Trophic niche variability of fish populations and communities as a response to ontogeny, habitat heterogeneity and restoration

(1)

Scuola Dottorale di Ateneo

Graduate School

Dottorato di ricerca

in Scienze Ambientali

Ciclo XXIX

Anno di discussione 2017

Trophic niche variability of fish populations and

communities as a response to ontogeny, habitat

heterogeneity and restoration

SETTORE SCIENTIFICO DISCIPLINARE DI AFFERENZA

: BIO/07

Tesi di Dottorato di Cristina Andolina, matricola 956081

Coordinatore del Dottorato

Tutore del Dottorando

Prof. Gabriele Capodaglio

Prof. Piero Franzoi

Co-tutore del Dottorando

Prof.ssa Salvatrice Vizzini

(2)

“When we try to pick out anything by itself,

we find it hitched to everything else in the universe”

(3)

1

NŸŘǼsŘǼǣ

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NÌƼǼsǋ ˡ ˚ ËEÞǼǼ Ȗǣs Ř_ ÞǣŸǼŸƼÞO ŘÞOÌs ɚǋÞEÞĶÞǼɴ _ȖǋÞŘ¶ ŸŘǼŸ¶sŘɴ Ÿ¯ ǼÌs ¶ÞĶǼÌs_ǣsEǋsŎǢƼǋȖǣȖǋǼɠÞǼÌÞŘOŸǣǼĶĶ¶ŸŸŘʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳˢ˨ ˡʳˠʳ ÝŘǼǋŸ_ȖOǼÞŸŘʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳˣ˟ ˡʳˡʳ ōǼsǋÞĶǣŘ_ŎsǼÌŸ_ǣʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳˣˢ ˡʳˢʳ ǊsǣȖĶǼǣʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳˣ˦ ˡʳˣʳ ^ÞǣOȖǣǣÞŸŘʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳ˥ˠ ˡʳˤʳ NŸŘOĶȖǣÞŸŘʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳ˥˦ NÌƼǼsǋˢ˚ǢǼǋȖOǼȖǋĶŘ_¯ȖŘOǼÞŸŘĶǋsOŸɚsǋɴŸ¯¯ÞǣÌOŸŎŎȖŘÞǼÞsǣ_ȖǋÞŘ¶ǣs¶ǋǣǣ ÌEÞǼǼǋsǣǼŸǋǼÞŸŘʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳ˥˨ ˢʳˠʳ ÝŘǼǋŸ_ȖOǼÞŸŘʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳ˥˨ ˢʳˡʳ ōǼsǋÞĶǣŘ_ŎsǼÌŸ_ǣʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳ˦ˡ ˢʳˢʳ ǊsǣȖĶǼǣʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳ˦˥ ˢʳˣʳ ^ÞǣOȖǣǣÞŸŘʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳ˧ˤ ˢʳˤʳ NŸŘOĶȖǣÞŸŘʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳ˧˨ NŸŘOĶȖǣÞŸŘ ʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳ˨˟ Ǌs¯sǋsŘOsǣ ʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳ˨ˢ OĨŘŸɠĶs_¶sŎsŘǼǣʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳʳˠ˟ˤ

(4)

2

ÝŘǼǋŸ_ȖOǼÞŸŘ

ȕŘ_sǋǣǼŘ_ÞŘ¶ŘǼȖǋĶɚǋÞEÞĶÞǼɴŸ¯sOŸĶŸ¶ÞOĶƼǋŸOsǣǣsǣÞǣOǋȖOÞĶ¯ŸǋÞŘǼsǋƼǋsǼÞŘ¶ sOŸǣɴǣǼsŎ¯ȖŘOǼÞŸŘÞŘ¶Ř_OÌÞsɚÞŘ¶¯ÞǋŎŘ¶sŎsŘǼƼǋOǼÞOsǣʹĵŘ_ǋsǣʰōŸǋ¶Ř ˓ ǢɠŘǣŸŘ ˠ˨˨˨ʺʳ ōŸǋsŸɚsǋʰ ÞǼ ĶĶŸɠǣ ǼŸ ÞŘǼsǋƼǋsǼ ǋsǣƼŸŘǣs ǼŸ _ÞǣǼȖǋEŘOsʰ _ÞǣOsǋŘÞŘ¶ǼÌsEǣsĶÞŘsŸ¯ŘǼȖǋĶɚǋÞEÞĶÞǼɴ¯ǋŸŎĶǼsǋs_ƼǋŸOsǣǣsǣʹ®ǋǼsǋǋÞ¶Ÿ˓ ǊȖǣĨˡ˟˟˧ʱɳŸȖŘ¶sǼĶʳˡ˟ˠˤʺʳ ŗǼȖǋĶɚǋÞEÞĶÞǼɴÞŘsŘɚÞǋŸŘŎsŘǼĶǣɴǣǼsŎǣǋÞǣsǣ¯ǋŸŎÞŘǼǋÞŘǣÞO_ɴŘŎÞOǣŸ¯EŸǼÌ EÞŸǼÞOŘ_EÞŸǼÞOƼǋŸOsǣǣsǣʹ®ǋǼsǋǋÞ¶Ÿ˓ǊȖǣĨˡ˟˟˧ʺʳƻǋÞŎǋÞĶɴǼÌsɚǋÞEÞĶÞǼɴŸ¯ EÞŸǼÞO¯OǼŸǋǣʰOŸŘǣÞ_sǋs_sÞǼÌsǋǼǼÌsǣƼǼÞĶǣOĶsʹsʳ¶ʳ¶ǋ_ÞsŘǼǣʰÌsǼsǋŸ¶sŘsÞǼɴʺ ŸǋǼsŎƼŸǋĶŸŘsʹsʳ¶ʳǣsǣŸŘĶÞǼɴʺÞŘ_ȖOsǣŸǋ¶ŘÞǣŎǣǼŸ_ƼǼǼŸŘsɠOŸŘ_ÞǼÞŸŘǣʰ ɠÌÞOÌÞŘ¯ĶȖsŘOsĶĶǼÌsǣƼsOǼǣŸ¯ǼÌsĶÞ¯sOɴOĶsŸ¯ŘŸǋ¶ŘÞǣŎŘ_ÞǼǣEsÌɚÞŸȖǋʰ ¯ǋŸŎ¶ǋŸɠǼÌʹǊȖǣǣŸʰNŸǣǼ˓NǼȖ_sĶĶˡ˟˟˦ʺǼŸǋsƼǋŸ_ȖOǼÞŸŘʹNɚǋǋŸʰəǋÞŘ˓ ōĶɚǣÞˡ˟ˠˣʺʰÞŘOĶȖ_ÞŘ¶¯ss_ÞŘ¶ÌEÞǼǣŘ_ǋsǣŸȖǋOsȖǣsʹsʳ¶ʳ®ǋŘOÞǣsǼĶʳʰˡ˟ˠˠʺʰ ÌEÞǼǼOÌŸÞOsŘ_ÞŘǼsǋOǼÞŸŘǣɠÞǼÌŸǼÌsǋǣƼsOÞsǣʹsʳ¶ʳ^ŘǼǣsǼĶʳˡ˟ˠˡʱōȖŘĨsǼ Ķʳˡ˟ˠˣʺʳǢsOŸŘ_ĶɴʰEÞŸǼÞOƼǋŸOsǣǣsǣǣȖOÌǣÞŘǼsǋ˚Ř_ÞŘǼǋ˚ǣƼsOÞ¯ÞOOŸŎƼsǼÞǼÞŸŘʰ _ȖsǼŸ¯ŸŸ_Ř_ǣƼOs ĶÞŎÞǼǼÞŸŘʰŎÞŘĶɴǋs¶ȖĶǼsǼÌsEȖŘ_ŘOsŸ¯ƼŸƼȖĶǼÞŸŘǣ ʹsʳ¶ʳNǋssǣs˓ȕŘ_sǋɠŸŸ_ˠ˨˧ˡʺʳǻÌsÞŘǼsǋƼĶɴŸ¯ǣȖOÌ_ɴŘŎÞOǣʰǼŸ¶sǼÌsǋɠÞǼÌǼÌs ÞŘǼǋÞŘǣÞOĶÞ¯sÌÞǣǼŸǋɴǼǋÞǼǣʰOŸŘǼǋÞEȖǼsǣǼŸǣǼǋȖOǼȖǋsǼÌsɚǋÞEÞĶÞǼɴǼ_Þ¯¯sǋsŘǼĶsɚsĶǣ Ÿ¯ Ÿǋ¶ŘÞʊǼÞŸŘʰ ¯ǋŸŎ ÞŘ_ÞɚÞ_ȖĶǣ ǼŸ ƼŸƼȖĶǼÞŸŘǣ ǼŸ OŸŎŎȖŘÞǼÞsǣ ʹƻŘǼsĶsǼ Ķʳ ˡ˟ˠˣʺʳ ŘɴŸǋ_sǋŸ¯ƼsǋǼȖǋEǼÞŸŘʰsÞǼÌsǋŘs¶ǼÞɚsʹÞŎƼOǼʺŸǋƼŸǣÞǼÞɚsʹsʳ¶ʳʰŎŘ¶sŎsŘǼ Ÿǋ ǋsǣǼŸǋǼÞŸŘ ƼǋOǼÞOsǣʺʰ ÞŘ_ȖOsǣ ǣŸŎs OÌŘ¶s ÞŘ ǼÌs _ɴŘŎÞOǣ ŎsŘǼÞŸŘs_ʰ ǋsǣȖĶǼÞŘ¶ ÞŘ ǣǼǋȖOǼȖǋĶ ɚǋÞǼÞŸŘ Ÿ¯ ƼŸƼȖĶǼÞŸŘǣ Ř_ OŸŎŎȖŘÞǼÞsǣ ÞŘɚŸĶɚs_ʰ ɠÌÞOÌ OŘǋsŎÞŘǋsĶǼÞɚsĶɴǣǼEĶsɠÞǼÌÞŘOsǋǼÞŘǼŸĶsǋŘOsǋŘ¶sǣʰŸǋOŘsɚsŘ_ɚŘOsŸǋ ǋs¶ǋsǣǣǼŸŸŘsŸ¯ǼÌsĨŘŸɠŘǣǼǼsǣŸ¯ŘsOŸĶŸ¶ÞOĶǣȖOOsǣǣÞŸŘʹ®ǋǼsǋǋÞ¶Ÿ˓ǊȖǣĨ ˡ˟˟˧ʺʳ

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3 ÝŘǼÌsĶǣǼ_sO_sǣʰÞŘOǋsǣÞŘ¶ǼǼsŘǼÞŸŘÌǣEssŘƼŸǣs_ǼŸǼǋŸƼÌÞOÞŘǼsǋOǼÞŸŘǣǣ Ȗǣs¯ȖĶ ǼŸŸĶǣ ǼŸ ÞŘɚsǣǼÞ¶Ǽs ǼÌs _s¶ǋss Ÿ¯ OŸŎƼĶsɮÞǼɴ Ř_ ǣǼEÞĶÞǼɴ Ÿ¯ ǣɴǣǼsŎ ʹDsĶ¶ǋŘŸsǼĶʳ ˡ˟˟ˤʱ^ȖŘŘs ˡ˟˟˥ʺʰ ǣ ǼÌsɴǋsƼǋsǣsŘǼ ŸŘs Ÿ¯ ǼÌsĨsɴ ÞŘǼsǋOǼÞŸŘ ǼɴƼŸĶŸ¶ÞsǣǼÌǼOŘŸOOȖǋEsǼɠssŘǣƼsOÞsǣʹħw¯ÞsǼĶʳˡ˟ˠˡʺʳ ǢÞŘOssOŸĶŸ¶ÞǣǼǣÌɚsĶɠɴǣǼǋÞs_ǼŸÞ_sŘǼÞ¯ɴǼÌsǋŸĶsŸ¯ǣƼsOÞsǣÞŘǼÌsOŸŘǼsɮǼŸ¯ ǼÌsÞǋ OŸŎŎȖŘÞǼɴʰ Eɴ ǣȖŎŎǋÞʊÞŘ¶ ĶĶ ǼÌs ǣƼsOǼǣ Ÿ¯ ǼÌsÞǋ ĶÞ¯s ÌÞǣǼŸǋɴ ǼǋÞǼǣ Ř_ ÌEÞǼǣ ʹNŸÌsŘ ˠ˨˦˦ʺʰ ǼÌs OŸŘOsƼǼ Ÿ¯ ǼǋŸƼÌÞO ŘÞOÌs Ìǣ EsOŸŎs ŎÞĶsǣǼŸŘs ÞŘ ǼǋŸƼÌÞO ǣǼǋȖOǼȖǋs ǣǼȖ_Þsǣ ʹrĶǼŸŘ ˠ˨ˡ˦ʺʳ ǻÌs ǼǋŸƼÌÞO ŘÞOÌs ǋsƼǋsǣsŘǼǣ ŸŘs Ÿ¯ ǼÌs _Þ¯¯sǋsŘǼ ǣƼsOǼǣ Ÿ¯ ǼÌs ŎŸǋs OŸŎƼǋsÌsŘǣÞɚs OŸŘOsƼǼ Ÿ¯ sOŸĶŸ¶ÞOĶ ŘÞOÌsʰ ɠÌÞOÌ ÞŘOĶȖ_sǣǼÌsŸɚsǋĶĶǋsǇȖÞǋsŎsŘǼǣŘss_s_¯ŸǋǣƼsOÞsǣǼŸƼsǋǣÞǣǼŘ_ǋsƼǋŸ_ȖOsÞŘ ¶ÞɚsŘsŘɚÞǋŸŘŎsŘǼʳǻÌÞǣOŘEsÞŘǼsǋƼǋsǼs_ÞŘǼsǋŎǣŸ¯ǣƼOsˀÌEÞǼǼŸOOȖƼÞs_ ʹµǋÞŘsĶĶ˅ǣ ŘÞOÌsʺʰ ¯ŸŸ_ ÌEÞǼǣ ʹrĶǼŸŘ˅ǣ ŘÞOÌsʺ Ř_ OŘ Es ÞŎ¶ÞŘs_ ǣ Ř Ř˚ _ÞŎsŘǣÞŸŘĶ ÌɴƼsǋɚŸĶȖŎs ɠÌsǋs ɮsǣ ǋs ¶ÞɚsŘ Eɴ sŘɚÞǋŸŘŎsŘǼĶ ɚǋÞEĶsǣ ʹËȖǼOÌÞŘǣŸŘ˂ǣŘÞOÌsʺʳ

ƻǋǼÞOȖĶǋĶɴʰǼÌsǼǋŸƼÌÞOŘÞOÌsɠǣŸǋÞ¶ÞŘĶĶɴ_s¯ÞŘs_EɴrĶǼŸŘʹˠ˨ˡ˦ʺǣǼÌsǣȖŎŸ¯ ĶĶǼÌsǼǋŸƼÌÞOÞŘǼsǋOǼÞŸŘǣŸOOȖǋǋÞŘ¶ŎŸŘ¶ǣƼsOÞsǣÞŘǣɴǣǼsŎʳŗÞOÌsƼǋŎsǼsǋǣ ǋs ÞŘ¯ĶȖsŘOs_ Eɴ Řɴ ÞŘǼǋ˚ Ř_ ÞŘǼsǋǣƼsOÞ¯ÞO OÌŘ¶s Ÿ¯ ǼǋŸƼÌÞO ÞŘǼsǋOǼÞŸŘǣ ʹDsǋÌŸƼ sǼ Ķʳ ˡ˟˟ˣʺʰ ÌsŘOs ǼÌs ŘĶɴǣÞǣ Ÿ¯ ǼǋŸƼÌÞO ǣǼǋȖOǼȖǋs OŘ ƼǋŸɚÞ_s ǇȖŘǼÞǼǼÞɚsĶɴ ÞŘ¯ŸǋŎǼÞŸŘ ŸŘ ǼÌs ǼǋŸƼÌÞO ɚǋÞEÞĶÞǼɴ Ÿ¯ ǣƼsOÞsǣʰ ɠÌÞOÌ OŘ Es ǣǣsǣǣs_sÞǼÌsǋǼƼŸƼȖĶǼÞŸŘŸǋOŸŎŎȖŘÞǼɴĶsɚsĶǣʳ ĵŸŸĨÞŘ¶ǼǼÌsƼŸƼȖĶǼÞŸŘĶsɚsĶʰŎȖOÌŸ¯ǼÌsɚǋÞEÞĶÞǼɴÞŘ¯ss_ÞŘ¶ÌEÞǼǣʰǋsǣŸȖǋOs ȖǣsŘ_ÌEÞǼǼOÌŸÞOsǋsĶÞŘĨs_ǼŸǼÌsǼǋŸƼÌÞO_ƼǼEÞĶÞǼɴŸ¯ǼÌsǣƼsOÞsǣʰɠÌÞOÌʰ OOŸǋ_ÞŘ¶ǼŸµsǋĨÞŘ¶ʹˠ˨˨ˣʺʰ_s¯ÞŘsǣǼÌsEÞĶÞǼɴŸ¯ŘŸǋ¶ŘÞǣŎǼŸEsŘs¯ÞǼ¯ǋŸŎǼÌs ŎŸǣǼ¯ɚŸȖǋEĶs¯ŸŸ_ǣŸȖǋOsɚÞĶEĶsÞŘƼǋǼÞOȖĶǋsŘɚÞǋŸŘŎsŘǼʰǼƼǋǼÞOȖĶǋ ǼÞŎsʳǻÌs¶ǋsǼsǋǼÌsEÞĶÞǼɴ¯ŸǋǣƼsOÞsǣǼŸǣÌÞ¯ǼǼŸǼÌsȖǣsŸ¯_Þ¯¯sǋsŘǼǣŸȖǋOsǣʰ ǼÌs ¶ǋsǼsǋ ǼÌs ƼŸǣǣÞEÞĶÞǼɴ ǼŸ ƼsǋǣÞǣǼ ÞŘ ¶ÞɚsŘ sŘɚÞǋŸŘŎsŘǼ ȖŘ_sǋ OÌŘ¶ÞŘ¶ OŸŘ_ÞǼÞŸŘǣʰEɴƼǋǼÞǼÞŸŘÞŘ¶ǼÌsǣŸȖǋOsǣɚÞĶEĶsÞŘOǣsŸ¯OŸŎƼsǼÞǼÞŸŘɠÞǼÌŸǼÌsǋ ǣƼsOÞsǣʹDǋǋŸǣsǼĶʳˡ˟ˠˢʺʳ

