Rodica Crisan Donatella Fiorani Loughlin Kealy Stefano Francesco Musso E d i t o r s
SMALL HISTORIC CENTRES
CONSERVATION IN THE MIDST OF CHANGE
CONSERVATION
RECONSTRUCTION
R o d ic a C risa n D o n a te lla Fi o ra n i Lo u g h lin K e a ly S te fa n o Fr a n ce sc o Mu sso E d i t o r s S M A LL H IS T O R IC C E N T R E S C O N S E R V A T IO N IN T H E M ID S T O F C H A N G EC
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Rodica Crisan
Donatella Fiorani
Loughlin Kealy
Stefano Francesco Musso
E d i t o r s
SMALL HISTORIC CENTRES
CONSERVATION IN THE MIDST OF CHANGE
CONSERVATION
Editors
Rodica Crisan, Donatella Fiorani, Loughlin Kealy, Stefano F. Musso
Copy-editor and proof readers
Marta Acierno (French texts) Anna Kealy (English texts)
Graphic layout
Emanuele Gabellini · Quasar
Published by EAAE · Hasselt Belgium · 2015 WƌŝŶƚĞĚŝŶ/ƚĂůLJͼ>ŝƚŽŐƌĂŌŽĚŝ
ISBN 978-2-930301-63-1
Copyright © 2015 by the authors · All rights reserved
EŽƉĂƌƚŽĨƚŚŝƐŬŵĂLJďĞƌĞƉƌŽĚƵĐĞĚŝŶĂŶLJĨŽƌŵ͕ďLJƉƌŝŶƚ͕ƉŚŽƚŽƉƌŝŶƚ͕ŵŝĐƌŽĮůŵŽƌďLJĂŶLJŽƚŚĞƌŵĞĂŶƐ ǁŝƚŚŽƵƚǁƌŝƩĞŶƉĞƌŵŝƐƐŝŽŶĨƌŽŵƚŚĞƉƵďůŝƐŚĞƌ EAAE ƵƌŽƉĞĂŶƐƐŽĐŝĂƟŽŶĨŽƌƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĂů ĚƵĐĂƟŽŶ hŶŝǀĞƌƐŝƚăĚĞŐůŝ^ƚƵĚŝĚŝ'ĞŶŽǀĂ͗ŝƉĂƌƟŵĞŶƚŽĚŝ^ĐŝĞŶnjĞƉĞƌů͛ƌĐŚŝƚĞƩƵƌĂ ,ŽƐƟŶŐ/ŶƐƟƚƵƟŽŶ͗͞^ĂƉŝĞŶnjĂ͟hŶŝǀĞƌƐŝƚăĚŝZŽŵĂ͗&ĂĐŽůƚăĚŝƌĐŚŝƚĞƩƵƌĂ ĞŝƉĂƌƟŵĞŶƚŽĚŝ^ƚŽƌŝĂ͕ŝƐĞŐŶŽĞZĞƐƚĂƵƌŽĚĞůů͛ƌĐŚŝƚĞƩƵƌĂ ENHSA
European Network of Heads of Schools of Architecture
dŚŝƐŬƉƌĞƐĞŶƚƐƚŚĞƉĂƉĞƌƐǁƌŝƩĞŶďLJϲϮƉĂƌƟĐŝƉĂŶƚƐĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐƚŚĞϰƚŚtŽƌŬƐŚŽƉŝŶŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶ͕ ŽƌŐĂŶŝƐĞĚďLJƚŚĞŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶEĞƚǁŽƌŬŽĨƚŚĞ ƵƌŽƉĞĂŶƐƐŽĐŝĂƟŽŶĨŽƌƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĂů ĚƵĐĂƟŽŶŝŶ 2013 in Italy.
dŚĞǁŽƌŬƐŚŽƉǁĂƐĂƩĞŶĚĞĚďLJϳϬƉĂƌƟĐŝƉĂŶƚƐƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƟŶŐ͗ĞůŐŝƵŵ͕ĂŶĂĚĂ͕&ƌĂŶĐĞ͕'ĞƌŵĂŶLJ͕ Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Montenegro, Portugal, Romania, Slovenia, Spain, Turkey, United States of America, United Kingdom.
^ĐŝĞŶƟĮĐŽŵŵŝƩĞĞ
Rodica Crisan Donatella Fiorani Loughlin Kealy
Stefano Francesco Musso
^ƵƉƉŽƌƚƚŽƚŚĞŽƌŐĂŶŝƐĂƟŽŶ
Marta Acierno, Silvia Cutarelli, Adalgisa Donatelli, Francesca Geminiani, Barbara Malandra
ǁŝƚŚĐŽŶƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶƐĨƌŽŵ
V
Contents
CONTENTS
IX Acknowledgments
One site, one world
3 CASTELVECCHIO CALVISIO: the global meaning of a case-study Donatella Fiorani
“Sapienza” Università di Roma, Italy
ϮϮ d, ,/^dKZ/>dKtEEd, DKEhD Ed͗ƚŚĞĐŚƵƌĐŚŽĨ^ĂŶ'ŝŽǀĂŶŶŝĂƫƐƚĂ Barbara Malandra
“Sapienza” Università di Roma, Italy
29 THE URBAN SCALE OF CONSERVATION ^ĞƌĞŶĂƵůůŝ
“Sapienza” Università di Roma, Italy
39 RESTORING A BLOCK. 1
'ĂŶĞƐŚWŽŐŐŝDĂĚĂƌĞŶĂĂŶĚ&ĂďŝĂŶĂZĂƫ
“Sapienza” Università di Roma, Italy
ϰϳ Z ^dKZ/E'>K<͘Ϯ
Paola Sannicandro and Giovanni Tamburro
“Sapienza” Università di Roma, Italy
ϱϱ Z ' E Zd/E'/d>/E,/^dKZ/>s/>>' ^͗ƉŽůŝĐŝĞƐĂŶĚŐŽŽĚƉƌĂĐƟĐĞ Manuela Ricci and Manola Colabianchi
“Sapienza” Università di Roma, Italy
ϲϯ d, ^dZhdhZ>/^^h ŽĨƚŚĞƌĞĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶƉůĂŶŽĨĂƐƚĞůǀĞĐĐŚŝŽĂůǀŝƐŝŽŚŝƐƚŽƌŝĐĂůĐĞŶƚƌĞ ^ĂďƌŝŶĂdĂīĂƌĞů͕ůĂƵĚŝĂDĂƌƐŽŶ͕'ŝƵůŝĂĞƫŽů͕DĂƌĐŽDƵŶĂƌŝ͕&ƌĂŶĐĞƐĐĂĂWŽƌƚŽ͕DĂƌŝĂ
ZŽƐĂsĂůůƵnjnjŝ͕ůĂƵĚŝŽDŽĚĞŶĂ
Università degli Studi di Padova, Italy
dŚĞƐŝƚĞŵĞĞƚƐƚŚĞǁŽƌůĚ͗ŽƉĞŶŝŶŐĂĚŝƐĐƵƐƐŝŽŶƚŚƌŽƵŐŚĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚŬĞLJƐ
77 DIALECTICS Loughlin Kealy
University College Dublin, Ireland
89 SOME REFLECTIONS ON ABANDONED SMALL HISTORIC CENTRES Rodica Crisan
University Ion Mincu Bucharest, Romania
͘DĞƚŚŽĚŽůŽŐLJĂŶĚŐŽĂůƐŽĨĐŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚŝŶĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĞƌĞůĂƚĞĚƚŽ ŚŝƐƚŽƌŝĐƌƵƌĂůǀŝůůĂŐĞƐĂŶĚƐŵĂůůƚŽǁŶƐ
