Reconstruction of Bile Duct Injuries
Steven M. Strasberg
Introduction
Bile duct injuries have become more common since the introduction of laparoscopic surgery and are a major source of morbidity and litigation. Bile duct injuries may take many forms. Simpler injuries such as types A and D may be treated in the community setting when discovered intraoperatively or by endoscopic or percutaneous techniques when they present in the postoperative period. Some more complex injuries such as E1 and E2 types may also be treated by nonsurgical techniques when they present as stric- tures. This chapter deals with the more complex injuries that require hepaticojejunos- tomy for repair (types B and C injuries and most to type E injuries).
The figure illustrates the classification of injuries to the biliary tract. Type E injuries are subdivided according to the Bismuth classification. Types B and C injuries almost always involve aberrant right hepatic ducts. The notations >2 cm and <2 cm in types
E1and E2 injuries indicate the length of common hepatic duct remaining.
The injuries with an isolated right duct component and the subject of this paper are
types B,
C,E4and E5.
Timing of Repair
Factors favoring immediate repair are: (1) early referral, (2) lack of right upper quadrant bile collection, (3) simple injuries, (4) no vascular injury and (5) a stable patient. Factors favoring delayed repair are: (1) late (less than 1week after injury) referral, (2) complex injuries (types E4, E5), (3) thermal etiology and (4) concomitant ischemic injury.
Preoperative Investigation and Preparation for the Procedure
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Communication with previous surgeon
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Previous surgical report
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Laboratory tests: bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase, ALT, AST, albumin, coagulation parameters, white blood cell count
Principles of Repair
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Anastomosis should be tension free, with good blood supply, mucosa to mucosa and of adequate caliber.
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Hepaticojejunostomy should be used in preference to either choledochocholedoco- tomy or choledochoduodenostomy.
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An anterior longitudinal opening in the bile duct with a long side-to-side anasto- mosis is preferred.
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Dissection behind the ducts should be minimized in order to minimize devascu- larization of the duct.
Use of Postoperative Stents
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There is no evidence that they are helpful if a large caliber mucosa-to-mucosa anastomosis has been achieved.
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We use them when very small ducts have been anastomosed.
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Transhepatic tubes can be left through the anastomosis in order to perform postoperative cholangiography.
More Radical Solutions
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When ductal reconstruction to a part of the liver is impossible, then resection should be performed.
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Occasionally prior failure of reconstruction leads to secondary biliary cirrhosis,
end-stage liver failure, and a need for liver transplantation.
Procedure
Incision
The usual incision is a J-shaped right upper quadrant incision shown as a solid line.
The vertical length of the incision should be at least 6 cm. The incision can be extended
to the left (dotted line for increased exposure in large individuals). A midline incision
may be suitable for thin persons. A large ring retractor is placed after clearing adhesions
to the anterior abdominal wall.
STEP 1
Schematic of the principles of the Hepp-Couinaud approach. This approach is adequate for types E1–E3 lesions. The dissection is started at the liver edge and carried down the face of segments 3–5 until portal structures are encountered. The dissection is continued directly on segment 4 in the plane shown (A). The end point of the dissection is entry into liver tissue in this plane. The liver plate (Wallerian sheath) is divided and the left bile duct identified just below this level. The left duct is accessed because it has a long extrahepatic length as opposed to the right. The left duct may lie horizontally as shown here or more vertically, in which case the dissection is more difficult. This dissection is facilitated by division of the bridge of liver tissue between segments 3 and 4 (B) and by reopening the gallbladder fossa when it has sealed at its lips. Resection of the inferior portion of segment 4 may also be helpful (see below).
A
B
STEP 2
At this point a stent in the left duct can be palpated and the duct opened on its anterior surface. A 2-cm opening is adequate. Care should be taken not to extend the incision too far to the left, as the hepatic artery to segment 4 may be injured. Segment 4 is pulled up, the liver plate divided and the left hepatic duct identified. A Roux-en-Y loop has been prepared. The loop is laid up as shown. The double-headed arrows indicate the sites of openings that are made in the duct and the bowel.
STEP 3
The anastomosis is performed with synthetic absorbable interrupted sutures (5-0 sutures are preferred by the author). The anterior row in the bile duct is placed first, then the posterior row in both structures is placed and tied, and finally the anterior row is placed in the bowel and tied (see chapter on biliary-enteric anastomosis: pages).
A single suction drain is left. Stents are used only when the bile ducts are very small
2 mm or less; this is very uncommon.
Cases of Isolated Right Hepatic Duct
In types E4 and E5 and B and C injuries the Hepp-Couinaud approach alone will not suffice, as there is an isolated portion of the biliary tree on the right side. The key to dissection is based on the fact that the main right and left bile ducts lie in the same coronal plane, invested in fibrous Wallerian sheaths. Also of importance is that the gall- bladder plate, a layer of fibrous tissue on which the gallbladder normally rests, attaches to the anterior surface of the sheath of the main right portal pedicle. To find the bile duct within the sheath of the pedicle the cystic plate must be detached from the anterior surface of the sheath of the right portal pedicle.
STEP 1
The liver capsule is divided toward the right until the cystic plate is met where it
attaches to the sheath of the right portal pedicle. It is a stout ribbon of fibrous tissue
about 2mm in thickness and 5–8mm in breadth.
STEP 2