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4

ǻǋŸƼÌÞO_ƼǼEÞĶÞǼɴÞǣǼɴƼÞOĶ¯ŸǋsɮŎƼĶsŸ¯ŸƼƼŸǋǼȖŘÞǣǼÞO¯ÞǣÌǣƼsOÞsǣÞŘÌEÞǼÞŘ¶ sOŸǣɴǣǼsŎǣOÌǋOǼsǋÞʊs_EɴÌÞ¶ÌŘǼȖǋĶ¯ĶȖOǼȖǼÞŸŘǣŸ¯sŘɚÞǋŸŘŎsŘǼĶɚǋÞEĶsǣʰ ǣȖOÌǣǼǋŘǣÞǼÞŸŘĶsOŸǣɴǣǼsŎǣʹəÞʊʊÞŘÞ˓ōʊʊŸĶˡ˟˟ˡʱəÞŘ¶ǋssǼĶʳˡ˟ˠˡʱħŸƼƼ sǼĶʳˡ˟ˠˢʺʳ®ŸǋǼÌÞǣǋsǣŸŘʰǣȖOÌ¯ÞǣÌǣƼsOÞsǣOŘEsOŸŘǣÞ_sǋs_ǣŎŸ_sĶǣǼŸǣǼȖ_ɴ ǼÌs _s¶ǋss Ÿ¯ ɚǋÞEÞĶÞǼɴ Ÿ¯ ǼÌs ǼǋŸƼÌÞO ŘÞOÌs ɠÞǼÌÞŘ ǼÌs ǣŎs ǣɴǣǼsŎʰ EsǼɠssŘ _Þ¯¯sǋsŘǼǣɴǣǼsŎǣŸǋOǋŸǣǣǼÞŎsʳ

rǣǼȖǋÞsǣʰOŸǣǼĶĶ¶ŸŸŘǣŘ_ƼŸŘ_ǣǋsǼǋŘǣÞǼÞŸŘĶsOŸǣɴǣǼsŎǣʰsOŸǼŸŘsǣĶŸOǼs_ Ǽ ǼÌs ÞŘǼsǋ¯Os EsǼɠssŘ ǼÌs ŎǋÞŘs Ř_ ǼÌs ǼsǋǋsǣǼǋÞĶ _ŸŎÞŘǣʳ ^Ȗs ǼŸ ǼÌsÞǋ ƼŸǣÞǼÞŸŘʰ ǼÌs ŎÞɮÞŘ¶ Ÿ¯ OŸŘǼÞŘsŘǼĶ ɠǼsǋǣ ɠÞǼÌ ŎǋÞŘs ɠǼsǋǣ _sǼsǋŎÞŘsǣ ǼÌs ÞŘǣǼEÞĶÞǼɴ Ÿ¯ ƼÌɴǣÞOŸ˛OÌsŎÞOĶ ɚǋÞEĶsǣ ǣȖOÌ ǣ ǣĶÞŘÞǼɴʰ ǼsŎƼsǋǼȖǋsʰ Ÿɮɴ¶sŘʰ ɠÌŸǣs¯ĶȖOǼȖǼÞŸŘsɮǼsŘǼ_sƼsŘ_ǣĶǣŸŸŘǼÞ_sʰsɚƼŸǋǼÞŸŘʰǋÞŘ¯ĶĶǣŘ_¯ĶŸŸ_ÞŘ¶ǣʰ Ř_ ǋsǣȖĶǼǣ ÞŘ ÌÞ¶Ì sŘɚÞǋŸŘŎsŘǼĶ ÌsǼsǋŸ¶sŘsÞǼɴ ʹNŸ¶ŘsǼǼÞʰ Ǣǋ ˓ ō¶ʊʊȘ ˡ˟˟˧ʱ ƻwǋsʊ˚ǊȖʊ¯sǼ Ķʳ ˡ˟ˠ˟ʺʳ ŷŘ ǼÌs ŸǼÌsǋ ǣÞ_sʰ ÌŸɠsɚsǋʰ ǣȖOÌ sŘɚÞǋŸŘŎsŘǼĶ ÌsǼsǋŸ¶sŘsÞǼɴŘ_ɚǋÞEÞĶÞǼɴǋsǣȖĶǼǣÞŘÌÞ¶ÌÌEÞǼǼÌsǼsǋŸ¶sŘsÞǼɴʰǼÌǼǼŸ¶sǼÌsǋ ɠÞǼÌǼÌsÌÞ¶ÌƼǋŸ_ȖOǼÞɚÞǼɴOÌǋOǼsǋÞʊÞŘ¶ǼÌsǣsǣɴǣǼsŎǣǣȖƼƼŸǋǼĶǋ¶s_ÞɚsǋǣÞǼɴŸ¯ EÞŸĶŸ¶ÞOĶ OŸŎŎȖŘÞǼÞsǣ ǼÌǼ ǼÌǋÞɚs Ř_ OŸŘǼǋÞEȖǼs ǼŸ ŎÞŘǼÞŘ ÌÞ¶Ì ĶsɚsĶǣ Ÿ¯ EÞŸ_ÞɚsǋǣÞǼɴʰŘŸǼŸŘĶɴɠÞǼÌÞŘǼÌsǣŎsǣɴǣǼsŎʰEȖǼĶǣŸÞŘǼÌs_ĠOsŘǼŸŘsǣʰŎǋÞŘs Ř_ sǣǼȖǋÞŘsʰ ƼĶɴÞŘ¶ OǋȖOÞĶ ǋŸĶs ÞŘ ǼÌs OŸŘŘsOǼÞɚÞǼɴ ŎŸŘ¶ ǣɴǣǼsŎǣ ʹʹǻ¶ĶÞƼÞsǼǋsǼ Ķʳ ˡ˟ˠˣʺʳ ®ȖǋǼÌsǋŎŸǋsʰ ǼÌs _Þ¯¯sǋsŘǼ ǼɴƼŸĶŸ¶Þsǣ Ÿ¯ ÌEÞǼǼǣ ǋs Ȗǣs_ Eɴ ¯ÞǣÌ ƼŸƼȖĶǼÞŸŘǣ ¯Ÿǋ ǣsɚsǋĶ ǋsǣŸŘǣʰ ÞŘOĶȖ_ÞŘ¶ ǣƼɠŘÞŘ¶ʰ ŘȖǋǣsǋɴ Ř_ ¯ss_ÞŘ¶ ¶ǋŸȖŘ_ǣ ʹ®ǋŘOŸʰ ǻŸǋǋÞOsĶĶÞ ˓ ®ǋŘʊŸÞ ˡ˟˟˨ʺʳ ĶǼÌŸȖ¶Ì _sǣOǋÞEÞŘ¶ ǼÌs ĶÞ¯s ǣǼǋǼs¶Þsǣ Ÿ¯ ¯ÞǣÌ ƼŸƼȖĶǼÞŸŘǣ ǼÌǼ ÞŘÌEÞǼ ǣȖOÌ OŸǣǼĶ˚ŎǋÞŘs Ř_ sǣǼȖǋÞŘs sŘɚÞǋŸŘŎsŘǼǣ ʹǣsŘǣȖ ®ǋŘOŸsǼ Ķʳ ˡ˟˟˧ʺ ÌsĶƼǣ ǼŸ ȖŘ_sǋǣǼŘ_ ǼÌs Ȗǣs Ǽ ǣƼǼÞĶ Ř_ ǼsŎƼŸǋĶ ǣOĶsǣ Ÿ¯ ɚÞĶEĶs ǋsǣŸȖǋOsǣʰ ǋs¯ĶsOǼÞŘ¶ ǼÌs sOŸǣɴǣǼsŎ ¯ȖŘOǼÞŸŘ Ÿ¯ ǼÌsǣssŘɚÞǋŸŘŎsŘǼǣʰŎŸǋsǇȖŘǼÞǼǼÞɚsǣǼȖ_ÞsǣŸ¯ǣȖOÌȖǣsǋsŘsOsǣǣǋɴʳ

ǻÌsOÌŘ¶ÞŘ¶OŸŘ_ÞǼÞŸŘǣ¶ÞɚsŘEɴÌÞ¶ÌÌEÞǼǼÌsǼsǋŸ¶sŘsÞǼɴǣÌƼsǼÌsĶÞ¯sÌÞǣǼŸǋɴ ǼǋÞǼǣʹDǋÞ¶ŸĶÞŘsǼĶʳˡ˟ˠ˥ʺʰŘ_ǣOŸŘǣsǇȖsŘOsʰǼÌsɴǋsƼǋs_ÞOǼs_ǼŸǣÌƼsĶǣŸ ǼÌsǼǋŸƼÌÞOǣǼǋȖOǼȖǋsʰÌsŘOsǼÌsǼǋŸƼÌÞOŘÞOÌsŸ¯¯ÞǣÌƼŸƼȖĶǼÞŸŘǣʳ

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ŎŸŘ¶ǼÌs_Þ¯¯sǋsŘǼǼsOÌŘÞǇȖsǣȖǣs_ÞŘǼǋŸƼÌÞOǣǼȖ_Þsǣʹsʳ¶ʳǣǼŸŎOÌOŸŘǼsŘǼʰ¯ǼǼɴ OÞ_ǣʺʰ ǼÌs ŘĶɴǣÞǣ Ÿ¯ ǣǼEĶs ÞǣŸǼŸƼsǣʰ sǣƼsOÞĶĶɴ Ÿ¯ OǋEŸŘ ʹˠˢ_Nˀˠˡ_{N ̠ δ}ˠˢ_{Nʺ Ř_}

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ƻǋsɚÞŸȖǣ ɠŸǋĨǣʰ ÞŘ ¯OǼʰ Ìɚs ǣÌŸɠŘ ÌŸɠ ǼÌs OŸŘOsƼǼ Ÿ¯ ǼǋŸƼÌÞO ŘÞOÌs OŘ Es ǼǋŘǣƼŸǣs_ÞŘǼŸÞǣŸǼŸƼÞOĨsɴʰEɴOŸŘǣÞ_sǋÞŘ¶ǼÌsδ˛ǣƼOs¶ÞɚsŘEɴǼÌsEÞ˚ƼĶŸǼδˠˢ_N˚

δˠˤŗ ǣ ǼɠŸ _ÞŎsŘǣÞŸŘĶ ǣƼOs ɠÌsǋs ǼŸ ǋsƼǋsǣsŘǼ ǼÌs ÞǣŸǼŸƼÞO ŘÞOÌs ǣƼOs ʹDsǋÌŸƼsǼĶʳˡ˟˟ˣʱŗsɠǣŸŎssǼĶʳˡ˟˟˦ʺʳǻÌÞǣĶĶŸɠǣȖǣǼŸȖǣsǼÌsÞǣŸǼŸƼÞOŘÞOÌs ǣ_sǣOǋÞƼǼŸǋŸ¯ǼÌsǼǋŸƼÌÞOŘÞOÌsʰĶǼÌŸȖ¶ÌÞǼŘss_ǣǼŸEsĨsƼǼÞŘŎÞŘ_ǼÌǼǼÌsɴ ǋsŘŸǼsɮOǼĶɴsǇȖÞɚĶsŘǼʹğOĨǣŸŘsǼĶʳˡ˟ˠˠʺʳÝŘ¯OǼʰ_sƼsŘ_ÞŘ¶ŸŘǼÌsǣɴǣǼsŎ ÞŘɚŸĶɚs_ʰÞŘ¯ŸǋŎǼÞŸŘ¶ÞɚsŘ¯ǋŸŎǼÌsǣŎsÞǣŸǼŸƼÞO_ǼOŸȖĶ_ƼǋŸɚÞ_sÞŘǣÞ¶ÌǼǣŸŘ ŸǼÌsǋǣƼsOǼǣŸ¯ǼÌssOŸĶŸ¶ÞOĶŘÞOÌsʰǣȖOÌǣǼÌsÌEÞǼǼȖǣsʹsʳ¶ʳĶǼÞǼȖ_sʰĶǼÞǼȖ_sʰ ǣssŗsɠǣŸŎssǼĶʳˡ˟˟˦ʺʳ ®ȖǋǼÌsǋsɮǼsŘǣÞŸŘŸ¯ǼÌsOŸŘOsƼǼÌɚsEssŘƼƼĶÞs_EɴĵɴŎŘsǼĶʳʹˡ˟˟˦ʺʰɠÌŸ ǣȖ¶¶sǣǼs_ ǣsǋÞsǣ Ÿ¯ ˆOŸŎŎȖŘÞǼɴ˚ɠÞ_s ŎsǼǋÞOǣˇ ǼÌǼ ƼǋŸɚÞ_s ǇȖŘǼÞǼǼÞɚs sǣǼÞŎǼsŸ¯ǼÌsɠÞ_ǼÌŸ¯ǼÌsÞǣŸǼŸƼÞOŘÞOÌsʰǣȖOÌǣǼÌsOŸŘɚsɮÌȖĶĶsŘOŸŎƼǣǣÞŘ¶ ĶĶǼÌsÞŘ_ÞɚÞ_ȖĶǣŸ¯ƼŸƼȖĶǼÞŸŘǣʰEȖǼĶǣŸǼÌsǼǋŸƼÌÞO_ÞɚsǋǣÞǼɴŘ_ǼÌsǼǋŸƼÌÞO ǋs_ȖŘ_ŘOɴʰ ŸEǣsǋɚEĶs sÞǼÌsǋ Ǽ OŸŎŎȖŘÞǼɴ Ÿǋ ƼŸƼȖĶǼÞŸŘ ĶsɚsĶʳ ōŸǋsŸɚsǋʰ ğOĨǣŸŘsǼĶʳʹˡ˟ˠˠʺĶǼsǋǋs¯ÞŘs_ǼÌsǣƼsOǼŸ¯ǼÌsɠÞ_ǼÌŸ¯ǼÌsÞǣŸǼŸƼÞOŘÞOÌsEɴ ƼƼĶɴÞŘ¶ DɴsǣÞŘ ǣǼǼÞǣǼÞOǣ ǼŸ OĶOȖĶǼs ǣǼŘ_ǋ_ sĶĶÞƼǣs ǋs ǼÌǼ ǋsǣȖĶǼ ŎŸǋs ƼǋsOÞǣs ǼÌŘ ǼÌs OŸŘɚsɮ ÌȖĶĶǣ ƼǋsɚÞŸȖǣ ŎsŘǼÞŸŘs_ʳ DŸǼÌ ƼƼĶÞOǼÞŸŘǣ ĶĶŸɠ ǼŸ OŸŎƼǋs _Þ¯¯sǋsŘǼ OŸŎŎȖŘÞǼÞsǣ Ÿǋ ƼŸƼȖĶǼÞŸŘǣ OǋŸǣǣ ǣƼOs ʹÌEÞǼǼǣʺʰ Ř_ ǼÌs ǣŎsŸŘsǣOǋŸǣǣǼÞŎsʹĵɴŎŘsǼĶʳˡ˟˟˦ʺʳ

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- NÌƼǼsǋ ˠ Þǣ ¯ŸOȖǣs_ ŸŘ ǼÌs ǼǋŸƼÌÞO ŘÞOÌs ɚǋÞEÞĶÞǼɴ Ÿ¯ ǋsǣÞ_sŘǼ ¯ÞǣÌ ƼŸƼȖĶǼÞŸŘǣ OǋŸǣǣ ÌEÞǼǼǣ Ǽ ÞŘǼsǋ˚ Ř_ ÞŘǼǋ˚Ķ¶ŸŸŘ ĶsɚsĶʰ ɠÞǼÌ ƼǋǼÞOȖĶǋ ¯ŸOȖǣǼŸǼǋ¶sǼǣƼsOÞsǣŸ¯ÌÞ¶ÌsOŸĶŸ¶ÞOĶɚĶȖsʰǼÌsōs_ÞǼsǋǋŘsŘǼŸŸǼÌOǋƼ ƼÌŘÞȖǣ¯ǣOÞǼȖǣʱ

- NÌƼǼsǋ ˡ ǣǣsǣǣsǣ ǼÌs ɚǋÞEÞĶÞǼɴ Ÿ¯ ǼǋŸƼÌÞO ŘÞOÌs Ř_ ǼǋŸƼÌÞO ƼŸǣÞǼÞŸŘ ŸOOȖǋǋÞŘ¶ _ȖǋÞŘ¶ ŸŘǼŸ¶sŘɴ Ÿ¯Ǣʳ ȖǋǼ Ř_ ǼÌs ǋŸĶs Ÿ¯ _Þ¯¯sǋsŘǼ ÌEÞǼǼǣ ÞŘ ǣȖƼƼŸǋǼÞŘ¶ ǼÌs ǼǋŸƼÌÞO ƼǼÌɠɴ Ķs_ÞŘ¶ ǼŸ ǼÌs ǣƼsOÞsǣ Ÿɚsǋ sǋĶɴ ǣǼ¶sǣ Ÿ¯ _sɚsĶŸƼŎsŘǼɠÞǼÌÞŘOŸǣǼĶĶ¶ŸŸŘʱ - NÌƼǼsǋ ˢ sɮŎÞŘsǣ ǼsŎƼŸǋĶ ɚǋÞǼÞŸŘ Ÿ¯ ǼÌs ǼǋŸƼÌÞO ŘÞOÌs Ÿ¯ ¯ÞǣÌ OŸŎŎȖŘÞǼɴǣǣŸOÞǼs_ǼŸǣÞǼsȖŘ_sǋǣs¶ǋǣǣǋsǣǼŸǋǼÞŸŘʰÞŘŸǋ_sǋǼŸsɚĶȖǼs ¯ȖŘOǼÞŸŘĶǋsOŸɚsǋɴŸ¯¯ÞǣÌOŸŎŎȖŘÞǼÞsǣ_ȖǋÞŘ¶ÌEÞǼǼǋsǣǼŸǋǼÞŸŘƼǋŸOsǣǣsǣʳ

