(descrizione e commenti sono limitati ai simboli diversi da quelli già presenti in SAMPA, cfr. APPENDICE [B], ed evidenziati in grassetto).
I simboli con (*) rappresentano una versione parzialmente diversa da X-SAMPA: si tratta dei tre allofoni approssimanti delle occlusive bilabiale, dentale e velare [B, D, G] utilizzati nell’adattamento del SAMPA allo spagnolo (gli stessi simboli indicano fricative nell’alfabeto X-SAMPA standard).
E’ stata introdotta, inoltre, l’etichetta ‘_f’ per indicare la ‘fricativizzazione’ (totale o parziale) di una consonante, da apporre dopo l’elemento modificato in analogia con gli altri diacritici.
Simbolo X- SAMPA
descrizione corrispettivo
IPA e/o esempiocommento
p p b b B (*) allofono approssimante dell’occlusiva bilabiale B t t d d D (*) allofono approssimante dell’occlusiva dentale D k k g g G (*) allofono approssimante dell’occlusiva velare F ts ts dz dz tS tS dZ dZ f f v v s s z z S S
Z allofono fricativo dell’affricata
palatale sonora /dZ/ Z
n n
N allofono velare della nasale N allofono condizionato contestualmente (es: banco [baNko])
M allofono labiodentale della nasale M allofono condizionato contestualmente (es: anfora [aMfora])
J ¯ r r 4 allofono monovibrante di /r/ R l l L ¥ j j w w i i e e E E a a O ç o o u u
@ schwa, vocale centrale media ´ risultato dei fenomeni di
centralizzazione vocalica, per esempio in fine di parola (es: casa [kas@]) o per coloritura di /r/ (es: per [pe@], o altro...
6 vocale centrale medio-bassa a
rovesciata
risultato dei fenomeni di
centralizzazione vocalica, soprattutto di /a/ e /O/ (es: capitolo [k6pit6lo]
C+C consonante geminata es: vacca [vakka]
V+V per la trascrizione del dittongo
‘discendente’ es: corteo [kortEo]
semiV+V per la trascrizione del dittongo
‘ascendente’ es: fiore [fjore]
~ nasalizzato a) da apporre dopo l’elemento
(es: [informattsjo~]
_v sonorizzato pª da apporre dopo l’elemento
es: [komp_vlEto]
_0 desonorizzato d8 da apporre dopo l’elemento
es: [kwand_0o]
_h aspirato kH da apporre dopo l’elemento
es: [k_hasa]]
_j palatalizzato kJ da apporre dopo l’elemento
es: [k_jina]
_f fricativizzato da apporre dopo l’elemento
es: [vEr_fso]
= sillabico s` da apporre dopo l’elemento
es: [differEns=]
v\ approssimante labiodentale V es: [div\Ersa]
h\ fricativa glottidale sonora ?
H\ fricativa glottidale sorda h
APPENDICE [D]
RIFERIMENTI BIBLIOGRAFICI
ed ALTRE FONTI utilizzate per la stesura del presente documento.
Bibliografia citata:
Barry, W., Fourcin, A.J., 1992, ‘Levels of Labelling’, Computer Speech and Language, 6:
1-14.
Canepari, L., 1992, Manuale di pronuncia italiana, Zanichelli, Bologna.
Cole, R., Oshika, B.T., Noel, M., Lander, T., Fanty, M., 1994, ‘Labeler Agreement in
Phonetic Labeling of Continuous Speech’, in Proceedings of the 1994 international Conference on Spoken Language Processing, Yokohama, Japan, 18-22 September 1994, URL: http://www.cse.ogi.edu/CSLU/corpora/papers.html.
Cosi, P., Falavigna, D., Omologo, M., 19??, ‘A preliminary Statistical Evaluation of Manual
and Automatic Segmentation Discrepancy’, in...
Cosi, P., Omologo, M., 1991, ‘Caratterizzazione statistica della segmentazione manuale del
segnale vocale’, in Atti del XIX Convegno AIA, Napoli, 10-12 Aprile, 1991, pp: 375-381.
Edwards, J.A., 1993, ‘Principles and Contrasting Systems of Discource Transcription’, in
Edwards, J.A., Lampert, M.D., (eds), Talking Data: Transcription and Coding in Discource Research, Lawrence Erlbaum Associated Publishers, Hillsdale, New Jersey, pp: 3-31.
Endo, R., Bertinetto, P.M., 1999, ‘Caratteristiche prosodiche delle cosiddette ‘rafforzate’
italiane’, in Atti delle IX Giornate di studio del Gruppo di Fonetica Sperimentale, Venezia, 17-19 Dicembre 1998, pp. 243-255.
