A comprehensive library of models for fluid components has been here presented: it features a series of model some of which have high general applicability (like the valve or the receiver models) while other have been designed for certain specific applications (like for example the ICE in-cylinder combustion processes). Aim of the work was to provide a set of reliable model that could be easily used and linked together to generate complete and functional overall models of complex power units. The realized model components can be quickly and easily picked up from the specific libraries created within the Simulink® browser and interconnected with other standard Simulink® block, if necessary to enhance the model functionality.
Due to the lack of test facilities and available data on the performances of the different components analyzed, not all the presented models have been effectively validated: a comprehensive validation of the
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models, both in steady state and off design conditions, is part of the future work planned to enhance the proposed library.
To be noted that the Simulink® library is dynamic. This means that any modifications or improvement provided to the models described herein (for example because of a specific calibration of some empirical coefficient for the availability of experimental data) would automatically be passed to any existing Simulink® model where the improved block is employed, greatly simplifying the process of trial of the modifications introduced since prompt feedback on its functionality is provided.
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4
A PPLICATION OF THE
L IBRARIES OF M ODELS
In this Chapter an insight is provided to the way the different model components, belonging to the
‘State determined and ‘Not state determined’ libraries presented in Chapter 3, can be properly coupled together in order to create complete models of energy systems.
The blocks described are therefore picked up from the libraries created and dropped in workspaces where they are linked according to the physical causality that exists between the real components.
Some examples are provided and the focus is here on common and well known energy systems, i.e.
plants or power units that are widely known and studied, to demonstrate how the developed component models can apply for the simulation of whole systems.
A brief description is first provided to a simple complete model of a cogenerative Micro Gas Turbine unit (Par. 4.1). More emphasis is placed upon the description of the Organic Rankine Cycle power unit and the cogenerative Internal Combustion Engine, presented in Par. 4.2 and Par. 4.3 respectively, since the analysis of these power system will be further discussed in Chapter 5 where some possible integration will be analyzed.
Each one of the described power units models (the MGT, ORC and ICE) will be incorporated in independent Simulink® blocks that will eventually be used to create the ‘Complete Power Systems’
library that comes along with the two already presented libraries, constituting the third sub-library of the main ‘Energy Systems’ library, visible in the Simulink® root.
C HAPTER
F OUR
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Nomenclature
m Mass [kg]
m Mass flow rate [kg/s]
n Rotational speed [r/min]
p Pressure [Pa]
s Specific entropy [kJ/kg K]
t Time [s]
H Head [m]
R Specific gas constant [kJ/kg K]
Q Heat flux [MW]
T Temperature [K]
V Volume [m3]
V Volume flow rate [m3/s]
Greek symbols
β Pressure ratio [-]
λv Volumetric efficiency [-]
ρ Density [kg/ m3]
Abbreviations and subscripts
a Air
amb Ambient co Condenser cyl Cylinder
e Electrical eng Engine
ev Evaporator exh Exhaust
f Fuel
g Gas
in Inlet
mep Mean effective pressure mip Mean indicated pressure
out Outlet t Thermal tf Transfer fluid w Water
BDC Bottom dead centre C Compressor CC Combustion chamber CHE Compact heat exchanger CHP Combined heat and power HRB Heat recovery Boiler
ICE Internal combustion engine IM Intake manifold
MGT Micro Gas Turbine ORC Organic Rankine cycle
R Regenerator T Turbine TDC Top dead centre