ABX-EGF, see Panitumumab ACVR2, colon cancer defects, 21 Adenoma, see Polyps

(1)

Index

281 A

ABX-EGF, see Panitumumab ACVR2, colon cancer defects, 21 Adenoma, see Polyps

Adjuvant chemotherapy, duration, 140

elderly patients, 141 5-fluorouracil,

continuous infusion and mixed continuous bo- lus schedules, 133, 134 leucovorin combination, 132,

133 oral dosing, 134, 136 FOLFOX, 136–139

irinotecan/5-fluorouracil/leu- covorin, 139, 140

liver metastasis resection, neoadjuvant chemotherapy,

duration, 200 imaging, 200, 201 resectability improve-

ment, 198–200 resectable metastases, 201,

202 postoperative therapy, 196, 197

locally advanced rectal cancer, neoadjuvant chemotherapy,

179, 180

postoperative adjuvant therapy, 159–163 prognostic markers,

DCC loss, 144, 145

microsatellite instability, 144 overview, 143, 144

thymidylate synthetase, 146, 147

prospects for combination therapy,

angiogenesis inhibition, 147, 148

epidermal growth factor receptor inhibition, 148 recommendations,

stage II cancer, 149, 150 stage III cancer, 148, 149 stage II disease studies, 141–143 Akt, targeted therapy, 267, 268 5-Aminosalicylic acid, colorectal

cancer chemoprevention studies, 43

Angiogenesis,

adjuvant therapy prospects, 147, 148

bevacizumab studies,

adjuvant therapy, 91, 92, 94 dosing, 92, 93

metastatic colorectal cancer, first-line therapy, 86–90 liver resection after treat-

ment, 94, 95

salvage therapy, 90, 93, 94 prospects for study, 96 rectal cancer, 92

epidermal growth factor recep- tor inhibitor studies, 108 PTK787 studies, 95

SU11248 studies, 95, 96

therapeutic targets, 86

tumor growth importance, 85

AOM, see Azoxymethane

AP23573, mTOR inhibition, 271

(2)

APC,

colon cancer defects, 5, 8–10 functions, 9

Wnt signaling, 9 Aspirin, colorectal cancer

chemoprevention studies, 38, 39

Azoxymethane (AOM), colorectal cancer animal model, 35, 37 B

Barium enema, see Double contrast barium enema

Base excision repair (BER), colon cancer defects, 4, 6

BAX, colon cancer defects, 5 BER, see Base excision repair Bevacizumab,

angiogenesis inhibition studies, adjuvant therapy, 91, 92, 94 dosing, 92, 93

metastatic colorectal cancer, first-line therapy, 86–90 liver resection after treat-

ment, 94, 95

salvage therapy, 90, 93, 94 prospects for study, 96 rectal cancer, 92 liver metastasis resection

neoadjuvant therapy, 199 nursing management of toxicity,

238 second-line treatment, cetuximab/bevacizumab

combination, 122–125 FOLFOX/bevacizumab, 121 BMPR1A, colon cancer defects, 20,

21 BMPs, see Bone morphogenetic proteins

Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), receptor, see BMPR1A

types, 20

BRAS, colon cancer defects, 12

C

Calcium, colorectal cancer

chemoprevention studies, 41 Capecitabine,

hand–foot syndrome, 236 metastatic colorectal cancer

studies,

irinotecan combination therapy, 73, 74, 121, 122 monotherapy, 71, 72

oxaliplatin combination, 77, 78

β-Carotene, colorectal cancer chemoprevention studies, 43 β-Catenin, see CTNNB1

CCI-779 (temsirolimas), mTOR inhibition, 270

CDKN2A, methylation defects in colorectal cancer, 7, 8 Celecoxib, colorectal cancer