101 THE CONSERVATION OF CASTELVECCHIO CALVISIO (AQ): principles and purposes Carla Bartolomucci
VI
Contents
109 UNDERSTANDING AND RECOVERING IDENTITY. A comparison between Castelvecchio Calvisio ĂŶĚƚŚĞƌĞĨŽƵŶĚĂƟŽŶŽĨDĂƌƐŝĐĂ
^ŝŵŽŶĞƩĂŝƌĂŶŶĂ
Università degli Studi di L’Aquila, Italy
121 ABANDONMENT Claudine Deom
Architecture Université de Montréal, Canada
ϭϯϭ ^D>>dKtE^/E/E>EZ ^͗ƐŚĂƌĞĚůĂŶĚƐĐĂƉĞƐ Carolina Di Biase
Politecnico di Milano, Italy
ϭϰϭ ,Zd ZWWZ/^>K&^d >s ,/K>s/^/K Yohei Endo
WŽůLJƚĞĐŚŶŝĐŽĨĂƚĂůƵŸĂ͕^ƉĂŝŶ
ϭϰϵ ^d >s ,/K>s/^/Ks^>E^W ͘ǁŝŶĚŽǁŽŶƚŚĞůĂŶĚƐĐĂƉĞ DĂƌŝĂĚƌŝĂŶĂ'ŝƵƐƟ
Politecnico di Torino, Italy
159 SAVING SMALL SETTLEMENTS IN DISASTER AND DECAY: ideas and parallels to a methodological ĂƉƉƌŽĂĐŚĨŽƌƚŚĞƌĞǀŝƚĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶŽĨĂƐƚĞůǀĞĐĐŚŝŽĂůǀŝƐŝŽ
Janos Krähling
Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Hungary
169 AN INTEGRATED APPROACH TO ARCHITECTURAL HERITAGE CONSERVATION through ƉƌĞƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶĂŶĚĂĐĐĞƐƐŝďŝůŝƚLJ
Renata Prescia
Università degli Studi di Palermo, Italy
175 CASTELVECCHIO CALVISIO. A methodology for re-using historic rural villages and small towns. A proposal
Marco Pretelli
Università degli Studi di Bologna, Italy
ϭϴϯ KE^ Zsd/KEK&^D>>,/^dKZ/ EdZ ^͗ƚŚĞĐĂƐĞŽĨDĂƌƟƌĂŶŽŝŶĂůĂďƌŝĂĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚ to Castelvecchio Calvisio
Giuseppina Pugliano
Università “Parthenope” di Napoli, Italy
193 MULTIPLICITY AND SPECIFICITY OF ACTION: methods and strategies compared DĂƌŝĂWŝĞƌĂ^ĞƩĞĂŶĚ&ĂďŝĂŶĂĞƐĂƌĂŶŽ
“Sapienza” Università di Roma, Italy
ϮϬϱ t,d&hdhZ &KZ> ^^ Z,/^dKZ/ EdZ ^͍dĞĂĐŚŝŶŐĞdžƉĞƌŝĞŶĐĞƐĂŶĚĨƵƚƵƌĞĚŝƌĞĐƟŽŶƐ DŝĐŚĞůĞĂŵƉŝůůŝ
Università degli Studi di “Roma Tre”, Italy
͘hƐĞĂŶĚĐŽŶŶĞĐƟǀŝƚLJ͗ĨƌŽŵƚŚĞƚĞƌƌŝƚŽƌLJƚŽƚŚĞƐŵĂůůƐĞƩůĞŵĞŶƚ
Ϯϭϵ ^h^d/E> DK >^&KZd, E,E D EdK&ZhZ>, Z/d' ͕ ƵƌŽƉĞĂŶĐŽŶƟŶĞŶƚĂů ƉŽůŝĐŝĞƐĂŶĚĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶƚŽŵŝĐƌŽƐĐĂůĞƐ
Mehmet Gokhan Berk
Yildiz Technical University, Turkey
ϮϮϵ KE^ Zs/E'dKtE^EZ ^/'E/E'>E^W ^͘dŚĞĐĂƐĞŽĨĂƐƚĞůǀĞĐĐŚŝŽĂůǀŝƐŝŽ Roberto Bobbio
VII
Contents
Ϯϯϱ s>KZ/^d/KE dKEE y/KE͘Ğů͛ĠĐŚĞůůĞĚƵƚĞƌƌŝƚŽŝƌĞĂƵdžƉĞƟƚƐŚĂŵĞĂƵdž >ĂƵƌĞŶƚĞďĂŝůůĞƵdž͕,ƵŐƵĞƐtŝůƋƵŝŶ
University of Mons, Belge
Ϯϰϯ & dhZ ^K&^D>>,/^dKZ/ Ed Z^͘ŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŶĞǁĨƵŶĐƟŽŶƐ Pietro Matracchi
Università degli Studi di Firenze, Italy
251 CONNECTIVITY FOR CONSERVATION: a comparison between the small historic centers of Irpinia and the case of Castelvecchio Calvisio
Andrea Pane
Università degli Studi “Federico II” di Napoli, Italy
263 STRATEGIES FOR THE CONSERVATION and enhancement of old town centers Fabio Todesco
Università degli Studi di Messina, Italy
Ϯϳϯ ^hW ZͲDhE//W>WK>// ^&KZKE^ Zsd/KEĂŶĚĞŶŚĂŶĐĞŵĞŶƚŽĨůŽĐĂůŝĚĞŶƟƟĞƐ͗ ƐƚƌĂƚĞŐŝĐƉůĂŶƐĨŽƌ͞ƌĞǀŝƚĂůŝnjĂƟŽŶ͟ŽĨƐŵĂůůŚŝƐƚŽƌŝĐĐĞŶƚĞƌƐ
Eugenio Vassallo and Sara Di Resta
/ƐƟƚƵƚŽhŶŝǀĞƌƐŝƚĂƌŝŽĚŝƌĐŚŝƚĞƩƵƌĂĚŝsĞŶĞnjŝĂ͕/ƚĂůLJ
281 HISTORY AND TIME ZŝƚĂsĞĐĐŚŝĂƫŶŝ
Università degli Studi di Genova, Italy
C. Structural and building issues
Ϯϵϯ ^D>>EKE ,/^dKZ/dKtE^ďĞƚǁĞĞŶĐŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶ͗ĐƌŝƟĐĂůŝƐƐƵĞƐ and possible scenarios
Aldo Aveta
Università degli Studi “Federico II” di Napoli, Italy
ϯϬϭ d, ^dhz K& h/>/E' ,Zd Z/^d/^ ĂŶĚ ƐƚƌĂƟŐƌĂƉŚŝĐ ĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ͗ Ă ĐŽŶƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶ ƚŽ ƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĂůǀĞƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŝŶƐĞŝƐŵŝĐĂƌĞĂƐ
Anna Boato
Università degli Studi di Genova, Italy
313 THE CONSERVATION OF THE SMALLER HISTORICAL CENTERS between use and seismic safety Maria Teresa Campisi
Università degli Studi “Kore” di Enna, Italy
323 CASTELVECCHIO CALVISIO. Remarks on the knowledge of historic building fabric for safety and ƉƌĞƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶ
