• Non ci sono risultati.

Prove di sensibilità in vitro

Foto 7: E-test di un ceppo di Cr albidus

46

CONCLUSIONI

La quasi totalità dei lieviti isolati nel corso del presente studio è oggigiorno considerata patogena nei soggetti a rischio, motivo per cui il contatto ravvicinato con i cani potrebbe essere un fattore di rischio per le persone immunocompromesse, avendo queste ultime una più alta probabilità di contrarre infezioni opportunistiche.

La tipizzazione delle diverse specie di lieviti implicati nelle infezioni opportunistiche e la ricerca nell'ambito della sensibilità/resistenza ai farmaci ad attività antifungina da parte di tali patogeni vogliono offrire, insieme all'adozione di adeguate misure di prevenzione delle malattie zoonotiche, un valido contributo al miglioramento del rapporto uomo-animale.

Bisogna considerare, infatti, i benefici complessivi del legame uomo-animale, in generale e più specificatamente nei pazienti affetti da patologie croniche, i quali devono poter continuare a godere dei vantaggi significativi della proprietà dell'animale domestico.

47

BIBLIOGRAFIA

 ARENDRUP MC, BRUUN B, CHRISTENSEN JJ, FUURSTED K, JOHANSEN HK, KJAELDGAARD P, ET AL: “National surveillance of fungemia in Denmark” (2004 to 2009). J Clin Microbiol 2011;49:325–34;

 ARENDRUP MC, FUURSTED K, GAHRN-HANSEN B, SCHONHEYDER HC, KNUDSEN JD, JENSEN IM, ET AL: “Semi-national surveillance of fungaemia in Denmark 2004–2006: increasing incidence of fungaemia and numbers of isolates with reduced azole susceptibility”. Clin Microbiol Infect 2008;14:487–94;

 BOUGNOUX ME, KAC G, AEGERTER P, D’ENFERT C, FAGON JY: “Candidemia and candiduria in critically ill patients admitted to intensive care units in France: incidence, molecular diversity, management and outcome.” Intensive Care Med 2008;34:292–9;

 GUDLAUGSSON O, GILLESPIE S, LEE K, VANDE BERG J, HU J, MESSER S, ET AL: “Attributable mortality of nosocomial candidemia, revisited.” Clin Infect Dis 2003;37:1172–7;

 MARTIN GS, MANNINO DM, EATON S, MOSS M.: “The epidemiology of sepsis in the United States from 1979 through 2000.” N Engl J Med 2003;348:1546–54;

 ABI SAID D, ANAISSIE E, LZUN O, RAAD I, PINZCOWSKI H, VARTIVARIAN S.: “The epidemiology of hematogenous candidiasis caused by different Candida species.” Clin Infect Dis 1997; 24: 1122±1128;

 ABI SAID D, ANNAISSIE E.: Epidemiology of Non-albicans Candida spp.” Bailliere's Clinical Infect Dis 1998; 7: 1131±1133;

 ABI-SAID D, ANAISSIE E, UZUN O, RAAD I, PINZCOWSKI H, VARTIVARIAN S (1997): “The epidemiology of hematogenous candidiasis caused by different Candida species.” Clin Infect Dis 24:122–1128;

 ABI-SAID, D., E. ANAISSE, O. UZUN, I. RAAD, H. PINZCOWSKI, AND S. VARTIVARIAN. 1996: “The epidemiology of hematogenous candidiasis caused by different Candida species.” Clin. Infect. Dis. 24: 1122-1128;

 AJ ULLMANN, OA CORNELY, A BURCHARDT, R HACHEM, DP KONTOYIANNIS K TÖPELT, R.COURTNEY, D WEXLER, G KRISHNA, M MARTINHO, G CORCORAN, I RAAD (2006) “Pharmacokinetics, safety and efficacy of posaconazole in patients

48 with persistent febrile neutropenia or refractory invasive fungal infection” Antimicrob Agents Chemoter. 50 (2):658-666;

 ALLY R., ET AL. 2001: “A randomized, double-blind, double-dummy, multicenter trial of voriconazole and fluconazole in the treatment of esophageal candidiasis in immunocompromised patients.” Clin. Infect. Dis. 33:1447–1454;  ANATOLIOTAKI M, MANTADAKIS E, GALANAKIS E, SAMONIS G: “Rhodotorula

species fungemia: a threat to the immunocompromised host.” Clin Lab. 2003; 49 (1-2): 49-55;