chemoprevention studies, 39, 40, 44

Cetuximab,

clinical trials, 101–103 liver metastasis resection

neoadjuvant therapy, 200 second-line treatment with

cetuximab/bevacizumab combination, 122–125 Chemoprevention, colorectal cancer,

animal models, 35, 37 clinical trials,

5-aminosalicylic acid, 43 β-carotene, 43

calcium, 41 curcumin, 44 eflornithine, 40

epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitors, 45 estrogen, 42

fiber, 42, 43 folate, 42

inulin derivatives, 44, 45

(3)

nonsteroidal anti-inflamma- tory drugs,

aspirin, 38, 39 coxibs, 39, 40, 44 mechanisms, 39 nitric oxide-releasing

drugs, 45 overview, 38 selenium, 41 statins, 40 sulindac, 43, 44

ursodeoxycholic acid, 41 vitamin C, 43

vitamin E, 43

early changes and targets, 34, 35 prospects for study, 45, 46 rationale, 33, 34

Chemotherapy, see Adjuvant che- motherapy; Metastatic colorectal cancer; Nursing management; specific drugs Chromosome instability, carci-

noma progression, 2–4 Colonoscopy, colorectal cancer

screening, 53, 54

Computed tomography (CT), colonography in screening, 60 locally advanced rectal cancer,

159 local recurrence detection, 226 metastatic colorectal cancer,

detection, 221, 222 liver staging, 222–224 preoperative staging,

complication identification, 221 limitations, 221, 222

technique, 220, 221 surveillance, 226

treatment response monitoring, 226, 227

Constipation,

nursing management, 242 opioid induction, 258

COX, see Cyclooxygenase

Crohn’s disease, colorectal cancer, risk stratification, 56

screening guidelines, 63 Cryoablation, see Percutaneous

thermal ablation

CT, see Computed tomography CTNNB1,

chemoprevention targeting, 34, 35

colon cancer defects, 5, 10, 11 functions, 10

Curcumin, colorectal cancer chemoprevention studies, 44

Cyclooxygenase (COX), inhibitors, see Nonsteroidal

anti-inflammatory drugs isoforms, 38

tumor expression, 38, 39 D

DCBE, see Double contrast barium enema

DCC, loss as prognostic marker for adjuvant chemotherapy, 144, 145

DFMO, see Eflornithine

Diarrhea, nursing management, 232–234

Dimethylhydrazine (DMH), colorectal cancer animal model, 35, 37

DJ–927, targeted therapy, 273, 274 DMH, see Dimethylhydrazine DNA methylation,

colorectal cancer genes, 7, 8 transcriptional effects, 8 DNA repair, see Base excision

repair; Mismatch repair Double contrast barium enema

(DCBE), colorectal cancer

screening, 54, 219

(4)

E

E7820, integrin targeting, 273 Eflornithine (DFMO), colorectal

cancer chemoprevention studies, 40

EGFR, see Epidermal growth fac- tor receptor

EKB-569, clinical trials, 106 EMD72000, see Matuzumab Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS),

locally advanced rectal cancer, 159

Epidemiology, colorectal cancer, 51

Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR),

activation and deregulation in tumor cells, 100

crosstalk,

cell adhesion molecules, 110

ErbB family, 109

receptor transactivation, 109 Src, 110

ErbB proteins, 99 inhibitors,

acne-like rash management, 236, 237

adjuvant therapy prospects, 148

angiogenesis inhibitor com- bination, 108

approaches, 100, 101 clinical response markers in

trials, 107, 108 colorectal cancer

chemoprevention stud- ies, 45

epidermal growth factor receptor-related pep- tide, 111, 112

monoclonal antibodies, cetuximab, 101–103 matuzumab, 104

novel drugs, 104, 105 overview, 101

panitumumab, 103, 104 pertuzumab, 104 prospects, 112

resistance mechanisms, 110, 111

tyrosine kinase inhibitors, EKB-569, 106

erlotinib, 105, 106 gefitinib, 105 lapatinib, 106

mechanism of action, 105 ZD6474, 106, 107

ligands, 100

pathophysiology, 99 signaling, 100 structure, 100

Epigenetics, see DNA methylation ErbB, see Epidermal growth factor

receptor

ERCC1, pharmacogenomics and tailored therapy, 127 ERCC2, pharmacogenomics and

tailored therapy, 127 Erlotinib (OSI-744), clinical trials,

105, 106

Estrogen, colorectal cancer chemoprevention studies, 42 EUS, see Endoscopic ultrasound Everolimus, see RAD001

