• Non ci sono risultati.

1. Anastasi G. Trattato di anatomia umana. 4.a ed. Milano: Edi. Ermes; 2006. 2. Artibani W, Melloni D. Anatomia dell'apparato genito-urinario. In: Martorana G, Collegio dei Professori Universitari di Prima Fascia di Urologia in Ruolo e Fuori R, editors. Manuale di urologia e andrologia. Pisa: Pacini Editore; 2010. p. 1-22.

3. Chung BI, Sommer G, Brooks JD. Anatomy of the lower urinary tract and male genitalia. In: McDougal WS, Wein AJ, Kavoussi LR, Novick AC, Partin AW, Peters CA, et al., editors. Campbell-Walsh Urology. 10th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Health Sciences; 2012. p. 33-70.

4. McNeal JE. Regional morphology and pathology of the prostate. Am J Clin Pathol. 1968; 49(3): 347-57.

5. Ginzburg S, Corcoran AT, Kutikov A. Bladder, prostate and urethra. In: Standring S, editor. Gray's Anatomy: the anatomical basis of clinical practice. 41st ed: Elsevier Health Sciences; 2015. p. 1255-71.

6. Conti F. Fisiologia Medica. Milano: Edi Ermes; 2010.

7. Siegel RL, Miller KD, Jemal A. Cancer statistics, 2015. CA Cancer J Clin. 2015; 65(1): 5-29.

8. Ferlay J, Parkin DM, Steliarova-Foucher E. Estimates of cancer incidence and mortality in Europe in 2008. Eur J Cancer. 2010; 46(4): 765-81.

9. Bray F, Lortet-Tieulent J, Ferlay J, Forman D, Auvinen A. Prostate cancer incidence and mortality trends in 37 European countries: an overview. Eur J Cancer. 2010; 46(17): 3040-52.

10. Marugame T, Katanoda K. International comparisons of cumulative risk of breast and prostate cancer, from cancer incidence in five continents Vol. VIII. Jpn J Clin Oncol. 2006; 36(6): 399-400.

11. Metcalfe C, Evans S, Ibrahim F, Patel B, Anson K, Chinegwundoh F, et al. Pathways to diagnosis for Black men and White men found to have prostate cancer: the PROCESS cohort study. Br J Cancer. 2008; 99(7): 1040-5.

12. Cancer research UK. Prostate cancer risk factors: Cancer research UK; 2013.

of the familial aggregation of prostate cancer: a meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2011;

6(10): e27130.

14. Leongamornlert D, Mahmud N, Tymrakiewicz M, Saunders E, Dadaev T, Castro E, et al. Germline BRCA1 mutations increase prostate cancer risk. Br J Cancer. 2012; 106(10): 1697-701.

15. Breast Cancer Linkage C. Cancer risks in BRCA2 mutation carriers. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1999; 91(15): 1310-6.

16. Rowlands MA, Gunnell D, Harris R, Vatten LJ, Holly JM, Martin RM. Circulating insulin-like growth factor peptides and prostate cancer risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Cancer. 2009; 124(10): 2416-29. 17. Roddam AW, Allen NE, Appleby P, Key TJ, Ferrucci L, Carter HB, et al. Insulin-like growth factors, their binding proteins, and prostate cancer risk: analysis of individual patient data from 12 prospective studies. Ann Intern Med. 2008; 149(7): 461-71, W83-8.

18. Cogliano VJ, Baan R, Straif K, Grosse Y, Lauby-Secretan B, El Ghissassi F, et al. Preventable exposures associated with human cancers. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2011; 103(24): 1827-39.

19. Bonkhoff H, Fixemer T, Hunsicker I, Remberger K. Estrogen receptor expression in prostate cancer and premalignant prostatic lesions. Am J Pathol. 1999; 155(2): 641-7.

20. Bosland MC. The role of steroid hormones in prostate carcinogenesis. J Natl Cancer Inst Monogr. 2000; (27): 39-66.

21. Shimizu H, Ross RK, Bernstein L, Yatani R, Henderson BE, Mack TM. Cancers of the prostate and breast among Japanese and white immigrants in Los Angeles County. Br J Cancer. 1991; 63(6): 963-6.

22. Willis MS, Wians FH. The role of nutrition in preventing prostate cancer: a review of the proposed mechanism of action of various dietary substances. Clin Chim Acta. 2003; 330(1-2): 57-83.

23. Whittemore AS, Kolonel LN, Wu AH, John EM, Gallagher RP, Howe GR, et al. Prostate cancer in relation to diet, physical activity, and body size in blacks, whites, and Asians in the United States and Canada. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1995;

24. Kumar V, Abbas AK, Fausto N, Aster JC. Robbins e Cotran - Le basi patologiche delle malattie: Malattie degli organi e degli apparati: Elsevier Health Sciences Italy; 2011.

