• Non ci sono risultati.

Acknowledgments

This study was funded by FP7-KBBE-2010-4 project AnimalChange: An integration of mitigation and adaptation options for sustainable livestock production under climate change (Project Num -ber: 266018).

References

Allard V., Newton P.C.D., Lieffering M., Clark H., Matthew C., Soussana J.F. and Gray Y.S., 2003.

Nitrogen cycling in grazed pastures at elevated CO2: N returns by ruminants. Global Change Biology 9, p. 1731-1742.

Aufrère J. and Demarquilly C., 1989. Predicting Organic Matter Digestibility of Forage by Two Pepsin-cel-lulase Methods: In: Jarrige, R. (ed.), XVI International Grasslands Congress, Nice, Vol. 2, p. 877-878.

Bai E., Li S., Xu W., Li W., Dai W. and Jiang P., 2013. A meta-analysis of experimental warming effects on terrestrial nitrogen pools and dynamics. New Phytologist 199, p. 441-451.

Beatty D., Barnes A., Taylor E. and Maloney S., 2008. Do changes in feed intake or ambient temperature cause changes in cattle rumen temperature relative to core temperature? Journal of Thermal Biology 33, p. 12-19.

Benot M.L., Saccone P., Vincente R., Pautrat E., Morvan-Bertrand A., Decau M.L., Grigulis K., Prud’homme M.P. and Lavorel S., 2013. How extreme summer weather may limit control of Festuca paniculata by mowing in subalpine grasslands. Plant Ecology & Diversity 6, p. 393-404.

Bernabucci U., Lacetera N., Danieli P.P., Bani P., Nardone A. and Ronchi B., 2009, Influence of different periods of exposure to hot environment on rumen function and diet digestibility in sheep. International Journal of Biometeorology 53, p. 387-395.

Buxton D.R. and Fales S.L., 1994. Plant environment and quality. In: Fahey, G.C., Collins, M., Mertens, D.R., Moser, L.E. (eds.): Quality, Evaluation and Utilization. Madison, p. 155-199.

Campbell B.D., Stafford Smith D.M., Ash A.J., Fuhrer J., Gifford R.M., Hiernaux P., Howden S.M., Jones M.B., Ludwig J.A., Manderscheid R., Morgan J.A., Newton P.C.D., Nösberger J., Owensby C.E., Soussana J.F., Tuba Z. and ZuoZhong C., 2000. A synthesis of recent global change research on pas-ture and rangeland production: Reduced uncertainties and their management implications. Agriculpas-ture, Ecosystems and Environment 82, p. 39-55.

Cantarel A.A.M., Bloor J.M.G. and Soussana J.F., 2013. Four years of simulated climate change reduces above-ground productivity and alters functional diversity in a grassland ecosystem. Journal of Vegetation Science 24, p. 113-126.

Cocks P.S. and Gintzburger G., 1993. Long-term sustainability of livestock-producting farming systems in contrasting regions with Mediterranean-type climates. In: Proceedings of the XVII International Grassland Congress, 8-21 February, Palmerston North, New Zealand, p. 247-252.

Collins M., Knutti R., Arblaster J., Dufresne J.L., Fichefet T., Friedlingstein P., Gao X., Gutowski W.J., Johns T., Krinner G., Shongwe M., Tebaldi C., Weaver A.J. and Wehner M., 2013. Long-term Climate Change: Projections, Com mitments and Irreversibility. In: Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (Stocker T.F. et al., eds). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, New-York.

Craine J.M., Elmore A.J., Olson K.C. and Tolleson D., 2010. Climate change and cattle nutritional stress.

Global Change Biology 16, p. 2901-2911.

Daepp M., Suter D., Almeida J.P.F., Isopp H., Hartwig U.A., Frehner M., Blum H., Nösberger J. and Lüscher A., 2000. Yield response of Lolium perenne swards to free air CO2 enrichment increased over six years in a high-N-input system on fertile soil. Global Change Biology 6, p. 805-816.

Deetz D.A., Jung H.G. and Buxton D.R., 1996. Water-deficit effects on cell-wall composition and in vitro degradability of structural polysaccharides from alfalfa stems. Crop Science 36, p. 383-388.

Dieleman W.I.J., Vicca S., Dijkstra F.A., Hagedorn F., Hovenden M.J., Larsen K.S., Morgan J.A., Volder A., Beier C., Dukes J.S., King J., Leuzinger S., Linder S., Luo Y., Oren R., De Angelis P., Tingey D., Hoosbeek M.R. and Janssens I.A., 2012. Simple additive effects are rare: a quantitative review of plant biomass and soil process responses to combined manipulations of CO2 and temperature. Global Change Biology 18, p. 2681-2693.