F

Familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP),

APC defects, 5, 8–10 colorectal cancer,

chemoprevention trials, 43, 44 risk stratification, 57

surveillance guidelines, 64 Familial juvenile polyposis,

colorectal cancer,

risk stratification, 60

surveillance guidelines, 64

(5)

FAP, see Familial adenomatous polyposis

Fecal occult blood test (FOBT), colorectal cancer screening, 52

Fiber, colorectal cancer

chemoprevention studies, 42, 43

5-Fluorouracil,

adjuvant chemotherapy, see Adjuvant chemotherapy FOLFOX, see FOLFOX regi-

mens,

hand–foot syndrome, 236 metastatic colorectal cancer

studies, irinotecan, 72, 73 monotherapy, 69–71 oxaliplatin combination, 78,

79 FOBT, see Fecal occult blood test Folate, colorectal cancer

chemoprevention studies, 42 FOLFIRI,

FOLFOX regimen comparison, 76, 77

sequential vs combination therapy studies, 80 FOLFOX regimens,

adjuvant chemotherapy, 136–

139 continuous vs intermittent che- motherapy studies, 81, 82 FOLFIRI regimen comparison,

76, 77

second-line treatment,

FOLFOX/bevacizumab, 121 monotherapy, 120, 121 sequential vs combination

therapy studies, 80 G

Gabapentin, neuropathic pain management, 256, 257

Gefitinib (ZD1839), clinical trials, 105

Genomic instability, carcinoma progression, 2–4

GW572016, see Lapatinib H

Hand–foot syndrome (HFS), nurs- ing management, 236

Hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer (HNPCC),

colorectal cancer,

risk stratification, 58, 59 surveillance guidelines, 64 gene mutations, 4

HFS, see Hand–foot syndrome High-intensity focused ultra-

sound, see Percutaneous ther- mal ablation

HLTF, methylation defects in colorectal cancer, 7 HNPCC, see Hereditary

nonpolyposis colon cancer I

Imaging, see Computed tomogra- phy; Endoscopic ultrasound;

Magnetic resonance imaging;

Positron emission tomogra- phy

Integrins, targeted therapy, 271–

273 Interstitial laser therapy, see Percu- taneous thermal ablation Inulin, colorectal cancer

chemoprevention studies of derivatives, 44, 45

Irinotecan,

metastatic colorectal cancer studies,

capecitabine combination

therapy, 73, 74, 121, 122

FOLFIRI, see FOLFIRI

monotherapy, 72, 73

(6)

second-line therapy after treat- ment failure,

cetuximab/bevacizumab combination therapy, 122, 123

FOLFOX, 120, 121

FOLFOX/bevacizumab, 121 irinotecan/capecitabine com-

bination therapy, 121, 122

Irressa

^®

, see Gefitinib K

KRAS2, colon cancer defects, 5, 11, 12

KRX-0401, phosphatidylinositol 3- kinase inhibition, 269

L

Lapatinib (GW572016), clinical trials, 106

Leucovorin (LV),

adjuvant chemotherapy, see Adjuvant chemotherapy combination therapy, see

FOLFIRI; FOLFOX regi- mens

metastatic colorectal cancer studies, 70, 75, 76, 79–82 Liver metastasis resection,

adjuvant chemotherapy follow- ing resection, 196, 197 bevacizumab studies, 94, 95 neoadjuvant chemotherapy,

duration, 200 imaging, 200, 20

resectability improvement, 198–200

resectable metastases, 201, 202 outcomes, 191–193

patient selection, 193, 194 techniques, 194, 195

LOH, see Loss of heterozygosity

Loss of heterozygosity (LOH), carcinoma progression, 4 LV, see Leucovorin

LY294002, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase inhibition, 269 M