Eisen, B., 1993, ‘Reliability of speech segmentation and labelling at different levels of
transcription’, in Eurospeech’93. 3rd European Conference on Speech Communication and Technology, Berlin, Germany, 21-23 September 1993, vol.1: 673-676.
Gibbon, D., Moore, R., Winski, R., (eds) 1997, Handbook of Standard and Resource for
Spoken Language Systems, Mouton de Gruyter, Berlin-NewYork.
Kohler, K., Pätzold, M., Simpson, A., 1995, From scenario to segment. The controlled
elicitation, transcription, segmentation and labelling of spontaneous speech. Arbeitsberichte (AIPUK) nr.29, Institut für Phonetik und digitale Sprachverarbeitung,
Univesität Kiel.
Llisterri, J., 1997, ‘Trascripción, etiquetado y codificación de corpus orales’, URL:
http://liceu.uab.es/~joaquim/publicacions/FDS97.html.
Mariño, J.B., Llisterri, J., 1993, ‘Spanish Adaptation of SAMPA and Automatic Phonetic
Transcription’, SAM-A/UPC/001/v1 20th April 1993. ESPRIT PROJECT 6819 (SAM-A Speech Tecnology Assesment in Multilingual Applications).
Nespor, M., 1993, Fonologia, Il Mulino, Bologna.
Salza, P.L. 1991. ‘La problematica della segmentazione del segnale vocale’, in Magno
Caldognetto E. e F. Ferrero (acd), Trattamento del segnale vocale ed elaborazione statistica dei dati. Atti delle Ie Giornate di Studio del Gruppo di Fonetica Sperimentale (AIA), Padova 3-6.XI.1990, Collana degli Atti dell’Associazione Italiana di Acustica, XVIII: 23-48.
Tillmann, H.G., Pompino-Marschall, B., 1993, ‘Theoretical Principles concerning
Segmentation, Labelling Strategies and Levels of Categorical Annotation for Spoken Language Database Systems’, in Eurospeech’93. 3rd European Conference on Speech Communication and Technology, Berlin, Germany, 21-23 September 1993, vol.3:1691- 1694.
Tomlinson, M., 1987, ‘Labelling Methods Session’, in ESPRIT PROJECT 1541 Multilingual
Speech Input-Output Assesment, Methodology and Standardization (SAM), Meeting Report: Labelling, Transcription and Management Methods for Speech Databases.
Wells, J.C., 1994, ‘Computer-coding the IPA: a proposed extension of SAMPA, URL:
http://www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/home/sampa/x-sampa.htm.
Wells, J.C., Barry, W., Fourcin, A.J., 1989, ‘Transcription, Labelling and Reference’, in
Fourcin, A., Harland, G., Barry, W., Hazan, V., (eds), Speech Input and Output Assessment. Multilingual methods and standards., Ellis Horwood Limited and the EEC, Chichester, England.
Altre fonti di riferimento: Generali:
BORTOLINI, U., PIZZUTO, E., (a cura di) 1997, Il progetto CHILDES-Italia. Contributi di ricerca sulla lingua italiana., Edizioni del Cerro, Pisa.
CHAN, D., FOURCIN, A., GIBBON, D., GRANDSTROM, B., HUCKVALE, M., KOKKINAKIS, G., KVALE, K., LAMEL, L., LINDBERG, B., MORENO, A., MOUROPOULOS, J., SENIA, F., TRANCOSO, I., IN ‘T VELD, C., ZEILINGER, J., 1995, ‘EUROM - A Spoken Language Resouces for the EU’, in Eurospeech’95. 4th European Conference on Speech Communication and Speech Technology, Madrid, Spain, 18-21 September, 1995, Vol.1: 867-870.
FOURCIN, A.J., DOLMAZON, J.M., (on behalf of the SAM project), 1991, ‘Speech Knowledge, Standards and Assessment’, in Actes du XIIème Congrès International des Sciences Phonétiques. 19-24 août 1991, Aix-en-Provence, France. Aix-en-Provence: Université de Provence, Service des Publications. Vol.5: 430-433.
HESS, W., KOHLER, K., TILLMANN, H.G., 1995, ‘The Phondat-Verbmobil Speech Corpus’, in Eurospeech’95. 4th European Conference on Speech Communication and Speech Technology, Madrid, Spain, 18-21 September, 1995, Vol.1: 863-866.
LLISTERRI, J., (coord), 1996, Report on Linguistic Resources for Spanish II. Written and Spoken Corpora available or in progress in Spain., Observatorio Español de Industrias de la Lengua, Instituto Cervantes, Alcalá de Henares.
