

SanMarino;-54.8 Latvia;-43.3 Georgia;-40.3 Armenia;-38.0 RussianFederation;-36.2 Estonia;-32.0 Croatia;-30.5 Spain(StateAdministration);-26.5 Finland;-26.1 Spain(Total);-25.8 Cyprus;-25.5 Sweden;-22.7 Luxembourg;-21.4 Spain(Catalonia);-21.0 Netherlands;-20.0 Romania;-19.4 Germany;-14.2 NorthMacedonia;-14.1 Poland;-13.7 Bulgaria;-13.1 Iceland;-13.0 Monaco;-12.9 Norway;-11.5 Lithuania;-10.9 Malta;-10.6 UK:EnglandandWales;-9.1 Andorra;-8.7 Italy;-8.1 Greece;-6.4 Belgium;-6.4 Ireland;-6.3 UK:Scotland;-6.1 Azerbaijan;-5.2 CzechRepublic;-4.1 UK:NorthernIreland;-2.8 BH:RepublikaSrpska;-0.9 Slovenia;-0.1 France;1.4 Denmark;2.1 Switzerland;2.9 Hungary;3.3 Moldova;3.8 Austria;4.5 SlovakRepublic;10.9 Serbia(Republicof);11.6 Montenegro;16.1

-80 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40

Percentage

(7)

Figure 4: Evolution of the European average and median rates of admissions and releases per 100,000 inhabitants

(2009-2018)

90 110 130 150 170 190 210 230 250

2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2017 2018

Ratesper100,000inhabitants

Rate of admissions - European average Rate of releases - European average Rate of admissions - European median Rate of releases - European median

(8)

More about trends in prison populations

(9)

Figure 5. Percentage of female inmates in the prison population on 31

^st

January 2019

0.0% 0.0% 2.0% 2.6% 2.9% 3.0% 3.2% 3.3% 3.6% 3.9% 4.1% 4.1% 4.3% 4.3% 4.3% 4.5% 4.5% 4.6% 4.6% 4.7% 4.8% 5.1% 5.1% 5.1% 5.3% 5.3% 5.3% 5.3% 5.6% 5.7% 5.7% 6.0% 6.2% 6.4% 6.5% 6.9% 7.0% 7.1% 7.3% 7.5% 7.5% 7.6% 7.6% 7.6% 7.8% 7.9% 8.9% 14.3%

0%

2%

4%

6%

8%

10%

12%

14%

16%

Liechtenstein SanMarino Albania Montenegro Azerbaijan Bulgaria Armenia NorthMacedonia France Turkey Poland Serbia(Republicof) UK:NorthernIreland Italy Denmark UK:Scotland Ireland UK:EnglandandWales Romania Lithuania Estonia Cyprus Luxembourg Europeanmedian Croatia Greece Slovenia Europeanaverage Sweden Netherlands Switzerland Norway Austria Portugal Moldova Germany Finland Spain(Catalonia) Hungary SlovakRepublic Spain(Total) Spain(StateAdministration) CzechRepublic Iceland Latvia RussianFederation Andorra Monaco

(10)

Figure 6. Percentage of inmates aged 50 or over in the prison population on 31

^st

January 2019

0.0% 7.0% 7.1% 9.1% 9.3% 10.9% 11.0% 11.1% 11.4% 11.4% 11.9% 12.8% 13.2% 13.2% 13.3% 13.8% 14.1% 14.5% 14.6% 14.7% 14.7% 15.3% 15.3% 15.6% 15.6% 16.0% 16.0% 16.1% 16.1% 16.5% 16.5% 17.1% 17.8% 19.0% 19.2% 19.5% 19.7% 20.4% 21.0% 24.7% 33.3% 35.2%

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

30%

35%

40%

SanMarino RussianFederation Moldova Montenegro Lithuania Turkey Denmark Iceland Finland Albania France Ireland Romania UK:NorthernIreland Luxembourg CzechRepublic Croatia Austria Sweden Cyprus Europeanmedian SlovakRepublic Europeanaverage Serbia(Republicof) Poland NorthMacedonia Hungary Andorra Netherlands UK:EnglandandWales Greece Estonia Spain(Catalonia) Monaco Slovenia Spain(Total) Spain(StateAdministration) Norway Portugal Italy Liechtenstein Bulgaria

(11)

Figure 7. Inmates aged 65 or over in the prison population on 31

^st

January 2019 (absolute numbers)

0 0 1 2 3 6 8 18 43 46 48 51 99 111 115 116 171 172 190 196 203 209 213 219 234 243 255 282 396 1263 1322 1448 1466 2247 2895 2995 3521