M200 (velociximab), integrin targeting, 272, 273

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), locally advanced rectal cancer,

159 local recurrence detection, 226 preoperative staging,

metastasis detection, 225, 226 technique, 224, 225

treatment response monitoring, 226, 227

Matuzumab (EMD72000), clinical trials, 104

MEDI522 (Vitaxin(r)), integrin targeting, 273

Metastatic colorectal cancer, angiogenesis targeting, see An-

giogenesis chemotherapy studies,

capecitabine, 71, 72

continuous versus intermit- tent chemotherapy studies, 81, 82 5-fluorouracil, 69–71 5-fluorouracil/oxaliplatin

combination therapy, 78, 79

FOLFIRI vs FOLFOX regi- mens, 76, 77

irinotecan, 72, 73

irinotecan/capecitabine com- bination therapy, 73, 74 leucovorin, 70, 75, 76, 79–82 oxaliplatin, 74, 75

oxaliplatin/capecitabine

combination therapy,

77, 78

(7)

sequential vs combination therapy studies, 79, 80 epidemiology, 191

imaging,

computed tomography, detection, 221, 222 liver staging, 222–224 magnetic resonance imaging,

225, 226

liver metastasis, see Liver me- tastasis resection PRL3 amplification, 21 second-line treatment,

curability of disease, 125, 126 irinotecan failure,

cetuximab/bevacizumab combination therapy, 122, 123

FOLFOX, 120, 121, FOLFOX/bevacizumab,

121 irinotecan/capecitabine combination therapy, 121, 122

overview, 119, 120 oxaliplatin failure,

cetuximab/bevacizumab combination therapy, 124, 125

FOLFIRI, 123 irinotecan, 123, 124 pharmacogenomics and tai-

lored therapy, 127, 128 toxicity, 126

Methadone, pain management, 257

Methylphenidate, sedation man- agement, 258, 259

MGMT, methylation defects in colorectal cancer, 7 Microsatellite instability (MSI),

carcinoma progression, 2–4 prognostic marker for adjuvant

chemotherapy, 144

Microwave, see Percutaneous ther- mal ablation

Mismatch repair (MMR), colon cancer defects, 4–6 protein–protein interactions, 4, 5 MLH1,

colon cancer defects, 4 methylation defects in

colorectal cancer, 7, 8 MMR, see Mismatch repair Modafinil, sedation management,

258, 259

MRI, see Magnetic resonance imaging

MSH2, colon cancer defects, 4 MSH6, colon cancer defects, 4 MSI, see Microsatellite instability mTOR, targeted therapy, 268–270 Mucositis, nursing management, 235 Multiple intestinal neoplasia,

mouse model, 37 MYH,

adenomatous polyposis and colorectal cancer risk stratification, 58 colon cancer defects, 6, 58 N

Nausea and vomiting, nursing management, 234, 235 Neurogenic pain, see Pain Neutropenia, nursing manage-

ment, 234

Nociceptive pain, see Pain Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory

drugs (NSAIDs), colorectal cancer

chemoprevention trials, aspirin, 38, 39

coxibs, 39, 40, 44 mechanisms, 39

nitric oxide-releasing drugs, 45

pain management, 247, 249

(8)

NSAIDs, see Nonsteroidal anti- inflammatory drugs Nursing management,

bevacizumab toxicity, 238 chemotherapy-induced nausea

and vomiting, 234, 235 constipation, 242

diarrhea, 232–234

epidermal growth factor recep- tor inhibitor acne-like rash management, 236, 237 hand–foot syndrome, 236 home chemotherapy patient

issues, compliance, 239 education, 239, 240 patient selection, 238, 239 mucositis, 235

neutropenia, 234

oxaliplatin sensory neuropathy, 237, 238

pain assessment and manage- ment, 240

O

Oncology nurse, see Nursing man- agement

Opioids,

neuropathic pain management, 257

nociceptive pain management, combinations, 251

dose adjustment, 255, 256 rotation, 251–255, 258 strong opioids, 250 sustained-release opioids,