 ANTUNES AGV, PASQUALOTTO AC, DIAZ MC, D’AZEVEDO PA, SEVERO LC, 2004, “Candidemia in a Brazilian tertiary care hospital: species distribution and antifungal susceptibility patterns” Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de Sao Paulo 46, 239–241;

 APISARNTHANARAK A, POWDERLY WG: “Treatment of acute cryptococcal disease.” Expert Opin Pharmacother 2001;2:1259-68;

 AUGUST JR, LOAR AS “Zoonotic diseases of cats” Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract. 1984 Sep;14(5):1117-51;

 AVERBUCH D, BOEKHOUTT T, FALK R, ENGELHARD D, SHAPIRO M, BLOCK C, POLACHECK I: “Fungemia in a cancer patient caused by fluconazole-resistant Cryptococcus laurentii.” 2013; 106(4):361-2;

 BAKER WS, GRAY GC: “A review of publishe d reports regarding zoonotic pathogen infection in veterinarians”; J AM VET MED ASSOC. 2009; 234(10):1271-8;

 BANCHE G, MANDRAS N, GIACCHINO F, SCALAS D, ALLIZOND V, ROANA J, TULLIO V, GARNIERI G, CASTAGNO F, MERLINO C, CUFFINI AM.: “Caspofungin benefit on phagocytes from patients with renal dysfunction infected with multidrug-resistant Candida glabrata.” Future Microbiol. 2013 Sep;8:1091-6;

 BANERJEE P, HAIDER M, TREHAN V, MISHRA B, THAKUR A, DOGRA V, LOOMBA P: “Cryptococcus laurentii Fungemia.” Indian J Med Microbiol 2013;31:75-7;

 BANERJEE SN, EMORI TG, CULVER DH, GAYNES RP, JARVIS WR, HORAN T, EDWARDS JR, TOLSON J, HENDERSON T, MARTONE WJ (1991): “Secular trends in nosocomial primary bloodstream infections in the United States 1980– 1989.”Am J Med 91 (Suppl 3B):86–89;

49  BARNETT JA, PAYNE RW, TARROW D, (1990) “Yeast characteristics and

identification” 2a ed Cambridge University Pree, pag.479;

 BARRY, A L, AND S D BROWN 1996: “In vitro studies of two triazole antifungal agents (voriconazole [UK-109,496] and fluconazole) against Candida species.” Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 40:1948-1949;

 BAUWENS L, SWINNE D, DE VROEY C, DE MEURICH W: “Isolation of Cryptococcus neoformans var. neoformans in the aviaries of the Antwerp Zoological Garden.” Mycosen 1986; 29: 291–294;

 BLANCO MT, CANADAS J, GARCIA-Martos P, Marin P, Garcia-Tapia A, Rodriguez J: “In vitro activities of posaconazole, fluconazole, itraconazole, ketoconazole and voriconazole against Candida glabrata.” Rev Esp Quimioter. 2009 Sep;22(3):139-43;

 BORGHI E, ANDREONI S, CIRASOLA D, RICUCCI V, SCIOTA R, MORACE G: “Antifungal resistance does not necessarily affect Candida glabrata fitness.” J. Chemother. 2013;

 BRILHANTE RSN, CORDEIRO RA, MEDRANO DJA, ROCHA MFG, MONTEIRO AJ, CAVALCANTE CSP, MEIRELES TEF, SIDRIM JJC, 2005 “Onychomycosis in Ceara (Northeast Brazil): epidemiological and laboratory aspects” Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz 100, 131– 135;

 BRITO EHS, FONTENELLE ROS, BRILHANTE RSN, CORDEIRO RA, MONTEIRO AJ, SIDRIM JJC, ROCHA MFG, 2009: “The anatomical distribution and antimicrobial susceptibility of yeast species isolated from healthy dogs.”;

 BROWN MR, THOMPSON CA, MOHAMED FM, 2005 “Systemic candidiasis in an apparently immunocompetent dog” Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 17, 272–276;