0 500 1 000 1 500 2 000 2 500 3 000 3 500 4 000

Monaco San Marino

Liechtenstein Andorra

Iceland Montenegro

Luxembourg Cyprus

UK: Northern Ireland Slovenia

Finland Estonia

Norway Denmark

Sweden Ireland

Netherlands SlovakRepublic

Croatia

NorthMacedonia Spain(Catalonia)

Moldova Austria

Lithuania Hungary

Albania Greece CzechRepublic

Portugal

Spain(State Administration) Poland

France Spain(Total) Italy

RussianFederation UK: England andWales

Turkey

(12)

Figure 10. Percentage of sentenced prisoners serving sentences for drug offences on 31

^st

January 2019

(upper half of the distribution only)

16.8% 17.7% 18.2% 18.5% 18.6% 18.7% 18.7% 19.5% 20.9% 22.0% 23.0% 23.4% 24.2% 24.3% 27.4% 27.8% 28.0% 28.3% 31.8% 31.8% 34.4% 46.9% 87.5%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

Europeanmedian Netherlands

Spain(Total) France

Luxembourg

Spain(StateAdministration) Switzerland

Finland Montenegro

Denmark Turkey

Sweden

Serbia(Republicof) Norway

Estonia Cyprus

RussianFederation Azerbaijan

Albania Italy

Iceland Latvia

Andorra

(13)

Figure 11. Distribution of sentenced prisoners according to the length of the sentence they are serving, in

percentages, on 31

^st

January 2019

1.3% 2.0%

4.8%

8.2%

11.4%

16.7%

20.2%

27.4%

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

30%

Life imprisonment

20yearsand over

Lessthan 6months

From6 monthstoless than 1year

From10toless than20 years

From3 to lessthan 5years

From5 to lessthan 10 years

From1 to lessthan 3years

(14)

Figure 12. Percentage of detainees not serving a final sentence in the prison population on 31

^st

January 2019

0.0% 2.8% 8.4% 9.2% 9.3% 9.3% 10.2% 11.3% 13.2% 13.7% 15.1% 15.3% 15.4% 15.6% 15.7% 16.9% 17.1% 17.3% 18.1% 19.1% 20.4% 20.4% 20.5% 21.9% 21.9% 22.4% 22.9% 23.8% 25.9% 25.9% 27.9% 28.1% 29.0% 29.2% 30.4% 31.0% 31.1% 32.8% 35.4% 38.2% 40.7% 41.0% 42.6% 47.7% 48.6% 57.1% 76.2% 83.3%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

SanMarino Hungary CzechRepublic RussianFederation Romania Lithuania Poland UK:EnglandandWales Iceland NorthMacedonia Estonia SlovakRepublic Spain(StateAdministration) Serbia(Republicof) Spain(Total) Azerbaijan Portugal Spain(Catalonia) Moldova Bulgaria Ireland Turkey UK:Scotland Germany Europeanmedian Austria Finland Slovenia Norway Europeanaverage Latvia Sweden France Montenegro Cyprus Croatia Greece Italy UK:NorthernIreland Denmark Albania Armenia Netherlands Switzerland Luxembourg Andorra Monaco Liechtenstein

(15)

Figure 13. Percentage of foreign inmates in the prison population on 31

^st

January 2019

0.0% 1.2% 1.2% 1.4% 1.9% 1.9% 2.0% 2.1% 2.4% 2.9% 3.0% 3.3% 4.6% 5.2% 6.2% 6.7% 8.2% 9.3% 11.1% 12.1% 13.6% 14.4% 15.2% 15.3% 17.9% 20.1% 21.5% 22.9% 23.1% 23.1% 25.3% 28.1% 28.2% 31.1% 33.8% 35.1% 43.6% 44.9% 54.7% 54.9% 58.9% 72.1% 74.4% 75.0% 95.2%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

SanMarino Romania Moldova Poland Albania Lithuania SlovakRepublic Azerbaijan Latvia Serbia(Republicof) Bulgaria Turkey Hungary Armenia RussianFederation NorthMacedonia CzechRepublic UK:NorthernIreland UK:EnglandandWales Croatia Ireland Europeanmedian Portugal Montenegro Finland Slovenia Iceland Europeanaverage France Netherlands Spain(StateAdministration) Spain(Total) Denmark Norway Italy Estonia Cyprus Spain(Catalonia) Austria Greece Andorra Switzerland Luxembourg Liechtenstein Monaco

(16)

More about trends in foreign offenders

(17)

Figure 14. Average length of imprisonment in 2018 (based on the stock and flow of inmates)