Caterina F. Carocci
Università degli Studi di Catania, Italy
335 REDUCING THE COSTS AND PHYSICAL IMPACT of structural reinforcement and seismic ƉƌŽƚĞĐƟŽŶŽĨĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĂůŚĞƌŝƚĂŐĞ͗ƉŽƐƐŝďůĞĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶƐŝŶĂƐƚĞůǀĞĐĐŚŝŽĂůǀŝƐŝŽ Francesco Doglioni
/ƐƟƚƵƚŽhŶŝǀĞƌƐŝƚĂƌŝŽĚŝƌĐŚŝƚĞƩƵƌĂĚŝsĞŶĞnjŝĂ͕/ƚĂůLJ
ϯϰϳ ^d >s ,/K>s/^/KĂŶĚƚŚĞĞĂƌƚŚƋƵĂŬĞǀƵůŶĞƌĂďŝůŝƚLJŽĨŽůĚǀŝůůĂŐĞƐ Luca Giorgi
Università degli Studi di Firenze, Italy
ϯϱϵ ^d >s ,/K>s/^/K͗ƐƚƌĂƚĠŐŝĞƐĚĞĐŽŶŶĂŝƐƐĂŶĐĞ͕ƐƚƌĂƚĠŐŝĞƐĚ͛ŝŶƚĞƌǀĞŶƟŽŶ Alberto Grimoldi
VIII
Contents
369 CHARACTERISTICS OF HISTORIC BUILDINGS in seismic-prone regions. Case study of Kotor; ͚ůĞƐƐŽŶƐůĞĂƌŶĞĚ͛ĨŽƌĂƐƚĞůǀĞĐĐŚŝŽĂůǀŝƐŝŽ
Ilja Lalosevic
University of Podgorica, Montenegro
ϯϳϵ /D E^/KE^K&W Z&KZDE ĂƐĂƌĞǀŝƚĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶƐƚƌĂƚĞŐLJĨŽƌĂƐƚĞůǀĞĐĐŚŝŽĂůǀŝƐŝŽ Maria Leus
University of Hasselt, Belgium
ϯϴϱ &/>>/E'd, 'W^͍dŚĞƉƌŽďůĞŵŽĨŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŶŐƚŚĞůĂĐŬŝŶŐĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐŝŶŚŝƐƚŽƌŝĐĐĞŶƚĞƌƐĚĂŵĂŐĞĚ ďLJĞĂƌƚŚƋƵĂŬĞƐ
'ŝƵůŝŽDŝƌĂďĞůůĂZŽďĞƌƟ
Università degli Studi di Bergamo, Italy
ϯϵϭ dZ/d/KE>,/^dKZ/>WZ hd/KEĂŐĂŝŶƐƚĞĂƌƚŚƋƵĂŬĞ Barbara Scala
Università degli Studi di Brescia, Italy
399 CASTELVECCHIO CALVISIO: from structural reading to mechanical modelling Cesare Tocci
“Sapienza” Università di Roma, Italy
͘/ŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨŐĂƉƐŝŶƵƌďĂŶƚĞdžƚƵƌĞ
ϰϬϵ ^^//>/dz^ ^/'EZ ^KhZ ĨŽƌƚŽƵƌŝƐƚĞŶŚĂŶĐĞŵĞŶƚŽĨůĞƐƐĞƌͲŬŶŽǁŶĐƵůƚƵƌĂůƐŝƚĞƐ Alberto Arenghi, Ilaria Garofolo, Antonio Laurìa
Università degli Studi di Brescia, Italy
ϰϭϮ Z Ks Z/E'd, KEE d/KE^͗ƚĞƌƌŝƚŽƌLJʹƐĞƩůĞŵĞŶƚʹŝĚĞŶƟƚLJ͘/ŶƚĞƌǀĞŶƟŽŶŝŶƚŚĞŚŝƐƚŽƌŝĐĂŶĚ ĂƌƟƐƟĐǀŝůůĂŐĞŽĨWĂnjŽƐĚĞƌĞŶƚĞŝƌŽ͕'ĂůŝĐŝĂ͕^ƉĂŝŶ͕ĂŶĚĂǀŝƐŝƚƚŽĂƐƚĞůǀĞĐĐŚŝŽĂůǀŝƐŝŽ͕/ƚĂůLJ Miguel Angel Calvo Salve
School of Architecture, Marywood Univ. Scranton, Penn, Usa
ϰϮϱ ^d >s ,/K>s/^/Ks/>>' ͗ƉĂƐƚĂŶĚƌĞĐĞŶƚĂďƐĞŶĐĞƐ͕ƉĂƐƚĂŶĚƌĞĐĞŶƚƉƌĞƐĞŶĐĞƐ DĂƵƌŝnjŝŽĞsŝƚĂ
Università degli Studi di Firenze, Italy
ϰϯϱ ,>> E' ^&KZKE^ Zsd/KEĚƵĞƚŽĐŚĂŶŐŝŶŐůŝĨĞƐƚLJůĞƐĂŶĚƚŚĞůŽƐƐŽĨŝŶƚĂŶŐŝďůĞŵĞĂŶŝŶŐ &ŝŶƚĂŶƵīLJ
tĂƚĞƌĨŽƌĚ/ŶƐƟƚƵƚĞŽĨdĞĐŶŽůŽŐLJ͕/ƌĞůĂŶĚ
ϰϰϯ &ZKD͚',K^ddKtE^͛dK͚W> ^K&D DKZz͕͛ĂƉƌŽĐĞƐƐŽĨƌĞͲƐŝŐŶŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ Giovanna Franco
Università degli Studi di Genova, Italy
ϰϱϱ dKh/>KZEKddKh/>ͲdŚĂƚŝƐƚŚĞƋƵĞƐƟŽŶ ůĨŽŶƐŽ'ŝĂŶĐŽƫ
“Sapienza” Università di Roma, Italy
ϰϲϭ d, t< E/E'K&d, ^> W/E'/d/ ^ ĂƚĞƌŝŶĂ'ŝĂŶŶĂƩĂƐŝŽ
Università degli Studi di Cagliari, Italy
ϰϲϵ ^d >s ,/K>s/^/K͗ĞƚƉŽƵƌƋƵŽŝƉĂƐƵŶƐĐĞŶĂƌŝŽƌƵƐŬŝŶŝĞŶ͍ ůĂƵĚŝŶĞ,ŽƵďĂƌƚĂŶĚ^ƚĠƉŚĂŶĞĂǁĂŶƐ
University of Liège, Belgium
ϰϳϳ d, 'W/E,/^dKZ/>^ dd> D Ed^Ed, ^Wd/KͲh>dhZ>/D E^/KE͘dŚĞĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌ ĂŶĚĐŽŶƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶŽĨƌĞƐƚŽƌĂƟŽŶŝŶƚŚĞŝƌƌĞŚĂďŝůŝƚĂƟŽŶ
^ŽŇŽŬŝƐ<ŽƚƐŽƉŽƵůŽƐ
IX
Contents
ϰϴϱ s>KZ/^d/KEEhd, Ed//dz͗ĂĨƵŶĚĂŵĞŶƚĂůŵĞƚŚŽĚŽůŽŐŝĐĂůƋƵĞƐƟŽŶĨŽƌĐŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶ Bianca Gioia Marino
Università degli Studi “Federico II” di Napoli, Italy
ϰϵϭ KE^ Zsd/KEEs>KZ/^d/KEŽĨƉĂƌƟĂůůLJĂďĂŶĚŽŶĞĚƐŵĂůůŚŝƐƚŽƌŝĐĐĞŶƚĞƌƐ͗ĂĐŽŵƉĂƌŝƐŽŶ between the cases of Laureana Cilento (Campania) and Castelvecchio Calvisio
Renata Picone
Università degli Studi “Federico II” di Napoli, Italy
503 THINK GLOBAL, RESTORE LOCAL. Tourism, trends and historical centres Nino Sulfaro
Università degli Studi di Messina, Italy
KǀĞƌǀŝĞǁ͗ƉĞƌƐƉĞĐƟǀĞƐŽŶƵƌďĂŶƌĞĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶ
ϱϭϯ Z KE^dZhd/KE/Ed, tKZ>, Z/d' KEd yd Jukka Jokilehto
University of Nova Gorica, Slovenia
ϱϮϱ d, WZK> DEWZKD/^ K&hZEZ ' E Zd/KEŝŶŵĞƌŝĐĂŶĐŝƟĞƐĂŶĚƚŽǁŶƐ Randall Mason
Pennsylvania University, USA