 BURNIK C, ALTINTAS ND, OZKAYA G, SERTER T, SELÇK ZT, FIRAT P, ARIKAN S, CUENCA-ESTRELLA M, TOPELI A: “Acute respiratory distress syndrome due to Cryptococcus albidus pneumonia: case report and review of the literature.” Med Mycol. 2007 Aug;45(5):469-73;

 CAFARCHIA C, CAMARDA A, ROMITO D, CAMPOLO M, QUAGLIA NC, TULLIO D, ET AL: “Occurrence of yeasts in cloacae of migratory birds.” Mycopathologia. 2006;161:229–34;

50  CAFARCHIA C, ROMITO D, IATTA R, CAMARDA A, MONTAGNA MT, OTRANTO D: “Role of birds of prey as carriers and spreaders of Cryptococcus neoformans and other zoonotic yeasts.” Med Mycol. 2006 Sep;44(6):485-92;

 CAFARCHIA C, GALLO S, CAPELLI G, OTRANTO D, 2005: “Occurrence and population size of Malassezia spp. in the external ear canal of dogs and cats both healthy and with otitis” Mycopathologia 160, 143–149;

 CAFARCHIA C, GALLO S, ROMITO D, CAPELLI G, CHERMETTE R, GUILLOT J, OTRANTO D, 2005 “Frequency, body distribution, and population size of Malassezia species in healthy dogs and in dogs with localized cutaneous lesions” Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 17, 316–322;

 CAFARCHIA C, OTRANTO D, 2004: “Association between phospholipase production by Malassezia pachydermatis and skin lesions” Journal of Clinical Microbiology 142, 4868–4869;

 CAICEDO LD, ALVAREZ MI, DELGADO M, CARDENAS A: “Cryptococcus neoformans in bird excreta in the city zoo of Cali, Colombia.” Mycopathologia 1999; 147: 121–124;

 CASADEVALL A, PERFECT JR: “Cryptococcus neoformans.” Washington: ASM Press, 1998 541;

 CHANDRASEKAR PH, MANAVATHU E 2001: “Voriconazole: a second generation triazole.” Drugs Today 37:135–148;

 CHANG SE, KIM KJ, LEE WS, CHOI JH, SUNG KJ, MOON KC, KOH JK.: “A case of Trichosporon cutaneum folliculitis and septicaemia.”Clin Exp Dermatol. 2003 Jan;28(1):37-8;

 CHEE HY, LEE KB: “Isolation of Cryptococcus neoformans var. grubii (serotype A) from pigeon droppings in Seoul, Korea.” J Microbiol.2005;43:469–72;

 CHEN SCA, SORREL TC (2007) “Antifungal agents” Med J Australia; 187 (7); 404-409;

 CHOPRA T, BHARGAVA A, KUMAR S, CHOPRA A, DHAR S, AFONSO L, SOBEL JD. “Candida kefyr endocarditis in a patient with hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy.”Am J Med Sci. 2010;

 CAIRA M, TRECARICHI EM, TUMBARELLO M, LEONE G, PAGANO L.: “Uncommon yeast infections in hematological patients: from diagnosis to treatment.” Journal of Hospital Infection, Volume 51, Issue 4 , Pages 297-304, August 2002;

51  CLEVELAND KO, GELFAND MS, RAO V: “Posaconazole as successful treatment for fungemia due to Cryptococcus albidus in a liver transplant recipient.” Korean J Intern Med. 2004 Mar;19(1):53-7;

 CORNELY OA, ET AL 2007: “Posaconazole vs. fluconazole or itraconazole prophylaxis in patients with neutropenia.” N. Engl. J. Med. 356:348–359;

 COSTA JJ, CASTELO SD, COLLARES MAIA B, NOGUEIRA BRILHANTE RS, PEIXOTO SOARES GD, CORDEIRO RA, MONTEIRO AJ, GADELHA ROCHA MF: “Candida species isolated from the gastrointestinal tract of cockatiels (Nymphicus hollandicus): In vitro antifungal susceptibility profile and phospholipase activity”; Veterinary Microbiology 145 (2010) 324–328;

 COUTINHO SDA, 2005: “Malassezia pachydermatis: enzymes production in isolates from external ear canal of dogs with and without otitis” Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinaria e Zootecnia 57, 149– 153;