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ĨÞĶĶÞ¯ÞǣÌ

EǣǼǋOǼ

NŸǣǼĶ Ķ¶ŸŸŘǣ ǋs OÌǋOǼsǋÞʊs_ Eɴ ÌÞ¶Ì ÌEÞǼǼ ÌsǼsǋŸ¶sŘsÞǼɴ ɠÌsǋsʰ Ÿ¯ǼsŘʰ ŘǼȖǋĶ ÌEÞǼǼǣ OŸsɮÞǣǼ ɠÞǼÌ ǋǼÞ¯ÞOÞĶ ŸŘsǣʰ ÌÞǣǼŸǋÞOĶĶɴ ǣsǼ ȖƼ ǼŸ ǣȖƼƼŸǋǼ ÌȖŎŘ OǼÞɚÞǼÞsǣʰ ¯Ÿǋ sɮŎƼĶs ǋsĶǼs_ ǼŸ ǣĶǼ ƼǋŸ_ȖOǼÞŸŘʰ ǇȖOȖĶǼȖǋs Ř_ Ǽǋ_ÞǼÞŸŘĶ ¯ÞǣÌsǋɴʳ ÞŎ Ÿ¯ ǼÌÞǣ ɠŸǋĨ Þǣ ǼŸ ǣǣsǣǣ ǼÌs ǼǋŸƼÌÞO ŘÞOÌs ɚǋÞEÞĶÞǼɴ Ÿ¯ ǋsǣÞ_sŘǼ ¯ÞǣÌ ƼŸƼȖĶǼÞŸŘǣ OǋŸǣǣ ŘǼȖǋĶ Ř_ ǋǼÞ¯ÞOÞĶ ÌEÞǼǼǣ Ǽ ÞŘǼsǋ˚ Ř_ ÞŘǼǋ˚Ķ¶ŸŸŘ ĶsɚsĶʰ ɠÞǼÌ ƼǋǼÞOȖĶǋ ¯ŸOȖǣ ǼŸ Ǽǋ¶sǼ ǣƼsOÞsǣ Ÿ¯ ÌÞ¶Ì sOŸĶŸ¶ÞOĶ ɚĶȖsʰ ǼÌs ōs_ÞǼsǋǋŘsŘǼŸŸǼÌOǋƼƼÌŘÞȖǣ¯ǣOÞǼȖǣʳ ®ÞǣÌOŸŎŎȖŘÞǼÞsǣŘ_ĶĶǼÌsƼŸǣǣÞEĶsǣŸȖǋOsǣŸ¯Ÿǋ¶ŘÞOŎǼǼsǋɠsǋsǣŎƼĶs_ÞŘ ǣƼǋÞŘ¶Ř_ȖǼȖŎŘˡ˟ˠˣÞŘǼɠŸÌEÞǼǼǼɴƼŸĶŸ¶ÞsǣʰŸŘsǋǼÞ¯ÞOÞĶŘ_ŸŘsŘǼȖǋĶʰ ɠÞǼÌÞŘ ǼÌs ǢǼ¶ŘŸŘs _Þ ōǋǣĶ ʹǻǋƼŘÞʺ Ř_ ǼÌs ĵ¶ŸŸŘ Ÿ¯ əsŘÞOsʳ ËEÞǼǼǣ ǣŎƼĶs_ɠsǋsǋsǣƼsOǼÞɚsĶɴǣs¶ǋǣǣŎs_Ÿɠ_ŸŎÞŘǼs_EɴNɴŎŸ_ŸOsŘŸ_Ÿǣ Ř_ŘsɚƼŸǋǼÞŸŘƼŸŘ_ÞŘǣĶǼɠŸǋĨǣɴǣǼsŎÞŘǼÌs¯ÞǋǣǼǣǼȖ_ɴǋsʰŘ_ǼɠŸǣĶǼ ŎǋǣÌsǣ Ř_ Ř ǋǼÞ¯ÞOÞĶ _ÞǼOÌ ÞŘ ǼÌs ǣsOŸŘ_ ŸŘsʳ ǻǋŸƼÌÞO ŘÞOÌs ɚǋÞEÞĶÞǼɴ ɠǣ _sǣOǋÞEs_ ȖǣÞŘ¶ OǋEŸŘ Ř_ ŘÞǼǋŸ¶sŘ ǣǼEĶs ÞǣŸǼŸƼs ƼŸƼȖĶǼÞŸŘ Ř_ OŸŎŎȖŘÞǼɴ˚ ɠÞ_s ŎsǼǋÞOǣʰ ɠÌÞĶs DɴsǣÞŘ ŎÞɮÞŘ¶ ŎŸ_sĶǣ ĶĶŸɠs_ ǼŸ ǼǋOĨ ǼÌs ŎÞŘ Ÿǋ¶ŘÞO ŎǼǼsǋƼǼÌɠɴǣǣȖƼƼŸǋǼÞŘ¶ǼÌsǼǋ¶sǼǣƼsOÞsǣʳ

ōÞŘ _Þ¯¯sǋsŘOsǣʰ EŸǼÌ Ǽ OŸŎŎȖŘÞǼɴ Ř_ Ǽǋ¶sǼ ƼŸƼȖĶǼÞŸŘ ĶsɚsĶʰ ŸOOȖǋǋs_ EsǼɠssŘ ǼÌs ǼɠŸ ǣǼȖ_ɴ ǋsǣ Ř_ ɠÞǼÌÞŘ sOÌʰ EsǼɠssŘ ǋǼÞ¯ÞOÞĶ Ř_ ŘǼȖǋĶ ÌEÞǼǼǣʳËEÞǼǼŘ_OŸŎŎȖŘÞǼɴǣǼǋȖOǼȖǋsǋsǣȖĶǼs_ǼŸÞŘ¯ĶȖsŘOsǼÌsǼǋŸƼÌÞOŘÞOÌs Ÿ¯ʳ¯ǣOÞǼȖǣǼÌǼÌsŘOsɚǋÞs_ÞŘ_sƼsŘ_sŘOsŸ¯ǼÌsǣƼsOÞ¯ÞOÌEÞǼǼʰEȖǼǼÌsɴ_Þ_ ŘŸǼ ÞŘ¯ĶȖsŘOs ǼÌs ŸɚsǋĶĶ sOŸĶŸ¶ÞOĶ ǋŸĶs Ÿ¯ ǼÌs ǣƼsOÞsǣʳ ®ȖǋǼÌsǋŎŸǋsʰ ǼɠŸ ŎÞŘ ǼǋŸƼÌÞO ƼǼÌɠɴǣ ǣssŎs_ ǼŸ _ǋÞɚs ǼÌs ¯ĶȖɮsǣ Ÿ¯ Ÿǋ¶ŘÞO ŎǼǼsǋ Ķs_ÞŘ¶ ǼŸ ʳ ¯ǣOÞǼȖǣ ɠÞǼÌÞŘ ǼÌs ǼɠŸ ǼɴƼŸĶŸ¶Þsǣ Ÿ¯ ÌEÞǼǼ sɮŎÞŘs_ʲ ɠÌÞĶs ǼÌs ŎOǋŸƼÌɴǼsǣ _s¯ÞŘÞǼsĶɴǣȖƼƼŸǋǼǼÌsǣƼsOÞsǣÞŘǼÌsŘǼȖǋĶÌEÞǼǼǣʰǋǼÞ¯ÞOÞĶÌEÞǼǼǣǋsŎÞŘĶɴ Eǣs_ŸŘǣs_ÞŎsŘǼǋɴŸǋ¶ŘÞOŎǼǼsǋǋŸȖǼsǣʳ ŷȖǋŸȖǼOŸŎsǣĶĶŸɠs_ǼŸEǋŸ_sŘĨŘŸɠĶs_¶sŸŘÌŸɠŘǼȖǋĶŘ_ǋǼÞ¯ÞOÞĶǣɴǣǼsŎǣ ǣȖƼƼŸǋǼ ¯ÞǣÌ ƼŸƼȖĶǼÞŸŘǣ ĶÞɚÞŘ¶ ɠÞǼÌÞŘ OŸǣǼĶ Ķ¶ŸŸŘǣ Ř_ ǋsǣȖĶǼǣ ǋs _ÞǣOȖǣǣs_ ĶǣŸÞŘǼÌsĶÞ¶ÌǼŸ¯sOŸĶŸ¶ÞOĶÞŎƼĶÞOǼÞŸŘǣ¯ŸǋOŸǣǼĶŎŘ¶sŎsŘǼŸ¯ǣȖOÌǋǼÞ¯ÞOÞĶ ÌEÞǼǼǣǼÌǼOŸȖĶ_ǋsƼǋsǣsŘǼÌŸǼǣƼŸǼ¯ŸǋOŸŘǣsǋɚǼÞŸŘƼǋÞŸǋÞǼÞsǣŸ¯ʳ¯ǣOÞǼȖǣʳ

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ˠʳˠʳ ÝŘǼǋŸ_ȖcǼÞŸŘ

ǻǋŘǣÞǼÞŸŘĶ sOŸǣɴǣǼsŎǣʰ ǣȖOÌ ǣ OŸǣǼĶ Ķ¶ŸŸŘǣʰ ǋs ǼɴƼÞOĶĶɴ OÌǋOǼsǋÞʊs_ Eɴ ÌÞ¶Ì ǣƼǼÞŸ˚ǼsŎƼŸǋĶ ɚǋÞEÞĶÞǼɴ Ÿ¯ ǼÌs sŘɚÞǋŸŘŎsŘǼĶ ¯sǼȖǋsǣʳ ǻÌÞǣʰ ÞŘ ǼȖǋŘʰ sŘÌŘOsǣ ¶ǋsǼ ÌEÞǼǼ ÌsǼsǋŸ¶sŘsÞǼɴʰ ǼÌǼ Þǣ ĶǣŸ _sƼsŘ_sŘǼ ŸŘ ÞŘǼǋÞŘǣÞO ¶sŸŎŸǋƼÌŸĶŸ¶ɴ Ÿ¯ ǼÌs ǣƼsOÞ¯ÞO ǣɴǣǼsŎʰ ǣȖOÌ ǣ ǼÌs _s¶ǋss Ÿ¯ OŸŘŘsOǼÞŸŘ ǼŸ ǼÌs ŸƼsŘǣsŘ_ǼÌsÞŘƼȖǼŸ¯¯ǋsǣÌɠǼsǋǣʹ®ǋŘOŸʰ®ǋŘʊŸÞ˓ǻŸǋǋÞOsĶĶÞˡ˟˟˧EʱəÞʊʊÞŘÞ ˡ˟˟˨ʺʳ^sƼsŘ_ÞŘ¶ŸŘǼÌsĶ¶ŸŸŘʰǼÌsɚǋÞsǼɴŸ¯ÌEÞǼǼǣOŘÞŘOĶȖ_sǣĶǼŎǋǣÌsǣʰ ǣs¶ǋǣǣŎs_ŸɠǣʰŎȖ_¯ĶǼǣʹsÞǼÌsǋɚs¶sǼǼs_ŸǋŘŸǼʺʰÞŘǼsǋǼÞ_ĶOǋssĨǣʳōŸǋsŸɚsǋʰ ÞŘǼÌsǣssOŸǣɴǣǼsŎǣʰŘǼȖǋĶÌEÞǼǼǣŸ¯ǼsŘOŸsɮÞǣǼɠÞǼÌǋǼÞ¯ÞOÞĶŸŘsǣʰÌÞǣǼŸǋÞOĶĶɴ ǣsǼ ȖƼ ǼŸ ǣȖƼƼŸǋǼ ÌȖŎŘ OǼÞɚÞǼÞsǣ ǋsĶǼs_ ¯Ÿǋ sɮŎƼĶs ǼŸ ǣĶǼ ƼǋŸ_ȖOǼÞŸŘʰ ǇȖOȖĶǼȖǋs Ř_ ǋǼÞǣŘĶ ¯ÞǣÌsǋɴʰ ɠÌÞOÌ ŎĨsǣ ǼÌsŎ ÞŎƼŸǋǼŘǼ OŸŘǼǋÞEȖǼŸǋǣ Ÿ¯ sOŸǣɴǣǼsŎǣsǋɚÞOsǣʳ

Ř sɮǼsŘǣÞɚs EŸ_ɴ Ÿ¯ ǋsǣsǋOÌ Ìǣ ǣǣsǣǣs_ ǼÌs ǣǼǋȖOǼȖǋsʰ ¯ȖŘOǼÞŸŘÞŘ¶ Ř_ ǼsŎƼŸǋĶ _ɴŘŎÞOǣ Ÿ¯ ¯ÞǣÌ ǣǣsŎEĶ¶sǣ ÞŘÌEÞǼÞŘ¶ OŸǣǼĶ Ķ¶ŸŸŘǣ ʹrĶĶÞŸǼǼ ˓ ^sɟÞĶĶɴˠ˨˨ˤʱəÞʊʊÞŘÞ˓ōʊʊŸĶˡ˟˟ˢʱ®ǋŘOŸsǼĶʳˡ˟˟˥ʱōŘʊŸˡ˟ˠ˟ʱ®ǋŘʊŸÞʰ ®ǋŘOŸ˓ǻŸǋǋÞOsĶĶÞˡ˟ˠ˟ʺŘ__sƼÞOǼs_ǼÌsÞǋĶÞ¯sÌÞǣǼŸǋɴǼǋÞǼǣ ʹ®ǋŘOŸsǼĶʳˡ˟ˠˡʱ NɚǋǋŸsǼĶʳˡ˟ˠˣʱDǋÞ¶ŸĶÞŘsǼĶʳˡ˟ˠ˥ʺʳ ǢŸŎsȖǼÌŸǋǣƼǋŸƼŸǣs_¯ȖŘOǼÞŸŘĶ¶ȖÞĶ_ƼƼǋŸOÌǣǼŸŸĶǼŸ_sǣOǋÞEsǼÌsĶÞ¯s ÌÞǣǼŸǋɴ ǼǋÞǼǣ Ÿ¯ ¯ÞǣÌ ƼŸƼȖĶǼÞŸŘǣ Ÿ¯ ǣȖOÌ ǼǋŘǣÞǼÞŸŘĶ sŘɚÞǋŸŘŎsŘǼǣ ʹ®ǋŘOŸsǼ Ķʳ ˡ˟˟˧ʺʳÝŘƼǋǼÞOȖĶǋʰʹ®ǋŘOŸsǼĶʳˡ˟˟˧ʺƼƼĶÞs_ǼÌs¶ȖÞĶ_ƼƼǋŸOÌǼŸ_sƼÞOǼǼÌs ĶÞŘĨ EsǼɠssŘ ¯ÞǣÌ ƼŸƼȖĶǼÞŸŘǣ Ř_ ǼÌs ȖǼÞĶÞʊǼÞŸŘ Ÿ¯ OŸǣǼĶ ǣɴǣǼsŎǣʰ ɠÌsǋs ǼÌs ¶ȖÞĶ_ Þǣ _s¯ÞŘs_ ǣ ¶ǋŸȖƼ Ÿ¯ ǣƼsOÞsǣ ǼÌǼ ǣÌǋs ǼÌsÞǋ ŘÞOÌs ǋsǇȖÞǋsŎsŘǼǣʰ sɮƼĶŸÞǼÞŘ¶ ǼÌs ǣŎs ǋŘ¶s Ÿ¯ sŘɚÞǋŸŘŎsŘǼĶ ǋsǣŸȖǋOsǣ ɠÞǼÌ ǣÞŎÞĶǋ ÌEÞǼǣ ʹǊŸŸǼ ˠ˨˥˦ʺʳ ŎŸŘ¶ ǼÌs ÞŘǼsǋOǼÞŸŘǣ ǼÌǼ ǋsĶǼs ¯ÞǣÌ ƼŸƼȖĶǼÞŸŘ ǼŸ OsǋǼÞŘ sŘɚÞǋŸŘŎsŘǼʰ ǼǋŸƼÌÞOǋsĶǼÞŸŘǣÌÞƼǣǋsŸ¯OǋȖOÞĶÞŎƼŸǋǼŘOsŘ_ǋsȖǣs¯ȖĶǼŸŸĶǣǼŸǣǣsǣǣǼÌs ¯ȖŘOǼÞŸŘÞŘ¶Ř_ǼÌsĶsɚsĶŸ¯OŸŎƼĶsɮÞǼɴŸ¯ǣɴǣǼsŎʳ

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ǢÞŘOsÌEÞǼǼÌsǼsǋŸ¶sŘsÞǼɴÌǣEssŘ_sŎŸŘǣǼǋǼs_ǼŸǣÌƼsǼÌsĶÞ¯sÌÞǣǼŸǋɴǼǋÞǼǣ Ÿ¯ ¯ÞǣÌ ǣƼsOÞsǣ ƼŸƼȖĶǼÞŸŘǣ ʹDǋÞ¶ŸĶÞŘsǼ Ķʳ ˡ˟ˠ˥ʺʰ ɠs Ƽǋs_ÞOǼ ǼÌǼ ǼÌÞǣ OŘ OǋsǼs ǣŸŎsɚǋÞǼÞŸŘÞŘǼǋŸƼÌÞOǣǼǋȖOǼȖǋsŸ¯ƼŸƼȖĶǼÞŸŘǣŘ_OŸŘǣsǇȖsŘǼĶɴOŸŎŎȖŘÞǼÞsǣʰ ǼÌǼŎȖǣǼEssɚĶȖEĶsEɴ_sǣOǋÞƼǼŸǋǣŸ¯ǼǋŸƼÌÞOŘÞOÌsʳ

