N
ell’urgenza psichiatrica si valuta generalmente lo stato acuto in cui arrivano i pa- zienti senza considerare il loro passato ed i loro trascorsi psicopatologici, come ad esempio un passato tossicomane. Tuttavia, secondo i nostri dati, analizzare anche il pregresso dell’uso di sostanze appare fondamentale. Infatti, i soggetti con un pregresso uso di sostanze presentano tempi di degenza più lunghi ed un recupero più lento rispet- to a chi non ha un tale passato nella sua storia. Nell’urgenza psichiatrica bisogna tenere quindi in considerazione non solo lo stato mentale acuto del soggetto ma anche il tratto di tossicomania per una migliore efficienza delle strutture di emergenza psichiatrica ed una migliore sinergia di interventi, rivolti a questi specifici pazienti.BiBliografia
1. A.P.A., 1952. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders. American
Psychiatric Association,Washington, DC
2. A.P.A., 1968. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 2nd edn. Ameri-
can Psychiatric Association, Washington, DC.
3. A.P.A., 1980. DSM-III Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, 3d ed. American Psychiatric
Association, Washington,D.C.
4. A.P.A., 1987. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Third Edition.
American Psychiatric Association, Washington, DC. Revised.
5. A.P.A., 1994. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, DSM-IV. Ameri-
can Psychiatric Association, Washington.
6. Aagaard, J., Aagaard, A., & Buus, N. (2014). Predictors of frequent visits to a psychia- tric emergency room: A large-scale register study combined with a small-scale in- terview study. International journal of nursing studies, 51(7), 1003-1013.
7. Albanese, M.J. and R. Pies, The bipolar patient with comorbid substance use disor- der: recognition and management. CNS Drugs, 2004. 18(9): p. 585-96.
8. Anderson, D. N. (2001). Treating depression in old age: the reasons to be positive. Age and Ageing, 30(1), 13-17.
9. Bacciardi, S., Maremmani, A.G.I., Rovai, L., Rugani, F., Pani, P.P., Dell’Osso, L., Pacini, M., Maremmani, I. (2013). Tossicodipendenza, spettro bipolare e discontrollo degli impulsi. MDD 9, 32-40.
10. Belcher, A. M., Volkow, N. D., Moeller, F. G., & Ferré, S. (2014). Personality traits and vulnerability or resilience to substance use disorders. Trends in cognitive sciences, 18(4), 211-217.
11. Belin, D., Mar, A. C., Dalley, J. W., Robbins, T. W., & Everitt, B. J. (2008). High impul- sivity predicts the switch to compulsive cocaine-taking. Science, 320(5881), 1352-
1355.
12. Bergquist, K. L., Fox, H. C., & Sinha, R. (2010). Self-reports of interoceptive respon- ses during stress and drug cue-related experiences in cocaine-and alcohol-depen- dent individuals. Experimental and clinical psychopharmacology, 18(3), 229.
13. Beynon, C. M. (2009). Drug use and ageing: older people do take drugs!. Age and Ageing, 38(1), 8-10.
14. Bolton, J. (2009). Psychiatry in the emergency department. Psychiatry, 8(6), 185-
188.
15. Bonetti, A. (2005). Tossicodipendenza e doppia diagnosi: la relazione d’aiuto in comunità (Vol. 23). FrancoAngeli.
mental health versus addiction treatment settings when social anxiety and sub- stance abuse are comorbid. Addictive behaviors, 37(10), 1158-1161.
17. Buffone, L., (2012). Manuale di metodologia operativa per gli operatori dei servizi sociali. Nuova Santelli Edizioni.
18. Camacho, A. and H.S. Akiskal, Proposal for a bipolar-stimulant spectrum: tempera- ment, diagnostic validation and therapeutic outcomes with mood stabilizers. Jour- nal of Affect Disorders, 2005. 85(1-2): p. 217-30.