 DIKTAS H, GULEC B, BAYLAN O, ONCUL O, TURHAN V, ACAR A, GORENEK L: “Intraabdominal abscess related fungaemia caused by Rhodotorula glutinis in a non-neutropenic cancer patient.”Acta Clin Belg. 2013 Jan-Feb;68(1):62-4;

 DROUHET E: “Milestones in the history of Cryptococcus and cryptococcosis.” J Mycol Med 1997, 7:10–27;

 EDWARDS JE ET AL: “International Conference for the development of a consensus on the Management and Prevention of Severe Candidal Infections.” Clin Infect Dis 1997; 25: 43±59;

 ELKAMOUNI Y, LMIMOUNI B, DOGHMI K, ELOUENASS M: “Candidémie à

Candida famata chez un patient immunodéprimé: à propos d’un cas et revue de

la littérature.” Ann Biol Clin 2011 : 69 : 609-11;

 ELMER KB, ELSTON DM, LIBOW LF: “Trichosporon beigelii infection presenting as white piedra and onychomycosis in the same patient.” Cutis. 2002 Oct;70(4):209-11;

 EMILIO BOUZA, PATRICIA MUNOZ: “Epidemiology of candidemia in intensive care units.” International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents 32 Suppl. 2 (2008) S87–S91;

52  ENOCH DA, LUDLAM HA, BROWN NM, (2006) “Invasive Fungal Infections: a review of epidemiology and management options” J Med Microbiol, 55: 809- 818;

 ESPINEL-INGROFF A 1998: “In vitro activity of the new triazole voriconazole (UK-109,496) against opportunistic filamentous and dimorphic fungi and common and emerging yeast pathogens.” J. Clin. Microbiol. 36:198-202;

 ESPINEL-INGROFF A, BOYLE K, SHEEHAN DJ 2001: “In vitro antifungal activities of voriconazole and reference agents as determined by NCCLS methods: review of the literature.” Mycopathologia 150:101-115;

 FILIU WFO, WANKE B, AGUENA SM, VILELA VO, MACEDO RCL, LAZERA M: “Cativeiro de aves como fonte de Cryptococcus neoformans na cidade de Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil.” Rev Soc Bras Med Trop. 2002;35:591–5;

 FOURNIER S, PAVAGEAU W, FEUILLHADE M, DEPLUS S, ZAGDANSKI AM, VEROLA O, DOMBRET H, MOLINA JM (2002): “Use of Voriconazole to Successfully Treat Diseminate Trichosporon asahii Infection in a Patient with Acute Myeloid Leukaemia” Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis, 21:892-896;

 FRADIN C KRETSCHMAR M, NICHTERLEIN T, GAILLARDIN C, D’ENFERT C, HUBE B: “Stage-specific gene expression of Candida albicans in human blood.” Mol Microbiol. 2003 Mar;47(6):1523-43;

 FRADIN C, KRETSCHMAR M, NICHTERLEIN T, GAILLARDIN C, D'ENFERT C, HUBE B (2003): “Stage-specific gene expression of Candida albicans in human blood”, Mol Microbiol. Mar; 47 (6): 1523-43;

 FRASER VJ, JONES, M, DUNKEL J, STORFER S, MEDOFF G, DUNAGAN WC: “Candidemia in a tertiary care hospital: epidemiology, risk factors and predictors of mortality.” Clin Infect Dis 1992; 15: 414±421;

 GIBBS EP, 2005: “Emerging zoonotic epidemics in the interconnected global community.” 157(22):673-9.;

 GIRAO MD, PRADO MR, BRILHANTE RSN, CORDEIRO RA, MONTEIRO AJ, SIDRIM JJC, ROCHA MFG, 2006 “Malassezia, pachydermatis isolated from normal and diseased external ear canals in dogs: a comparative analysis” The Veterinary Journal 172, 544–548;

53  GIUSIANO GE, MANGIATERRA M, ROJAS F, GÓMEZ V: “Yeasts species distribution in Neonatal Intensive Care Units in northeast Argentina.”Mycoses,2004 Aug;47(7):300-3;

 GLECKMAN RA: “Human infections derived from dogs.” Postgrad Med. 1985 Mar;77(4):169-73, 176-8, 180;

 GLUCK JL, MYERS JP, PASS LM: “Cryptococcemia due to Cryptococcus albidus.” South Med J 1987;80:511-3;