MAC WHINNEY, B., 1997, Il progetto CHILDES. Strumenti per l’analisi del linguaggio parlato, (edizione italiana a cura di E. Pizzuto e U. Bortolini), Edizioni del Cerro, Pisa. REVUE FRANÇAISE DE LINGUISTIQUE APPLIQUÉE - Dossier: CORPUS. De leur constitution à
leur exploitation, Vol I-2, Décembre 1996.
SPEECHDAT, URL: http://www.icp.grenet.fr/SpeechDat/home.html
WINSKI, R., MOORE, R., GIBBON, D., 1995, ‘EAGLES Spoken Language Working Group: Overview and Results’, in Eurospeech’95. 4th European Conference on Speech Communication and Speech Technology, Madrid, Spain, 18-21 September, 1995, Vol.1: 841-844.
Per la trascrizione fonetica:
HIERONYMUS, J.L., 1994, ASCII phonetics symbols for the world’s languages: Worldbet. AT&T Bell laboratories, Technical Memo. URL: http://www.cse.ogi.edu/CSLU/corpora/papers.html.
SAMPA - Computer readable phonetic alphabet, URL: http://www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/home/ sampa/home.htm; http://www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/home/ sampa/italian.htm; http://www.phon. ucl.ac.uk/home/ sampa/x-sampa.htm
TEUBERT, W., 1993, ‘Phonetic-Phonemic and Prosodic Annotation’, NERC Final Report, Workpackage 8: Linguistic Annotation, section 8.1, CNR- Istituto di Linguistica Computazionale, Pisa.
UNIBET, PHONASCII, in Mac Whinney, B., 1997, Il progetto CHILDES. Strumenti per l’analisi del linguaggio parlato, (edizione italiana a cura di E. Pizzuto e U. Bortolini), Edizioni del Cerro, Pisa.
Per la trascrizione-annotazione di dialoghi:
BURNARD, L., 1995, ‘The Text Encoding Initiative: an overview’, in Leech, G., Myers, G., Thomas, J., (eds), Spoken English on Computer. Transcription, Mark-up and Applications, Longman Publishing, New York, pp: 69-81.
CES - Corpus Encoding Standards, URL: http://www.cs.vassar.edu/CES.
DRI - Discourse Resources initiative, URL: http://www.geogetown.edu/luperfoy/Discourse- Treebank/dri-home.html.
DU BOIS, J.W., SCHUETZE-COBURN, S., CUMMING, S., PAOLINO, D., 1993, ‘Outline of Discourse Transcription’, in Edwards, J.A., Lampert, M.D., (eds), Talking Data: Transcription and Coding in Discource Research, Lawrence Erlbaum Associated Publishers, Hillsdale, New Jersey, pp: 45-90.
EDWARDS, J.A., 1992, ‘Design principles in the transcription of spoken discourse’, in Svartvik, J., (ed.), Directions in Corpus Linguistics, Proceedings of the Nobel Symposium 82, Stokholm, 4-8 August 1991, Mouton de Gruyter, Berlin - New York, pp: 129-148. EDWARDS, J.A., 1995, ‘Principles and alternative systems in the transcription, coding and
mark-up of spoken discourse, in Leech, G., Myers, G., Thomas, J., (eds), Spoken English on Computer. Transcription, Mark-up and Applications, Longman Publishing, New York, pp: 19-34.
EHLICH, K., 1994, ‘HIAT: A Transcription Systems for Discourse Data’, in Edwards, J.A., Lampert, M.D., (eds), Talking Data: Transcription and Coding in Discource Research, Lawrence Erlbaum Associated Publishers, Hillsdale, New Jersey, pp: 123-148.
GREENBAUM, S., 1992, ‘A new corpus of English: ICE’, in Svartvik, J., (ed.), Directions in Corpus Linguistics, Proceedings of the Nobel Symposium 82, Stokholm, 4-8 August 1991, Mouton de Gruyter, Berlin - New York, pp: 171-184.
GUMPERZ, J.J., BERENZ, N., 1994, ‘Transcribing Conversational Exchanges’, in Edwards, J.A., Lampert, M.D., (eds), Talking Data: Transcription and Coding in Discource Research, Lawrence Erlbaum Associated Publishers, Hillsdale, New Jersey, pp: 91-122. JEKAT, S., KLEIN, A., MAIER, E., MALECK, I., MAST, M., QUANTZ, J., 1995, ‘Dialogue Acts in
VERBMOBIL’, URL: http://www.dfki.uni-sb.de:80/verbmobil/overview-us.htm.