250, 251

weak opioids, 249, 250 side effects, 258, 259 OSI-744, see Erlotinib Oxaliplatin,

metastatic colorectal cancer studies,

capecitabine combination, 77, 78

5-fluorouracil combination, 78, 79

FOLFOX, see FOLFOX regi- mens

monotherapy, 74, 75

second-line therapy after failure, cetuximab/bevacizumab

combination therapy, 124, 125

FOLFIRI, 123 irinotecan, 123, 124 sensory neuropathy, 237, 238 P

p53, see TP53 Pain,

algorithm for treatment, 259 definition, 245

drug side-effect management, 258, 259

intervention indications, 258 mixed somatic and neuropathic

pain management, 257 neuropathic pain,

overview, 246 treatment,

gabapentin, 256, 257 opioids, 257

tricyclic antidepressants, 256

nociceptive pain,

nonsteroidal anti-inflamma- tory drug management, 247, 249

opioids,

combinations, 251 dose adjustment, 255, 256 rotation, 251–255, 258 strong opioids, 250 sustained-release opioids,

250, 251

weak opioids, 249, 250

(9)

overview, 246

nursing management, 240 psychogenic pain, 247

Panitumumab (ABX-EGF), clinical trials, 103, 104

Percutaneous thermal ablation, complications, 216

contraindications, 212, 213 cryoablation, 206, 207 follow-up, 213, 216

high-intensity focused ultra- sound, 206

indications,

adjunctive therapy, 212 curative, 211

palliative therapy, 212 interstitial laser therapy, 206 microwave, 206

outcomes, 213

radiofrequency ablation, 207, 209, 211

recommendations, 216, 218 Pertuzumab (2C4), clinical trials, 104 PET, see Positron emission tomog-

raphy

Peutz-Jeghers syndrome, colorectal cancer, risk stratification, 60 surveillance guidelines, 64 Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase

(PI3K),

colon cancer defects in signal- ing, 15, 269, 276, 277 inhibitors, 269

isoforms, 14, 15

targeted therapy, 266–271 PI3K, see Phosphatidylinositol 3-

kinase

PMS2, colon cancer defects, 4 Polyps,

carcinoma progression, 2 colorectal cancer risk stratifica-

tion,

family history, 55, 56 personal history, 54, 55 screening guidelines, 62, 63 Positron emission tomography (PET),

local recurrence detection, 226 surveillance, 226

treatment response monitoring, 226

PRL3, amplification in metastasis, 21

Psychogenic pain, see Pain PTK787, angiogenesis inhibition

studies, 95

PX-866, phosphatidylinositol 3- kinase inhibition, 269 R

RAD001 (everolimus), mTOR inhi- bition, 270, 271

Radiation therapy,

neoadjuvant chemotherapy, 179, 180

preoperative management of locally advanced rectal cancer,

chemoradiotherapy, radiosensitizers, 176, 177 rationale, 171

resectable cancer clinical trials, 171–176 sphincter preservation,

177–179

unresectable cancer, 176 clinical trials, 164–170 rationale, 163, 164

response and downstaging, 164

Radiofrequency ablation, see Per- cutaneous thermal ablation Raftilose Synergy-1, colorectal

cancer chemoprevention

trials, 45

(10)

Rapamycin, mTOR inhibition, 270 Rectal cancer, locally advanced,

circumferential reference mar- gin involvement, 157, 158 definition, 157, 158

evaluation, 158, 159

postoperative adjuvant therapy, 159–163

preoperative

chemoradiotherapy, radiosensitizers, 176, 177 rationale, 171

resectable cancer clinical trials, 171–176

sphincter preservation, 177–

179 unresectable cancer, 176 preoperative radiation therapy,

clinical trials, 164–170 rationale, 163, 164

response and downstaging, 164

recommendations for manage- ment, 180, 181

total mesorectal excision, 156, 157

Risk stratification, colorectal cancer, average risk, 54

colorectal adenoma, family history, 55, 56 personal history, 54, 55 colorectal cancer history, 56, 57 hereditary syndromes,

familial adenomatous poly- posis, 57

familial juvenile polyposis, 60 hereditary nonpolyposis

colon cancer, 58, 59 MYH-associated adeno-

matous polyposis, 58 Peutz-Jeghers syndrome, 60 inflammatory bowel disease, 56 Rofecoxib (Vioxx), colorectal cancer chemoprevention studies, 39