 GRANADOS DP, CASTANEDA: “Isolation and characterization of Cryptococcus neoformans varieties recovered from natural sources in Bogota, Colombia, and study of ecolological conditions in the area.” Microbiol Ecol. 2005;49:282–90;  GREENE C: “Enfermedades infecciosas del perro y del gato. Capítulo 99:

Personas inmunocomprometidas e infecciones compartidas por seres humanos y animales: zoonosis, sapronosis y antroponosis.” Greene C and Levy Julie 3a Edición, México, editorial Mc Graw Hill Interamericana, año 2007, Volumen 2, pág 1153-73;

 GREENE CE (2006): “Antifungal Chemioterapy in “Infectious Disease of the dog and cat” 3a ed. Saunders Elsevier, pp 542-550;

 GREENE CE, CHANDLER FW, 1998: “Candidiasis. In: Infectious Diseases of the Dog and Cat” second ed. Saunders Company, Philadelphia;

 GUMBO T, ISADA CM, HALL G, KARAFA MT, GORDON SM: “Candida glabrata fungemia.” Clinical features of 139 patients. Medicine (Baltimore) 1999; 78: 220±227;

 GUPTA A, MI H, WROE C, JAQUES B, TALBOT D: “Fatal Candida famata peritonitis complicating sclerosing peritonitis in a peritoneal dialysis patient.”

Nephrol Dial Transplant 2006 : 21 : 2036-7;

 HAZEN KC (1995): “New and emerging yeast pathogens.” Clin Microbiol Rev 8:462–478;

 HEIT MC, RIVIERE JE, (1999): “Antimicotici e antivirali” in “Farmacologia e terapeutica veterinaria”, Ed it. EMSI Roma;

 HEMSWORTH S, PIZER B: “Pet ownership in immunocompromised children--a review of the literature and survey of existing guidelines” 2006 Apr;10(2):117- 27; Eur J Oncol Nurs;

54  HERBRECHT R, ET AL. 2002: “Voriconazole versus amphotericin B for primary

therapy of invasive aspergillasis.” N. Engl. J. Med. 347:408–415;

 HESELTINE JC, PANCIERA DL, SAUNDERS GK, 2003: “Systemic candidiasis in a dog.” Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 223, 821–824;

 HOROWITZ ID, BLUMBERG EA, KREVOLIN L: “Cryptococcus albidus and mucormycosis empyema in a patient receiving hemodialysis.” South Med J 1993;86:1070-2;

 IROKANULO EO, MAKINDE AA, AKUESGI CO, EKWONU M: “Cryptococcus neoformans var. neoformans isolated from droppings of captive birds in Nigeria.” J Wildl Dis 1997; 33: 343–345;

 JAVIER LÓPEZ, ANAMARÍA PEÑA, REGINA PÉREZ Y KATIA ABARCA: “Pet ownership in inmunocompromised patients: update and veterinary and medical considerations”, Infectologìa al Dìa , 2012;

 JOHNSON, E.M., 2008: “Issues in antifungal susceptibility testing.” J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 61, il3–il8;

 JUNEJA D, BORAH AK, NASA P, SINGH O, JAVERI Y, DANG R: “Candida sake candidaemia in non-neutropenic critically ill patients: a case series.Crit Care Resusc. 2011 Sep;13(3):187-91;

 KAHN LH: “Confronting zoonoses, linking human and veterinary medicine” Emerg Infect Dis. 2006, 12(4):556-6;

 KALTER DC, TSCHEN JA, CERNOCH PL, MCBRIDE ME, SPERBER J, BRUCE S, WOLF JE JR: “Genital white piedra: epidemiology, microbiology, and therapy” J Am Acad Dermatol 1986 Jun;14(6):982-93;

 KANAFANI ZA, PERFECT JR, 2008: “Resistance to antifungal agents: mechanisms and clinical impact.” Clin. Infect. Dis. 46, 120–128;

 KANO R, HATTORI Y, OKUZUMI K, MIYAZAKI Y, YAMAUCHI R, KOIE H, WATARI T, HASEGAWA A, 2002: “Detection and identification of the Candida species by 25S ribosomal DNA analysis in the urine of candidal cystitis.” The Journal of Veterinary Medical Science 64, 115– 117;