19. Chuang, C. W. I., Chan, C., & Leventhal, A. M. (2016). Adolescent Emotional Pathol- ogy and Lifetime History of Alcohol or Drug Use with and without Comorbid Tobac- co Use. Journal of dual diagnosis, (just-accepted), 00-00.
20. Ciapparelli, A., Paggini, R., Carmassi, C., Taponecco, C., Consoli, G., Ciampa, G., ... & Dell’Osso, L. (2010). Patterns of caffeine consumption in psychiatric patients. An Italian study. European Psychiatry, 25(4), 230-235.
21. Clerkin, E. M., & Barnett, N. (2012). The separate and interactive effects of drinking motives and social anxiety symptoms in predicting drinking outcomes. Addictive behaviors, 37(5), 674-677.
22. Cloninger, C. R., Przybeck, T. R., & Svrakic, D. M. (1991). The tridimensional person- ality questionnaire: US normative data. Psychological reports, 69(3), 1047-1057.
23. Coffman, D. L., Melde, C., & Esbensen, F. A. (2015). Gang membership and substance use: guilt as a gendered causal pathway. Journal of experimental criminology, 11(1),
24. Conner, K. R., & Duberstein, P. R. (2004). Predisposing and precipitating factors for suicide among alcoholics: empirical review and conceptual integration. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 28(s1), 6S-17S.
25. Cuomo, C., Sarchiapone, M., Di Giannantonio, M., Mancini, M., & Roy, A. (2008). Ag- gression, impulsivity, personality traits, and childhood trauma of prisoners with substance abuse and addiction. The American journal of drug and alcohol abuse, 34(3), 339-345.
26. Dawson, D. A., Goldstein, R. B., & Grant, B. F. (2013). Prospective correlates of drink- ing cessation: variation across the life-course. Addiction, 108(4), 712-722.
27. Dawson, D.A., R.B. Goldstein, and B.F. Grant, Prospective correlates of drinking cessa- tion: variation across the life-course. Addiction, 2013. 108(4): p. 712-22.
28. de Wit, H., & Richards, J. B. (2004). Dual determinants of drug use in humans: re- ward and impulsivity. In 50th Nebraska Symposium on Motivation, Mar, 2002, Uni- versity of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, US; Presented at the aforementioned symposium..
University of Nebraska Press.
29. Dearing, R. L., Stuewig, J., & Tangney, J. P. (2005). On the importance of distinguish- ing shame from guilt: Relations to problematic alcohol and drug use. Addictive be- haviors, 30(7), 1392-1404.
30. Dearing, R. L., Stuewig, J., & Tangney, J. P. (2005). On the importance of distinguish- ing shame from guilt: Relations to problematic alcohol and drug use. Addictive be- haviors, 30(7), 1392-1404.
31. Dobkin, P. L., Civita, M. D., Paraherakis, A., & Gill, K. (2002). The role of functional social support in treatment retention and outcomes among outpatient adult sub- stance abusers. Addiction, 97(3), 347-356
32. Drake, R.E., Dual diagnosis. Psychiatry, 2007. 6(9): p. 381-384
33. Draper, B. M. (1995). Prevention of suicide in old age. The Medical Journal of Aus- tralia, 162(10), 533-534.
34. Etter, J. F., Pélissolo, A., Pomerleau, C. S., & De Saint-Hilaire, Z. (2003). Associations between smoking and heritable temperament traits. Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 5(3), 401-409.
35. Everitt, B. J., Dickinson, A., & Robbins, T. W. (2001). The neuropsychological basis of addictive behaviour. Brain Research Reviews, 36(2), 129-138.
36. Fassino, S., Daga, G. A., Delsedime, N., Rogna, L., & Boggio, S. (2004). Quality of life and personality disorders in heroin abusers. Drug and alcohol dependence, 76(1),
73-80.
37. Fazel, S., Lichtenstein, P., Grann, M., Goodwin, G. M., & Långström, N. (2010). Bipolar disorder and violent crime: new evidence from population-based longitudinal stud- ies and systematic review. Archives of general psychiatry, 67(9), 931-938.
