Climate change: Towards Zero Carbon

According to the Fifth Assessment Report released by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) in November 2014, “…without additional mitigation efforts, by the end of the 21st-century global warming will lead to a high to very high risk of severe, widespread and irreversible impacts globally”. Besides, the Paris Agreement was adopted at the 21st Session of the Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change in December 2015. This agreement sets out the international legal framework for initiatives aimed at the reduction of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases from 2020 for all contracting states. In response to this, the Organising Committee steered into consideration climate change issues and make efforts to minimise carbonisation as an integral part of its preparations for the 2020 Games. This goal represents the intention of Tokyo 2020 and delivery partners to manage the Games focusing on maximum energy savings and use of renewable energy, and thereby to together create the foundation for a decarbonised society. Summary, measures include using existing venues as opposed to constructing new ones, reducing energy use by venues, using power from renewable energy in operations, and promoting the use of transport with a low environmental impact, for example through the use of public transportation and fuel cell vehicles (Tokyo 2020, 2019). The Organising Committee considered the following points to help reduce greenhouse gases that cause climate change:

- Setting specific reduction targets and utilizing Japan’s advanced energy-saving technologies

- Strategic management measures for the reduction of greenhouse gases estimated to be emitted through Games planning and operations (low carbon management)

- Proper accounting of emissions of greenhouse gases (measuring and monitoring of emissions)

- Proper choice of avoidance and/or reduction measures for estimated emissions of greenhouse gases, considering the effects and significance of the measures

- How to deal with the remaining emission of greenhouse gases unavoidable even after the above measures have been taken (carbon offsetting, etc.)

- Measures to mitigate the effect of the urban heat island phenomenon, sudden torrential and downpours (Tokyo 2020, 2016).

138 According to the Sustainability Plan (2018), the Organising Committee established twelve targets as follows:

- Target 1 - Strategic venue planning to fully use existing venues and public transport networks: in addition to the use of existing venues such as Yoyogi National Gymnasium and Nippon Boudican which were the main venues in the 1964 Tokyo Olympic Games, the revised venue plans will ensure the use of existing facilities in about 60% of all venues (25 out of 43 venues), which means the reduction of approximated 80,000 t-CO2.

- Target 2 - Ensuring high environmental performances in the construction of venues: the emission of CO2 will be avoided through the selection of environmentally friendly construction materials and the use of environmental technologies, the use of passive design using natural effects such as natural lights and ventilation at five new permanent venues, the use of recycled materials (e.g. concrete made with recycled aggregates and recycled crushed stones) and friendly materials (e.g. timbers produced in Japan)

- Target 3 - Maximum procurement of materials and goods with high environmental performances: upon procurement of materials and goods, ones with lower CO2 emissions are selected to satisfy environmental laws, regulations, policies, and guidelines.

- Target 4 - Construction of venues by effectively using energy-saving technologies:

improvement of energy efficiency in additionally constructed permanent venues in the entire buildings by actively using functions and technologies with lower environmental loads, ensuring the maintenance of Rank S performance in Comprehensive Assessment System for Built Environment Efficiency (CASBEE) at three new permanent venues and acquisition of Level 3 in the Green Building Program of the Tokyo Metropolitan Government at seven new permanent venues with more than 2,000 mq of total floor area

- Target 5 - Maximum use of facilities and equipment with high energy efficiency: reduction of CO2 emissions through the effective installation of efficient and high-energy-performance facilities and devices, from torches used in the Torch Relay and those from the relay caravan, through the production of uniform for the staff of the Games concerning accommodation for those involved in the Games, via the promotion of energy-saving and encouraging caterers to select environmentally friendly and energy-saving devices and equipment

139 - Target 6 - The implementation of energy management in venue operations, and the installation and use of Building and Energy Management System (BEMS) in new permanent venues: promotion of proper energy management in the operation of the Games by using BEMS at four new permanent venues, reduction of the energy consumption by controlling the use of lighting and air conditioners at workforce areas and other areas

- Target 7 - Reduction of CO2 emissions through the maximum recycling of materials and goods: materials, goods and devices used in the Games must be procured through rental/lease schemes as a basic rule.

- Target 8 - Promotion of transport with lower environmental load: guarantee the maximum use of public transport (implementing travel demand management initiative - TDM) and the use of low-pollution and fuel-efficient vehicles in the Games, promotion of the use of public transport, use of environmentally friendly vehicles such as hybrid vehicles and fuel-cell vehicles, reduction of environmental loads such as CO2 emissions through various efforts including the promotion of eco-driving through rigorous awareness-raising campaigns, the practice of eco-driving in the transport of goods and materials associated with the Games and the provision of efficient transport routes and the reduction of the total volume of vehicle traffic through traffic demand management and the realisation of the smooth traffic environment

- Target 9 - Maximum reduction of greenhouse gases (GHG) besides CO2 (e.g. HFCs):

purchase of devices which run with non-Fluorocarbons (natural refrigerant) and proper prevention of the leakage of Fluorocarbons upon the removal of used refrigeration and air conditioning devices

- Target 10 - Installation of facilities which use renewable energies in new permanent venues: facilities such as solar power systems and geothermal energy systems at permanent venues

- Target 11 - Maximum use of renewable energy: renewable energies are going to be used as the electricity used in the operation of the Tokyo 2020 Games as much as possible through the renewable grid electricity and the purchase of Tradable Green Certificates and the possibility of using renewable energies as fuels is also explored in cooperation with stakeholders

140 - Target 12 - Implementation of offset for CO2 and other greenhouse gases which are inevitably emitted even with the implementation of avoidance/reduction measures of emissions: the CO2 and other greenhouse gasses emitted through the Games which cannot be eliminated through the implementation of measures greenhouse gasses are offset using carbon credits which match with the concept of offset for the Tokyo 2020 Games.

Furthermore, activities to improve awareness toward climate change and actions to reduce future emissions will be promoted through the participation and cooperation of various organisations and groups (Tokyo 2020, 2018).