 KATAOKA-NISHIMURA S, AKIYAMA H, SAKU K, KASHIWA M, MORI S, TANIKAWA S, SAKAMAKI H, ONOZAWA Y 1998: “Invasive infection due to

55 Trichosporon cutaneum in patients with hematologic malignancies.” Cancer Feb 1; 82 (3): 484-7;

 KHAWCHAROENPORN T, APISARNTHANARAK A, MUNDY LM: “ Non-neoformans cryptococcal infections: a systematic review.” Infection 2007;35:51-8;

 KORDOSSIS T, AVLAMI A, VELEGRAKI A, STEFANOU I, GEORGAKOPOULOS G, PAPALAMBROU C, LEGAKIS NJ: “ First report of Cryptococcus laurentii meningitis and a fatal case of Cryptococcus albidus cryptococcaemia in AIDS patients.” Med Mycol. 1998 Oct;36(5):335-9;

 KRCMERY S, MASAR O, KRCMERY V JR: “ Torulopsis glabrata fungemia in a pregnant woman successfully treated with fluconazole.” J Chemother 1996; 8: 89±90;

 KRCMERY V JR, SPANIK S, GRAUSOVA S, TRUPL J, KRUPOVA Y: “Candida parapsilosis fungemia in cancer patients.”Neoplasma 1998; 45: 336±342;

 KRCMERY V JR: “Candida (Torulopsis) glabrata emerging pathogen in cancer patients.” Int J Antimicrob Agents 1999; 10: 1, 2±6;

 KRCMERY V JR: “Candidemia in cancer patients: Risk factors and outcome in 140 episodes from a single cancer institution.” Acta Chemoth 1999; 5: 133±145;  KRCMERY V JR: “Risk factors and outcome of non- albicans candidemia: Report

of 38 cases.” Acta Chemother 1998; 8: 23±28;

 KRCMERY V JR, ORAVCOVA E, SPANIK S, ET AL: “Nosocomial breakthrough fungemia during antifungal prophylaxis or empirical antifungal therapy in 41 cancer patients receiving antineoplastic chemotherapy: analysis of etiology risk factors and outcome.” J Antimicrob Chemother 1998; 41: 373±380;

 KULLBERG BJ ET AL, 2005: “Voriconazole versus a regimen of amphotericin B followed by fluconazole for candidemia in non-neutropenic patients: a randomized non-inferiority trial.” Lancet 366:1435–1442;

 KUNOVA A, TRUPL J, SPANIK S ET AL: “ Candida glabrata and Candida krusei, non-albicans Candida species and other fungal organisms in a sixty-bed national cancer center in 1989±1993: no association with the use of fluconazole.” Chemotherapy 1995; 41: 133±139;

 LAGROU K, VAN ELDERE J, KEULEERS S, HAGEN F, MERCKX R, VERHAEGEN J, PEETERMANS WE, BOEKHOUT T: “Zoonotic transmission of Cryptococcus

56 neoformans from a magpie to an immunocompetent patient.” J Int Med 2005; 257: 385-388;

 LEE YA, KIM HJ, Lee TW, Kim MJ, Lee MH, Lee JH, Ihm G: “First report of Cryptococcus albidus-induced disseminated cryptococcosis in a renal transplant recipient” 2004 Mar; 19(1): C53-7;

 LEFEBVRE SL, WALTNER-TOEWS D, PEREGRINE AS, REID-SMITH R, HODGE L, ARROYO LG, WEESE JS: “Prevalence of zoonotic agents in dogs visiting hospitalized people in Ontario: implications for infection control” J Hosp Infect. 200662(4):458-66;

 LIN SR, PENG CF, YANG SA, YU HS: “Isolation of Cryptococcus albidus var. albidus in patient with pemphigus foliaceus” Gaoxiong Yi Xue Ke Xue Za Zhi1989 Feb;5(2):126-8;

 LINEK, J, 2004: “Mycotic endophthalmitis in a dog caused by Candida albicans.” Veterinary Ophthalmology 7, 159–162;

 LUGARINI C, SOUZA GOEBEL C, ANUSKA ZENI CONDAS L, MURO MD, RODRIGUES DE FARIAS M, MONTIANI FERREIRA F, VAINSTEIN MH: “Cryptococcus neoformans Isolated from Passerine and Psittacine Bird Excreta in the State of Parana, Brazil” Mycopathologia (2008) 166:61–69;