ǻÌs ŘĶɴǣÞǣ Ÿ¯ OǋEŸŘ Ř_ ŘÞǼǋŸ¶sŘ ǣǼEĶs ÞǣŸǼŸƼsǣ Ìǣ EssŘ ɠÞ_sĶɴ Ȗǣs_ ÞŘ ǣǼȖ_Þsǣ Ÿ¯ ǼǋŸƼÌÞO sOŸĶŸ¶ɴ ʹĵɴŎŘsǼ Ķʳ ˡ˟ˠˡʺ Ř_ ǼÌs ǋsOsŘǼ _sɚsĶŸƼŎsŘǼ Ÿ¯ _sǣOǋÞƼǼŸǋǣ ʹƼŸƼȖĶǼÞŸŘˀOŸŎŎȖŘÞǼɴ˚ɠÞ_s ŎsǼǋÞOǣʺ Ř_ ǣǼǼÞǣǼÞOĶ ŎŸ_sĶǣ ʹŎÞɮÞŘ¶ ŎŸ_sĶʺEǣs_ŸŘǼÌsOŸŘOsƼǼŸ¯ÞǣŸǼŸƼÞOŘÞOÌsÌɚssŎsǋ¶s_ǣŎÞŘƼƼǋŸOÌsǣ ǼŸ_sǣOǋÞEsǇȖŘǼÞǼǼÞɚsĶɴǼÌsǼǋŸƼÌÞOŘÞOÌsŸ¯ƼŸƼȖĶǼÞŸŘǣŘ_OŸŎŎȖŘÞǼÞsǣŘ_ǼŸ ÞŘ¯sǋ ǼÌs ƼǼÌɠɴǣ Ÿ¯Ÿǋ¶ŘÞO ŎǼǼsǋ ÞŘ ɠÞ_s ɚǋÞsǼɴ Ÿ¯ ǣɴǣǼsŎǣ ʹĵɴŎŘsǼĶʳ ˡ˟˟˦ʱğOĨǣŸŘsǼĶʳˡ˟ˠˠʺʳ

ǊsǣÞ_sŘǼ¯ÞǣÌƼŸƼȖĶǼÞŸŘǣǼÌǼÞŘÌEÞǼɠÞ_sɚǋÞsǼɴŸ¯sŘɚÞǋŸŘŎsŘǼǣOŘEsȖǣs_ ǣ ǣȖÞǼEĶs ŎŸ_sĶǣ ǼŸ ǣǣsǣǣ ǼÌs ÞŘ¯ĶȖsŘOs Ÿ¯ _Þ¯¯sǋsŘǼ ÌEÞǼǼ ǼɴƼsǣ ŸŘ ǼÌs ɚǋÞEÞĶÞǼɴŸ¯ǼÌsǼǋŸƼÌÞOŘÞOÌsʰǼÞŘǼǋŘ_ÞŘǼsǋ˚Ķ¶ŸŸŘĶsɚsĶʳ

ÞŎ Ÿ¯ ǼÌÞǣ ɠŸǋĨ Þǣ ǼŸ ǣǣsǣǣ ǼÌs ǼǋŸƼÌÞO ŘÞOÌs ɚǋÞEÞĶÞǼɴ Ÿ¯ ǋsǣÞ_sŘǼ ¯ÞǣÌ ƼŸƼȖĶǼÞŸŘǣOǋŸǣǣÌEÞǼǼǣǼÞŘǼsǋ˚Ř_ÞŘǼǋ˚Ķ¶ŸŸŘĶsɚsĶʰɠÞǼÌƼǋǼÞOȖĶǋ¯ŸOȖǣ ǼŸǼǋ¶sǼǣƼsOÞsǣŸ¯ÌÞ¶ÌsOŸĶŸ¶ÞOĶɚĶȖsʳǻÌsƼȖǋƼŸǣsÞǣǼŸÞŘɚsǣǼÞ¶ǼsÌŸɠǼÌs _Þ¯¯sǋsŘǼ ÌEÞǼǼǣ Ÿ¯ ǼǋŘǣÞǼÞŸŘĶ sOŸǣɴǣǼsŎ ǣÌƼs ǼÌs OŸŎƼŸǣÞǼÞŸŘ Ř_ǼǋŸƼÌÞO ǣǼǋȖOǼȖǋsŸ¯ǋsǣÞ_sŘǼ¯ÞǣÌƼŸƼȖĶǼÞŸŘǣʳ

ǢƼsOÞĶǼǼsŘǼÞŸŘɠǣ¶ÞɚsŘǼŸŸŘsŸ¯ǼÌsǋsǣÞ_sŘǼ¯ÞǣÌǣƼsOÞsǣǼÌǼsɮÌÞEÞǼǣɚsǋɴ ÌÞ¶Ì sOŸĶŸ¶ÞOĶ ɚĶȖsʰ ǣ ÞǼ Þǣ EĶs ǼŸ ƼŸƼȖĶǼs ɠÞ_s ɚǋÞsǼɴ Ÿ¯ ÌEÞǼǼǣ ɠÞǼÌÞŘ ŎŘɴ ōs_ÞǼsǋǋŘsŘ OŸǣǼĶ Ķ¶ŸŸŘǣʲ ǼÌs ōs_ÞǼsǋǋŘsŘ ǼŸŸǼÌOǋƼ ƼÌŘÞȖǣ ¯ǣOÞǼȖǣʹəĶsŘOÞsŘŘsǣʰˠ˧ˡˠʺʹĵsŸŘǋ_Ÿǣ˓ƻsǼǋÞ_Þǣˠ˨˨˥ʱNÞŎŎǋȖǼsǼĶʳˡ˟˟ˢʱ ǻÞ¶ŘŸsǼĶʳˡ˟˟˥ʱNɚǋǋŸsǼĶʳˡ˟ˠˠʺʰĶǣŸOĶĶs_ĨÞĶĶÞ¯ÞǣÌ¯ŸǋÞǼǣǣŎĶĶǣÞʊsʰǣÌŸǋǼ ĶÞ¯sOɴOĶsŘ_ƼsǋǣÞǣǼsŘOɴÞŘǣŎĶĶEǋOĨÞǣÌɠǼsǋEŸ_ÞsǣʳÝǼÞǣǼÌsŸŘĶɴǣƼsOÞsǣŸ¯ NɴƼǋÞŘŸ_ŸŘǼÞ_s¯ŎÞĶɴÞŘÌEÞǼÞŘ¶ÝǼĶÞŘOŸǣǼĶɠǼsǋǣŘ_ǣĶsɚsĶŸ¯ƼǋŸǼsOǼÞŸŘ ÞǼ Þǣ ÞŘOĶȖ_s_ ÞŘ ǼÌs ŘŘsɮ ÝÝ Ÿ¯ ËEÞǼǼǣ ^ÞǋsOǼÞɚs ʹ˨ˡˀˣˢˀrrNʺʰ ǋs¶ǋ_ÞŘ¶ ǼÌs OŸŘǣsǋɚǼÞŸŘŸ¯ŘǼȖǋĶÌEÞǼǼǣŘ_ɠÞĶ_ ¯ȖŘŘ_¯ĶŸǋÞŘǼÌsrȖǋŸƼsŘȕŘÞŸŘʰ

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Ř_ __ÞǼÞŸŘĶĶɴ ÞǼ Þǣ ĶǣŸ ÞŘOĶȖ_s_ ÞŘ ǼÌs Ǌs_ ĶÞǣǼ Ÿ¯ ǼÌǋsǼsŘs_ ǣƼsOÞsǣ Ÿ¯ ÝȕNŗ ʹÝŘǼsǋŘǼÞŸŘĶ ȕŘÞŸŘ ¯Ÿǋ NŸŘǣsǋɚǼÞŸŘ Ÿ¯ ŗǼȖǋsʺʰ ɠÌŸǣs ǼÌǋsǼ Þǣ OĶǣǣÞ¯Þs_ Ÿ¯ ˆĵsǣǼNŸŘOsǋŘˇʳ

ǻɠŸOŸǣǼĶĶ¶ŸŸŘǣɠsǋsǼĨsŘÞŘǼŸOOŸȖŘǼʰɠÞǼÌÞŘɠÌÞOÌŘȖŎEsǋŸ¯ÌEÞǼǼǣ ɠsǋs ǣsĶsOǼs_ʰ sÞǼÌsǋ ŘǼȖǋĶ Ÿǋ ǋǼÞ¯ÞOÞĶʰ OÌǋOǼsǋÞʊs_ Eɴ _Þ¯¯sǋsŘǼ ĶsɚsĶ Ÿ¯ OŸŘ¯ÞŘsŎsŘǼ Ř_ ɚÞĶEÞĶÞǼɴ Ÿ¯ EǣĶ ǣŸȖǋOsǣʳ ®ȖǋǼÌsǋŎŸǋsʰ ǼÌs OŸŎƼȖǼÞŘ¶ Ÿ¯ DɴsǣÞŘ ŎÞɮÞŘ¶ ŎŸ_sĶǣ ĶĶŸɠs_ ǼŸ sǣǼÞŎǼs ǼÌs ɚǋÞEÞĶÞǼɴ Ÿ¯ EǣĶ ǣŸȖǋOsǣ OŸŘǼǋÞEȖǼÞŸŘǼŸǼÌsǼǋŸƼÌÞOƼǼÌɠɴǣǼÌǼǣȖǣǼÞŘǼÌsǼǋ¶sǼ¯ÞǣÌOǋŸǣǣÌEÞǼǼǣʳ

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11 ˠʳˡʳ ōǼsǋÞĶǣŘ_ŎsǼÌŸ_ǣ ǢǼȖ_ɴǋsǣ ǻÌÞǣǣǼȖ_ɴɠǣOǋǋÞs_ŸȖǼÞŘǼɠŸĶ¶ŸŸŘsOŸǣɴǣǼsŎǣʲǼÌsǢǼ¶ŘŸŘs_ÞōǋǣĶŘ_ ǼÌsəsŘÞOsĵ¶ŸŸŘÞŘǣŸȖǼÌsǋŘŘ_ŘŸǋǼÌsǋŘÝǼĶɴǋsǣƼsOǼÞɚsĶɴʳ ǻÌs ǢǼ¶ŘŸŘs _Þ ōǋǣĶ ʹˢ˦̨ ˤˡ˂ ŗʰ ˠˡ̨ ˡ˧˂ rʺ Þǣ ǣÌĶĶŸɠ ǣsŎÞ˚sŘOĶŸǣs_ EǣÞŘ ɠÞǼÌǣȖǋ¯OsǋsŸ¯ƼƼǋŸɮÞŎǼsĶɴˡˠĨŎˡ_{Ř_Řɚsǋ¶s_sƼǼÌŸ¯ˠŎʹ®Þ¶ʳˠʺʳ} ŗŸ ǣȖEǣǼŘǼÞĶ ÞŘƼȖǼǣ Ÿ¯ ¯ǋsǣÌɠǼsǋ ǋs ƼǋsǣsŘǼʰ ǼÌsǋs¯Ÿǋs ɚĶȖsǣ Ÿ¯ ǼsŎƼsǋǼȖǋs Ř_ǣĶÞŘÞǼɴǋs¶sŘsǋĶĶɴÌÞ¶ÌsǋÞŘOŸŎƼǋÞǣŸŘǼŸǼÌs_ĠOsŘǼǣsʹōʊʊŸĶsǼĶʳ ˡ˟ˠ˟ʺʰ ǼŸ ɠÌÞOÌ ǼÌs ǼɠŸ ŎÞŘ ǣȖE˚EǣÞŘǣ Ìɚs _Þ¯¯sǋsŘǼ _s¶ǋss Ÿ¯ OŸŘŘsOǼÞŸŘʳ ǻÌsŘŸǋǼÌsǋŘǣȖE˚EǣÞŘÌǣŘǋǋŸɠŘ_ǣÌĶĶŸɠOÌŘŘsĶʹˣˤ˟ŎɠÞ_ǼÌŘ_ˠ˟˚ˢ˟ OŎ _sƼǼÌʺ ǼÌǼ ĶĶŸɠǣ ŸŘĶɴ ǣOǋOs ɠǼsǋ sɮOÌŘ¶sʰ ǼÌȖǣ ǋsƼǋsǣsŘǼǣ ǼÌs OǼȖĶ Ķ¶ŸŸŘ EǣÞŘʰ ɠÞǼÌ ÌÞ¶Ìsǋ ŘŘȖĶ ɚǋÞEÞĶÞǼɴ Ÿ¯ ǼÌs ŎÞŘ ƼÌɴǣÞOŸ˚OÌsŎÞOĶ ƼǋŎsǼsǋǣ Ř_ ǼÌs EŸǼǼŸŎ Þǣ Ÿ¯ǼsŘ _ŸŎÞŘǼs_ Eɴ sɚsŘǼǣ Ÿ¯ ǣs_ÞŎsŘǼ ǋsǣȖǣƼsŘǣÞŸŘʳDɴOŸŘǼǋǣǼʰǼÌsǣŸȖǼÌsǋŘǣȖE˚EǣÞŘÞǣOŸŘŘsOǼs_ǼŸǼÌsǣsǼÌǋŸȖ¶Ì ɠÞ_sǋŎŸȖǼÌʹˠˢˤ˟ŎɠÞ_ǼÌŘ_EŸȖǼˡŎ_sƼǼÌʺǼÌǼÞŘ_ȖOsǣÌÞ¶ÌsǋǋǼsŸ¯ ɠǼsǋǼȖǋŘŸɚsǋʹĵĵŸ¶¶ÞsǼĶʳˡ˟˟ˣʺŘ_ǣǼǋŸŘ¶sǋŎǋÞŘsÞŘ¯ĶȖsŘOsʳǻÌsǢǼ¶ŘŸŘs Þǣ ĶǣŸ OĶǣǣÞ¯Þs_ ǣ ŸĶÞ¶ŸǼǋŸƼÌÞOʰ ǣ ǼÌs ŎsŘ OÌĶŸǋŸƼÌɴĶĶ˚ OŸŘOsŘǼǋǼÞŸŘ Þǣ ǋŸȖŘ_ˠʳ˟ͼ¶Ķ˚ˠ_{ÞŘǼÌsɠǼsǋOŸĶȖŎŘʹǢǋʰĵsŸŘǋ_Þ˓ōʊʊŸĶˠ˨˨˨ʺŘ_ˢʳ˟ͼ¶}

Ķ˚ˠ_{ÞŘ ǼÌs ǣs_ÞŎsŘǼ ʹƻȖǣOs__Ȗ}_{sǼ Ķʳ ˠ˨˨˨ʺʳ OOŸǋ_ÞŘ¶ ǼŸ ǼÌs rȖǋŸƼsŘ ^ÞǋsOǼÞɚs}

˨ˡˀˣˢˀNrrʰ ǼÌs ǋs Þǣ ÞŘOĶȖ_s_ ÞŘ ǼÌs ĶÞǣǼǣ Ÿ¯ ǼÌs ǢNÝ ʹÝǻ˟ˠ˟˟ˡ˥ʺ Ř_ Ǣƻ ʹÝǻ˟ˠ˟˟ˡ˧ʺʳ ǻÌsĶ¶ŸŸŘŸ¯əsŘÞOsʹˣˤ̨ˡ˥˅ŗʰˠˡ̨ˡ˟˅rʺÞǣǼÌsĶǋ¶sǣǼĶ¶ŸŸŘĶǣɴǣǼsŎÞŘrȖǋŸƼs ʹ®Þ¶ʳˠʺʰÌǣǣȖǋ¯OsǋsŸ¯EŸȖǼˤˤ˟ĨŎˡ_{Ř_OOŸǋ_ÞŘ¶ǼŸÞǼǣÌɴ_ǋŸĶŸ¶ɴOŘEs} _ÞɚÞ_s_ ÞŘ ǼÌǋss ŎÞŘ ǣȖE˚EǣÞŘǣʲ ŗŸǋǼÌsǋŘʰ NsŘǼǋĶ Ř_ ǢŸȖǼÌsǋŘ ʹɚŘʊÞsǼ Ķʳ ˠ˨˦˨ʺʳÝǼÌǣŎÞŘĶɴǣÌĶĶŸɠɠǼsǋǣʹŎsŘ_sƼǼÌEŸȖǼˠ̝˟ʳˢŎʰDŸŘ¯sǼĶʳˡ˟˟ˣʺ OǋŸǣǣs_Eɴ_ssƼsǋǣÌÞƼƼÞŘ¶OÌŘŘsĶǣsɮǼsŘ_ÞŘ¶ǼŸɠǋ_ǣǼÌsǼÌǋssŎŸȖǼÌǣʹĵÞ_Ÿʰ ōĶŎŸOOŸ Ř_ NÌÞŸ¶¶Þʺ ǼÌǼ ĶĶŸɠ OŸŘŘsOǼÞŸŘ Ř_ ɠǼsǋ sɮOÌŘ¶s ɠÞǼÌ ǼÌs