0.6 1.3 1.6 1.9 2.3 3.8 4.2 4.2 4.3 4.7 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.9 5.9 6.2 6.2 6.4 7.0 7.4 8.0 8.0 8.2 8.3 9.3 10.3 10.6 10.7 11.0 11.2 12.1 14.0 14.1 14.6 15.3 16.1 18.2 20.5 20.9 23.4 24.1 25.9 31.7 36.5

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

SanMarino Cyprus Switzerland Monaco Liechtenstein Netherlands UK:NorthernIreland Denmark UK:Scotland Croatia Norway Bulgaria Montenegro Ireland Finland Serbia(Republicof) Andorra Iceland Slovenia UK:EnglandandWales Germany Europeanmedian Sweden Luxembourg Lithuania Austria Europeanaverage Hungary France Poland Greece NorthMacedonia SlovakRepublic Albania Italy Estonia Spain(Catalonia) Spain(Total) Spain(StateAdministration) Romania CzechRepublic Moldova Portugal Azerbaijan

Averagelengthofimprisonment(inmonths)

(18)

Figure 15. Relationship between the average length of imprisonment and prison population rates

Albania

Austria

Czech Republic

Denmark

Estonia

Finland

France

Germany

Greece

Ireland Italy

Moldova

Netherlands

North Macedonia

Norway Poland

Portugal Romania Serbia

Slovenia

Spain (State Administration) Spain (Catalonia)

UK: England and Wales

UK: Northern Ireland

UK: Scotland

R² = 0.1886

0 50 100 150 200 250

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

Prisonpopulationrateper100,000inhabitants

Average length of imprisonment (based on the total number of days spent in penal institutions), in months

* Are not included countries with less than one million inhabitants and Lithuania because of the exceptionnally high PPR

(19)

Costs of imprisonment in 2018

✓ The costs are calculated on the basis of real expenditures and not on the foreseen budgets

✓ 26.1 billion Euros (43 prison administrations)

✓ Daily cost of an inmate = € 68 (42 prison administrations)

✓ Huge variations across countries

(20)

SPACE II

(21)

Percentages of persons on conditional release among probationers on 31 ^st January 2019 (N=38)

0 1 1 1 1 2 3 3 3 5 5 5 5 5 6 6 8 8 8 8 8 8 9 9 11 11 12 12 14 14 16 17 18 20 24 25 30 37 38 40 44

100 99 99 99 99 98 97 97 97 95 95 95 95 95 94 94 92 92 92 92 92 92 91 91 89 89 88 88 87 86 84 83 82 80 76 75 70 63 62 60 56

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

Turkey Cyprus

Romania Serbia

Georgia Monaco

France Slovenia

Malta Lithuania

Ireland Latvia

Belgium Italy Netherlands

Bulgaria

Spain(Catalonia) Poland

Azerbaijan SlovakRepublic

EUROPEANMEDIAN Spain(Total) Spain(StateAdmin.)

Croatia Portugal

UK: Scotland Armenia

Estonia

EUROPEANAVERAGE Norway

Denmark Luxembourg

Iceland CzechRepublic

Switzerland Austria

Sweden Finland

Greece

UK: EnglandandWales UK: NorthernIreland

Percentage

% Conditional release (parole) % Probation excluding conditional release

(22)

Probation population rates (probationers per

100,000 inhabitants) on 31 ^st January 2019 (N=41)

0.0 26.1 45.5 49.6 53.2 70.9 73.1 78.0 92.3 97.2 99.6 107.0 111.1 125.1 128.2 129.5 135.2 138.6 138.9 144.0 155.2 156.4 166.4 188.6 190.9 204.7 206.6 210.5 214.4 225.0 242.6 262.5 298.0 302.6 323.8 329.0 350.4 359.3 397.3 447.1 523.3 540.6 590.9 646.1

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700

NorthM acedonia

Serbia Norway

Switzerland Finland

Bulgaria Iceland

Slovenia Croatia

Cyprus Sweden

Monaco Azerbaijan

Spain(StateAdmin.) Spain(Total)

Ireland Italy

Ukraine Denmark Spain(Catalonia)

EUROPEAN MEDIAN

Luxembourg Austria

Malta Greece Netherlands

EUROPEAN AVERAGE

Armenia

UK: NorthernIreland CzechRepublic

SlovakRepublic France

Portugal

UK: EnglandandWales Latvia

Estonia

RussianFederation Romania

UK: Scotland Belgium

Lithuania Georgia

Turkey Poland

Rateper100000inhabitant

Space Project: 2020 Update - 10th PC-CP Plenary Meeting, 13-14 October 2020