Gutman M., Noy-Meir I., Pluda D., Seligman N.A., Rothman S. and Sternberg M., 2001. Biomass partition-ing followpartition-ing defoliation of annual and perennial Mediterranean grasses. Conservation Ecology 5, p. 1-12.

Options Méditerranéennes, A, no. 109, 2014

62

Halim R.A., Buxton D.R., Hattendorf M.J. and Carlson R.E., 1989. Water-stress effects on alfalfa forage quality after adjustment for maturity differences. Agronomy Journal 81, p. 189-194.

Hartwig U.A., Lüscher A., Daepp M., Blum H., Soussana J.F. and Nösberger J., 2000. Due to symbiotic N2 fixation, five years of elevated atmospheric pCO2 had no effect on litter N concentration in a fertile grassland ecosystem. Plant and Soil 224, p. 43-50.

Hayes D.C., 1985. Seasonal nitrogen translocation in big bluestem during drought conditions. Journal of Range Management 38, p. 406-410.

Hebeisen T., Lüscher A., Zanetti S., Fischer B.U., Hartwig U.A., Frehner M., Hendrey G.R., Blum H. and Nösberger J., 1997. Growth response of Trifolium repens L. and Lolium perenne L. as monocultures and bi-species mixture to free air CO2enrichment and management. Global Change Biology 3, p. 149-160.

Hopkins A. and Del Prado A., 2007. Implications of climate change for grasslands in Europe: impacts, adap-tations and mitigation options: a review. Grass and Forage Science 62, p. 118-126.

IPCC, 2013a. Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (Stocker T.F. et al. eds.). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, New-York, 1535 p.

IPCC, 2013b. Annex I: Atlas of Global and Regional Climate Projections. In: van Oldenborgh G.J. et al. (eds.) Climate Change 2013: The Physical Sci ence Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (Stocker T.F. et al. eds.). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, New-York.

IPCC, 2013c. Annex II: Climate System Scenario Tables. In: Prather M. et al. (eds.) Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergo -vern mental Panel on Climate Change (Stocker T.F. et al. eds.). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, New-York.

Izaurralde R.C., Thomson A.M., Morgan J.A., Fay P.A., Polley H.W. and Hatfield J.L., 2011. Climate impacts on agriculture: Implications for forage and rangeland production. Agronomy Journal 103, p. 371-381.

Larsen K.S., Andresen L.C., Beier C., Jonasson S., Albert K.R., Ambus P., Arndal M.F., Carter M.S., Christensen S., Holmstrup M., Ibrom A., Kongstad J., van der Linden L., Maraldo K., Michelsen A., Mikkelsen T.N., Pilegaard K., Priemé A., Ro-Poulsen H., Schmidt I.K., Selsted M.B. and Stevnbak K., 2011. Reduced N cycling I response to elevated CO2, warming, and drought in a Danish heathland:

Synthesizing results of the CLIMAITE project after two years of treatments. Global Change Biology 17, p. 1884-1899.

Leliévre F., Norton M.R. and Volaire F., 2008. Perennial grasses in rainfed Mediterranean farming systems – Current and potential role. Options Méditerranéennes, Series A, 79, p. 137-144.

Leliévre F., Sala A. and Volaire F., 2010. Climate change at the temperate-Mediterranean interface in south-ern France and impacts on grassland production. Options Méditerranéennes, Series A, 92, p. 187-192.

Leuzinger S., Luo Y., Beier C., Dieleman W., Vicca S. and Körner C., 2011. Do global change experiments overestimate impacts on terrestrial ecosystems? Trends in Ecology & Evolution 26, p. 236-241.

Lu C., 1989. Effects of heat stress on goat production. Small Ruminant Research 2, p. 151-162.

Lüscher A., Daepp M., Blum H., Hartwig U.A. and Nösberger J., 2004. Fertile temperate grassland under elevated atmospheric CO2– role of feedback mechanisms and availability of growth resources. Euro -pean Journal of Agronomy 21, p. 379-398.

Lüscher A., Hebeisen T., Zanetti S., Hartwig U.A., Blum H., Hendrey G.R. and Nösberger J,. 1996.

Differences between legumes and non-legumes of permanent grassland in their responses to free-air carbon dioxide enrichment: Its effect on competition in a multispecies mixture. In: Körner C., Bazzaz F.

(Eds.), Carbon dioxide, populations, and communities. Academic Press, San Diego, CA, p. 287-300.

Maltoni S., Molle G., Porqueddu C., Connolly J., Brophy C. and Decandia M., 2007. The potential feed-ing value of grass-legume mixtures in dry Mediterranean conditions. In: A. Helgadottir and E. Pötsch (eds.). Final Meeting of COST Action 852, Raumberg-Gumpenstein (Austria) 30 August – 3 September 2006, p. 149-152.