 MANAVATHU, E. K., J. L. CUTRIGHT, AND P. R. CHANDRASEKAR. 1998: “Organism-dependent fungicidal activities of azoles. Antimicrob.” Agents Chemother. 42:3018-3021;

 MANCIANTI F, NARDONI S, CECCHERELLI R, (2001) “Occurrence of yeasts in psittacines droppings from captive birds in Italy” Mycopathologia, 153: 121- 124;

 MANI I, MAGUIRE J: “Small animal zoonoses and immuncompromised pet owners.” Top companion Anim Med. 2009; 24 (4): 164-74;

 MARCOS-Arias C, ERASO E, MADARIAGA L, CARRILLO-MUÑOZ AJ, QUINDÓS G. “In vitro activities of new triazole antifungal agents, posaconazole and voriconazole, against oral Candida isolates from patients suffering from denture stomatitis” 2012 Mycopathologia. Jan; 173(1): 35-46;

 MASALA A, LUZZATI L, MACCACARO L, ANTOZZI E, CONCIA R, FONTANA: “Nosocomial Cluster of Candida guillermondii Fungemia in Surgical Patients”; Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis (2003) 22:686–688;

57  MATTA DA, ALMEIDA LP, MACHADO AM, AZEVEDO AC, KUSANO EJU, TRAVASSOS NF, SALOMAO R, COLOMBO AL, 2007: “Antifungal susceptibility of 1000 bloodstream Candida isolates to 5 antifungal drugs: results of a multicenter study conducted in Sao Paulo, Brazil, 1995–2003.” Diag. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 57, 399–404;

 MATTSSON R, HAEMIG PD, OLSEN B: “Feral pigeons as carriers of Cryptococcus laurentii, Cryptococcus uniguttulatus and Debaryomyces hansenii.” Med Mycol 1999; 37:3679 Med Mycol. 2002 Oct;40(5):479-84;

 MCGINNIS, M. R., AND M. G. RINALDI. 1991: “Antifungal drugs: mechanisms of action, drug resistance, susceptibility testing, and assays of activity in biological fluids” p. 198-257. InV. Lorian (ed.), Antibiotics in laboratory medicine. Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, Md;

 MEDRANO DJA, BRILHANTE RSN, CORDEIRO RAC, ROCHA MFG, RABENHORST SHB, SIDRIM JJC, 2006: “Candidemia in a Brazilian hospital: the importance of Candida parapsilosis.” Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de Sao Paulo 48, 17–20;

 MORETTI A, POSTERARO B, BONCIO L, MECHELLI L, GASPERIS E, AGNETTI F, RASPA M, 2004: “Diffuse cutaneous candidiasis in a dog. Diagnosis by PCR- REA.” Revista Iberoamericana de Micologia 21, 139–142;

 MORI T, NAKAMURA Y, KATO J, SUGITA K, MURATA M, KAMEI K, OKAMOTO S: “Fungemia due to Rhodotorula mucilaginosa after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation”, Transpl Infect Dis. 2012 Feb;14(1):91-4;

 NAGAPPAN V, DERESINSKI S, 2007: “Reviews of anti-infective agents: posaconazole: a broad-spectrum triazole antifungal agent.” Clin. Infect. Dis. 45:1610–1617;

 NARDONI S, MUGNAINI L, PAPINI R A, MANCIANTI F: “Identification and antifungal sensitivity of yeasts isolated from healthy animals” Congresso XXIX SIP Roma, 1-4 ottobre 2012;

 NARDONI S, MANCIANTI F, RUM A, CORAZZA M, 2005: “Isolation of Malassezia species from healthy cats and cats with otitis.” Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery 7, 141–145;

 NGUYEN MH, CLANCY CJ, YU VL, ET AL: “ Do in vitro susceptibility data predict the microbiologic response to amphotericin B? Results of a prospective study of patients with Candida fungemia.” J Infect Dis 1998; 177: 425±430;

58  NGUYEN MH, PEACOCK JE JR, MORRIS A J, TANNER DC, NGUYEN M L, SNYDMAN DR, WAGENER MM, RINALDI MG, YU VL, 1996: “ The changing face of candidemia: emergence of non - Candida albicans species and antifungal resistance.” Am. J. Med. 100:617-623;