38. Feinstein, A. R. (1970). The pre-therapeutic classification of co-morbidity in chron- ic disease. Journal of chronic diseases, 23(7), 455-468.
39. Fiorentini, A., et al., Substance-induced psychoses: a critical review of the litera- ture. Current Drug Abuse Reviews, 2011. 4(4): p. 228-40.
40. First, M. B., Gibbon, M., & Spitzer, R. L. (1997). User’s guide for the structured clinic- al interview for DSM-IV axis II personality disorders: SCID-II. American Psychiatric Pub.
41. First, M. B., Spitzer, R. L., Gibbon, M., & Williams, J. B. (1994). Structured clinical interview for Axis I DSM-IV disorders. Patient Edition (SCID-I/P, vs 2.0).
42. Flint, A. J. (1994). Epidemiology and comorbidity of anxiety disorders in the elder- ly. The American journal of psychiatry, 151(5), 640.
43. Gfroerer, J., Penne, M., Pemberton, M., & Folsom, R. (2003). Substance abuse treat- ment need among older adults in 2020: the impact of the aging baby-boom cohort.
Drug and alcohol dependence, 69(2), 127-135.
44. Gordek, H., Folsom, R., & Virag, T. G. (2013). Substance abuse and mental health ser- vices administration. National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH): Summary of Methodological Studies, 1971–2014. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Rockville, MD
45. Gournellis, R., Oulis, P., & Howard, R. (2014). Psychotic major depression in older people: a systematic review. International journal of geriatric psychiatry, 29(8),
784-796.
46. Grant, B. F., Stinson, F. S., Dawson, D. A., Chou, S. P., Ruan, W. J., & Pickering, R. P. (2004). Co-occurrence of 12-Month Alcohol and Drug Use Disorders and Personal- ityDisorders in the United States: Results From the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and RelatedConditions. Archives of general psychiatry, 61(4), 361-368.
47. Grassi, G. (1993). Emergenza in psichiatria. Strategie e percorsi operativi nel servizio pubblico (Vol. 9). FrancoAngeli.
48. Guy, W. (1976). Clinical global impression scale. The ECDEU Assessment Manual for Psychopharmacology-Revised. Volume DHEW Publ No ADM 76, 338, 218-222.
49. Hankin, A., Daugherty, M., Bethea, A., & Haley, L. (2013). The Emergency Depart- ment as a prevention site: A demographic analysis of substance use among ED pa- tients. Drug and alcohol dependence, 130(1), 230-233.
50. Hassani-Abharian, P., Ganjgahi, H., Tabatabaei-Jafari, H., Oghabian, M. A., Mokri, A., & Ekhtiari, H. (2015). Exploring Neural Correlates of Different Dimensions in Drug Crav- ing Self-Reports among Heroin Dependents. Basic and clinical neuroscience, 6(4), 271.
51. Hinnenthal, I. M., & Cibin, M. (2011). Il trattamento residenziale breve delle dipen- denze da alcol e cocaina. Il modello Soranzo. SEEd.
52. Jones, S. H., Thornicroft, G., Coffey, M., & Dunn, G. (1995). A brief mental health out- come scale-reliability and validity of the Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF).
The British Journal of Psychiatry, 166(5), 654-659.
53. Kessler, R. C., McGonagle, K. A., Zhao, S., Nelson, C. B., Hughes, M., Eshleman, S., ... & Kendler, K. S. (1994). Lifetime and 12-month prevalence of DSM-III-R psychiatric disorders in the United States: results from the National Comorbidity Survey. Ar- chives of general psychiatry, 51(1), 8-19.
54. Kessler, R. C., Nelson, C. B., McGonagle, K. A., Edlund, M. J., Frank, R. G., & Leaf, P. J. (1996). The epidemiology of co-occurring addictive and mental disorders: impli-
cations for prevention and service utilization. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 66(1), 17.