25. Rosai J. Rosai and Ackerman's Surgical Pathology. Edinburgh: Elsevier Health Sciences; 2011. p. 1287-1398.

26. Allsbrook WC, Jr., Simms WW. Histochemistry of the prostate. Hum Pathol. 1992; 23(3): 297-305.

27. Nicita G, Pagliarulo A. Tumori della prostata. In: Martorana G, Collegio dei Professori Universitari di Prima Fascia di Urologia in Ruolo e Fuori R, editors. Manuale di urologia e andrologia. Pisa: Pacini Editore; 2010. p. 255-65. 28. Gleason DF, Mellinger GT. Prediction of prognosis for prostatic adenocarcinoma by combined histological grading and clinical staging. J Urol. 1974; 111(1): 58-64.

29. Gleason DF. Histologic grading of prostate cancer: a perspective. Hum Pathol. 1992; 23(3): 273-9.

30. Shah RB. Current perspectives on the Gleason grading of prostate cancer. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2009; 133(11): 1810-6.

31. Thompson I, Thrasher JB, Aus G, Burnett AL, Canby-Hagino ED, Cookson MS, et al. Guideline for the management of clinically localized prostate cancer: 2007 update. J Urol. 2007; 177(6): 2106-31.

32. Meng MV, Carroll PR. Treatment of locally advanced prostate cancer. In: McDougal WS, Wein AJ, Kavoussi LR, Novick AC, Partin AW, Peters CA, et al., editors. Campbell-Walsh Urology. 10th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Health Sciences; 2012. p. 2903-20.

33. Thompson IM, Tangen CM, Paradelo J, Lucia MS, Miller G, Troyer D, et al. Adjuvant radiotherapy for pathological T3N0M0 prostate cancer significantly reduces risk of metastases and improves survival: long-term followup of a randomized clinical trial. J Urol. 2009; 181(3): 956-62.

34. Huang Y, Isharwal S, Haese A, Chun FK, Makarov DV, Feng Z, et al. Prediction of patient-specific risk and percentile cohort risk of pathological stage outcome using continuous prostate-specific antigen measurement, clinical stage and biopsy Gleason score. BJU Int. 2011; 107(10): 1562-9.

35. Walsh PC, Lepor H, Eggleston JC. Radical prostatectomy with preservation of sexual function: anatomical and pathological considerations. Prostate. 1983; 4(5): 473-85.

36. Selli C, De Antoni P, Moro U, Macchiarella A, Giannarini G, Crisci A. Role of bladder neck preservation in urinary continence following radical retropubic prostatectomy. Scand J Urol Nephrol. 2004; 38(1): 32-7.

37. Satava RM. Virtual reality, telesurgery, and the new world order of medicine. J Image Guid Surg. 1995; 1(1): 12-6.

38. Ballantyne GH, Moll F. The da Vinci telerobotic surgical system: the virtual operative field and telepresence surgery. Surg Clin North Am. 2003; 83(6): 1293-304, vii.

39. Moorthy K, Munz Y, Dosis A, Hernandez J, Martin S, Bello F, et al. Dexterity enhancement with robotic surgery. Surg Endosc. 2004; 18(5): 790-5. 40. Darwiche F, Swain S, Kallingal G, Punnen S, Manoharan M, Parekh DJ, et al. Operative technique and early experience for robotic-assisted laparoscopic nephroureterectomy (RALNU) using da Vinci Xi. Springerplus. 2015; 4: 298. 41. Mucksavage P, Kerbl DC, Lee JY. The da Vinci((R)) Surgical System overcomes innate hand dominance. J Endourol. 2011; 25(8): 1385-8.

42. Falk V, Mintz D, Grunenfelder J, Fann JI, Burdon TA. Influence of three- dimensional vision on surgical telemanipulator performance. Surg Endosc. 2001;

15(11): 1282-8.

43. Blavier A, Nyssen AS. Influence of 2D and 3D view on performance and time estimation in minimal invasive surgery. Ergonomics. 2009; 52(11): 1342-9. 44. Judkins TN, Oleynikov D, Stergiou N. Real-time augmented feedback benefits robotic laparoscopic training. Stud Health Technol Inform. 2006; 119: 243-8.

45. Tholey G, Desai JP, Castellanos AE. Force feedback plays a significant role in minimally invasive surgery: results and analysis. Ann Surg. 2005; 241(1): 102-9.