ϱϯϱ /d͛^ZK< E͕Et &/y/d͍ƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞƐŝŶƉŽƐƚͲĞĂƌƚŚƋƵĂŬĞ ƌĞĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶ
ŝŶĂ͛ũĂůĂ
University College London, UK
Conclusion
ϱϲϯ EKE ,/^dKZ/ZhZ>,D> d^͗ĐŽŶĐƌĞƚĞŵĞƚĂƉŚŽƌƐĨŽƌĐŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶƚŽŵŽƌƌŽǁ Stefano Francesco Musso
Università degli Studi di Genova, Italy
ŶŶĞdž
ϱϴϭ Z WKZd^K&d, tKZ</E''ZKhW^
ůĂƵĚŝŶĞĠŽŵ͕ZŽďĞƌƚŽŽďďŝŽ͕DĂƌŝĂ>ĞƵƐ͕'ŝƵůŝŽDŝƌĂďĞůůĂZŽďĞƌƟ͕DĂƵƌŝnjŝŽĞsŝƚĂ 595 EKdKE>z>͛Yh/>͘^ĞƩůĞŵĞŶƚƐĂŶĚůĂŶĚƐĐĂƉĞ͗ĂůĞƐƐŽŶĨƌŽŵƚŚĞƉĂƐƚ
DĂƌŝĂůĞƐƐĂŶĚƌĂsŝƩŽƌŝŶŝ
Soprintendente per i Beni Archeologici per l’Abruzzo – MIBACT, Italy
443
&ƌŽŵ͚ŐŚŽƐƚƚŽǁŶƐ͛ƚŽ͚ƉůĂĐĞƐŽĨŵĞŵŽƌLJ͛͗ĂƉƌŽĐĞƐƐŽĨƌĞͲƐŝŐŶŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ
FROM ‘GHOST TOWNS’ TO ‘PLACES OF MEMORY’:
WZK ^^K&Z ͳ^/'E/&/d/KE
Giovanna Franco
Università degli Studi di Genova, Italy francog@arch.unige.it
Castelvecchio Calvisio, the emblem of ‘ghost towns’
dŚĞǀŝƐŝƚƚŽƚŚĞƚŽǁŶŽĨĂƐƚĞůǀĞĐĐŚŝŽĂůǀŝƐŝŽĂŶĚƚŚĞĂĐƟǀŝƟĞƐĞdžƉĞƌŝĞŶĐĞĚĚƵƌŝŶŐ ƚŚĞǁŽƌŬƐŚŽƉƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĞĚĂƉƌĞĐŝŽƵƐŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƚLJĨŽƌƌĞŇĞĐƟŽŶŽŶƚŚĞŝƐƐƵĞŽĨƚŚĞĂďĂŶ-ĚŽŶŵĞŶƚŽĨƐŵĂůůƌƵƌĂůƐĞƩůĞŵĞŶƚƐ͕ĞŵƉŚĂƐŝƐĞĚďLJƚŚĞĞĂƌƚŚƋƵĂŬĞŽĨϮϬϬϵďƵƚĚĞĮŶŝƚĞůLJ ĂůƌĞĂĚLJǁŝĚĞƐƉƌĞĂĚďĞĨŽƌĞƚŚĂƚ͘ ǀĞŶďĞĨŽƌĞƚŚĞĞdžƉĞƌŝĞŶĐĞŽĨƚŚĞǁŽƌŬƐŚŽƉʹĂƐĞŶƐĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚǁĂƐůĂƚĞƌĐŽŶĮƌŵĞĚ ďLJƚŚĞǀŝƐŝƚƚŽƚŚĞƐŝƚĞʹŝƚĨĞůƚůŝŬĞĂƉƌŝŽƌŝƚLJƚŽƉŽŶĚĞƌŽŶĂĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚůĞǀĞůƚŚĂŶƚŚĞŵĞƌĞ ƚĞĐŚŶŝĐĂůƉŽŝŶƚŽĨǀŝĞǁ͕ƌĞůĂƚĞĚĨŽƌŝŶƐƚĂŶĐĞƚŽŵŽƌĞƐƵŝƚĂďůĞǁĂLJƐƚŽĂĐƟǀĂƚĞƉƌŽĐĞĚƵƌĞƐ͕ ĐŽŶĚƵĐƚĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ͕ƐĞƚƵƉĂĚĞƋƵĂƚĞŵĞƚŚŽĚŽůŽŐŝĞƐŽĨĐŽŶƐŽůŝĚĂƟŽŶ͕ŝĨŶŽƚƌĞĂůƉƌŽƉŽƐĂůƐŽĨ ŝŶƚĞƌǀĞŶƟŽŶͬƌĞĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶ͕ŽĨƚŚĞůĂŶĚƐĐĂƉĞƚŽŽ͘ ĂƐƚĞůǀĞĐĐŚŝŽĂůǀŝƐŝŽ͕ŝŶĂůůƌĞƐƉĞĐƚƐ͕ĐĂŶďĞĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĞĚƚŚĞĞŵďůĞŵŽĨĂƉŚĞŶŽŵ-ĞŶŽŶŽĨĂǁŝĚĞƌƌĂŶŐĞƚŚĂŶŝƚƐŽǁŶƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂůůLJ;ƚŚĞƉŽƐƚͲĞĂƌƚŚƋƵĂŬĞĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶͿ͖ƚŚĂƚŝƐ͕ ƚŚĞĚĞƉŽƉƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨŵŝŶŽƌƐĞƩůĞŵĞŶƚƐ͕ŵŽƐƚůLJďƵƚŶŽƚĞdžĐůƵƐŝǀĞůLJƐŝƚƵĂƚĞĚŽŶƚŚĞ/ƚĂůŝĂŶ ƉƉĞŶŶŝŶĞƐ͕ƚŽĚĂLJƚƵƌŶĞĚŝŶƚŽ͚ŐŚŽƐƚƚŽǁŶƐ͛1;ŝ&ŝŐůŝĂϮϬϭϮ͗ϭͲϳͿ;&ŝŐ͘ϭͿ͘ dŚĞƉŚĞŶŽŵĞŶŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĂďĂŶĚŽŶŵĞŶƚŽĨƚŚĞƐĞƐĞƩůĞŵĞŶƚƐŚĂƐƚŽďĞĞǀĂůƵĂƚĞĚŝŶ ƌĞůĂƟŽŶƚŽĂƐĞƋƵĞŶĐĞŽĨĞǀĞŶƚƐƌĞůĂƚĞĚƚŽŚƵŵĂŶůŝĨĞ͕ŝŶĐůŽƐĞĐŽŶŶĞĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĐƵůƚƵƌĂů͕ ĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐĂůĂŶĚƐŽĐŝĂůĨĂĐƚŽƌƐƚŚĂƚƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂŶŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůĂŶĚĐŽůůĞĐƟǀĞƐĞŶƐŝƟǀŝƚLJ͕ƚLJƉŝ-ĐĂůŽĨƚŚĞŝŶĚŝƐƐŽůƵďůĞďŽŶĚďĞƚǁĞĞŶǁĂLJƐŽĨůŝĨĞĂŶĚĞƐƚĂďůŝƐŚŵĞŶƚŝŶĂƚĞƌƌŝƚŽƌLJ͘dŚĞƐĞ ĂƌĞƉůĂĐĞƐ͕ƐƵĐŚĂƐĂƐƚĞůǀĞĐĐŚŝŽĂůǀŝƐŝŽ͕ƚŚĂƚƚŚĞƐĞĐƵůĂƌŝƐĂƟŽŶŽĨĐƵůƚƵƌĞĂŶĚĐŽŶƚĞŵ-ƉŽƌĂƌLJƐŽĐŝĞƚLJĐŽƵůĚŶŽůŽŶŐĞƌĂƐƐŝŵŝůĂƚĞ;KůŵŽϮϬϭϬ͗ϭϳͲϮϳͿ͘ dŚŝƐŝƐĂƉƌŽďůĞŵŽĨŐƌĞĂƚŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞ͕ƚŚĂƚƌĞƚƵƌŶĞĚƚŽĐĞŶƚƌĞƐƚĂŐĞĂŌĞƌƚŚĞĞĂƌƚŚ-ƋƵĂŬĞƚŚĂƚĂīĞĐƚĞĚ͕ŝŶϮϬϭϮ͕ƚŚĞ ŵŝůŝĂZŽŵĂŐŶĂƌĞŐŝŽŶ͕ĂŶĚƚŚĂƚĐĂŶŶŽƚůĞĂǀĞŽƵƚŽĨ ĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĂƟŽŶĂƉƌŽŐƌĂŵŵĂƟĐ;ŽƚŚĞƌƚŚĂŶĮŶĂŶĐŝĂůͿĂƉƉƌŽĂĐŚďLJƚŚĞƉŽƉƵůĂƟŽŶ͕ǁŚŝĐŚ ŚĂƐƚŽďĞĂďůĞƚŽŵĂŝŶƚĂŝŶƚŚĞƚĞĐŚŶŝĐĂůͲĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĂů͕ƵƌďĂŶ͕ĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐĂů͕ƐŽĐŝĂůĂŶĚŝĚĞŶ-ƟƚLJͲŵĂŬŝŶŐĂƐƉĞĐƚƐĂŶĚƚŽĐŽŵŵƵŶŝĐĂƚĞǁŝƚŚƚŚĞŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůƐƉĞĐŝĂůŝƐŵƐ͘ ZĞĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶĂƐĂƉƌŽĐĞƐƐŽĨƌĞͲƐŝŐŶŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ dŚĞƉŽƐƐŝďŝůŝƚLJŽĨƌĞǀŝƚĂůŝƐŝŶŐƚŚĞ͚ŐŚŽƐƚƚŽǁŶƐ͕͛ƚŚĂƚŝŶƐŽŵĞĐĂƐĞƐƌĞƐƵůƚĞĚŝŶĂĐƚƵĂů