Miaron J.O. and Christopherson R., 1992. Effect of prolonged thermal exposure on heat production, retic-ular motility, rumen-fluid and-particulate passage-rate constants, and apparent digestibility in steers.

Canadian Journal of Animal Science 72, p. 809-819.

Milchunas D.G., King J.Y., Mosier A.R., Moore J.C., Morgan J.A., Quirk M.H. and Slusser J.R., 2004. UV radiation effects on plant growth and forage quality in a shortgrass steppe ecosystem. Photochemistry and Photobiology 79, p. 404-410.

Forage resources and ecosystem services provided by Mountain and Mediterranean grasslands and rangelands

63

Milchunas D.G., Mosier A.R., Morgan J.A., LeCain D.R., King J.Y. and Nelson J.A., 2005. Elevated CO2 and defoliation effects on a shortgrass steppe: Forage quality versus quantity for ruminants. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 111, p. 166-184.

Moore K.J. and Jung H.J.G., 2001. Lignin and fiber digestion. Journal of Range Management 54, p. 420-430.

Morgan J.A., Mosier A.R., Milchunas D.G., LeCain D.R. and Nelson J.A., 2004. CO2 enhances produc-tivity, alters species composition, and reduces digestibility of shortgrass steppe vegetation. Ecological Applications 14, p. 208-219.

Murphy K.L., Burke I.C., Vinton M.A. et al., 2002. Regional analysis of litter quality in the central grassland region of North America. Journal of Vegetation Science 13, p. 395-402.

Nettier B., Dobremez L., Coussy J.L. and Romagny T., 2010. Attitudes of livestock farmers and sensitivity of livestock farming systems to drought conditions in the French Alps. Journal of Alpine Research 98-4.

Niderkorn V., Ginane C., Dumont B., Andueza D., Le Morvan A., Morvan-Bertrand A. and Picon-Cochard C., 2014. Changes in grassland forage quality under climate change including an extreme sum-mer event. Options Méditerranéennes, Series A (this issue).

Norton M.R., Volaire F. 2012. Selection of pasture and forage species adapted to changing environmental conditions in Mediterranean climates. Options Méditerranéennes, Series A, 102, p. 119-127.

O’Brien M., Rhoads R., Sanders S., Duff G., Baumgard L., 2010. Metabolic adaptations to heat stress in growing cattle. Domestic Animal Endocrinology 38, p. 86-94.

Peterson P.R., Sheaffer C.C. and Hall M.H., 1992. Drought effects on perennial forage legume yield and quality. Agronomy Journal 84, p. 774-779.

Picon-Cochard C., Teyssonneyre F., Besle J.M. and Soussana J.F., 2004. Effects of elevated CO2and cutting frequency on the productivity and herbage quality of a semi-natural grassland. European Journal of Agronomy 20, p. 363-377.

Picon-Cochard C., Bloor J., Zwicke M. and Duru M., 2013. Impacts du changement climatique sur les prairies permanentes. Fourrages 214, p. 127-134.

Porqueddu C,. 2001. Screening germplasm and varieties for forage quality: Constraints and potentials in annual medics. In: Proceedings of the XIV Eucarpia Medicago spp. Group Meeting on “Quality in lucerne and medics for animal production”. Zaragoza, Lleida (Spain), 12-15 Sept. 2001, p. 89-98.

Porqueddu C. and Gonzales F. 2006. Role and potential of annual pasture legumes in Mediterranean farm-ing systems. Grassland Science in Europe 11, p. 221-231.

Re G.A., Piluzza G., Sulas L., Franca A., Porqueddu C., Sanna F. and Bullitta S., 2014. Condensed tan-nins accumulation and nitrogen fixation potential of Onobrychis viciifolia Scop. grown in a Mediterranean environment. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 94, p. 639-645.

Read J.J. and Morgan J.A., 1996. Growth and partitioning in Pascopyrum smithii (C3) and Bouteloua gra-cilis (C4) as influenced by carbon dioxide and temperature. Annals of Botany 77, p. 487-496.

Reaside M.C., Nie Z.N., Clark S.G., Partington D.L., Behrendt R. and Real D., 2013. Evaluation of tedera [(Bituminaria bituminosa (L.) C.H. Stirton var. albomarginata)] as a forage alternative for sheep in tem-perate southern Australia. Crop and Pasture Science 63, p. 1135-1144.

Rodgers V.L., Hoeppner S.S., Daley M.J. and Dukes J.S., 2012. Leaf-level gas exchange and foliar chem-istry of common old-field species responding to warming and precipitation treatments. International Journal of Plant Sciences 173, p. 957-970.