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_ǋÞǼÞO Ǣsʳ ǻÌs ŎĠŸǋ ¯ǋsǣÌɠǼsǋ ǼǋÞEȖǼǋÞsǣ ǋs ĶŸOǼs_ ÞŘ ǼÌs ŘŸǋǼÌsǋŘ ǣȖE˚ EǣÞŘʰÌsŘOsÌǣĶŸɠsǋǣĶÞŘÞǼɴǼÌŘǼÌsŸǼÌsǋǣȖE˚EǣÞŘǣʳǻÌsǋsÞǣǣȖEĠsOǼs_ǼŸ ǼÌsɠÞ_sǣǼǼÞ_ĶǋŘ¶sŸ¯ǼÌsōs_ÞǼsǋǋŘsŘǢsʰɠÌÞOÌÞǣȖƼǼŸƼƼǋŸɮÞŎǼsĶɴˠŎʳ ǻÌs ÌÞ¶Ì ɚǋÞEÞĶÞǼɴ Ÿ¯ ŎŸǋƼÌŸĶŸ¶ÞOĶ Ř_ ƼÌɴǣÞOŸ˚OÌsŎÞOĶ ƼǋŎsǼsǋǣ ÞŘ_ȖOsǣ ÌÞ¶Ì ĶsɚsĶǣ Ÿ¯ ǣƼǼÞĶ Ř_ ÌEÞǼǼ ÌsǼsǋŸ¶sŘsÞǼɴ ǼÌǼ OÌǋOǼsǋÞʊsǣ ǼÌs ɠÌŸĶs Ķ¶ŸŸŘʳŎŸŘ¶ǼÌs_Þ¯¯sǋsŘǼĶsɚsĶǣŸ¯ƼǋŸǼsOǼÞŸŘŸ¯ǼÌsǋsʰǼÌsËEÞǼǼǣ^ÞǋsOǼÞɚs ʹ˨ˡˀˣˢˀNrrʺÞŘOĶȖ_sǣǼÌsŗŸǋǼÌsǋŘĵ¶ŸŸŘŸ¯əsŘÞOsɠÞǼÌÞŘǼÌsǢÞǼsǣŸ¯NŸŎŎȖŘÞǼɴ ÝŎƼŸǋǼŘOsʹǢNÝʺǣɠsĶĶǣǼÌsNsŘǼǋĶ˚ǢŸȖǼÌsǋŘǋsǣʹǋsǣƼsOǼÞɚsĶɴÝǻˢˡˤ˟˟ˢ˟Ř_ Ýǻˢˡˤ˟˟ˢˠʺʰŘ_ǼÌsĶ¶ŸŸŘǣɠÌŸĶsÞǣ_sǣÞ¶ŘǼs_ǣǢƼsOÞĶƻǋŸǼsOǼÞŸŘǋs ʹǢƻʰÝǻˢˡˤ˟˟ˣ˥ʺʳ ǢŎƼĶÞŘ¶ǣÞǼsǣ ®ÞɚsǣÞǼsǣOŸǋǋsǣƼŸŘ_ÞŘ¶ǼŸ_Þ¯¯sǋsŘǼŘǼȖǋĶŘ_ǋǼÞ¯ÞOÞĶÌEÞǼǼǣʰɠÌsǋsǼÌsǼǋ¶sǼ ǣƼsOÞsǣÞǣɠÞ_sĶɴ_ÞǣǼǋÞEȖǼs_ʰɠsǋsOÌŸǣsŘOǋŸǣǣǼÌsǼɠŸǣǼȖ_ɴǋsǣʹ®Þ¶ʳˠʺʳ ®Þ¶ȖǋsˠʳĵŸOǼÞŸŘŸ¯ǼÌsǣǼȖ_ɴǋsǣŘ_ǋsĶǼÞɚsƼŸǣÞǼÞŸŘŸ¯ǼÌsÌEÞǼǼǣsɮŎÞŘs_ʳ

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ÝŘǼÌsǢǼ¶ŘŸŘs_ÞōǋǣĶǼÌs¯ŸĶĶŸɠÞŘ¶ǼɠŸǣÞǼsǣɠsǋsÞŘɚsǣǼÞ¶Ǽs_ʲ

Ǣµʲ Ǣs¶ǋǣǣ Ŏs_Ÿɠ ˛ Þǣ _sŘǣsNɴŎŸ_ŸOs ŘŸ_Ÿǣ ʹȕOǋÞ ǣOÌsǋǣŸŘʰ ˠ˧˦˟ʺ Ŏs_Ÿɠ ĶŸOǼs_ Řsǋ ƻȖŘǼ _˅Ķ¶ʰ ÞŘ ǼÌs ǣŸȖǼÌsǋŘ ǣȖE˚EǣÞŘ Ÿ¯ ǼÌs ǢǼ¶ŘŸŘsʳǢÞǼs_sƼǼÌÞǣEŸȖǼˣ˟OŎŘ_ǼÌsǣs_ÞŎsŘǼÞǣǣŘ_ɴ˚ƼsĶÞǼÞOʰ¯ȖĶĶɴ OŸɚsǋs_ÞŘNʳŘŸ_ŸǣŘ_ŎÞŘŸǋŎOǋŸĶ¶sʳ rƻʲrɚƼŸǋǼÞŸŘƼŸŘ_˛ĶǣŸOĶĶs_ˆOŸŸĶÞŘ¶ɚǼˇʰÞǣŸŘsŸ¯ǼÌsǼŘĨǣŸ¯ǼÌsǣĶǼɠŸǋĨ ǣɴǣǼsŎĶŸOǼs_ÞŘǼÌsOsŘǼǋĶǋsŸ¯ǼÌsǢǼ¶ŘŸŘsʳǻÌsǼŘĨÞǣƼƼǋŸɮÞŎǼsĶɴ ˥˟ʳ˟˟˟Ŏˡ_{ÞŘǣȖǋ¯OsǋsŘ_ˤ˟OŎ_ssƼʰÞǼÞǣsŘOĶŸǣs_¯ǋŸŎǼÌs_ĠOsŘǼ} ǣŸȖŘ_Ř_ʰŸŘĶɴŸOOǣÞŸŘĶĶɴʰǣŎĶĶOÌŘŘsĶÞǣŸƼsŘs_ǼŸĶĶŸɠǼÌsÞŘOŸŎs Ÿ¯ɠǼsǋ¯ŸǋŘsɠǣĶǼƼǋŸ_ȖOǼÞŸŘʳǢŘ_ɴ˚ƼsĶÞǼÞOEŸǼǼŸŎÞŘOŸɚsǋs_EɴŎÞɮs_ ƼǼOÌsǣŸ¯NʳŘŸ_ŸǣŘ_ŎOǋŸĶ¶sʳ ÝŘəsŘÞOsĶ¶ŸŸŘǼÌs¯ŸĶĶŸɠÞŘ¶ǼÌǋssǣÞǼsǣɠsǋsÞŘɚsǣǼÞ¶Ǽs_ʲ Ǣōˠʲ ǢĶǼ ŎǋǣÌ ˠ ˛ Þǣ ǣŎĶĶ ǣĶǼ ŎǋǣÌ ǣÞǼȖǼs_ ÞŘ DOOŘ ʹˣˤʳˣˣ˦ˣˠ̨ŗʰ ˠˡʳˣˠˤ˧ˢ̨rʺʰǣÞǼsOĶŸǣsǼŸǼÌsŘŸǋǼÌsǋŘŎŸȖǼÌŸ¯ǼÌsĶ¶ŸŸŘʳ^sƼǼÌÞǣEŸȖǼ ˢ˟OŎʰǼÌsǣs_ÞŎsŘǼÞǣŎȖ__ɴŘ_ÌǣĶŸɠOŸɚsǋ¶sʹˤ˚ˡˤ̇ʺŸ¯ǣs¶ǋǣǣsǣ ɠÞǼÌǣƼǋǣs_ǋÞ¯ǼŎOǋŸĶ¶sʳ ǢōˡʲǢĶǼŎǋǣÌˡ˛ÞǣǣĶǼŎǋǣÌƼĶOs_ÞŘŘÞŘŘsǋǋsŸ¯ǼÌsĶ¶ŸŸŘʰÞŘǼÌs ƼǋŸɮÞŎÞǼɴŸ¯NǋsɚŘÞǣĶŘ_ʹˣˤʳˣ˦ˠ˨˟̨ŗʰˠˡʳˣˢ˟˧˟̨rʺʳǻÌsǣÞǼsÞǣˣ˟OŎ_ssƼ Ř_ ǼÌs ǣȖEǣǼǋǼs Þǣ ŎÞŘĶɴ ŎȖ__ɴ Ř_ Eǋsʰ ɠÞǼÌ ɚsǋɴ ĶŸɠ ʹˤ˚ˠ˟̇ʺ ƼǋsǣsŘOs Ÿ¯ ǣs¶ǋǣǣsǣ Ř_ ŎOǋŸĶ¶sʳ ÝǼ Þǣ ĶǣŸ OÌǋOǼsǋÞʊs_ Eɴ ǼÌs ƼǋsǣsŘOsŸ¯ǣŎĶĶÞŘǼsǋǼÞ_ĶOǋssĨǣʰEŸȖǼˠ˟OŎ_ssƼʳ ^ʲǋǼÞ¯ÞOÞĶ_ÞǼOÌ˛ÞǣŘǋǼÞ¯ÞOÞĶǣɴǣǼsŎŸ¯ǣŎĶĶ_ÞǼOÌsǣǣÞǼȖǼs_ÞŘəÞ¶ŘŸĶsÞǣĶŘ_ ʹˣˤʳˣˣˡˤ˨̨ŗ ˠˡʳˢ˦ˤˢ˧̨rʺʰȖǣs_ÞŘǼÌsƼǣǼǣÞŘĶŘ_¯ÞǣÌƼŸŘ_ʳŗŸɠ_ÞǼOÌsǣ ǋsEŸȖǼ˥˟OŎ_ssƼŘ_ǋsÞǣŸĶǼs_¯ǋŸŎǼÌsǋsǣǼŸ¯ǼÌsĶ¶ŸŸŘʳ

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14 ǢŎƼĶsOŸĶĶsOǼÞŸŘ ®ÞǣÌOŸŎŎȖŘÞǼÞsǣŘ_ĶĶǼÌsƼŸǣǣÞEĶsǣŸȖǋOsǣŸ¯Ÿǋ¶ŘÞOŎǼǼsǋǋsƼǋsǣsŘǼǼÞɚsŸ¯ ǼÌs ÌEÞǼǼǣ sɮŎÞŘs_ ɠsǋs OŸĶĶsOǼs_ ÞŘ ǣƼǋÞŘ¶ Ř_ ȖǼȖŎŘ ˡ˟ˠˣʰ ¯ŸĶĶŸɠÞŘ¶ ǣǼŘ_ǋ_Þʊs_ƼǋŸǼŸOŸĶȖǣs_ÞŘĶĶǼÌsǣǼȖ_ɴǣÞǼsǣʳ ®ÞǣÌɠsǋsOŸĶĶsOǼs_EɴǣsŎÞ˚ǇȖŘǼÞǼǼÞɚsOǼOÌʰȖǣÞŘ¶ǣŎĶĶʹˣ˚˧˚ˠ˟ŎʺEsOÌǣsÞŘs ŘsǼǣɠÞǼÌŎsǣÌǣÞʊsŸ¯ˡŎŎʰOŸɚsǋÞŘ¶ǼɠŸǼÞŎsǣĨŘŸɠŘǣȖǋ¯OsǋsʳǢÞʊsŸ¯ ǼÌs ǣsÞŘs ŘsǼ Ȗǣs_ Ř_ ǣȖǋ¯Os ǋs ǣŎƼĶs_ ɚǋÞs_ Eɴ ǣǼȖ_ɴ ǋs Ÿǋ ǣÞǼsʰ _sƼsŘ_ÞŘ¶ ŸŘ ǼÌs ǣƼsOÞ¯ÞO ÌEÞǼǼ ÞŘɚŸĶɚs_ ʹsʳ¶ʳ ŘǋǋŸɠsǋ ŘsǼ OŸɚsǋÞŘ¶ ĶŸŘ¶sǋ _ÞǣǼŘOs ɠÌsŘ ǣŎƼĶÞŘ¶ ÞŘ OŘĶǣ Ÿǋ OǋssĨǣʰ ɠÞ_sǋ ŘsǼ Ÿɚsǋ ɠÞ_sǋ ǣȖǋ¯Os ǋs ɠÌsŘǣŎƼĶÞŘ¶ÞŘŸƼsŘǣĶǼŎǋǣÌsǣʺʳ ƻǋÞŎǋɴƼǋŸ_ȖOsǋǣǣȖOÌǣǣs¶ǋǣǣsǣʰŎOǋŸĶ¶sŘ_ǼsǋǋsǣǼǋÞĶÌĶŸƼÌɴǼsǣɠsǋs OŸĶĶsOǼs_ŎŘȖĶĶɴ¯ǋŸŎǼÌǋssǋŘ_ŸŎƼŸÞŘǼǣOÌŸǣsŘɠÞǼÌÞŘǼÌsǣŎƼĶs_ǋsǣʳ ǢsɠǼsǋǣŎƼĶsǣʹˠ˟ĶŘss_s_ÞŘǼÌsŸĶÞ¶ŸǼǋŸƼÌÞOǢǼ¶ŘŸŘs_ÞōǋǣĶŘ_ˡĶÞŘ əsŘÞOsĵ¶ŸŸŘʺŘ_ǣȖƼsǋ¯ÞOÞĶǣs_ÞŎsŘǼOŸǋsǣʹˢOŎƩʺɠsǋsOŸĶĶsOǼs_ÞŘǼǋÞƼĶÞOǼs ǼŸŸEǼÞŘǼÌsǣŸȖǋOsǣǋsĶǼs_ǋsǣƼsOǼÞɚsĶɴǼŸǼÌsǣȖǣƼsŘ_s_ƼǋǼÞOȖĶǼsʹƻŷōʺŘ_ ǣs_ÞŎsŘǼǋɴ Ÿǋ¶ŘÞO ŎǼǼsǋ ʹǢŷōʺʳ ÝŘ __ÞǼÞŸŘʰ ŸŘĶɴ ÞŘ əsŘÞOs ĵ¶ŸŸŘ ǣÞǼsǣʰ ʊŸŸƼĶŘĨǼŸŘɠǣǣŎƼĶs_EɴÌŸǋÞʊŸŘǼĶÌȖĶɠÞǼÌǣŎĶĶƼĶŘĨǼŸŘŘsǼɠÞǼÌˠ˥˟ ͼŎ ŎsǣÌ ǣÞʊsʳ ĶĶ ǼÌs ǣŎƼĶsǣ OŸĶĶsOǼs_ ɠsǋs ĨsƼǼ OŸŸĶ ȖŘǼÞĶ ǋǋÞɚÞŘ¶ Ǽ ǼÌs ĶEŸǋǼŸǋɴŘ_ǣǼŸǋs_Ǽ˚ˡ˟̨NƼǋÞŸǋǼŸǼÌsƼǋŸOsǣǣÞŘ¶ʳ ǢŎƼĶsƼǋŸOsǣǣÞŘ¶Ř_ĶEŸǋǼŸǋɴŘĶɴǣÞǣ ®ÞǣÌǣŎƼĶs_ɠsǋsÞ_sŘǼÞ¯Þs_ǼǣƼsOÞsǣĶsɚsĶŘ_ǣsɮʹɠÌsŘƼŸǣǣÞEĶsʺŘ_ǼÌsŎÞŘ EÞŸŎsǼǋÞOǣǣȖOÌǣǣǼŘ_ǋ_ĶsŘ¶ǼÌʹǢĵʺʰǼŸǼĶɠsÞ¶ÌǼʹǻɟʺʰɠsǋsŎsǣȖǋs_ÞŘŸǋ_sǋ ǼŸ_sǼsǋŎÞŘsǼÌsŎÞŘ_sŎŸ¶ǋƼÌÞOǼǋÞǼǣŸ¯ǼÌsƼŸƼȖĶǼÞŸŘǣsɮŎÞŘs_ʳ

¯Ǽsǋɠǋ_ǣʰ Ǽ ĶsǣǼ ˠˤ ÞŘ_ÞɚÞ_ȖĶǣ ¯Ÿǋ sOÌ ǣƼsOÞsǣ Ř_ ǣsɮʰ ɠsǋs _ÞǣǣsOǼs_ Eɴ ŎsŘǣ Ÿ¯ ǣOĶƼsĶ Ř_ Ǽɠssʊsǋǣ ǼŸ sɮǼǋOǼ ǼÌs _ŸǋǣĶ ŎȖǣOĶsǣʳ Ǣs¶ǋǣǣsǣʰ ŎOǋŸĶ¶s Ř_ ǼsǋǋsǣǼǋÞĶ ÌĶŸƼÌɴǼsǣ ɠsǋs Þ_sŘǼÞ¯Þs_ Ǽ ǣƼsOÞsǣ ĶsɚsĶʱ sɚsŘǼȖĶ sƼÞƼÌɴǼsǣɠsǋsǣOǋƼs_ŎŘȖĶĶɴʳ

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ɟǼsǋ ǣŎƼĶsǣ ɠsǋs Ƽǋs˚¯ÞĶǼsǋs_ ʹˡ˟˟ ͼŎʺ Ř_ ǼÌsŘ ¯ÞĶǼsǋs_ ŸŘ ƼǋsOŸŎEȖǣǼs_ ʹˣˤ˟̨NʰˣÌʺ¯ÞĶǼsǋǣʹµ®ˀ®ɟÌǼŎŘʰƼŸǋsǣÞʊs˟ʳ˦ͼŎʺǼŸOŸŘOsŘǼǋǼsǼÌsƻŷōʳǻÌs ǼŸƼ ˠʳˤ OŎ Ÿ¯ ǣs_ÞŎsŘǼ OŸǋsǣ ɠsǋs ǣĶÞOs_ Ř_ ÌŸŎŸ¶sŘÞʊs_ ǣ ƼǋŸɮɴ ¯Ÿǋ Ǣŷōʳ ʉŸŸƼĶŘĨǼŸŘ ǣŎƼĶsǣ ɠsǋs Oǋs¯ȖĶĶɴ OĶsŘs_ ȖŘ_sǋ EÞŘŸOȖĶǋ ŎÞOǋŸǣOŸƼs ǼŸ ǋsŎŸɚsŘɴ_sǼǋÞǼĶŎǼsǋÞĶŘ_OŸŘOsŘǼǋǼs_ÞŘsƼƼsŘ_Ÿǋ¯ǼȖEsǣʳ