55. Kessler, R.C., The epidemiology of dual diagnosis. Biological Psychiatry, 2004.
56(10): p. 730-7.
56. Kirshenbaum, A. P., Olsen, D. M., & Bickel, W. K. (2009). A quantitative review of the ubiquitous relapse curve. Journal of substance abuse treatment, 36(1), 8-17.
57. Kirshenbaum, A. P., Olsen, D. M., & Bickel, W. K. (2009). A quantitative review of the ubiquitous relapse curve. Journal of substance abuse treatment, 36(1), 8-17.
58. Kohn, R., Vicente, B., Saldivia, S., Rioseco, P., & Torres, S. (2008). Psychiatric epi- demiology of the elderly population in Chile. The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 16(12), 1020-1028.
59. Krmpotich, T., Mikulich-Gilbertson, S., Sakai, J., Thompson, L., Banich, M. T., & Tanabe, J. (2015). Impaired Decision-Making, Higher Impulsivity, and Drug Se- verity in Substance Dependence and Pathological Gambling. Journal of addiction medicine.
60. Lai, H. M. X., Cleary, M., Sitharthan, T., & Hunt, G. E. (2015). Prevalence of comorbid substance use, anxiety and mood disorders in epidemiological surveys, 1990-2014: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Drug and Alcohol Dependence.
61. Locke, G. W., Shilkret, R., Everett, J. E., & Petry, N. M. (2015). Interpersonal guilt and substance use in college students. Substance abuse, 36(1), 113-118.
mental status and dual diagnosis in heroin addicts entering treatment. Heroin Ad- diction and Related Clinical Problems, 2011. 13(4): p. 27-34.
63. Lucchini, A. (2014). Società Consumi Dipendenze. Principi Contesti Servizi: Principi Contesti Servizi. FrancoAngeli.
64. Lucchini, A. (Ed.). (2001). La diagnosi nei disturbi da uso di sostanze (Vol. 1). Fran-
coAngeli.
65. Mahoney, J. J., Thompson-Lake, D. G., Cooper, K., Verrico, C. D., Newton, T. F., & De La Garza, R. (2015). A comparison of impulsivity, depressive symptoms, lifetime stress and sensation seeking in healthy controls versus participants with cocaine or methamphetamine use disorders. Journal of Psychopharmacology, 29(1), 50-
56.
66. Mantegazza, P. (1992). Fisiologia del piacere (Vol. 129). Edizioni Studio Tesi.
67. Maremmani, A. G. I., Rugani, F., Bacciardi, S., Rovai, L., Pacini, M., Dell’Osso, L., & Maremmani, I. (2014). Does dual diagnosis affect violence and moderate/super- ficial self-harm in heroin addiction at treatment entry? Journal of addiction medi- cine, 8(2), 116-122.
68. Maremmani, A.G.I., et al., Chronology of illness in dual diagnosis heroin addicts: The role of mood disorders. Journal of Affective Disorders, 2015. 179: p. 156-160.
69. Maremmani, A.G.I., et al., Dual diagnosis and chronology of illness in 1090 treat- ment seeking Italian heroin dependent patients. Journal of Addictive Diseases, 2011.
ment-resistant patients with bipolar 1 comorbidity after admission to enhanced methadone maintenance. Journal of Affect Disorders, 2013. 151(2): p. 582-589.
71. Maremmani, I., Akiskal, H. S., Signoretta, S., Liguori, A., Perugi, G., & Cloninger, R. (2005). The relationship of Kraepelian affective temperaments (as measured by TEMPS-I) to the tridimensional personality questionnaire (TPQ). Journal of affect- ive disorders, 85(1), 17-27.
72. Maremmani, I., et al., Concurrent abuse of cannabis is associated with a shorter du- ration of hospitalization in treatment-resistant psychotic bipolar inpatients treat- ed with clozapine. Addictive Disorders and Their Treatment, 2006. 5(1): p. 1-7.
73. Maremmani, I., et al., The mental status of 1090 heroin addicts at entry into treat- ment: should depression be considered a ‘dual diagnosis’? Annual of General Psy- chiatry, 2007. 6: p. 31.
74. Maremmani, I., et al., Toward a unitary perspective on the bipolar spectrum and substance abuse: opiate addiction as a paradigm. Journal of Affective Disorders,
2006. 93(1-3): p. 1-12.
75. Maremmani, I., Pacini, M., Popovic, D., Romano, A., Maremmani, A. G., Perugi, G., ... & Akiskal, H. (2009). Affective temperaments in heroin addiction. Journal of affective disorders, 117(3), 186-192.
76. Maremmani, I., Pani, P.P., Pacini, M., Bizzarri, I.V., Trogu, E., Maremmani, A.G.I., Rovai, L., Bacciardi, S., Rugani, F., Perugi, G., Gerra, G., Dell’Osso, L., (2013). Sintomi di psi- copatologia caratteristici della dipendenza da oppiacei. MDD 9, 41-52.
77. Mele, Gianfranco, Lomagistro, Teresa, Picaro, Francesca, Di Fonzo, Silvio, Magno, Giancarlo, & Simeone, Vincenzo (2003). Giovani, discoteca, alcol, sostanze: risultati di un’indagine sui consumi, atteggiamenti e stili di vita nel territorio tarantino. Bol- lettino per le farmacodipendenze el alcoolismo, 26(1), 35.
78. Merikangas, K. R., Mehta, R. L., Molnar, B. E., Walters, E. E., Swendsen, J. D., Aguilar- Gaziola, S., ... & Kolody, B. (1998). Comorbidity of substance use disorders with mood and anxiety disorders: results of the International Consortium in Psychiatric Epidemiology. Addictive behaviors, 23(6), 893-907.
79. Millon, T., Lerner, M. J., & Weiner, I. B. (2003). Handbook of Psychology, Personality and Social Psychology (Vol. 5). John Wiley & Sons.
80. Milton, A. L., & Everitt, B. J. (2012). The persistence of maladaptive memory: ad- diction, drug memories and anti-relapse treatments. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 36(4), 1119-1139.
81. Minassian, A., Vilke, G. M., & Wilson, M. P. (2013). Frequent emergency department visits are more prevalent in psychiatric, alcohol abuse, and dual diagnosis condi- tions than in chronic viral illnesses such as hepatitis and human immunodeficiency virus. The Journal of emergency medicine, 45(4), 520-525.
82. Morrison, J. (2014). DSM-5® Made Easy. Percorsi alla diagnosi. Edra.
83. Mueser, K. T., Yarnold, P. R., Rosenberg, S. D., Swett Jr, C., Miles, K. M., & Hill, D. (2000). Substance use disorder in hospitalized severely mentally ill psychiatric
patients: Prevalence, correlates, and subgroups. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 26(1),
179.
84. Narvaez, J. C., Jansen, K., Pinheiro, R. T., Kapczinski, F., Silva, R. A., Pechansky, F., & Magalhães, P. V. (2014). Psychiatric and substance-use comorbidities associated with lifetime crack cocaine use in young adults in the general population. Compre- hensive psychiatry, 55(6), 1369-1376.
85. Olmstead, M. C. (2006). Animal models of drug addiction: where do we go from here?. The Quarterly journal of experimental psychology, 59(4), 625-653.
86. Overall, J. E., & Gorham, D. R. (1962). The brief psychiatric rating scale. Psychologic- al reports, 10(3), 799-812.
87. Özdel, K., & Ekinci, S. (2014). Distress intolerance in substance dependent patients.
Comprehensive psychiatry, 55(4), 960-965.