46. Diks J, Nio D, Linsen MA, Rauwerda JA, Wisselink W. Suture damage during robot-assisted vascular surgery: is it an issue? Surg Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech. 2007; 17(6): 524-7.

47. Freire MP, Weinberg AC, Lei Y, Soukup JR, Lipsitz SR, Prasad SM, et al. Anatomic bladder neck preservation during robotic-assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy: description of technique and outcomes. Eur Urol. 2009; 56(6): 972-80.

48. Van Velthoven RF, Ahlering TE, Peltier A, Skarecky DW, Clayman RV. Technique for laparoscopic running urethrovesical anastomosis:the single knot method. Urology. 2003; 61(4): 699-702.

49. Gautam G, Rocco B, Patel VR, Zorn KC. Posterior rhabdosphincter reconstruction during robot-assisted radical prostatectomy: critical analysis of techniques and outcomes. Urology. 2010; 76(3): 734-41.

50. Rocco F, Gadda F, Acquati P, Carmignani L, Favini P, Dell'Orto P, et al. [Personal research: reconstruction of the urethral striated sphincter]. Arch Ital Urol Androl. 2001; 73(3): 127-37.

51. Rocco F, Carmignani L, Acquati P, Gadda F, Dell'Orto P, Rocco B, et al. Restoration of posterior aspect of rhabdosphincter shortens continence time after radical retropubic prostatectomy. J Urol. 2006; 175(6): 2201-6.

52. Coelho RF, Chauhan S, Orvieto MA, Sivaraman A, Palmer KJ, Coughlin G, et al. Influence of modified posterior reconstruction of the rhabdosphincter on early recovery of continence and anastomotic leakage rates after robot-assisted radical prostatectomy. Eur Urol. 2011; 59(1): 72-80.

53. Walz J, Burnett AL, Costello AJ, Eastham JA, Graefen M, Guillonneau B, et al. A critical analysis of the current knowledge of surgical anatomy related to optimization of cancer control and preservation of continence and erection in candidates for radical prostatectomy. Eur Urol. 2010; 57(2): 179-92.

54. Fowler JE, Jr., Whitmore WF, Jr. The incidence and extent of pelvic lymph node metastases in apparently localized prostatic cancer. Cancer. 1981;

47(12): 2941-5.

55. Link RE, Morton RA. Indications for pelvic lymphadenectomy in prostate cancer. Urol Clin North Am. 2001; 28(3): 491-8.

56. Walsh PC, Jewett HJ. Radical surgery for prostatic cancer. Cancer. 1980;

45(7 Suppl): 1906-11.

al. The inferior hypogastric plexus (pelvic plexus): its importance in neural preservation techniques. Surg Radiol Anat. 2003; 25(1): 6-15.

58. Walsh PC. Anatomic radical prostatectomy: evolution of the surgical technique. J Urol. 1998; 160(6 Pt 2): 2418-24.

59. King T, Almallah YZ. Post-radical-prostatectomy urinary incontinence: the management of concomitant bladder neck contracture. Adv Urol. 2012; 2012: 295798.

60. Besarani D, Amoroso P, Kirby R. Bladder neck contracture after radical retropubic prostatectomy. BJU Int. 2004; 94(9): 1245-7.

61. Gomez CA, Soloway MS, Civantos F, Hachiya T. Bladder neck preservation and its impact on positive surgical margins during radical prostatectomy. Urology. 1993; 42(6): 689-93; discussion 93-4.

62. Surya BV, Provet J, Johanson KE, Brown J. Anastomotic strictures following radical prostatectomy: risk factors and management. J Urol. 1990;

143(4): 755-8.

63. Varkarakis J, Wirtenberger W, Pinggera GM, Berger A, Harabayashi T, Bartsch G, et al. Evaluation of urinary extravasation and results after continence- preserving radical retropubic prostatectomy. BJU Int. 2004; 94(7): 991-5.

64. Webb DR, Sethi K, Gee K. An analysis of the causes of bladder neck contracture after open and robot-assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy. BJU Int. 2009; 103(7): 957-63.

65. Breyer BN, Davis CB, Cowan JE, Kane CJ, Carroll PR. Incidence of bladder neck contracture after robot-assisted laparoscopic and open radical prostatectomy. BJU Int. 2010; 106(11): 1734-8.

66. Msezane LP, Reynolds WS, Gofrit ON, Shalhav AL, Zagaja GP, Zorn KC. Bladder neck contracture after robot-assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy: evaluation of incidence and risk factors and impact on urinary function. J Endourol. 2008; 22(2): 377-83.