ŷŘOs ƼǋŸOsǣǣs_ʰ ĶĶ ǣŎƼĶsǣ ÞŘǼsŘ_s_ ¯Ÿǋ ǼÌs ŘĶɴǣÞǣ Ÿ¯ ǣǼEĶs ÞǣŸǼŸƼsǣ ɠsǋs ŸɚsŘ˚_ǋÞs_Ǽ˥˟̨NǼŸOŸŘǣǼŘǼɠsÞ¶ÌǼ¯ŸǋEŸȖǼˣ˧ÌŘ_ǼÌsŘ ¶ǋŸȖŘ_ǼŸ¯ÞŘs ƼŸɠ_sǋȖǣÞŘ¶ŎÞOǋŸŎÞĶĶŸǋŎŸǋǼǋŘ_ƼsǣǼĶsʳƻǋǼŸ¯ǼÌsǣŎƼĶsǣOŸŘǼÞŘÞŘ¶ ŘɴOǋEŸŘǼsOŸŎƼŸŘsŘǼǼÌǼŎÞ¶ÌǼÞŘǼsǋ¯sǋsɠÞǼÌǼÌs_sǼsǋŎÞŘǼÞŸŘŸ¯OǋEŸŘ ÞǣŸǼŸƼÞO ǣÞ¶ŘǼȖǋs ɠǣ OÞ_Þ¯Þs_ ʹËNĶ ˠōʺʳ ĵǣǼĶɴʰ Ř ĶÞǇȖŸǼ Ÿ¯ sOÌ ǣŎƼĶs ɠǣ ƼOĨs_ÞŘǼÞŘOƼǣȖĶsǣŘ_ŘĶɴǣs_¯Ÿǋδˠˢ_{NŘ_δ}ˠˤ_{ŗȖǣÞŘ¶ŘÞǣŸǼŸƼsǋǼÞŸŎǣǣ}

ǣƼsOǼǋŸŎsǼsǋ ʹǻÌsǋŎŸ˚rĶsOǼǋŸŘ ^sĶǼ ƻĶȖǣ ɭƻʺ OŸȖƼĶs_ ǼŸ Ř sĶsŎsŘǼĶ ŘĶɴǣsǋ ʹǻÌsǋŎŸ˚rĶsOǼǋŸŘ®ĶǣÌrˠˠˠˡʺʳ NǋEŸŘ Ř_ ŘÞǼǋŸ¶sŘ ǣǼEĶs ÞǣŸǼŸƼs ǋǼÞŸǣ ɠsǋs sɮƼǋsǣǣs_ ÞŘ δ ȖŘÞǼ ŘŸǼǼÞŸŘʰ ǣ ƼǋǼǣ Ƽsǋ ŎÞĶ _sɚÞǼÞŸŘ ¯ǋŸŎ ǼÌs ÞŘǼsǋŘǼÞŸŘĶ ǣǼŘ_ǋ_ǣ ʹǋsǣƼsOǼÞɚsĶɴ ƻss ^ss DsĶsŎŘÞǼs Ř_ ǼŎŸǣƼÌsǋÞO ŗˡ ¯Ÿǋ OǋEŸŘ Ř_ ŘÞǼǋŸ¶sŘʺ Ř_ _sǼsǋŎÞŘs_ ǣ ¯ŸĶĶŸɠǣʲ δɭ̠ʻʹǊǣŎƼĶsˀǊǣǼŘ_ǋ_ʺ̜ˠʼ̞ˠ˟ˢʰ ɠÌsǋs ɭ ÞǣˠˢN Ÿǋˠˤŗ Ř_ Ǌ Þǣ ǼÌs ǋsĶǼÞɚs ˠˢ_Nˀˠˡ_NŸǋˠˤ_ŗˀˠˣ_ŗǋǼÞŸʳ ^ǼŘĶɴǣÞǣ ^sŎŸ¶ǋƼÌÞOǼǋÞǼǣ˚ƻǋsĶÞŎÞŘǋɴŘĶɴǣÞǣŸ¯ǼÌs¯ÞǣÌ¯ȖŘ_ǼĶĶŸɠs_ǼŸǣǣsǣǣ ǼÌsOŸŘǼsɮǼŸ¯ǼÌsOŸŎŎȖŘÞǼɴɠÌsǋsǼÌsǼǋ¶sǼǣƼsOÞsǣɠǣƼĶOs_ʳ

ǻÌs ŘȖŎEsǋ Ÿ¯ ÞŘ_ÞɚÞ_ȖĶǣ Ÿ¯ sOÌ ǣƼsOÞsǣ OŸĶĶsOǼs_ ɠǣ ǋsĶǼs_ ǼŸ ǼÌs ǣƼsOÞ¯ÞO ǣŎƼĶÞŘ¶ǋsŘ_ǼÌsŘǣǼŘ_ǋ_Þʊs_ǼŸˠ˟˟Ŏˡ_{ʰÞŘŸǋ_sǋǼŸOŸŎƼǋsǼÌs_sŘǣÞǼɴ}

ŎŸŘ¶ǣÞǼsǣǣŘ̨ÞŘ_ÞɚÞ_ȖĶǣˠ˟˟˚ˡ_{Ř_ǋsĶǼÞɚsƼsǋOsŘǼ¶sEȖŘ_ŘOsʳÝŘ__ÞǼÞŸŘʰ}

sOÌ ǣƼsOÞsǣ ɠǣ ǣǣÞ¶Řs_ ǼŸ Ř sOŸĶŸ¶ÞOĶ Ř_ ¯ss_ÞŘ¶ ¶ǋŸȖƼʰ ǣ _s¯ÞŘs_ ÞŘ ōĶɚǣÞsǼ Ķʳ ʹˡ˟˟ˣʺ Ř_ ®ǋŘOŸsǼ Ķʳ ʹˡ˟˟˥ʺʰ ǼŸ ŸȖǼĶÞŘs ǼÌs ŎÞŘ sOŸĶŸ¶ÞOĶ ¯sǼȖǋsǣŸ¯ǼÌsƼŸƼȖĶǼÞŸŘǣ¯ŸȖŘ_ɠÞǼÌÞŘǼÌs¯ÞǣÌǣǣsŎEĶ¶sǣʳ

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ÝŘ Ÿǋ_sǋ ǼŸ ¯ŸOȖǣ ŸŘ ǼÌs ƼŸƼȖĶǼÞŸŘ ĶsɚsĶ Ÿ¯ ǼÌs Ǽǋ¶sǼ ǣƼsOÞsǣʳ ¯ǣOÞǼȖǣʰ ǼÌs ŎÞŘ ǼǋÞǼǣ Ÿ¯ ǼÌs _sŎŸ¶ǋƼÌÞO ǣǼǋȖOǼȖǋs ɠsǋs _sǣOǋÞEs_ Eɴ ĶŸŸĨÞŘ¶ Ǽ ǼÌs ¯ǋsǇȖsŘOɴ _ÞǣǼǋÞEȖǼÞŸŘǣ Ÿ¯ ǣǼŘ_ǋ_ ĶsŘ¶ǼÌ ʹǢĵʺ Ř_ ǼÌs ǣsɮ ǋǼÞŸ ¯sŎĶsʲŎĶs ʹ®ʲōʺʳÝŘ __ÞǼÞŸŘʰ ǼǋŸƼÌÞO ƼŸǣÞǼÞŸŘǣ ʹǻƻʺ ɠsǋs sǣǼÞŎǼs_ ¯Ÿǋʳ ¯ǣOÞǼȖǣ ȖǣÞŘ¶ ǼÌs sǇȖǼÞŸŘǋsƼŸǋǼs_ÞŘʹƻŸǣǼˡ˟˟ˡʺʲǻƻ̠ʻʹδˠˤ_ŗ ¯˚δˠˤŗEʺˀͶŘʼ̛ʭʰɠÌsǋsδˠˤŗ¯Ř_ δˠˤŗEǋsǋsǣƼsOǼÞɚsĶɴǼÌsŘÞǼǋŸ¶sŘÞǣŸǼŸƼÞOǣÞ¶ŘǼȖǋsŸ¯ǼÌs¯ÞǣÌǣƼsOÞsǣŘ_ǼÌǼŸ¯ ǼÌsǣŸȖǋOsEǣsĶÞŘsʳǣǣŸȖǋOsEǣsĶÞŘsɠsȖǣs_ǼÌsŎsŘɚĶȖsŸ¯ĶĶǼÌsǣŎƼĶsǣ Ÿ¯ ʊŸŸƼĶŘĨǼŸŘ OŸĶĶsOǼs_ ɠÞǼÌÞŘ ǼÌs əsŘÞOs Ķ¶ŸŸŘ ʹ˦ʳˢ˦̈ʺ Ř_ ǼÌs ǢǼ¶ŘŸŘs _Þ ōǋǣĶʹ˥ʳˤ̈ʺʳͶŘ̠ˢʳˣ̈ÞǣǼÌsǼǋŸƼÌÞOsŘǋÞOÌŎsŘǼsɮƼsOǼs_¯ŸǋsOÌǼǋŸƼÌÞOĶsɚsĶ Ř_ʭÞǣǼÌsǼǋŸƼÌÞOƼŸǣÞǼÞŸŘŸ¯ǼÌsǣƼsOÞsǣȖǣs_ǣEǣsĶÞŘsʰǼÌǼÞǣˡʳ ǻǋŸƼÌÞOǣǼǋȖOǼȖǋs˚^Þ¯¯sǋsŘOsǣ¯ŸǋÞǣŸǼŸƼsǣEsǼɠssŘĶ¶ŸŸŘǣŘ_ŎŸŘ¶ÌEÞǼǼǣ ɠsǋsOŸŘ_ȖOǼs_ǣsƼǋǼsĶɴ¯Ÿǋδˠˢ_{NŘ_δ}ˠˤ_{ŗʰǋsǣƼsOǼÞɚsĶɴǼÌǋŸȖ¶ÌǼ˚ǼsǣǼŸǋŘŸŘ˚} ƼǋŎsǼǋÞOħǋȖǣĨĶ˚ɟĶĶÞǣ¯ǼsǋǼsǣǼÞŘ¶¯ŸǋŘŸǋŎĶ_ÞǣǼǋÞEȖǼÞŸŘŸ¯ǼÌs_Ǽʳ

ÝŘ Ÿǋ_sǋ ǼŸ ǣǣsǣǣ ǼÌs ÞǣŸǼŸƼÞO ŘÞOÌs ɠÞ_ǼÌ Ř_ ǋsĶǼÞɚs ŎsǼǋÞOǣʰ ǣǼŘ_ǋ_ sĶĶÞƼǣs ǋsǣʹǢrOʰOŸǋǋsOǼs_¯ŸǋǣŎĶĶǣŎƼĶsǣÞʊsʺɠsǋssǣǼÞŎǼs_EɴDɴsǣÞŘǣǼǼÞǣǼÞOǣ ȖǣÞŘ¶ǼÌsǊƼOĨ¶sǢÝDrǊɚˡʳ˟ʳˡʹǢǼEĶsÝǣŸǼŸƼsDɴsǣÞŘrĶĶÞƼǣsǣÞŘǊʺʹğOĨǣŸŘsǼ Ķʳˡ˟ˠˠʺŘ_OŸŎŎȖŘÞǼɴ˚ɠÞ_sŎsǼǋÞOǣɠsǋsOĶOȖĶǼs_ȖǣÞŘ¶ǼÌsǊƼOĨ¶sǢÝǊ ˣʳˡʳˡʹƻǋŘsĶĶsǼĶʳˡ˟ˠ˟ʺʳ ōsǼǋÞOǣ ɠsǋs sǣǼÞŎǼs_ ÞŘ_sƼsŘ_sŘǼĶɴʰ Ǽ ¯ÞǋǣǼʰ ¯Ÿǋ ĶĶ Ÿ¯ ǼÌs ǣƼsOÞsǣ ƼŸƼȖĶǼÞŸŘǣ ¯ŸȖŘ_ÞŘĶĶŸ¯ǼÌsÌEÞǼǼǣŘ_¯ŸǋEŸǼÌǣsǣŸŘǣʰÞŘŸǋ_sǋǼŸÌɚsŘŸɚsǋĶĶɚÞsɠ Ÿ¯ǼÌs¯ÞǣÌOŸŎŎȖŘÞǼɴŘ_ǼÌsɚǋÞEÞĶÞǼɴÞŘǼÞŎsʳǢsOŸŘ_ĶɴʰǼŸ¯ŸOȖǣŸŘǼÌsǼǋ¶sǼ ǣƼsOÞsǣ Ř_ ǣǣsǣǣ ÞǼǣ ǼǋŸƼÌÞO ŘÞOÌs ɚǋÞEÞĶÞǼɴ OǋŸǣǣ ÌEÞǼǼǣʰ ǼÌs ǣŎs ŎsǼǋÞOǣ ɠsǋssǣǼÞŎǼs_ŸŘĶɴ¯Ÿǋʳ¯ǣOÞǼȖǣƼŸƼȖĶǼÞŸŘǣʰƼŸŸĶÞŘ¶ǣsǣŸŘǣǼŸ¶sǼÌsǋʳ

ŎŸŘ¶ǼÌsOŸŎŎȖŘÞǼɴ˚ɠÞ_sŎsǼǋÞOʰÞŘƼǋǼÞOȖĶǋǼÌs¯ŸĶĶŸɠÞŘ¶ǣɠsǋsOĶOȖĶǼs_¯Ÿǋ ǼÌsƼȖǋƼŸǣsʲ

i) δˠˤŗ ǊŘ¶s ʹŗǊʺʰ _Þ¯¯sǋsŘOs EsǼɠssŘ ǼÌs ŎŸǣǼ sŘǋÞOÌs_ Ř_ ŎŸǣǼ _sƼĶsǼs_ δˠˤŗɚĶȖsǣʰsǣǼÞŎǼsǣǼÌsǼǋŸƼÌÞOĶsŘ¶ǼÌʱ

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ii) δˠˢNǊŘ¶sʹNǊʺʰ_Þ¯¯sǋsŘOsEsǼɠssŘǼÌsŎŸǣǼsŘǋÞOÌs_Ř_ǼÌsŎŸǣǼ_sƼĶsǼs_ δˠˢNɚĶȖsǣʰÞǣŎsǣȖǋsŸ¯ǼÌs_ÞɚsǋǣÞǼɴŸ¯EǣĶǋsǣŸȖǋOsǣȖǣs_ʱ

iii) ŎsŘ^ÞǣǼŘOsǼŸNsŘǼǋŸÞ_ʹN^ʺʰɚsǋ¶srȖOĶÞ_sŘ_ÞǣǼŘOsŸ¯sOÌǣƼsOÞsǣǼŸ ǼÌs OsŘǼǋŸÞ_ δˠˢ_N˚δˠˤ_{ŗʰ ǇȖŘǼÞ¯Þsǣ ǼÌs ǼǋŸƼÌÞO _ÞɚsǋǣÞǼɴ Ř_ ǣƼsOÞsǣ ǣƼOÞŘ¶}

ɠÞǼÌÞŘǼÌsÞǣŸǼŸƼÞOǣƼOsʱ

iv) ŎsŘ ŗsǋsǣǼ ŗsÞ¶ÌEŸȖǋ ^ÞǣǼŘOs ʹŗŗ^ʺʰ rȖOĶÞ_sŘ _ÞǣǼŘOs Ÿ¯ sOÌ ÞŘ_ÞɚÞ_ȖĶ ǼŸ ǼÌs ŘsǋsǣǼ ŘsÞ¶ÌEŸȖǋʰ ƼǋŸɚÞ_sǣ ÞŘ¯ŸǋŎǼÞŸŘ ŸŘ ÞŘ_ÞɚÞ_ȖĶǣ _sŘǣÞǼɴŘ_ƼOĨÞŘ¶ɠÞǼÌÞŘǼÌsƼŸƼȖĶǼÞŸŘʹǼǋŸƼÌÞOǋs_ȖŘ_ŘOɴʺʱ v) ǢǼŘ_ǋ_ ^sɚÞǼÞŸŘ Ÿ¯ ǼÌs ŗsǋsǣǼ ŗsÞ¶ÌEŸȖǋ ^ÞǣǼŘOs ʹǢ^ŗŗ^ʺ ƼǋŸɚÞ_sǣ ÞŘ¯ŸǋŎǼÞŸŘŸŘǼÌssɚsŘŘsǣǣŸ¯ÞŘ_ÞɚÞ_ȖĶǣƼOĨÞŘ¶ʳ __ÞǼÞŸŘĶĶɴʰǼŸÞŘɚsǣǼÞ¶ǼsǼÌsǼǋŸƼÌÞOƼǼÌɠɴŸ¯ǼÌsEǣĶǣŸȖǋOsǣǼÌǼǣȖǣǼÞŘʳ ¯ǣOÞǼȖǣ ÞŘ ǼÌs _Þ¯¯sǋsŘǼ ÌEÞǼǼǣʰ DɴsǣÞŘ ŎÞɮÞŘ¶ ŎŸ_sĶǣ ɠsǋs ƼƼĶÞs_ ǼŸ sǣǼÞŎǼs ǼÌs OŸŘǼǋÞEȖǼÞŸŘ Ÿ¯ sOÌ ǣŸȖǋOsʰ ȖǣÞŘ¶ ǼÌs Ǌ ǢÝǊ ƼOĨ¶s ƼǋsɚÞŸȖǣĶɴ ŎsŘǼÞŸŘs_ʳ ǣ EǣĶ ǣŸȖǋOsǣ ɠs OŸŘǣÞ_sǋs_ ĶĶ Ÿ¯ ǼÌs Ÿ¯ Ÿǋ¶ŘÞO ŎǼǼsǋ ǣŸȖǋOsǣ ɚÞĶEĶsÞŘǼÌsǣƼsOÞ¯ÞOÌEÞǼǼʰǼÌǼÞŘOĶȖ_s_ǣs_ÞŎsŘǼǋɴŘ_ƼǋǼÞOȖĶǼsŸǋ¶ŘÞO ŎǼǼsǋʹǢŷōŘ_ƻŷōʺʰǣs¶ǋǣǣsǣʰĶ¶sʰƼŸŸĶs_ÌĶŸƼÌɴǼsǣŘ_ĶǣŸsƼÞƼÌɴǼsǣ Ÿǋ ƼĶŘĨǼŸŘ ɠÌsŘ ƼǋsǣsŘǼʳ ǣ ¯ÞǣÌ ǋs OŸŘǣÞ_sǋs_ ǣsOŸŘ_ ĶsɚsĶ OŸŘǣȖŎsǋǣʰ ǼÌs ǼǋŸƼÌÞOsŘǋÞOÌŎsŘǼ¯OǼŸǋǣʹǻr®ǣʺȖǣs_¯ŸǋǼÌsŎŸ_sĶɠsǋsŎȖĶǼÞƼĶÞs_EɴǼɠŸŘ_ʰ OOŸǋ_ÞŘ¶ǼŸĶÞǼsǋǼȖǋsɠsǋsʲˡʳˤ̝̈ˠ¯Ÿǋδˠˤ_{ŗʹəŘ_sǋʉŘ_sŘ˓ǊǣŎȖǣǣsŘˡ˟˟ˠʺ}