88. Pabst, A., Kraus, L., Piontek, D., & Baumeister, S. E. (2012). Age differences in diag- nostic criteria of DSM-IV alcohol dependence among adults with similar drinking behaviour. Addiction, 107(2), 331-338.
89. Pani, P. P., Maremmani, I., Trogu, E., Gessa, G. L., Ruiz, P., & Akiskal, H. S. (2010). De- lineating the psychic structure of substance abuse and addictions: Should anxiety, mood and impulse-control dysregulation be included? Journal of affective disorders, 122(3), 185-197.
90. Pani, P.P., et al., Delineating the psychic structure of substance abuse and addic- tions: should anxiety, mood and impulse-control dysregulation be included? Jour-
nal of Affective Disorders, 2010. 122(3): p. 185-97.
91. Panksepp, J. (2005). Affective consciousness: Core emotional feelings in animals and humans. Consciousness and cognition, 14(1), 30-80.
92. Panksepp, J. (2007). Neurologizing the psychology of affects: How appraisal-based constructivism and basic emotion theory can coexist. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 2(3), 281-296.
93. Panksepp, J., & Biven, L., (2015). Archeologia della mente, Origini neuroevolutive delle emozioni umane. Raffaello Cortina Editore.
94. Perone, R., & Pecori, D. (2002). Tossicodipendenze. Metodo diagnostico, comorbidità, ricerca. (Vol. 4). FrancoAngeli.
95. Perry, J. L., & Carroll, M. E. (2008). The role of impulsive behavior in drug abuse.
Psychopharmacology, 200(1), 1-26.
96. Picci, R. L., Versino, E., Oliva, F., Giaretto, R. M., Ostacoli, L., Trivelli, F., ... & Furlan, P. M. (2013). Does substance use disorder affect clinical expression in first-hospital- ization patients with schizophrenia? Analysis of a prospective cohort. Psychiatry research, 210(3), 780-786.
97. Pournaghash-Tehrani, S., Hassantash, M., & Imani, S. (2011). Assessment of reward dependence and its subscales in drug addicts and non addicts. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 15, 198-202.
98. Rady, A., et al., Dual diagnosis of anxiety disorders and substance abuse: the need for awareness. EUROPEAN PSYCHIATRY, 2013. 28, Supplement 1(0): p. 1.
99. Rady, A., et al., Dual diagnosis of mood disorder and substance abuse: the need for awareness. EUROPEAN PSYCHIATRY, 2013. 28, Supplement 1(0): p. 1
100. Rady, A., et al., Dual diagnosis of schizophrenia and substance abuse: the need for awareness. EUROPEAN PSYCHIATRY, 2013. 28(Journal Article).
101. Regier, D. A., Farmer, M. E., Rae, D. S., Locke, B. Z., Keith, S. J., Judd, L. L., & Goodwin, F. K. (1990). Comorbidity of mental disorders with alcohol and other drug abu- se: Results from the Epidemiologic Catchment Area (ECA) study. Jama, 264(19),
2511-2518.
102. Rigliano, P. (2004). Piaceri drogati: psicologia del consumo di droghe. Feltrinelli
Editore.
103. Rigliano, P., (2015). Doppia diagnosi: tra tossicodipendenza e psicopatologia. Raf-
faello Cortina Editore.
104. Robbins, T. (2002). The 5-choice serial reaction time task: behavioural pharma- cology and functional neurochemistry. Psychopharmacology, 163(3-4), 362-380.
105. Rognli, E. B., Berge, J., Håkansson, A., & Bramness, J. G. (2015). Long-term risk factors for substance-induced and primary psychosis after release from prison. A longitudinal study of substance users. Schizophrenia research, 168(1), 185-190.
106. Rugani, F., et al., Symptomatological Features of Patients with and without Ecsta- sy Use during Their First Psychotic Episode. International Journal of Environmen- tal Research and Public Health, 2012. 9(7): p. 2283-92.
MEDICAL SETTING: Suggestive Behaviors, Syndromes, and Diagnoses. Innova- tions in Clinical Neuroscience, 2015. 12(7-8): p. 39-44.