67. Borboroglu PG, Sands JP, Roberts JL, Amling CL. Risk factors for vesicourethral anastomotic stricture after radical prostatectomy. Urology. 2000;

56(1): 96-100.

Age, obesity, medical comorbidities and surgical technique are predictive of symptomatic anastomotic strictures after contemporary radical prostatectomy. J Urol. 2011; 185(6): 2148-52.

69. Song J, Eswara J, Brandes SB. Postprostatectomy Anastomosis Stenosis: A Systematic Review. Urology. 2015; 86(2): 211-8.

70. Park R, Martin S, Goldberg JD, Lepor H. Anastomotic strictures following radical prostatectomy: insights into incidence, effectiveness of intervention, effect on continence, and factors predisposing to occurrence. Urology. 2001; 57(4): 742- 6.

71. Giannarini G, Manassero F, Mogorovich A, Valent F, De Maria M, Pistolesi D, et al. Cold-knife incision of anastomotic strictures after radical retropubic prostatectomy with bladder neck preservation: efficacy and impact on urinary continence status. Eur Urol. 2008; 54(3): 647-56.

72. Thuroff JW, Abrams P, Andersson KE, Artibani W, Chapple CR, Drake MJ, et al. EAU guidelines on urinary incontinence. Eur Urol. 2011; 59(3): 387- 400.

73. Ficazzola MA, Nitti VW. The etiology of post-radical prostatectomy incontinence and correlation of symptoms with urodynamic findings. J Urol. 1998; 160(4): 1317-20.

74. Tienza A, Barba J, Algarra R, Velis JM, Pascual JI, Robles JE, et al. Assessment and prevalence of urinary incontinence after radical prostatectomy: Analysis of a historical series. Arch Esp Urol. 2015; 68(9): 692-700.

75. Matsushita K, Kent MT, Vickers AJ, von Bodman C, Bernstein M, Touijer KA, et al. Preoperative predictive model of recovery of urinary continence after radical prostatectomy. BJU Int. 2015; 116(4): 577-83.

76. Coelho RF, Rocco B, Patel MB, Orvieto MA, Chauhan S, Ficarra V, et al. Retropubic, laparoscopic, and robot-assisted radical prostatectomy: a critical review of outcomes reported by high-volume centers. J Endourol. 2010; 24(12): 2003-15.

77. Samadi DB, Muntner P, Nabizada-Pace F, Brajtbord JS, Carlucci J, Lavery HJ. Improvements in robot-assisted prostatectomy: the effect of surgeon experience and technical changes on oncologic and functional outcomes. J

Endourol. 2010; 24(7): 1105-10.

78. You YC, Kim TH, Sung GT. Effect of Bladder Neck Preservation and Posterior Urethral Reconstruction during Robot-Assisted Laparoscopic Radical Prostatectomy for Urinary Continence. Korean J Urol. 2012; 53(1): 29-33.

79. Ficarra V, Novara G, Rosen RC, Artibani W, Carroll PR, Costello A, et al. Systematic review and meta-analysis of studies reporting urinary continence recovery after robot-assisted radical prostatectomy. Eur Urol. 2012; 62(3): 405- 17.

80. Palisaar JR, Roghmann F, Brock M, Loppenberg B, Noldus J, von Bodman C. Predictors of short-term recovery of urinary continence after radical prostatectomy. World J Urol. 2015; 33(6): 771-9.

81. Martinez-Salamanca Garcia JI, Jara Rascon J, Moncada Iribarren I, Garcia Burgos J, Hernandez Fernandez C. [Orgasm and its impact on quality of life after radical prostatectomy]. Actas Urol Esp. 2004; 28(10): 756-60.

82. Barnas JL, Pierpaoli S, Ladd P, Valenzuela R, Aviv N, Parker M, et al. The prevalence and nature of orgasmic dysfunction after radical prostatectomy. BJU Int. 2004; 94(4): 603-5.

83. Nilsson AE, Carlsson S, Johansson E, Jonsson MN, Adding C, Nyberg T, et al. Orgasm-associated urinary incontinence and sexual life after radical prostatectomy. J Sex Med. 2011; 8(9): 2632-9.

84. Manassero F, Di Paola G, Paperini D, Mogorovich A, Pistolesi D, Valent F, et al. Orgasm-associated incontinence (climacturia) after bladder neck-sparing radical prostatectomy: clinical and video-urodynamic evaluation. J Sex Med. 2012; 9(8): 2150-6.

85. D'Amico AV, Whittington R, Malkowicz SB, Schultz D, Blank K, Broderick GA, et al. Biochemical outcome after radical prostatectomy, external beam radiation therapy, or interstitial radiation therapy for clinically localized prostate cancer. JAMA. 1998; 280(11): 969-74.