JOHANSSON, S., 1995, ‘The approach of the Text Encoding Initiative to the encoding of spoken discourse’, in Leech, G., Myers, G., Thomas, J., (eds), Spoken English on Computer. Transcription, Mark-up and Applications, Longman Publishing, New York, pp: 82-98.
MULTEXT - Multilingual Text Tools and Corpora, URL: http://www.lpl.univ- aix.fr/projects/multext.
PAYNE, J., 1995, ‘The COBUILD spoken corpus: transcription conventions’, in Leech, G., Myers, G., Thomas, J., (eds), Spoken English on Computer. Transcription, Mark-up and Applications, Longman Publishing, New York, pp: 203-207.
PEPPÉ, S., 1995, ‘The survey of English Usage and the London-Lund Corpus: computerizing manual prosodic transcription’, in Leech, G., Myers, G., Thomas, J., (eds), Spoken English on Computer. Transcription, Mark-up and Applications, Longman Publishing, New York, pp: 187-202.
SVARTVIK, J., (ed), 1990, The London-Lund Corpus of Spoken English. Description and Research. Lund University Press, Lund.
TAYLOR, L.J., KNOWLES, G., 1988, Manual of Information to accompany the SEC Corpus. The Maschine-readable Corpus of Spoken English. Unit for Computer Research on the English Language, Bowland College, University of Lancaster, Bailrigg, Lancaster.
TEI - Text Encoding Initiative, URL: http://www.tei.uic.edu/orgs/tei.
The CHRISTINE Project, SUSANNE Meets Spoken English, URL: http://cogs.susx.ac.uk/ users/geoffs/RChristine.htm.
The HCRC Map Task Corpus, URL: http://www.cogsci.ed.ac.uk/hcrc/wgs/dialogue/dialog/ maptask.htm.
The MULTIPARTY Discourse Group, URL: http://www.cs.rochester.edu:80/ research/trains/annotation.
THOMPSON, H.S., ANDERSON, A.H., BADER, M., 1995, ‘Publishing a spoken corpus on CD- ROM: the HCRC Map Task experience’, in Leech, G., Myers, G., Thomas, J., (eds), Spoken English on Computer. Transcription, Mark-up and Applications, Longman Publishing, New York, pp: 168-181.
TRIPS: The Rochester Interactiva Planning Systems, URL: http://www.cs.rochester.edu:80/ research/trips
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Per la trascrizione prosodica:
BARRY, W., GIBBON, D., GRICE, M., HIRST, D.J., HOUSE, J., JOHNSON, M., LINDSEY, G., 1990, ‘Achievement of SAM Prosody Group meeting, Nov.1, 1990: Prosodic transcription and labelling’. MG - UCL - 20/12/1990.
GRICE, M., BENZMÜLLER, R., 1995, ‘Transcription of German Intonation using ToBI-Tones. The Saarbrücken System’, Phonus 1: Institute of Phonetics, University of the Saarland. GUIDELINES for ToBI LABELLING, URL: http://ling.ohio-state.edu/Phonetics/
ToBI/ToBI0.html.
INTSINT - International Transcription System for Intonation, URL: http://www.lpl.univ- aix.fr/~hirst/intsint.html.
INTSINT - Prosody Research Team, URL: http://www.lpl.univ-aix.fr/~hirst/prosodie.E.html. LABLITA - Laboratorio Linguistico del Dipartimento di Italianistica dell’Università di
Firenze, URL: http://www.unifi.it/unifi/dipita/ling-lab/homepage.htm; .../ricerche.htm; .../pubblica.htm.
LLISTERRI, J., 1994, ‘Prosody Encoding Survey’, MULTEXT - LRE Project 62-050, WP1 Specifications and Standards. T1.5 Markup Specifications. Deliverable 1.5.3, Final version 15 Sept. 1994.
NICOLAS, P., HIRST, D.J., 1995, ‘Symbolic coding of higher-level characteristics of fundamental frequency curves’, in Eurospeech’95. 4th European Conference on Speech Communication and Speech Technology, Madrid, Spain, 18-21 September, 1995, Vol.1: 989-992.
PROSODY LABELLING GROUP - Germany, URL: http://sbvsrv.ifn.ing.tu-bs.de/prosody/ workshop.html.
SAMPROSA - (SAM Prosodic Transcription), URL: http://www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/home/sampa/ samprosa.htm.
STRANGERT, E., HELDNER, M., 1995, ‘Labelling of boundaries and prominences by phonetically experienced and non-experienced transcribers’, Phonum 3: Reports from the Department of Phonetics, Umeå University.