Ř_˟ʳˣ̝̈ˠʳˢ¯Ÿǋδˠˢ_{NʹƻŸǣǼˡ˟˟ˡʺʳ}

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1.3. ǊsǣȖĶǼǣ

ËEÞǼǼǣŎOǋŸƼÌɴǼsǣOŸŎƼŸǣÞǼÞŸŘ

^Þ¯¯sǋsŘǼŎOǋŸƼÌɴǼsǣOŸŎƼŸǣÞǼÞŸŘǣɠsǋsǋsOŸǋ_s_ÞŘǼÌs¯ÞɚsÌEÞǼǼǣsɮŎÞŘs_ Ř_ ǼŸǼĶ Ÿ¯ ˠˣ ǣƼsOÞsǣ ɠsǋs Þ_sŘǼÞ¯Þs_ ʹǻEʳ ˠʺʳ ōÞŘ _Þ¯¯sǋsŘOsǣ ŸOOȖǋǋs_ EsǼɠssŘ ǣǼȖ_ɴ ǋsǣʰ ɠÞǼÌÞŘ ɠÌÞOÌEŸǼÌ ǼÌs ǋǼÞ¯ÞOÞĶ ÌEÞǼǼǣ ǣÌŸɠs_ ǼÌs ĶŸɠsǣǼ _ÞɚsǋǣÞǼɴ ÞŘ ǼsǋŎǣ Ÿ¯ ŘȖŎEsǋ Ÿ¯ ŎOǋŸƼÌɴǼsǣ ǋsOŸǋ_s_ ʹǋsǣƼsOǼÞɚsĶɴ ˡ ÞŘ ǼÌs sɚƼŸǋǼÞŸŘƼŸŘ_ʰrƻÞŘōǋǣĶŘ_ˢÞŘǼÌsǋǼÞ¯ÞOÞĶ_ÞǼOÌʱ^ÞŘəsŘÞOsʺʳƼǋǼ ¯ǋŸŎ ǼÌs _sŘǣs ǣs¶ǋǣǣ Ŏs_Ÿɠ ʹǢµʺʰ ĶĶ ǼÌs ŸǼÌsǋ ÌEÞǼǼǣ ÞŘɚsǣǼÞ¶Ǽs_ ɠsǋs OÌǋOǼsǋÞǣs_ Eɴ ƼǼOÌɴ _ÞǣǼǋÞEȖǼÞŸŘ Ÿ¯ ǼÌs ŎOǋŸƼÌɴǼsǣ ǋsOŸǋ_s_ʰ ɠÞǼÌ ŎOǋŸĶ¶s ŸOOȖǋǋÞŘ¶ ŎÞŘĶɴ ǣ _ǋÞ¯Ǽʳ DŸǼÌ ǼÌs ǼɠŸ ÌEÞǼǼǣ Ÿ¯ ǼÌs ǢǼ¶ŘŸŘs _Þ ōǋǣĶ ɠsǋs OÌǋOǼsǋÞǣs_ Eɴ ǼÌs ƼǋsǣsŘOs Ÿ¯ ǼÌs ǣs¶ǋǣǣNɴŎŸ_ŸOs ŘŸ_Ÿǣ ǣǣŸOÞǼs_ɠÞǼÌǼÌs¶ǋssŘĶ¶NÌsǼŸŎŸǋƼÌĶÞŘȖŎʹŷʳ®ʳōȤĶĶsǋʺħȤǼʊÞŘ¶ˠ˧ˣˤʳ

ǻEĶsˠʳĵÞǣǼŸ¯ǼÌsǣƼsOÞsǣǋsOŸǋ_s_ÞŘǼÌsÌEÞǼǼǣsɮŎÞŘs_ɠÞǼÌÞŘ_ÞOǼÞŸŘŸ¯ǼÌsÞǋ ƼǋsǣsŘOsʹ̛ʺŸǋEǣsŘOsʹ˚ʺʳ

Stagnone di Marsala Venice Lagoon

Species Code SG seagrass meadow EP evaporation pond AD artificial ditch SM1 salt marsh SM2 salt marsh Seagrasses

Cymodocea nodosa Cno + + - - -

Ruppia maritima Rma - - + - -

Zostera marina Zma - - - - +

Zostera noltei Zno - - - + +

Macroalgae

Agardhiella subulata Asu - - - - +

Caulerpa prolifera Cpr + - - - -

Chaetomorpha linum Cli + + + - -

Cladophora sp. Cla - - + - -

Cystoseira barbata Cba - - - - +

Glacilaria bursa pastoris Gbp - - - + -

Lomentaria clavellosa Lcl - - - + -

Ulva rigida Uri - - - + +

Halophytes

Atriplex portulacoides - - + - +

Limonium narbonense - - - + -

Sarcocornia fruticosa + + - + +

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ŎŸŘ¶ ǼÌs ǣs¶ǋǣǣsǣ ÞŘ ǼÌs Ķ¶ŸŸŘ Ÿ¯ əsŘÞOsʰǊȖƼƼÞ ŎǋÞǼŎ ĵÞŘŘsȖǣ ˠ˦ˤˢ ŸŘĶɴ ŸOOȖǋǋs_ ÞŘ ǼÌs ǋǼÞ¯ÞOÞĶ _ÞǼOÌ Ÿ¯ əÞ¶ŘŸĶs ʹ^ʺʰ ɠÌÞĶs ʉŸǣǼsǋ ŘŸĶǼsÞ ËŸǋŘsŎŘŘˠ˧ˢˡŸOOȖǋǋs_ÞŘEŸǼÌǼÌsǣĶǼŎǋǣÌÌEÞǼǼǣʹǢōˠŘ_ǢōˡʺǣɠsĶĶ ǣǼÌs¶ǋssŘĶ¶ȕĶɚǋÞ¶Þ_¶ǋ_Ìˠ˧ˡˢʳŎŸŘ¶ǼÌsÌĶŸƼÌɴǼsǣǣƼsOÞsǣƼǋsǣsŘǼ ÞŘ ǼÌs ǣǼȖ_ɴ ǣÞǼsǣʰ ŸŘĶɴ ǼÌs ŎŸǣǼ EȖŘ_ŘǼ ɠsǋs OŸĶĶsOǼs_ Ř_ OŸŘǣÞ_sǋs_ ¯Ÿǋ ǼǋŸƼÌÞO ǣǣsǣǣŎsŘǼǣʳ ƻǋǼÞOȖĶǋĶɴʰǢǋOŸOŸǋŘÞ ¯ǋȖǼÞOŸǣ ʹĵʳʺ ʳ ğʳ ǢOŸǼǼʳ ɠǣ ¯ŸȖŘ_ ɠÞ_sǣƼǋs_ÞŘĶŎŸǣǼĶĶŸ¯ǼÌsÌEÞǼǼǣÞŘɚsǣǼÞ¶Ǽs_ʰOŸɚsǋÞŘ¶ŎŸǣǼŸ¯ǼÌsEŸǋ_sǋǣ Ÿ¯ǼÌsǣĶǼŎǋǣÌsǣʳ ®ÞǣÌ_sŎŸ¶ǋƼÌÞOǼǋÞǼǣ ®ÞǣÌǣǣsŎEĶ¶sǣ˚^Þ¯¯sǋsŘǼ¯ÞǣÌǣǣsŎEĶ¶sǣŸOOȖǋǋs_ŎŸŘ¶ĶĶŸ¯ǼÌsÌEÞǼǼǣ ÞŘɚsǣǼÞ¶Ǽs_ʰɠÞǼÌǣŸŎsɚǋÞEÞĶÞǼɴǼǣsǣŸŘĶĶsɚsĶʹǻEʳˡʺʳŷɚsǋĶĶʰǼŸǼĶŸ¯ˠˡ ǣƼsOÞsǣEsĶŸŘ¶ÞŘ¶ǼŸ˥¯ŎÞĶÞsǣɠsǋsǣŎƼĶs_ʰŎŸǣǼŸ¯ɠÌÞOÌ¯sĶĶÞŘǼÌssOŸĶŸ¶ÞOĶ ¶ǋŸȖƼŸ¯sǣǼȖǋÞŘsǋsǣÞ_sŘǼŘ_ÞŘɚsǋǼÞɚŸǋŸȖǣŸǋŸŎŘÞɚŸǋŸȖǣǣ¯ss_ÞŘ¶¶ǋŸȖƼʳǻÌs ÌÞ¶ÌsǣǼŘȖŎEsǋŸ¯ǣƼsOÞsǣɠǣ¯ŸȖŘ_ÞŘǼÌsÞŘŘsǋǣĶǼŎǋǣÌʹǢōˡʺʳ ǻÌsǼǋ¶sǼǣƼsOÞsǣʳ¯ǣOÞǼȖǣǣÌŸɠs_OŸŎŎŸŘǼǋsŘ_ÞŘŎŸǣǼŸ¯ǼÌsÌEÞǼǼǣʲÞǼ ɠǣ_ŸŎÞŘŘǼÞŘǣƼǋÞŘ¶ʰEŸǼÌÞŘǼsǋŎǣŸ¯_sŘǣÞǼɴʹŘȖŎEsǋŸ¯ÞŘ_ÞɚÞ_ȖĶǣŎ˚ˡ_{ʺŘ_} ƼsǋOsŘǼ¶sEȖŘ_ŘOsʹ̇ʺŘ__sOǋsǣs_ÞŘȖǼȖŎŘʳ rɮOsƼǼÞŸŘǣɠsǋs¶ÞɚsŘEɴǼÌsǋǼÞ¯ÞOÞĶOÌŘŘsĶʹ^ʺŘ_ǼÌsÞŘŘsǋǣĶǼŎǋǣÌʹǢōˡʺʰ ɠÌsǋsʳ¯ǣOÞǼȖǣ_sŘǣÞǼÞsǣɠsǋsÌÞ¶ÌsǋsɚsŘÞŘȖǼȖŎŘŘ_EɴǼÌs¯ÞǋǣǼǣĶǼŎǋǣÌ ǣÞǼsʹǢōˠʺʰɠÌŸǣs OŸŎŎȖŘÞǼɴɠǣ_ŸŎÞŘǼs_EɴǼÌsǋÞŘEŸɴsǋÞʹǊÞǣǣŸʰˠ˧ˠ˟ʺÞŘ ǣƼǋÞŘ¶Ř_EɴĵÞʊǣĶÞsŘǣʹǊÞǣǣŸʰˠ˧ˠ˟ʺÞŘȖǼȖŎŘʳʳEŸɴsǋÞɠǣĶǣŸ_ŸŎÞŘŘǼÞŘ ȖǼȖŎŘɠÞǼÌÞŘǼÌs ǣÞǼsǣÞŘǼÌsǢǼ¶ŘŸŘs_ÞōǋǣĶʹǢµŘ_rƻʺŘ_ǢōˡÞŘǼÌs əsŘÞOsĶ¶ŸŸŘʳ

ʳ ¯ǣOÞǼȖǣ_sŎŸ¶ǋƼÌÞO ǣǼǋȖOǼȖǋs ˚ǻÌs _sŎŸ¶ǋƼÌÞO ǣǼǋȖOǼȖǋs Ÿ¯ ǼÌs Ǽǋ¶sǼ ƼŸƼȖĶǼÞŸŘǣ ɠǣ ÞŘɚsǣǼÞ¶Ǽs_ ǼÌǋŸȖ¶Ì ¯ǋsǇȖsŘOɴ _ÞǣǼǋÞEȖǼÞŸŘǣ Ÿ¯ ǼÌs ǣǼŘ_ǋ_ ĶsŘ¶ǼÌʹ®Þ¶ʳˡʺʳĶĶǼÌsƼŸƼȖĶǼÞŸŘǣǣÌŸɠs__ÞǣǼǋÞEȖǼÞŸŘǣǣĨsɠs_ǼŸǼÌsĶŸɠsǋǣÞʊs OĶǣǣsǣʹŎÞŘĶɴǢĵ̣ˣ˟ŎŎʺʳǻÌsŸŘĶɴsɮOsƼǼÞŸŘɠǣ¶ÞɚsŘÞŘǢōˠÌEÞǼǼʰɠÌsǋs

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20 ¯sɠ ÞŘ_ÞɚÞ_ȖĶǣ ɠsǋs ȖŘÞ¯ŸǋŎĶɴ _ÞǣǼǋÞEȖǼs_ʳ ǻÌs ǣsǣŸŘĶ ǼǋsŘ_ ǣssŎǣ ǼŸ ¯ŸĶĶŸɠ ŸƼƼŸǣÞǼs ƼǼǼsǋŘǣ ɠÞǼÌÞŘ ǼÌs ǼɠŸ ǣǼȖ_ɴ ǋsǣʲ _sǣƼÞǼs ǼÌs ŘsǼ ǋs_ȖOǼÞŸŘ Ÿ¯ ÞŘ_ÞɚÞ_ȖĶǣ¯ǋŸŎǣƼǋÞŘ¶ǼŸȖǼȖŎŘʰÞǼÞǣOĶsǋÌŸɠǼÌsŎŸ_sǣÌÞ¯Ǽǣ¯ǋŸŎĶŸɠsǋǼŸ ǣĶÞ¶ÌǼĶɴÌÞ¶ÌsǋOĶǣǣsǣÞŘōǋǣĶʹǢµŘ_rƻʺʰŘ_ɚÞOsɚsǋǣÞŘəsŘÞOsʹǢōˠʰǢōˡ Ř_^ʺʳ

®Þ¶Ȗǋs ˡʳ ®ǋsǇȖsŘOɴ _ÞǣǼǋÞEȖǼÞŸŘǣ Ÿ¯ ǼÌs ǣǼŘ_ǋ_ ĶsŘ¶ǼÌ Ÿ¯ʳ ¯ǣOÞǼȖǣ ƼŸƼȖĶǼÞŸŘǣ OŸĶĶsOǼs_ÞŘǼÌsǣŎƼĶÞŘ¶ǣÞǼsǣÞŘǣƼǋÞŘ¶ʹɠÌÞǼsEǋǣʺŘ_ȖǼȖŎŘʹŸɚsǋĶƼƼs_¶ǋsɴEǋǣʺʳ

ǻÌs ǣsɮ ǋǼÞŸ EsǼɠssŘ ¯sŎĶsǣ Ř_ ŎĶsǣ ǋsOŸǋ_s_ ɠǣ ÌÞ¶ÌĶɴ ɚǋÞEĶs ʹǻEʳ ˢʺ OǋŸǣǣ ÌEÞǼǼǣ Ř_ ǣsǣŸŘǣʰ ɠÞǼÌ ¶sŘsǋĶ ǼsŘ_sŘOɴ ǼŸ ¯sŎĶs ƼǋsɚĶsŘOsʰ ɠÞǼÌ ǼÌssɮOsƼǼÞŸŘŸ¯ǼÌsǋǼÞ¯ÞOÞĶ_ÞǼOÌÞŘəÞ¶ŘŸĶsʰɠÌsǋsŎĶsǣɠsǋsŎŸǋsEȖŘ_ŘǼÞŘ EŸǼÌǣŎƼĶÞŘ¶ǣsǣŸŘǣʳ

ǻEĶsˢʳǢsɮǋǼÞŸ®sŎĶsʲōĶsŸ¯ʳ¯ǣOÞǼȖǣOŸĶĶsOǼs_ ÞŘEŸǼÌǣŎƼĶÞŘ¶ǣsǣŸŘǣOǋŸǣǣÌEÞǼǼǣʳ SG EP AD SM1 SM2 Spring 16.08 0.90 0.53 9.50 1.25 Autumn 3.33 211.00 0.52 3.78 24.20 Stagnone di Marsala F:M Venice lagoon