86. Manassero F, Traversi C, Ales V, Pistolesi D, Panicucci E, Valent F, et al. Contribution of early intensive prolonged pelvic floor exercises on urinary continence recovery after bladder neck-sparing radical prostatectomy: results of a prospective controlled randomized trial. Neurourol Urodyn. 2007; 26(7): 985-9.

87. Ahlering TE, Skarecky D, Lee D, Clayman RV. Successful transfer of open surgical skills to a laparoscopic environment using a robotic interface: initial experience with laparoscopic radical prostatectomy. J Urol. 2003; 170(5): 1738- 41.

88. Licht MR, Klein EA, Tuason L, Levin H. Impact of bladder neck preservation during radical prostatectomy on continence and cancer control. Urology. 1994; 44(6): 883-7.

89. Jenkins LC, Nogueira M, Wilding GE, Tan W, Kim HL, Mohler JL, et al. Median lobe in robot-assisted radical prostatectomy: evaluation and management. Urology. 2008; 71(5): 810-3.

90. Shelfo SW, Obek C, Soloway MS. Update on bladder neck preservation during radical retropubic prostatectomy: impact on pathologic outcome, anastomotic strictures, and continence. Urology. 1998; 51(1): 73-8.

91. Steiner MS, Morton RA, Walsh PC. Impact of anatomical radical prostatectomy on urinary continence. J Urol. 1991; 145(3): 512-4; discussion 4-5. 92. Lowe BA. Comparison of bladder neck preservation to bladder neck resection in maintaining postrostatectomy urinary continence. Urology. 1996;

48(6): 889-93.

93. Krambeck AE, DiMarco DS, Rangel LJ, Bergstralh EJ, Myers RP, Blute ML, et al. Radical prostatectomy for prostatic adenocarcinoma: a matched comparison of open retropubic and robot-assisted techniques. BJU Int. 2009;

103(4): 448-53.

94. Tewari A, Srivasatava A, Menon M, Members of the VIPT. A prospective comparison of radical retropubic and robot-assisted prostatectomy: experience in one institution. BJU Int. 2003; 92(3): 205-10.

95. Ficarra V, Novara G, Fracalanza S, D'Elia C, Secco S, Iafrate M, et al. A prospective, non-randomized trial comparing robot-assisted laparoscopic and retropubic radical prostatectomy in one European institution. BJU Int. 2009;

104(4): 534-9.

96. Di Pierro GB, Baumeister P, Stucki P, Beatrice J, Danuser H, Mattei A. A prospective trial comparing consecutive series of open retropubic and robot- assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy in a centre with a limited caseload.

Eur Urol. 2011; 59(1): 1-6.

97. Kim SC, Song C, Kim W, Kang T, Park J, Jeong IG, et al. Factors determining functional outcomes after radical prostatectomy: robot-assisted versus retropubic. Eur Urol. 2011; 60(3): 413-9.

98. Ou YC, Yang CR, Wang J, Cheng CL, Patel VR. Comparison of robotic- assisted versus retropubic radical prostatectomy performed by a single surgeon. Anticancer Res. 2009; 29(5): 1637-42.

99. Caballero Romeu JP, Palacios Ramos J, Pereira Arias JG, Gamarra Quintanilla M, Astobieta Odriozola A, Ibarluzea Gonzalez G. [Radical prostatectomy: evaluation of learning curve outcomes laparoscopic and robotic- assisted laparoscopic techniques with radical retropubic prostatectomy]. Actas Urol Esp. 2008; 32(10): 968-75.

100. Rocco B, Matei DV, Melegari S, Ospina JC, Mazzoleni F, Errico G, et al. Robotic vs open prostatectomy in a laparoscopically naive centre: a matched-pair analysis. BJU Int. 2009; 104(7): 991-5.

RINGRAZIAMENTI

Ringrazio sentitamente il prof. Selli per la grande opportunità che mi ha concesso e la disponibilità dimostrata nei miei confronti durante il periodo di stesura della tesi.

Ringrazio inoltre la dott.ssa Pistolesi e il prof. Bartoletti per l’importante aiuto che mi hanno fornito nell’organizzazione, elaborazione e analisi dei dati.

E infine non posso dimenticare il contributo insostituibile della dott.ssa Baldesi nella ricerca e nella valutazione dei pazienti di questo studio, oltre a quello della dott.ssa Marzotta, del dott. Santarsieri e di tutti gli altri giovani medici dell’Urologia Universitaria che si sono sempre dimostrati disponibili nell’offrirmi aiuto e sostegno.

Documenti correlati