City Analysis

Figure 3.7: Benefits of circular systems identified by service and infrastructure providers. Reproduced from [8].

environmental awareness, providing cultural services, reducing potable water con-sumption, increasing resilience to climate change, increasing food security, reducing fossil fuel consumption, and reducing waste. In the table, Social benefits are reusing of structures for community projects, empowering communities, opportunity to so-cialize, offering access to affordable food and goods for low-income groups, building new skills in the community, increasing community resilience, stabilizing existing communities, building symbiotic capital, accessing to affordable accommodation, providing affordable accommodation, providing affordable heat, and health benefits.

Lastly, the economic benefits are creating economic value, localizing the value chain, creating jobs, avoiding landfill costs, activating vacant and unused spaces, reducing accommodation costs, increasing the value of property and land, reducing the cost of water purification for non-drinking uses, avoiding costs of grey infras-tructure to present flooding, reducing energy costs, avoiding health costs, and avoiding chemical remediation costs in the table.

The author analyses the circular systems and recognizes their ecological, social, and economic benefits by using inductive content analysis that is created with systematic literature analysis and interviews.

The first system in the table is the circular construction and Amsterdam, London, and Paris have maintained different city scales. Amsterdam and Paris have a range of city-regions but London only has this system neighborhood scale in QEOP. The circular construction emerges from the circular actions of looping and adapting. Its ecological benefits are reducing material consumption and reducing GHG emissions.

Secondly, its social benefit is reusing structures for community projects. Lastly, economic benefits are creating economic value, localizing the value chain, creating jobs, and avoiding landfill costs.

The second system is the circular food system in the table and it appears only in Paris with the city region and London with neighborhood scale in Brixton. Circular food systems include all the circular actions which are looping, adapting, and ecologically regenerating. Its ecological benefits are reducing food waste, reducing GHG emissions, increasing resource sufficiency, restoring ecosystem services, and increasing environmental awareness. Its social benefits are empowering communi-ties, opportunities to socialize, offering access to affordable food for low-income groups, building new skills in the community, and increasing community resilience.

Last, its economic benefits are creating economic value, localizing the value chain, creating jobs, activating vacant and unused spaces, and avoiding landfill costs.

The third system is an adaptive reuse of spaces infrastructure that emerge in Amsterdam with neighborhood scale in De Ceuvel, Paris with city region, and London with neighborhood scale in QEOP Brixton. This circular system includes all the circular actions. Reducing material and land consumption, reducing GHG emissions, restoring ecosystem services, increasing resource sufficiency, providing cultural services occur ecological benefits of this system. In addition, social benefits are: Stabilizing existing communities, increasing community resilience, building local symbiotic capital, building new skills in the community, accessing affordable accommodation, and providing affordable accommodation. The economic benefits of the adaptive reuse of the spaces are reducing accommodation costs, creating economic value, localizing the value chain, creating jobs, activating vacant and unused spaces, increasing the value of property and land.

The circular system of water and nutrient recycling emerged in Amsterdam both city region and neighborhood of De Ceuvel, Paris with city region, and lastly Stock-holm with the neighborhood of Hammarby SRSP. This circular system includes

all the circular actions such as looping, adapting, and regenerating. The ecological benefits are reducing potable water consumption; reducing GHG emissions, in-creasing resource sufficiency, restoring ecosystem services, inin-creasing environmental awareness, increasing resilience to climate change, and increasing food security.

This system does not have any social benefits and finally, it has economic benefits and they are creating economic value, localizing the value chain, creating jobs, reducing the cost of water purification for non-drinking uses, increasing the value of property and land, and avoiding costs of grey infrastructure to prevent flooding.

The circular systems of the waste heat recovery appeared in the neighborhood of Amsterdam which is De Ceuvel, and the neighborhood of Stockholm which is Ham-marby SRSP. The waste heat recovery has only one circular action that is looping.

Its ecological benefits are reducing fossil fuel consumption, reducing GHG emissions, and increasing environmental awareness. Providing affordable heat is the only social benefit of this system. Then, reducing energy costs is also the only economic benefit.

The circular system of waste to energy is only in Hammarby SRSP neighborhoods of Stockholm and the system has only looping circular actions. Reducing fossil fuel consumption, reducing GHG emissions, and increasing resource sufficiency are the ecological benefits of the system. These are not social benefits of the waste to the energy system. Lastly, economic benefits are creating economic value, localizing the value chain, and creating jobs.

Ecological restoration is before the last circular system in the table. The neigh-borhood of London (QEOP), a neighneigh-borhood of Stockholm (SRSP), and the neighborhood of Amsterdam (De Ceuvel) have ecological restoration. The system includes all the circular actions such as looping, adapting, and regenerating. Re-ducing land consumption outside the city, restoring ecosystem services, increasing environmental awareness, reducing GHG emissions, and increasing resilience to climate change are the ecological benefits. Then, social benefits are health benefits, opportunities to socialize, and recreation. Finally, activating vacant unused spaces, increasing the value of property land, avoiding costs of grey infrastructure to prevent flooding, avoiding health costs, and avoiding chemical remediation costs are the economic benefits of ecological restoration.

The last circular system is the reuse of goods and there is only one in the neigh-borhood of London which is Brixton. It has only the looping circular action. The ecological benefits are reducing material consumption and waste and reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Social benefits are the most relevant and they are empowering communities, opportunities to socialize, accessing affordable goods for low-income groups, building new skills in the community. Lastly, the economic

benefits of the reuse of goods are creating economic value; localizing the value chain, creating jobs, and avoiding landfill costs.