 NOLLA-SALAS J, SITGES-SERRA A, LEÓN-GIL C, MARTÍNEZ-GONZÁLEZ J, LEÓN- REGIDOR MA, IBÁNEZ-LUCÍA P, ET AL: “Candidemia in non-neutropenic critically ill patients: analysis of prognostic factors and assessment of systemic antifungal therapy. Study Group of Fungal Infection in the ICU.” Intensive Care Med 1997;23:23– 30;

 NOSANCHUK JD, SHOHAM S, FRIES BC, SHAPIRO DS, LEVITZ SM, CASADEVALL A: “Evidence of zoonotic transmission of Cryptococcus neoformans from a pet cockatoo to an immunocompromised patient.” Ann Intern Med 2000; 132: 205- 208;

 NOWOTNY N., DEUTZ A: “Preventing zoonotic diseases in immunocompromised persons: the role of physicians and veterinarians”,Emerg Infect Dis. 2000 Mar- Apr;6(2):208

 OVERGAAUW PA, VAN ZUTPHEN L, HOEK D, YAYA FO, ROELFSEMA J, PINELLI E, ET AL: “Zoonotic parasites in fecal samples and fur from dogs and cats in the Netherlands.” Vet Parasitol. 2009;163:115–22;

 OZAWA H, OKABAYASHI K, KANO R, WATARI T, WATANABE S, HASEGAWA A, 2005: “Rapid identification of Candida tropicalis from canine cystitis.” Mycopathologia 160, 159–162;

 PAIXAO GC, SIDRIM JJC, CAMPOS GMM, BRILHANTE RSN, ROCHA MFG, 2001: “Dermatophytes and saprobe fungi isolated from dogs and cats in the city of Fortaleza, Brazil.” Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinaria e Zootecnia 51, 568–573;

 PEREA S ET AL: “Antifungal resistance in pathogenic fungi.” Clin Infect Dis. 2002, 35:1073-80.

 PERFECT JR ET AL. 2003: “Voriconazole treatment for less-common, emerging, or refractory fungal infections.” Clin. Infect. Dis. 36:1122–1131;

 Pfaller MA, Diekema DJ: “The epidemiology of invasive candidiasis.” In: Calderone RA, Clancy CJ, editors. Candida and Candidiasis. 2nd ed. Washington DC: ASM Press; 2012. p. 449–80.

59  PFALLER MA, DIEKEMA DJ, MESSER SA, BOYKEN L, HOLLIS RJ, JONES RN: “In Vitro Activities of Voriconazole, Posaconazole, and Four Licensed Systemic Antifungal Agents against Candida Species Infrequently Isolated from Blood and the International Fungal Surveillance Participant Group†” Clin Microbiol. 2003 January; 41(1): 78–83;

 PFALLER MA, MESSER SA, WOOSLEY LN, JONES RN, CASTANHEIRA M: “Echinocandin and triazole antifungal susceptibility profiles for clinical opportunistic yeast and mold isolates collected from 2010 to 2011: application of new CLSI clinical breakpoints and epidemiological cutoff values for characterization of geographic and temporal trends of antifungal resistance.” J Clin Microbiol. 2013 Aug;51(8):2571-81;

 PFALLER MA, MOET GJ, MESSER SA, JONES RN, CASTANHEIRA M: “Geographic variations in species distribution and echinocandin and azole antifungal resistance rates among Candida bloodstream infection isolates: report from the SENTRY Antimicrobial Surveillance Program (2008 to 2009).” J Clin Microbiol 2011;49:396–9;

 PFALLER M, NEOFYTOS D, DIEKEMA D, AZIE N, MEIER-KRIESCHE HU, QUAN SP, HORN D: “Epidemiology and outcomes of candidemia in 3648 patients: data from the Prospective Antifungal Therapy (PATH Alliance®) registry, 2004– 2008”Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease 74 2012 323–331;

 PFALLER MA, BOYKEN L, HOLLIS RJ, MESSER SA, TENDOLKAR S, DIEKEMA DJ, 2006: “In vitro susceptibilities of Candida spp. to caspofungin: four years of

Documenti correlati