108. Skodol, A. E., Oldham, J. M., & Gallaher, P. E. (2014). Axis II comorbidity of sub- stance use disorders among patients referred for treatment of personality disor- ders. American Journal of Psychiatry.
109. Strepparola, G., & Di Carlo, C. (Eds.). (2005). Le radici dell’innovazione. Ricerche e progetti degli operatori delle dipendenze (Vol. 21). FrancoAngeli.
110. Sutker, P. B., Archer, R. P., & Allain, A. N. (1978). Drug abuse patterns, personality characteristics, and relationships with sex, race, and sensation seeking. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 46(6), 1374.
111. Swendsen, J. D., & Merikangas, K. R. (2000). The comorbidity of depression and substance use disorders. Clinical psychology review, 20(2), 173-189.
112. Tiziana, F., Cristiana, M., Barbara, C., Mara, S., Vincenzo, V., & Paola, R. (2014). Substance use disorders in hospitalized psychiatric patients: The experience of one psychiatric emergency service in Turin. Comprehensive psychiatry, 55(5),
1234-1243.
113. Tull, M.T., K.L. Gratz, and N.H. Weiss, Exploring associations between borderline personality disorder, crack/cocaine dependence, gender, and risky sexual behav- ior among substance-dependent inpatients. Personality Disorders, 2011. 2(3): p.
209-19.
der: a study in Turkish sample. Substance, Use & Misuse, 2006. 41(8): p. 1171-8.
115. Vorspan, F., Fortias, M., Zerdazi, E. H., Karsinti, E., Bloch, V., Lépine, J. P., ... & Der- ks, E. M. (2015). Self-reported cue-induced physical symptoms of craving as an indicator of cocaine dependence. The American Journal on Addictions, 24(8), 740-
743.
116. Waern, M., Rubenowitz, E., & Wilhelmson, K. (2003). Predictors of suicide in the old elderly. Gerontology, 49(5), 328-334.
117. Wedekind, D., Bandelow, B., Heitmann, S., Havemann-Reinecke, U., Engel, K. R., & Huether, G. (2013). Attachment style, anxiety coping, and personality-styles in withdrawn alcohol addicted inpatients. Substance abuse treatment, prevention, and policy, 8(1), 1.
118. Whitbeck, L. B., Armenta, B. E., & Welch-Lazoritz, M. L. (2015). Borderline person- ality disorder and Axis I psychiatric and substance use disorders among women experiencing homelessness in three US cities. Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology, 1-7.
119. Wingo, T., Nesil, T., Choi, J. S., & Li, M. D. (2015). Novelty Seeking and Drug Ad- diction in Humans and Animals: From Behavior to Molecules. Journal of Neu- roimmune Pharmacology, 1-15.
120. Wobrock, T., et al., Comorbid substance abuse in first-episode schizophrenia: Ef- fects on cognition and psychopathology in the EUFEST study. Schizophrenia Re- search, 2013. 147(1): p. 132-139.
121. Wojnar, M., Ilgen, M. A., Jakubczyk, A., Wnorowska, A., Klimkiewicz, A., & Brower, K. J. (2008). Impulsive suicide attempts predict post-treatment relapse in alco- hol-dependent patients. Drug and alcohol dependence, 97(3), 268-275.
122. Zaaijer, E. R., Bruijel, J., Blanken, P., Hendriks, V., Koeter, M. W., Kreek, M. J., ... & van den Brink, W. (2014). Personality as a risk factor for illicit opioid use and a protective factor for illicit opioid dependence. Drug and alcohol dependence, 145,
101-105.
123. Zuckerman, M., Kuhlman, D. M., Joireman, J., Teta, P., & Kraft, M. (1993). A com- parison of three structural models for personality: The Big Three, the Big Five, and the Alternative Five. Journal of personality and social psychology, 65(4), 757.