Schär C., Vidale P.L., Lüthi D., Frei C., Häberli C., Liniger M. and Appenzeller C., 2004. The role of increasing temperature variability for European summer heat waves. Nature 427, p. 332-336.

Schneider P., Beede D. and Wilcox C., 1988. Nycterohemeral patterns of acid-base status, mineral concentrations and digestive function of lactating cows in natural or chamber heat stress environments. Jour -nal of Animal Science 66, p. 112-125.

Sebastià M.T., 2007. Plant guilds drive biomass response to global warming and water availability in sub-alpine grassland. Journal of Applied Ecology 44, p. 158-167.

Silanikove N., 1992. Effects of water scarcity and hot environment on appetite and digestion in ruminants: a review. Livestock Production Science 30, p. 175-194.

Skinner R.H., Gustine D.L. and Sanderson M.A., 2004. Growth, water relations, and nutritive value of pas-ture species mixpas-tures under moispas-ture stress. Crop Science 44, p. 1361-1369.

Soussana J.F. and Lüscher A., 2007. Temperate grasslands and global atmospheric change : a review.

Grass and Forage Science 62, p. 127-134.

Soussana J.F., Teyssonneyre F., Picon-Cochard C., Casella E., Besle J.M., Lherm M. and Loiseau P., 2002. Impacts des changements climatiques et atmosphériques sur la prairie et sa production. Fourrages 169, p. 3-24.

Options Méditerranéennes, A, no. 109, 2014

64

Stampfli A. and Zeiter M., 2004. Plant regeneration directs changes in grassland composition after extreme drought: a 13-year study in southern Switzerland. Journal of Ecology 92, p. 568-576.

Sternberg M., Brown V.K., Masters G.J. and Clarke I.P., 1999. Plant community dynamics in a calcareous grassland under climate change manipulations. Plant Ecology 143, p. 29-37.

Sulas L., 2005. The future role of forage legumes in Mediterranean-climate areas. In: Reynolds S. and Frame J. (eds) Grasslands: Developments Opportunities Perspectives. FAO Science Publishers, Inc Plymouth UK, p. 29-54.

Teyssonneyre F., Picon-Cochard C., Falcimagne R. and Soussana J.F., 2002. Effects of elevated CO2 and cutting frequency on plant community structure in a temperate grassland. Global Change Biology 8, p. 1034-1046.

Tilley J.M. and Terry R.A., 1963. A two-stage technique for the in vitro digestion of forage crops. Journal of British Grassland Society 18, p. 104-111.

Walgenbach R.P., Marten G.C. and Blake G.R., 1981. Release of soluble protein and nitrogen in alfalfa. I.

Influence of growth temperature and soil moisture. Crop Science 21, p. 843-849.

Walter J., Grant K., Beierkuhnlein C., Kreyling J., Weber M. and Jentsch A., 2012a. Increased rainfall variability reduces biomass and forage quality of temperate grassland largely independent of mowing fre-quency. Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment 148, p. 1-10.

Walter J., Hein R., Auge H., Beierkuhnlein C., Loffler S., Reifenrath K., Schadler M., Weber M. and Jentsch A., 2012b. How do extreme drought and plant community composition affect host plant metabo-lites and herbivore performance? Arthropod-Plant Interactions 6, p. 15-25.

Wang D., Heckathorn S., Wang X., Philpott S., 2012. A meta-analysis of plant physiological and growth responses to temperature and elevated CO2. Oecologia 169, p. 1-13.

West J.W. 2003. Effects of heat-stress on production in dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science 86, p. 2131-2144.

Wilson J., Deinum B. and Engels F., 1991. Temperature effects on anatomy and digestibility of leaf and stem of tropical and temperate forage species. Netherlands Journal of Agricultural Science 39, p. 31-48.

Xu S.X., Zhao X.Q., Sun P., Zhao T.B., Zhao W., Xue B., 2002. A simulative study on effects of climate war ming on nutrient contents and in vitro digestibility of herbage grown in QinghaiXizang Plateau. Acta Bo -tanica Sinica 44, p. 1357-1364.

Xu X., Sherry R.A., Niu S.L., Li D.J. and Luo Y.Q., 2013. Net primary productivity and rain-use efficiency as affected by warming, altered precipitation, and clipping in a mixedgrass prairie. Global Change Bio -logy 19, p. 2753-2764.

Zanetti S., Hartwig U.A., Van Kessel C., Lüscher A., Hebeisen T., Frehner M., Fischer B.U., Hendrey G.R., Blum H. and Nösberger J., 1997. Does nitrogen nutrition restrict the CO2response of fertile grass-land lacking legumes? Oecologia 112, p. 17-25.

Forage resources and ecosystem services provided by Mountain and Mediterranean grasslands and rangelands

65

Session 1

Forage services for animal production

and product quality