S

Screening, colorectal cancer, colonoscopy, 53, 54 computed tomographic

colonography, 60 DNA-based stool testing, 60,

61 double contrast barium enema, 54

fecal occult blood test, 52 guidelines,

average-risk individuals, 61, 62

colorectal cancer history, 63, 64

Crohn’s disease, 63 family history, 62, 63 hereditary colorectal cancer

syndrome patients, 64 polyp history, 62

risk stratification, see Risk strati- fication

sigmoidoscopy, 52 Selenium, colorectal cancer

chemoprevention studies, 41 Sensory neuropathy, nursing man-

agement, 237, 238

Sigmoidoscopy, colorectal cancer screening, 52

Smads, colon cancer defects, 18–

20 Src, epidermal growth factor re- ceptor crosstalk, 110 Statins, colorectal cancer

chemoprevention studies, 40 SU11248, angiogenesis inhibition

studies, 95, 96 Sulindac, colorectal cancer

chemoprevention studies, 43, 44

Surveillance, see Screening, colorectal cancer

Survival, colorectal cancer, 51

(11)

T

Tarceva(r), see Erlotinib Targeted therapy,

clinical implications, 274–277 definition, 264, 265

DJ-927, 273, 274 novel targets,

integrins, 271–273 phosphatidylinositol

3-kinase/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway, 266–271

prospects, 277 rational design, 265

receptor targeting, see Epider- mal growth factor recep- tor; Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor Temsirolimas, see CCI-779 TGF- β, see Transforming growth

factor- β

TGFBR2, colon cancer defects, 5, 6, 16–18

Thymidylate synthetase (TS), prognostic marker for adju- vant chemotherapy, 146, 147 TIMP3, methylation defects in

colorectal cancer, 7

TME, see Total mesorectal excision Total mesorectal excision (TME),

locally advanced rectal can- cer management,

clinical trials, 156, 157

postoperative adjuvant therapy, 159–163

preoperative

chemoradiotherapy, radiosensitizers, 176, 177 rationale, 171

resectable cancer clinical trials, 171–176

sphincter preservation, 177–179 unresectable cancer, 176

preoperative radiation therapy, clinical trials, 164–170 rationale, 163, 164

response and downstaging, 164 TP53

colon cancer defects, 5, 6, 12–14 functions, 12–14

target genes, 14

Tramadol, pain management, 257 Transforming growth factor- β

(TGF- β),

colon cancer defects in signal- ing, 15–20

receptor, see TGFBR2 Translocations, carcinoma pro-

gression, 2, 4

Tricyclic antidepressants, neuro- pathic pain management, 256 TS, see Thymidylate synthetase TSP1, methylation defects in

colorectal cancer, 7 2C4, see Pertuzumab U

UDCA, see Ursodeoxycholic acid UGT1A1, pharmacogenomics and

tailored therapy, 127, 128 Ulcerative colitis, colorectal cancer

chemoprevention trials, 43 Ultrasonography, see Endoscopic

ultrasound

Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA), colorectal cancer

chemoprevention studies, 41 V

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF),

angiogenesis role, 86

prospective drugs in targeting, 96

therapeutic targeting, see Bevacizumab; PTK787;

SU11248

(12)

VEGF, see Vascular endothelial growth factor

Velociximab, see M200 Vioxx, see Rofecoxib

Vitamin C, colorectal cancer chemoprevention studies, 43 Vitamin E , colorectal cancer