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21 ǻEĶs ˡʳ ^ sŘǣÞǼɴ ʹŘȖŎE sǋ Ÿ¯ ÞŘ_Þ ɚÞ_ȖĶǣ ˠ˟ ˟ Ŏ ˚ˡ ʺ Ř_ ƼsǋO sŘǼ¶s EȖŘ_ ŘOs ʹ̇ʺ Ÿ¯ ǼÌs ǣƼsO Þsǣ ǣŎƼĶs_ ÞŘ ǼÌs ǣǼ Ȗ_ɴ ǣÞǼsǣ ÞŘ ǣƼǋÞŘ¶ Ř_ ȖǼȖŎŘʳ rOŸĶŸ¶ÞO Ķ Ř_ ¯ss_ÞŘ¶ ¶ǋŸȖƼǣ ǋs ĶǣŸ ÞŘ_Þ OǼs_ OOŸǋ_ ÞŘ¶ ǼŸ ®ǋ ŘOŸ sǼ Ķʳ ʹˡ˟ ˟˥ ʺ Ř_ ĵs ŸŘǋ_Ÿǣ ʹˡ˟ ˟˧ ʺǣƼsO Þ¯ÞO ĶĶɴ ¯Ÿǋ ʳ ¯ ǣOÞǼȖǣ ʳ rOŸĶŸ¶ÞO Ķ ¶ǋŸȖƼǣ ǋs ʲrǊ ʰs ǣǼȖ ǋÞŘs ǋsǣÞ_sŘǼʰōğ ʰŎǋÞŘs ĠȖɚsŘ ÞĶs ŎÞ ¶ǋ ŘǼʰōǢʰ Ŏ ǋ ÞŘsǣsǣŸŘ Ķ Ŏ Þ¶ ǋŘǼʳ ǻǋŸ ƼÌÞ O ¶ǋŸȖƼǣ ǋsʲ N Ǣʰ OǋŘÞɚ Ÿǋsǣʰ ÝǢʰ ÞŘɚsǋǼÞɚŸǋsǣʰÝ ®ʰÞŘɚsǋǼsEǋ Ǽs˚¯ÞǣÌ¯ss_s ǋǣʰË Nʰ Ìsǋ EÞɚŸǋsǣ˚OǋŘÞɚŸǋ sǣʰŷʰŸ Ŏ ŘÞɚŸǋsǣʳ Fa m ily Sp e cie s Ec ol ogi ca l gr oup Feed in g gr oup Se as o n De n si ty % De n si ty % De n si ty % De n si ty % De n si ty % Sp ri n g 10. 0 3 .8 58. 7 26. 5 -134. 4 83. 1 -Au tu m n 136. 3 73. 6 190. 0 82. 6 -2 .0 52. 2 Sp ri n g 256. 3 96. 2 144. 6 65. 2 231. 9 65. 3 27. 3 16. 9 23. 4 27. 3 Au tu m n 48. 8 26. 4 27. 5 12. 0 58. 8 50. 5 15. 7 31. 0 157. 5 90. 0 Sp ri n g - -Au tu m n -0. 7 17. 4 Sp ri n g - -Au tu m n - ----0 .2 4 .3 Sp ri n g -123. 1 34. 7 -Au tu m n -57. 5 49. 5 -5 .0 2. 9 Sp ri n g -8. 8 10. 2 Au tu m n - ----0 .3 8 .7 Sp ri n g -14. 0 16. 3 Au tu m n - -Sp ri n g - ----3 .2 3 .8 Au tu m n -34. 7 68. 5 0 .5 13. 0 Sp ri n g - -Au tu m n -0 .3 0 .6 -Sp ri n g - ----0 .6 0 .8 Au tu m n - -Sp ri n g -9 .8 4 .4 -Au tu m n -3 .8 1 .6 -Sp ri n g -7 .6 3 .4 -Au tu m n -8 .8 3 .8 ----0 .2 4 .3 Syngna thi d a e Sy ngnat h us abas te r ER IS Syngna thi d a e Sy ngnat h us t y p hl e ER IF Mu g ilid ae M u gi l c e phal us MJ O Spa ri d a e Spar us a ur at a MJ O Mu g ilid ae Li za r am ada MJ O Mu g ilid ae Li za s a lien s ER H C G o b iid ae K n ip ow it sc hi a pani zz a e ER IS Mu g ilid ae Li za a u ra ta MS H C G o b iid ae P o m a to sc hi st us m ar m o ra tu s ER IS G o b iid ae P o m a to sc hi st us m in ut us MJ IS A the ri ni da e A the ri na b oy e ri ER C S C y pri n odonti da e A p hani us f as ci at us ER O St ag n o n e d i M ar sa la V e n ic e la go o n SG Se ag ra ss m e ad o w EP Ev ap or at io n pond AD A rt if ici al d it ch SM 1 Sa lt m ar sh SM 2 Sa lt m ar sh

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22 ÝǣŸǼŸƼÞOǋsǣȖĶǼǣ

ŷǋ¶ŘÞOŎǼǼsǋǣŸȖǋOsǣŘ_¯ÞǣÌOŸŎŎȖŘÞǼÞsǣ

ǻÌs ŸɚsǋĶĶ ǋŘ¶sǣ Ÿ¯ EŸǼÌ δˠˢ_{N Ř_ δ}ˠˤ_{ŗ ǼÌǼ ÞŘOĶȖ_s ĶĶ ǼÌs ǇȖǼÞO ǣŸȖǋOsǣ Ÿ¯}

Ÿǋ¶ŘÞOŎǼǼsǋɚÞĶEĶsÞŘǼÌsÌEÞǼǼǣǣŎƼĶs_ʹŘŎsĶɴsɮOĶȖ_ÞŘ¶ǼÌsǼsǋǋsǣǼǋÞĶ ÌĶŸƼÌɴǼsǣʺ ǣÌŸɠs_ ɚĶȖsǣ ŎŸǋs _sƼĶsǼs_ ÞŘ ǼÌs əsŘÞOs ĵ¶ŸŸŘ ǼÌŘ ÞŘ ǼÌs ǢǼ¶ŘŸŘs_ÞōǋǣĶʹ®Þ¶ʳˢʺʳǣÞ¶ŘÞ¯ÞOŘǼǣÌÞ¯ǼɠǣǋsOŸǋ_s_¯Ÿǋδˠˢ_{NEsǼɠssŘǼÌs} ǼɠŸǣǼȖ_ɴǋsǣʹǼ˚ǼsǣǼʰƼ˚ɚĶȖṣˡʳˡs˚ˠ˥_{ʺŘ_ɠÞǼÌÞŘsOÌĶ¶ŸŸŘʰEsǼɠssŘŘǼȖǋĶ} Ř_ǋǼÞ¯ÞOÞĶÌEÞǼǼǣʹħǋȖǣĨĶ˚ɟĶĶÞǣƼŸǣǼ˚ÌŸOǼsǣǼʰƼ˚ɚĶȖṣ˟ʳ˟ˤʺʳÝŘǼÌsǢǼ¶ŘŸŘsʰ ǼÌs ŎsŘ Ÿ¯ OǋEŸŘ ǣÞ¶ŘǼȖǋsǣ ǋŘ¶s_ ¯ǋŸŎ ˚ˠ˦ʳ˧ˠ̝˟ʳˣˠ ǼŸ ˚˦ʳˣˤ̝˟ʳˣ˦̈ ÞŘ ǼÌs ǣs¶ǋǣǣ Ŏs_Ÿɠ ʹǢµʺ Ř_ ¯ǋŸŎ ˚ˡ˟ʳ˦˦̝ˠʳ˟ˠ ǼŸ ˚˨ʳˠ˧̝˟ʳˢ̈ ÞŘ ǼÌs ǣĶǼ sɚƼŸǋǼÞŸŘ ƼŸŘ_ ʹrƻʺʳ ÝŘ ǼÌs əsŘÞOs ĵ¶ŸŸŘʰ ÞŘǣǼs_ʰ ǼÌs ǋŘ¶sǣ ɚǋÞs_ ¯ǋŸŎ ǋŸȖŘ_˚ˡˢǼŸEŸȖǼ˚ˠ˟ʳˤ̈ÞŘEŸǼÌǣĶǼŎǋǣÌÌEÞǼǼǣʹǢōˠŘ_OǢōˡʺŘ_ɠsǋs sɚsŘ ŎŸǋs _sƼĶsǼs_ ÞŘ ǼÌs ǋǼÞ¯ÞOÞĶ _ÞǼOÌ Ÿ¯ əÞ¶ŘŸĶs ʹ^ʺʰ ǋŘ¶ÞŘ¶ ¯ǋŸŎ ˚ ˢ˟ʳˢˠ̝ˠʳˣ˨ǼŸ˚ˠ˦ʳˠ˥̝˟ʳˣ˧̈ʳ EŸȖǼǼÌsδˠˤ_{ŗʰŘŸsɚÞ_sŘǼ_Þ¯¯sǋsŘOsǣsŎsǋ¶s_EsǼɠssŘĶ¶ŸŸŘǣʰEȖǼ^ÞŘǼÌs}

əsŘÞOs ĵ¶ŸŸŘ ɠǣ ǣÞ¶ŘÞ¯ÞOŘǼĶɴ ǣÌÞ¯Ǽs_ ʹħǋȖǣĨĶ˚ɟĶĶÞǣ ƼŸǣǼ˚ÌŸO ǼsǣǼʰ Ƽ˚ ɚĶȖṣ˟ʳ˟ˤʺǼŸɠǋ_ǣĶŸɠsǋǋŘ¶sʹ¯ǋŸŎˢʳˠ̝˟ʳˠ˧ǼŸ˨ʳ˨̝˟ʳˡˤ̈ʺǼÌŘÞŘ ĶĶǼÌs ŸǼÌsǋÌEÞǼǼǣʰǼÌǼǋŘ¶s_ƼƼǋŸɮÞŎǼsĶɴ¯ǋŸŎˣǼŸˠˡ̈ʳ

ËĶŸƼÌɴǼsǣǣÞ¶ŘǼȖǋsǣĶɠɴǣ¯sĶĶɠÞǼÌÞŘǼÌsŗǋŘ¶sʰEȖǼɠsǋsŎŸǋs_sƼĶsǼs_ÞŘNʰ ɠÞǼÌǼÌssɮOsƼǼÞŸŘŸ¯^ʰɠÌsǋsÞǼɠǣƼĶOs_EsǼɠssŘǼÌsǣÞ¶ŘǼȖǋsǣŸ¯ƻŷōŘ_ Ǣŷōʳ ǻÌs ǣÌÞ¯Ǽ ŸEǣsǋɚs_ ¯Ÿǋ ǼÌs ǇȖǼÞO ǣŸȖǋOsǣ Ÿ¯ Ÿǋ¶ŘÞO ŎǼǼsǋ ɠǣ ĶǣŸ ŎÞŘǼÞŘs_ Ǽ ¯ÞǣÌ OŸŎŎȖŘÞǼɴ ĶsɚsĶʰ ɠÌŸǣs ŸɚsǋĶĶ ǋŘ¶sǣʰ sǣƼsOÞĶĶɴ Ÿ¯ OǋEŸŘ ÞǣŸǼŸƼÞOǣÞ¶ŘǼȖǋsǣ¯sĶĶɠÞǼÌÞŘŎŸǋs_sƼĶsǼs_ɚĶȖsǣÞŘəsŘÞOsĵ¶ŸŸŘŘ_ɠÞǼÌÞŘ sOÌĶ¶ŸŸŘʰǼÌsɴɠsǋsǣǼÞĶĶŎŸǋs_sƼĶsǼs_ÞŘǼÌsǋǼÞ¯ÞOÞĶÌEÞǼǼǣʹ®Þ¶ʳˢʺʳ

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23 ®Þ¶Ȗǋsˢʳδˠˢ_Nʹ̈ʺ_ɚǣʳ_δˠˤ_{ŗʹ̈ʺŸ¯¯ÞǣÌǣƼsOÞsǣŘ_ŘŘȖĶŎsŘʹ̝ǣʳ_ʳʺŸ¯Ÿǋ¶ŘÞOŎǼǼsǋ} ǣŸȖǋOsǣǣŎƼĶs_ÞŘsOÌÌEÞǼǼǣÞǼsʲǢµʰǣs¶ǋǣǣŎs_ŸɠŘ_rƻʰsɚƼŸǋǼÞŸŘƼŸŘ_ÞŘ ǢǼ¶ŘŸŘs_ÞōǋǣĶʱǢōˠŘ_ǢōˡʰǣĶǼŎǋǣÌsǣʰ^ʰǋǼÞ¯ÞOÞĶ_ÞǼOÌÞŘəsŘÞOsĵ¶ŸŸŘʳ®ȖĶĶ OŸĶŸȖǋs_ƼŸÞŘǼǣǋsǣÞŘ¶ĶsÞŘ_ÞɚÞ_ȖĶǣŸ¯¯ÞǣÌǣƼsOÞsǣʰEĶOĨǣɴŎEŸĶǣǋsŸǋ¶ŘÞOŎǼǼsǋ ǣŸȖǋOsǣʰOOŸǋ_ÞŘ¶ǼŸǼÌsĶs¶sŘ_ǣƼsOÞ¯Þs_ÞŘǼÌs¶ǋƼÌʳ

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24

NŸŎƼǋÞǣŸŘŸ¯ʳ¯ǣOÞǼȖǣÞǣŸǼŸƼÞOŘÞOÌsɠÞǼÌÞŘÌEÞǼǼǣ

ǻÌs ÞǣŸǼŸƼÞO ŘÞOÌs Ÿ¯ʳ ¯ǣOÞǼȖǣ ɚǋÞs_ ÞŘ ɠÞ_ǼÌʰ ǣÌƼs Ř_ ƼŸǣÞǼÞŸŘ OǋŸǣǣ ÌEÞǼǼǣŘ_ǣsǣŸŘǣʹ®Þ¶ʳˣʺǣɠsĶĶǣÞǼǣ_sǣOǋÞƼǼÞɚsŎsǼǋÞOǣʹǻEʳˣʺʳ

ǣ ¶sŘsǋĶ ǼǋsŘ_ʰ ÞŘ ĶĶ ǼÌs ÌEÞǼǼǣ ÞŘɚsǣǼÞ¶Ǽs_ʰ ǼÌs ŎsǼǋÞOǣ _sǣOǋÞEÞŘ¶ ǼÌs ÞǣŸǼŸƼÞO ŘÞOÌs Ÿ¯ʳ ¯ǣOÞǼȖǣ ɠsǋs ÌÞ¶Ìsǋ ÞŘ ȖǼȖŎŘ ǼÌŘ ÞŘ ǣƼǋÞŘ¶ ʹǻEʳ ˣʺʰ ÞŘ_ÞOǼÞŘ¶ÌÞ¶ÌsǋsɮǼsŘǣÞŸŘŸ¯ǼÌsÞǣŸǼŸƼÞOŘÞOÌsʹǢrOʰŗǊŘ_NǊʺʰŘ_ĶǣŸ ÌÞ¶ÌsǋǼǋŸƼÌÞO_ÞɚsǋǣÞǼɴŸ¯ǼÌsÞŘ_ÞɚÞ_ȖĶǣʹN^ʺʰǋs_ȖŘ_ŘOɴʹŗŗ^ʺŘ_sɚsŘŘsǣǣŸ¯ ǼÌsÞŘ_ÞɚÞ_ȖĶǣƼOÞŘ¶ɠÞǼÌÞŘǼÌsŘÞOÌsʹǢ^ŗŗ^ʺʳǻÌsŸŘĶɴsɮOsƼǼÞŸŘɠǣ¶ÞɚsŘÞŘ rƻʰɠÌsǋsŗǊŘ_NǊɠsǋsĶŸɠsǋÞŘȖǼȖŎŘǼÌŘÞŘǣƼǋÞŘ¶ʳ

ǻEĶs ˣʳ ƻŸƼȖĶǼÞŸŘ˚ɠÞ_s ŎsǼǋÞOǣ OĶOȖĶǼs_ ¯Ÿǋ sOÌ ǣƼsOÞsǣ Ř_ ÌEÞǼǼ ÞŘ ǣƼǋÞŘ¶ Ř_ ȖǼȖŎŘʳ SEAc NR CR CD NND SDNND SEAc NR CR CD NND SDNND Ǣµ A. fasciatus 1.04 2.44 1.24 0.74 0.24 0.11 1.91 3.89 1.64 1.28 0.47 0.31 A. boyeri 0.55 1.22 0.86 0.42 0.39 0.34 0.10 0.43 0.42 0.20 0.15 0.09 rƻ A. fasciatus 1.15 2.82 2.01 0.70 0.32 0.37 1.54 2.26 1.43 0.79 0.51 0.43 A. boyeri 0.83 3.11 1.20 0.67 0.43 0.42 1.10 2.55 1.68 0.73 0.49 0.38 S. abaster 1.10 1.48 1.17 0.56 0.56 0.35 4.25 1.66 1.68 0.98 1.49 0.20 S.typhle 1.10 1.92 1.18 0.71 0.59 0.54 2.21 1.90 2.14 1.20 1.18 1.21 ^ A. fasciatus 3.28 2.75 4.72 1.38 0.39 0.23 6.00 3.59 7.28 2.24 0.51 0.25 K. Panizzae 1.43 1.39 1.97 0.81 0.56 0.12 0.57 0.67 3.02 0.65 0.36 0.29 Ǣōˠ A. fasciatus 1.00 1.95 2.40 0.64 0.39 0.32 4.58 3.43 5.52 1.78 0.89 0.50 A. boyeri 3.94 2.57 3.40 1.41 0.42 0.60 - - - -L. saliens - - - 0.59 0.81 1.68 0.50 0.43 0.27 Ǣōˡ A. fasciatus 1.37 1.64 2.62 0.87 0.42 0.17 2.91 3.96 3.56 1.35 0.70 0.40 A. boyeri - - - 4.56 3.14 5.03 1.58 1.14 0.68 K. Panizzae - - - 0.16 1.48 0.20 0.37 0.34 0.24 L. aurata 2.49 1.48 2.97 1.14 0.68 0.33 - - - -L. saliens 1.34 1.57 2.43 0.98 0.47 0.19 1.97 2.71 2.78 1.41 0.79 0.16 P. marmoratus - - - 0.61 1.17 1.48 0.51 0.35 0.20 Spring Autumn

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25 OŸŎƼǋsÌsŘǣÞɚsĶŸŸĨǼǼÌsŎsǼǋÞOǣŸ¯ǼÌsɠÌŸĶsOŸŎŎȖŘÞǼÞsǣɠÌsǋsʳ¯ǣOÞǼȖǣ ɠǣƼĶOs_ʹǻEʳˤʺǣÌŸɠs_ǣÞŎÞĶǋǼǋsŘ_ɠÞǼÌÞŘEŸǼÌĶ¶ŸŸŘǣʰɠÞǼÌǼÌsǋǼÞ¯ÞOÞĶ ÌEÞǼǼǣʰrƻŘ_^ƼǋsǣsŘǼÞŘ¶ǼÌsɠÞ_sǣǼÞǣŸǼŸƼÞOŘÞOÌsʹÌÞ¶ÌsǋǢrOɚĶȖsǣʺŘ_ ǼÌsÌÞ¶ÌsǣǼǼǋŸƼÌÞO_ÞɚsǋǣÞǼɴʹÌÞ¶ÌsǋN^ʺʳ

ǻEĶsˤʳNŸŎŎȖŘÞǼɴ˚ɠÞ_sŎsǼǋÞOǣŸ¯ɠÌŸĶsOŸŎŎȖŘÞǼÞsǣǣŎƼĶs_ǼsOÌÌEÞǼǼǣÞǼsʳ

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