ĞǀĞŶƚƐ͕ĨŽƌĞĨĂƚŚĞƌƐŽĨĐĞƌƚĂŝŶƚƌĞŶĚƐ;ŽĨǁŚŝĐŚ͕ƚŚŽƵŐŚ͕ŝƚ͛ƐŶĞĐĞƐƐĂƌLJƚŽĞǀĂůƵĂƚĞƚŚĞƌĞ-ƐƵůƚƐĂŌĞƌƚŚĞ͚ƚĞƐƚŽĨƟŵĞ͛Ϳ͕ŝƐŽŌĞŶĂƐƐŽĐŝĂƚĞĚǁŝƚŚƚŚĞǁŽƌĚ͚ƌĞĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶ͛͘tŚĞƚŚĞƌ ƚŚĞĂďĂŶĚŽŶŵĞŶƚ͕ĞǀĞŶŝĨŽĨĚŝƐƚĂŶƚŚŝƐƚŽƌŝĐĂůŽƌŝŐŝŶƐ͕ŽĐĐƵƌƐĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐŶĂƚƵƌĂůĞǀĞŶƚƐ͕ ŽƌďĞĐĂƵƐĞŽĨĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐĂŶĚƐŽĐŝĂůĐĂƵƐĞƐ͕ƚŚĞŶĞŐůŝŐĞŶĐĞĐĂƵƐĞƐƉŚLJƐŝĐĂůĚĂŵĂŐĞ͕ŝĨŶŽƚ ĐŽůůĂƉƐĞƐ͘ ͞ZĞďƵŝůĚŝŶŐƚŚĞŝĚĞŶƟƚLJ͟ŝƐƚŚĞƟƚůĞŽĨĂƐĞƌŝĞƐŽĨƉƌŽũĞĐƚƐĨŽƌƚŚĞďƵŝůĚŝŶŐƐƚŚĂƚǁĞƌĞ ĚĂŵĂŐĞĚŝŶƚŚĞĞĂƌƚŚƋƵĂŬĞŝŶƚŚĞ ŵŝůŝĂŶƐĞŝƐŵŝĐnjŽŶĞ͕ƐƉŽŶƐŽƌĞĚďLJƚŚĞ&ĞĚĞƌĂƟŽŶŽĨ ƚŚĞWƌŽĨĞƐƐŝŽŶĂůƐƐŽĐŝĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƐŽĨ ŵŝůŝĂZŽŵĂŐŶĂ͖͞dŚĞƐŚĂƉĞƐŽĨƌĞĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐ-ƟŽŶ͟ŝƐƚŚĞĐŽŶƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶƚŽƚŚĞĚĞďĂƚĞŽŶƚŚĞƐĂŵĞĞǀĞŶƚƚŚĂƚƚŚĞEĂƟŽŶĂůƐƐŽĐŝĂƟŽŶ
444 Giovanna Franco ŽĨ ,ŝƐƚŽƌŝĐĂůͲƌƟƐƟĐ ĞŶƚƌĞƐ ƉƵďůŝƐŚĞĚ͕ ŝŶ ƚŚĞĨŽƌŵŽĨĂŶĂŶƚŚŽůŽŐLJ;^ƚŽƌĐŚŝ͕dŽƉƉĞƫ ϮϬϭϯͿ͘͞ƵŝůĚƚŽƌĞďƵŝůĚ͟ŝƐƚŚĞĐŽƌĞŽĨƚŚĞ ĂĐƟǀŝƚLJ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ůĂďŽƌĂƚŽƌLJ ŽĨ ƉƌŽũĞĐƚƐ ƚŚĂƚ ĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚ DĂƌŝŽ ƵĐĐŝŶĞůůĂ͕ ŵŽƟǀĂƚĞĚ ďLJ ĂŶ ŝŶƐƉŝƌĂƟŽŶĂů ǁŝůů ŽĨ ƉĂƌƟĐŝƉĂƟŽŶ ĂŶĚ ĞŵƉĂƚŚLJĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐƚŚĞĞĂƌƚŚƋƵĂŬĞŽĨϮϬϭϮ͕ has organised and coordinated, mainly fo- ĐƵƐŝŶŐŽŶƉƌŽũĞĐƚƐŽĨĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƉƵď-ůŝĐƉůĂĐĞƐĂƐĂŐŐƌĞŐĂƚŽƌƐŽĨŶĞǁƐŽĐŝĂďŝůŝƚLJ͘ tŚĞŶĨĂĐĞĚǁŝƚŚƚƌĂŐĞĚLJĂŶĚĚĞƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶ͕ the community reacts yearning for an im-ŵĞĚŝĂƚĞƉŚLJƐŝĐĂůƌĞĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶ͕͚ĂƐŝƚǁĂƐ ǁŚĞƌĞŝƚǁĂƐ͕͛ŽƌĐŽŵďŝŶŝŶŐŝŶŶŽǀĂƟŽŶĂŶĚ ĐŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶ Žƌ͕ ĨƵƌƚŚĞƌŵŽƌĞ͕ ŚŝŐŚůŝŐŚƟŶŐ ƚŚĞ ŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ŶŽǀĞůƚLJ ŶŽ ŵĂƩĞƌ ǁŚĂƚ͕ƉĞƌƉĞƚƵĂƟŶŐƉĂƐƐŝŽŶĂƚĞĚĞďĂƚĞƐĞdž-ŝƐƟŶŐƐŝŶĐĞƚŚĞŵŝĚͲϮϬƚŚĐĞŶƚƵƌLJ͘ ǀĞŶƚŚĞŶĂŵŝŶŐŽĨƚŚĞǁŽƌŬƐŚŽƉĞŵďůĞŵĂƟĐĂůůLJƌĞĨĞƌƌĞĚƚŽƚŚĞďŝŶŽŵŝĂůĐŽŶƐĞƌ-ǀĂƟŽŶͬƌĞĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶ͕ƚŽǁŚŽŵŽŶĞŽĨƚŚĞǁŽƌŬŝŶŐŐƌŽƵƉƐϮŐĂǀĞĂĐŽŶƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶŵĂŝŶůLJ ĨŽĐƵƐŝŶŐŽŶƚŚĞƐƵďũĞĐƚŽĨƚŚĞƉŽƐƐŝďůĞŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĞŵƉƚLJƉůĂĐĞƐŝŶƚŚĞƵƌďĂŶĨĂďƌŝĐ͕ ŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƟŶŐƚŚĞǁŽƌĚ͚ŐĂƉ͛ĂĐĐŽƌĚŝŶŐƚŽĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚŵĞĂŶŝŶŐƐ͕ŶŽƚĞdžĐůƵƐŝǀĞůLJŽŶĂƉŚLJƐŝĐĂů level. KďƐĞƌǀŝŶŐƚŚĞǀŝůůĂŐĞŽĨĂƐƚĞůǀĞĐĐŚŝŽĂůǀŝƐŝŽ͕ŝŶĞīĞĐƚ͕ƚŚĞĂƩĞŶƟŽŶǁĂƐĨŽĐƵƐĞĚ ŽŶĂůĞǀĞůƉĂƌƚůLJĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĨƌŽŵƚŚĞŶĞĐĞƐƐŝƚLJŽĨƌĞĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŶŐ;ĂŶĚƉƌŽũĞĐƟŶŐƚŽŽͿŶĞǁ ƉŚLJƐŝĐĂůĐŽŶĮŐƵƌĂƟŽŶƐ͕ŵĂLJďĞŝŶĐŽƌƌĞƐƉŽŶĚĞŶĐĞƚŽƌĞĐĞŶƚŽƌĂŶĐŝĞŶƚƌƵŝŶƐ͘ dŚĞĂĐĐĞƉƚĂŶĐĞŽĨƚŚĞĞŵƉƟŶĞƐƐƌĞƐƵůƟŶŐĨƌŽŵĂƉƌĞǀŝŽƵƐƉŽƐƚͲƐĞŝƐŵŝĐĐŽůůĂƉƐĞďLJ ƚŚĞ ůŽĐĂů ĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚLJ ŽĨ ĂƐƚĞůǀĞĐĐŚŝŽ ĂůǀŝƐŝŽ ŝƐ ĞdžĞŵƉůĂƌLJ ʹ ƚŚĞ ĞŵƉƟŶĞƐƐ ĨŽƌ ǁŚŝĐŚ ƚŚĞƌĞǁĂƐŶŽŶĞĞĚƚŽƌĞďƵŝůĚŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨǀŽůƵŵĞ͕ďƵƚƌĂƚŚĞƌĐƌĞĂƚĞĂŶŽƉĞŶƐƉĂĐĞ͕ƐŽŵĞ ŬŝŶĚŽĨƉŝĂnjnjĂ͘ dŚĞĂƩĞŶƟŽŶƐŚŝŌƐ͕ƚŚĞƌĞĨŽƌĞ͕ƚŽƚŚĞŶĞĞĚĨŽƌĂƌĞͲƐŝŐŶŝĮĐĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚŝƐĂƚƚŚĞďĂƐĞŽĨ ĂŶLJƉƌŽĐĞƐƐŽĨƌĞǀŝƚĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶ͘ &ŽůůŽǁŝŶŐĂŶĂƚƵƌĂůĞǀĞŶƚ͕ŽƌŽƚŚĞƌŝŶƚƌŝŶƐŝĐĨĂĐƚŽƌƐŽĨůŝĨĞĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐ͕ŶŽůŽŶŐĞƌƐƵƐ-ƚĂŝŶĂďůĞďLJƚŚĞƉŽƉƵůĂƟŽŶŽƌ͕ĨƵƌƚŚĞƌŵŽƌĞ͕ĞdžƚĞƌŶĂůĨĂĐƚŽƌƐŽĨĂĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚŶĂƚƵƌĞʹĨŽƌ ŝŶƐƚĂŶĐĞ͕ƌĞůĂƚĞĚƚŽƚĞƌƌŝƚŽƌŝĂůĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚƉŽůŝĐŝĞƐƚLJƉŝĐĂůŽĨƚŚĞϮϬƚŚĐĞŶƚƵƌLJʹůĞĂǀĞƚŚĞ ƚŽǁŶƵŶŝŶŚĂďŝƚĞĚ͕ĚĞƉƌŝǀĞĚŽĨŝƚƐƉƌŝŵĂƌLJĐŽŶƚĞŶƚ͘ dŚĞǁŝĚĞƐƉƌĞĂĚĚĞƉŽƉƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƌƵƌĂůǀŝůůĂŐĞƐ͕ŝŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƚŽƚŚĞƉŚLJƐŝĐĂůĂďĂŶĚŽŶ-ŵĞŶƚŽĨƉůĂĐĞƐ͕ŚĂƐŝŶĨĂĐƚƐĞƉĂƌĂƚĞĚƚŚĞ͚ƚĞƌƌŝƚŽƌLJ͛ĂŶĚ͚ƚĞƌƌŝƚŽƌŝĂůŝƚLJ͛ĚƵŽ͕ŝŶƚĞŶĚĞĚĂƐĂ ĐŽŶĮŐƵƌĂƟŽŶŽĨƐƉĂĐĞƐƐƵďũĞĐƚƚŽĨŽƌŵƐŽĨůŽĐĂůĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚĂŶĚĚĞĮŶĞĚĂĐĐŽƌĚŝŶŐƚŽ ƚŚĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ͕ƚŚĞƚƌĂĚĞŵĂƌŬĞƚƐ͕ƚŚĞǁĂLJƐŽĨůŝĨĞ͘dŚŽƐĞƉůĂĐĞƐǁŚŝĐŚĞǀĞŶĂŌĞƌƚŚĞǁĂƌ ƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĞĚĂŵĞĞƟŶŐƉŽŝŶƚŽĨŬŶŽǁůĞĚŐĞĂŶĚďĞůŝĞĨƐ͕ƐƚƌĂƟĮĞĚƐŝŐŶƐ͕ŵĞĂŶŝŶŐƐĂŶĚůĞŐ-ĞŶĚƐǁŝůůŶĞǀĞƌďĞĂďůĞƚŽƌĞĂĐŚƚŚĞƐĂŵĞĂďƵŶĚĂŶĐĞĂŐĂŝŶ͕ĂƚůĞĂƐƚŶŽƚǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞƐĂŵĞ ǁĂLJƐĂŶĚĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐŽĨůŝĨĞ͘ ŌĞƌƐĞƉĂƌĂƟŶŐƚŚĞĂůŵŽƐƚĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶŝƐƟĐƚƌĂĚŝƟŽŶĂůĐŽŶŶĞĐƟŽŶƐŽĨĐĂƵƐĞͲĂŶĚͲĞīĞĐƚ ďĞƚǁĞĞŶƚĞƌƌŝƚŽƌŝĂůŝƚLJ͕ƚƌĂĚŝƟŽŶĂŶĚŝĚĞŶƟƚLJ͕ƚŚĞƐĞĂƌĐŚŶŽǁĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƚĞƐŽŶŶĞǁŵĞĂŶ-ŝŶŐƐĂŶĚǁĂLJƐŽĨůŝǀŝŶŐ͕ĂƌĞƐĞƩůĞŵĞŶƚ͕ďĞĨŽƌĞĂƉŚLJƐŝĐĂůƌĞĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶ͕ďĂƐĞĚŽŶŶĞǁ
445 &ƌŽŵ͚ŐŚŽƐƚƚŽǁŶƐ͛ƚŽ͚ƉůĂĐĞƐŽĨŵĞŵŽƌLJ͛͗ĂƉƌŽĐĞƐƐŽĨƌĞͲƐŝŐŶŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ ƐŝŐŶŝĮĐĂŶĐĞƐ͘dŚĞŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĐŽŶĐĞƉƚŽĨƚĞƐƟŵŽŶLJĂŶĚĂƌĞŇĞĐƟŽŶŽŶƚŚĞƉŽƐ-ƐŝďŝůŝƚLJƚŚĂƚƚŚĞƐĞƐĂŵĞƉůĂĐĞƐĐŽƵůĚƉĂƐƐŽŶǀĂůƵĞƐƐŽƉŽǁĞƌĨƵůƚŚĂƚƚŚĞLJĐĂŶůĞĂĚƚŽƚŚĞŝƌ ŽǁŶĐŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶ͕ĂƉƉƌŽƉƌŝĂƟŽŶĂŶĚĂƐƐŝŵŝůĂƟŽŶďLJŶĞǁĨŽƌŵƐŽĨĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚLJďĞĐŽŵĞ ƉƌĞĚŽŵŝŶĂŶƚ͘ >ŽƐƚŝĚĞŶƟƟĞƐĂŶĚŶĞǁĨŽƌŵƐŽĨƐĞƩůĞŵĞŶƚ dŚĞƉŽůŝĐŝĞƐŽĨƌĞǀŝƚĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶ͕ďŽƚŚŝŶ͚ƐŝƚĞͲƐƉĞĐŝĮĐ͛ĨŽƌŵ͕ĨŽĐƵƐŝŶŐŽŶƚŚĞƐƉĞĐŝĮĐŝƚLJŽĨ ƚŚĞůŽĐĂůƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƐ͕ĂŶĚŝŶĂĚŝīƵƐĞĚǁĂLJ͕ǁŝƚŚƚŚĞĐƌĞĂƟŽŶŽĨŶĞƚǁŽƌŬƐʹƚŽǁŶƐŽĨǁĞůůͲďĞ-ŝŶŐ͕ƚŽǁŶƐŽĨĞdžĐĞůůĞŶĐĞ͕ƚŽǁŶƐŽĨǁĂƚĞƌ3 ʹƚƌLJƚŽďƵŝůĚĂƐƵŝƚĂďůĞĨƌĂŵĞƚŽƚŚĞĚĞǀĞůŽƉ-ŵĞŶƚŽĨƚŚĞƉůĂĐĞƐ͘&ŽƌĂƐƚĞůǀĞĐĐŚŝŽĂůǀŝƐŝŽƚŚĞůŽĐĂůƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐƚŽƚĂŬĞŝŶƚŽĂĐĐŽƵŶƚ͕ĨŽƌ ŝŶƐƚĂŶĐĞ͕ĐŽƵůĚďĞƌĞůĂƚĞĚƚŽŶĞǁĨŽƌŵƐŽĨĞƋƵĞƐƚƌŝĂŶƚŽƵƌŝƐŵ͕ďĞĐĂƵƐĞƚŚĞƚŽǁŶƐĞĞŵƐ ƚŽďĞůŽŶŐƚŽĂƐĞĐŽŶĚĂƌLJďƌĂŶĐŚŽĨƚŚĞďƌŝĚůĞƉĂƚŚŶĞƚǁŽƌŬŝŶƚŚĞƉƉĞŶŶŝŶŽďƌƵnjnjĞƐĞ͕ ŽīĞƌŝŶŐŽǀĞƌŶŝŐŚƚŚŽƐƉŝƚĂůŝƚLJ͕ĐĂƚĞƌŝŶŐĂŶĚƌĞĐŽǀĞƌLJĨŽƌĂŶŝŵĂůƐĂŶĚƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƐƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞ͘ dŚĞƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐŽŶǁŚŝĐŚƚŚĞƌĞǀŝƚĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞ͚ŐŚŽƐƚƚŽǁŶƐ͛ƌĞůLJ͕ŚŽǁĞǀĞƌ͕ĐĂŶďĞ ůŽĐĂů;ŝŶĨƌĂƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĂů͕ƚĞƌƌŝƚŽƌŝĂů͕ĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐĂůͿŽƌŶŽƚ;ŶĞǁĨŽƌŵƐŽĨŝŵŵŝŐƌĂƟŽŶ͕ƉŽƚĞŶ-ƟĂů ĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƟĞƐ͕ ĂƌƟƐƟĐ ĞǀĞŶƚƐ͙Ϳ͘ dŚĞ ĂĐƟŽŶƐ ƌĞĨĞƌ ƚŽ ƉƵďůŝĐ ǀŝƐŝŽŶƐ ĂŶĚ ƉŽůŝĐŝĞƐ͕ ƚŽ ĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐĂůŝŶĐĞŶƟǀĞƐ͕ƚŽ ƵƌŽƉĞĂŶĮŶĂŶĐŝŶŐƐ͕ƚŽƉƌŝǀĂƚĞŝŶǀĞƐƚŵĞŶƚƐƚŚĂƚĐĂŶƉƌŽĚƵĐĞ ƉƌŽŐƌĂŵŵĂƟĐƉŽůŝĐŝĞƐĂŶĚĞǀĞŶŝŶŇƵĞŶĐĞƚŚĞƵƌďĂŶŝŶƐƚƌƵŵĞŶƚƐ͘ůůƚŚŝƐŽƵƚůŝŶĞƐĂǀĞƌLJ ĐŽŵƉůĞdžĐŽŶƚĞdžƚ͕ĨĂĐŝŶŐǁŚŝĐŚĂŶLJƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĐŽŶƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶƚŽƚŚĞƉƌŽďůĞŵĐĂŶďĞĂƐĂƌĞƐƵůƚ ƵŶĚĞƌƐŝnjĞĚ͕ĂƐĂŶĞdžƉƌĞƐƐŝŽŶŽĨƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐĂƉƉƌŽĂĐŚĞƐŝĚĞĂůůLJŵĞƟĐƵůŽƵƐďƵƚŝŶĞǀŝƚĂďůLJůŝŵ-ŝƚĞĚ͘ůƐŽďĞĐĂƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƐĞĨĂĐƚŽƌƐ͕ŝƚǁĂƐǁŽƌƚŚůŝŶŐĞƌŝŶŐŽŶƚŚĞƉƌŽĐĞƐƐŽĨƌĞͲƐŝŐŶŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ ŽĨƚŚĞƚŽǁŶƐ͕ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚĂďƌŝĞĨŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƐŽŵĞ͕ĂŵŽŶŐŵĂŶLJ͕ĞdžŝƐƟŶŐĞdžƉĞƌŝĞŶĐĞƐ͕ ǁŚŝĐŚĐĂŶůĞĂĚƚŽƵŶƉƌĞĐĞĚĞŶƚĞĚƉĂƚŚƐ͕ŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĨŽƌƚŚĞĐĂƐĞƐƚƵĚLJ͘ dŚĞ͚ŐŚŽƐƚƚŽǁŶ͛ĂƐƚĞƐƟŵŽŶLJŽĨĂĐŽůůĞĐƟǀĞŵĞŵŽƌLJ͗ƚŽǁĂƌĚƐƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐŽĨŵƵƐĞƵŵŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ ǀĞƌLJƐŝŶŐůĞĐŽůůĞĐƟǀĞŵĞŵŽƌLJŝƐĚŝƐƚƌŝďƵƚĞĚŝŶĂƐƉĂƟĂůĐŽŶƚĞdžƚ͘ĞĨŽƌĞƚŚĞĂďĂŶĚŽŶŵĞŶƚ ŽĨƚŚĞŶŽǁŐŚŽƐƚƚŽǁŶƐ͕ƚŚĞŚĂďŝƚƐŽĨƚŚĞŝƌůŽĐĂůĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƟĞƐƌĞƐŝƐƚĞĚĨĂĐƚŽƌƐƚŚĂƚƚĞŶĚĞĚƚŽ ƚƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵƚŚĞŵ͘dŚĞƉĞŽƉůĞ͛ƐĚĞƐŝŐŶƚŽŽŬƐŚĂƉĞŝŶĂŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůǁĂLJŽĨďĞŝŶŐĂŶĚƚŚĞĨŽƌĐĞŽĨ ƚƌĂĚŝƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƉůĂĐĞŽƌŝŐŝŶĂƚĞĚ͕ĮƌƐƚŽĨĂůů͕ĨƌŽŵŝƚƐĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƚĞĚŵĂƩĞƌ͕ĞǀĞŶŝŶƚŚĞĨŽƌŵŽĨ ĂƌƟĮĐŝĂůůĂŶĚƐĐĂƉĞƐ͘^ŽŵĞŝŶƚĞƌǀĞŶƟŽŶƐŽĨƌĞǀŝƐŝƚĂƟŽŶ;ĨŽƌŝŶƐƚĂŶĐĞŝŶƚŚĞĨŽƌŵŽĨĂƚŽƵƌŝƐ-ƟĐͲŵƵƐĞƵŵƌĂŵďůĞͿĂƌĞŵŽǀĞĚďLJƚŚĞǁŝůůŽĨƌĞĐŽǀĞƌŝŶŐ͕ƚŚƌŽƵŐŚƚŚĞƉŽǁĞƌŽĨƚŚĞŵĂƚĞƌŝĂů ĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ͕ƚŚĞĐŽůůĞĐƟǀĞŵĞŵŽƌLJŽĨƚŚŽƐĞƉůĂĐĞƐ͕ƐƚƌŽŶŐůLJůŝŶŬĞĚƚŽƚŚĞƉŚLJƐŝĐĂůƉƌĞƐĞŶĐĞ ŽĨƚŚĞŵĞŵďĞƌƐŽĨƚŚĞŐƌŽƵƉĂŶĚƚŽƚŚĞƐŽĐŝĂůƌŽŽƚƐ͘͞KŶůLJƚŚĞŝŵĂŐĞŽĨƐƉĂĐĞ͕ďĞĐĂƵƐĞŽĨŝƚƐ ƐƚĂďŝůŝƚLJ͕ŐŝǀĞƐƵƐƚŚĞŝůůƵƐŝŽŶŽĨŶŽƚĐŚĂŶŐŝŶŐƚŚƌŽƵŐŚŽƵƚƟŵĞĂŶĚŽĨĮŶĚŝŶŐƚŚĞƉĂƐƚŝŶƚŚĞ ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂŐĂŝŶ͖ďƵƚƚŚŝƐŝƐƚŚĞǁĂLJǁĞĐĂŶĚĞĮŶĞŵĞŵŽƌLJ͖ĂŶĚŽŶůLJƐƉĂĐĞŝƐƐƚĂďůĞĞŶŽƵŐŚƚŽ ďĞĂďůĞƚŽůĂƐƚǁŝƚŚŽƵƚĂŐŝŶŐŽƌůŽƐŝŶŐĂŶLJŽĨŝƚƐƉĂƌƚƐ͟;,ĂůďǁĂĐŚƐϭϵϵϲ͗ϭϲϮͿ͘ KŶĞŽĨƚŚĞŵŽƐƚƐƚƌŝŬŝŶŐĞdžƉĞƌŝŵĞŶƚƐŽĨƌĞĐŽǀĞƌLJŽĨƚŚĞĐŽůůĞĐƟǀĞŵĞŵŽƌLJ͕ĂƚůĞĂƐƚŝŶ Italy, is the one of ĂůďĞƌŐŽĚŝīƵƐŽ ͕ƚŚĞŝĚĞĂŽĨǁŚŝĐŚǁĂƐďŽƌŶŝŶĂƌŶŝĂ͕ĂŌĞƌƚŚĞĞĂƌƚŚ-ƋƵĂŬĞŽĨϭϵϳϲĂŶĚǁŚŝĐŚĞdžƉůŽĚĞĚŵŽƌĞƌĞĐĞŶƚůLJǁŝƚŚƚŚĞƌĞĂĚĂƉƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚŽǁŶŽĨ ^ĂŶƚŽ^ƚĞĨĂŶŽĚŝ^ĞƐƐĂŶŝŽŝŶƚŚĞƉƉĞŶŶŝŶŽďƌƵnjnjĞƐĞ͕ƌĞŶŽǀĂƚĞĚĂĐĐŽƌĚŝŶŐƚŽƚŚĞƉƌŝŶ- ĐŝƉůĞŽĨƚŚĞ͚ŚŽǁŝƚǁĂƐ͕ǁŚĞƌĞŝƚǁĂƐ͛;ĂƚůĞĂƐƚƉƌŽŐƌĂŵŵĂƟĐĂůůLJĂŶĚǁŝƚŚĂůůƚŚĞĐŽŶƚƌĂ-ĚŝĐƟŽŶƐƚŚĂƚŝƚĐĂŶĞŶƚĂŝůͿ͘ WƌĞǀŝŽƵƐƉĂŐĞ͗ FIG͘ϭ͘DĂƉŽĨ/ƚĂůŝĂŶƐŵĂůůƚŽǁŶƐĐŽŵƉůĞƚĞůLJĂďĂŶĚŽŶĞĚ;ĨƌŽŵŝ&ŝŐůŝĂϮϬϬϱͿ͘DŽƐƚŽĨƚŚĞŵĂƌĞůŽĐĂƚĞĚŝŶƚŚĞ ƉƉĞŶŶŝŶĞƐ;dŽƐĐŽͲ ŵŝůŝĂŶŽ͕ďƌƵƐƐĞƐĞ͕ĂŵƉĂŶŽ͕ĂůĂďƌŽͿ͘
ϰϰϲ
Giovanna Franco
džƚĞŶĚĞĚůĂƚĞƌŽŶƚŽĂŶĞƚǁŽƌŬŽĨŵŝŶŽƌƚŽǁŶƐ͕4 this idea revolves around the
recov-ĞƌLJǁŝƚŚĂĐĐŽŵŵŽĚĂƟŽŶƉƵƌƉŽƐĞƐŽĨƐŽŵĞŚŝƐƚŽƌŝĐĂůƚŽǁŶƐŝŶƚŚĞŵŽƵŶƚĂŝŶƐŽĨĐĞŶƚƌĂů ĂŶĚƐŽƵƚŚĞƌŶ/ƚĂůLJ͕ŽŶƚŚĞďĂƐŝƐŽĨĂĐŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟǀĞĂƉƉƌŽĂĐŚƚŚĂƚŝŶĐůƵĚĞƐ͗ ʹഩƚŚĞĞdžĐůƵƐŝǀĞƵƐĞŽĨůŽĐĂůƐĂůǀĂŐĞĚŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůƐ͖ ʹഩƚŚĞĐŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŽƌŝŐŝŶĂůŝŶƚĞŶĚĞĚƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞƐŝŶŐůĞƌŽŽŵƐǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞŐĞŶĞƌĂů ĚŽŵĞƐƟĐŽƌŐĂŶŝƐĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚŽǁŶƐ͖ ʹഩƚŚĞĨƵƌŶŝƐŚŝŶŐƐŽĨƌƵƐƟĐƐƚLJůĞŽĨƚŚĞƉƉĞŶŶŝŶĞŵŽƵŶƚĂŝŶƐ͖ ʹഩƚŚĞƌĞĐƌĞĂƟŽŶŽĨƐŽŵĞĂƐƉĞĐƚƐŽĨƚŚĞŶĂƟǀĞŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůĐƵůƚƵƌĞƐƟůůĂůŝǀĞŝŶƚŚĞŵĞŵ-ŽƌLJŽĨĞůĚĞƌůLJƉĞŽƉůĞ;ŚŽŵĞŵĂĚĞĐŽŽŬŝŶŐ͕ƚĞƌƌŝƚŽƌŝĂůƐƵďƐŝƐƚĞŶĐĞ͕ĐƌĂŌƐŵĂŶƐŚŝƉ͕ĞƚĐ͘Ϳ͘ dŚĞƉƌŽƚĞĐƟǀĞĂƉƉƌŽĂĐŚůĞĂĚƐƵƐƚŽƚŚĞĐŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶ͕ĂƚůĞĂƐƚƚƌĞŶĚͲǁŝƐĞ͕ŽĨƚŚĞƚƌĂĐ-ĞƐŽĨůŝĨĞŝŶƚŚĞǁĂůůƐĂŶĚƉůĂƐƚĞƌǁŽƌŬƐ͕ŝŶƚŚĞƐƚƌĂƟĮĐĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞďƵŝůĚŝŶŐƐ͕ĞůƐĞǁŚĞƌĞ ƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƟĐĂůůLJƌĞŵŽǀĞĚ͘ dŚĞĨĂƐĐŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƌƵŝŶƐ͕ĂĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶĨŽƌĂƌƟƐƟĐĞdžƉƌĞƐƐŝŽŶ dŚĞ/ŶƚĞƌŶĂƟŽŶĂů,ĂŵůĞƚŽĨƌƟƐƚƐŽĨƵƐƐĂŶĂsĞĐĐŚŝĂ;^ĂŶƌĞŵŽ͕ǁĞƐƚĞƌŶ>ŝŐƵƌŝĂͿƚĞůůƐ ĂƐƚŽƌLJŽĨ͚ƵŶĂƵƚŚŽƌŝƐĞĚ͛ďƵƚƉĞƌŵĂŶĞŶƚŽĐĐƵƉĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞďƵŝůĚŝŶŐƐƚŚĂƚǁĞƌĞŶŽƚŝƌƌĞŵĞ-ĚŝĂďůLJĚĂŵĂŐĞĚďLJƚŚĞĞĂƌƚŚƋƵĂŬĞŽĨϭϴϴϳ͕ǁŝƚŚƐŽŵĞƐŽƌƚŽĨƐƵŐŐĞƐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĨĂƐĐŝŶĂƟŽŶ ŽĨƚŚĞƌƵŝŶƐ͘dŚŝƐŝƐĂƉƌŽĐĞƐƐƐƚĂƌƚĞĚďLJ/ƚĂůŝĂŶĂƌƟƐƚƐĂƌŽƵŶĚϭϵϲϬŽĨƌĞŶŽǀĂƟŶŐ͕ŽŌĞŶ ƉĞƌƐŽŶĂůůLJ͕ƚŚĞŚŽƵƐĞƐĂďĂŶĚŽŶĞĚĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐƚŚĞƐĞŝƐŵ͕ůĞĂǀŝŶŐƚŚĞʹĞǀĞŶƚƌĂƵŵĂƟĐʹƐŝŐŶƐ ŽĨƚŚĞƉĂƐƐĂŐĞŽĨƟŵĞĂŶĚƚŚĞŶĂƚƵƌĂůĞǀĞŶƚƐƚŚĂƚŽĐĐƵƌƌĞĚǀŝƐŝďůĞ͘dŚĞŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞŽĨƚŽƵƌŝƐƟĐ ƚƌĂĸĐĂŶĚƚŚĞƐƵďƐĞƋƵĞŶƚĐŽŶƐĞƋƵĞŶĐĞĨŽƌƚŚĞƉƌŽƉĞƌƚLJǀĂůƵĞŽĨƚŚĞƐĞƉůĂĐĞƐŚĂǀĞ͕ŽŶƚŚĞ ŽŶĞŚĂŶĚ͕ƐƚĂƌƚĞĚůŽŶŐůĞŐĂůĂƌŐƵŵĞŶƚƐďLJƚŚĞůĂŶĚůŽƌĚƐĂŶĚ͕ŽŶƚŚĞŽƚŚĞƌŚĂŶĚ͕ĨŽƌĐĞĚƚŚĞ ƉƌŽŐƌĞƐƐŝǀĞĂďĂŶĚŽŶŵĞŶƚŽĨƚŚĞƚŽǁŶďLJƚŚĞŶĞǁĨŽƵŶĚĞƌƐ͕ǁŚŽĐŽƵůĚŶ͛ƚƐĞĞƚŚĞĐŚĂƌĂĐ-ƚĞƌŝƐƟĐ͚ŝŵƉĞƌŵĂŶĞŶĐĞ͛ƚŚĂƚǁĂƐĂƚƚŚĞďĂƐĞŽĨƚŚĞĂƌƟƐƟĐƋƵĞƐƚ͘dŚĞĐŽŶƐƚĂŶƚĂƩƌĂĐƟŽŶ ĨŽƌƚŽƵƌŝƐƚƐ͕ŝŶĐƌĞĂƐŝŶŐƚŚĞŝŶĐŽŵĞĨƌŽŵƉƌŽƉĞƌƚLJ͕ƚƌŝŐŐĞƌĞĚĂĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĨŽƌŵŽĨƉŽƉƵůĂƟŽŶ͕ ĂůƚŚŽƵŐŚƚĞŵƉŽƌĂƌLJĂŶĚůŝŵŝƚĞĚƚŽƚŚĞŚŽůŝĚĂLJƐĞĂƐŽŶ͕ďƵƚĂůƐŽĂĐƟǀŝƟĞƐƌĞůĂƚĞĚƚŽĨŽŽĚƐĞƌ-ǀŝĐĞ͕ŝŶǀŽůǀŝŶŐƚŚĞƌĞƐŝĚĞŶƚƐŽĨƚŚĞǀĞƌLJŶĞĂƌ^ĂŶZĞŵŽ͘^ŝŶĐĞƚŚŝƐŝƐĂƐƟůůĞdžŝƐƟŶŐƉƌŽďůĞŵ͕ ƚŚĞƚŽǁŶĂĚŵŝŶŝƐƚƌĂƟŽŶŝƐƉƌĞĚŝƐƉŽƐĞĚƚŽǁĂƌĚƐĮŶĚŝŶŐĂƐŽůƵƟŽŶƚŽƚŚĞƐŝƚƵĂƟŽŶ͘ dŚĞĞdžƉĞƌŝĞŶĐĞŽĨƵƐƐĂŶĂsĞĐĐŚŝĂŽƉĞŶĞĚƚŚĞǁĂLJƚŽŵĂŶLJŽƚŚĞƌĐŽŶƚĂŵŝŶĂƟŽŶƐ͕ƐĐĂƚ-ƚĞƌĞĚĂůůŽǀĞƌƚŚĞŶĂƟŽŶĂůƚĞƌƌŝƚŽƌLJ͕ďĞƚǁĞĞŶƚŚĞĐŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŶĐŝĞŶƚƚŽǁŶƐĂŶĚƚŚĞ ;ƉĞƌŵĂŶĞŶƚŽƌƚĞŵƉŽƌĂƌLJͿŝŶĐůƵƐŝŽŶŽĨĂƌƟƐƟĐŝŶƐƚĂůůĂƟŽŶƐ͕ŽƉĞŶƚŽŝŶŶŽǀĂƟǀĞĂŶĚƉŽĞƟĐ ĞdžĐŚĂŶŐĞƐĂŵŽŶŐƚŚĞƉĂƐƚĂŶĚŵĞƚĂƉŚŽƌŝĐĂůǀŝƐŝŽŶƐ͕ŽĨǁŚŝĐŚŵŽǀŝĞƐĞƚƐ͕ŝŶĐƌĞĂƐŝŶŐůLJŝŶ-ƐƚĂůůĞĚŝŶƚŚŝƐŬŝŶĚŽĨůŽĐĂƟŽŶďLJŝŶƚĞƌŶĂƟŽŶĂůĚŝƌĞĐƚŽƌƐ͕ĂƌĞũƵƐƚĂƌĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚĞdžƉƌĞƐƐŝŽŶ͘ dĞƌƌŝƚŽƌŝĂůŝƚLJ͕ůŽĐĂůĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚĂŶĚƐƵƐƚĂŝŶĂďŝůŝƚLJ5 KƚŚĞƌ ĂƉƉƌŽĂĐŚĞƐ ŽĨ ƚĞƌƌŝƚŽƌŝĂů ǀĂůŽƌŝƐĂƟŽŶ͕ ŝŶ ŝŶĐŽŵƉůĞƚĞůLJ ĂďĂŶĚŽŶĞĚ ĂƌĞĂƐ͕ ĂƌĞ ďĂƐĞĚŽŶƚŚĞĚĞĮŶŝƟŽŶĂŶĚŝŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶŽĨƚĞƌƌŝƚŽƌŝĂůĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐďƵŝůƚ ƐƚĂƌƟŶŐĨƌŽŵƚŚĞůŽĐĂůůĞǀĞůĂŶĚďĂƐĞĚŽŶƚŚĞƐƵƐƚĂŝŶĂďůĞǀĂůŽƌŝƐĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůĂŶĚ ŝŵŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐ͕ŝŶǀŽůǀŝŶŐƚŚĞƐŽĐŝĂůĂŶĚĐƵůƚƵƌĂůĮĞůĚƐĂŶĚƚŚĞĐĂƉĂďŝůŝƚLJŽĨƐĞůĨͲŽƌ-ŐĂŶŝƐĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƐƵďũĞĐƚƐŝŶǀŽůǀĞĚ;ĞŵĂƩĞŝƐ͕'ŽǀĞƌŶĂϮϬϬϱͿ͘ DĂŶLJLJĞĂƌƐĂŐŽ͕ƚŚĞŵƵŶŝĐŝƉĂůŝƚLJŽĨsĂƌĞƐĞ>ŝŐƵƌĞƐƚĂƌƚĞĚŵŽǀŝŶŐĂůŽŶŐƚŚŝƐůŽŐŝĐ͕ďĞ- ĐŽŵŝŶŐĂƚƚŚĞĞŶĚŽĨϭϵϵϵƚŚĞĮƌƐƚĐŽŵŵƵŶĞŝŶ/ƚĂůLJƚŽŽďƚĂŝŶĂĐĞƌƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĞŶ-ǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚĂůŵĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚƐLJƐƚĞŵ͕ŝŶĐŽŶĨŽƌŵŝƚLJǁŝƚŚƚŚĞŝŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚLJ ƌĞŐƵůĂƟŽŶƐϲ. dŚĞĐĞƌƟĮĐĂƟŽŶƐƚĂƚĞƐƚŚĂƚƚŚĞϮ͕ϱϬϬŝŶŚĂďŝƚĂŶƚƐŽĨƚŚĞŵƵŶŝĐŝƉĂůŝƚLJůŝǀĞŝŶĂƚĞƌƌŝƚŽƌLJ
ǁŚĞƌĞƚŚĞŽĐĐƵƉĂƟŽŶŝƐĐŽŵƉůĞƚĞ͕ƚŚĞǀĂůƵĞƐŽĨĐĂƌďŽŶŵŽŶŽdžŝĚĞŶŽŶͲĞdžŝƐƚĞŶƚ͕ƚŚĞĂŐƌŝĐƵů-ϰϰϳ &ƌŽŵ͚ŐŚŽƐƚƚŽǁŶƐ͛ƚŽ͚ƉůĂĐĞƐŽĨŵĞŵŽƌLJ͛͗ĂƉƌŽĐĞƐƐŽĨƌĞͲƐŝŐŶŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ ƚƵƌĞŝƐďĂƐĞĚĞdžĐůƵƐŝǀĞůLJŽŶŽƌŐĂŶŝĐĐƌŝƚĞƌŝĂ͕ĂŶĚƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐĂƌĞŐƵĂƌĂŶƚĞĞĚĂŶĚĞĸĐŝĞŶƚ͘dŚŝƐ ƌĞƐƵůƚŝƐƚŚĞŽƵƚĐŽŵĞŽĨϮϬLJĞĂƌƐŽĨĞdžƉĞƌŝĞŶĐĞ͕ƐƚĂƌƚĞĚĂƐĂǁĂLJƚŽĐŽŶƚƌŽůƚŚĞĚĞƉŽƉƵůĂƟŽŶ ŽĨƚŚĞϭϵϳϬƐĂŶĚƉƵƚŝŶƚŽĞīĞĐƚǁŝƚŚĂŐƌĂĚƵĂůƉƌŽĐĞƐƐŽĨƌĞĐŽǀĞƌLJĂŶĚƌĞͲƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞŽůĚƉŚLJƐ-ŝĐĂůďƵŝůĚŝŶŐƐ;ƐƚĂƌƟŶŐĨƌŽŵƚŚĞƌĞƐƚŽƌĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĐĂƐƚůĞĂŶĚƌĞĐŽǀĞƌLJŽĨƚŚĞĂŶĐŝĞŶƚŽƌŐŽ ZŽƚŽŶĚŽ͕ƚŚĞŚĞĂƌƚŽĨƚŚĞĂŶƟƋƵĞƐĞƩůĞŵĞŶƚͿ;&ŝŐƐ͘ϮͲϯͿ͘dŚŝƐƌĞĐŽǀĞƌLJǁĂƐŵĂĚĞƉŽƐƐŝďůĞďLJ ƚŚĞĞīŽƌƚƐŽĨƚŚĞĂĚŵŝŶŝƐƚƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŽĨƚŚĞŝŶŚĂďŝƚĂŶƚƐƚŚĞŵƐĞůǀĞƐ͕ǁŚŽƐůŽǁůLJƚŽŽŬďĂĐŬƚŚĞŝƌ ƚŽǁŶĂŶĚƚĞƌƌŝƚŽƌLJ͕ďŽƚŚƉŚLJƐŝĐĂůůLJĂŶĚĐƵůƚƵƌĂůůLJ͘dŚĞƉŚLJƐŝĐĂůŝƐŽůĂƟŽŶŽĨsĂƌĞƐĞ>ŝŐƵƌĞ;ŝŶ ƚŚĞďĂĐŬĐŽƵŶƚƌLJͿ͕ƚŽŐĞƚŚĞƌǁŝƚŚƚŚĞĨĞǁƐƟůůĞdžŝƐƟŶŐƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐ͕ƚƵƌŶĞĚŝŶƚŽŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐĨŽƌ ƐƵƐƚĂŝŶĂďůĞůŽĐĂůĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ;ĂůƐŽĞǀĂůƵĂƟŶŐƚŚĞĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚĂůƉĞƌĨŽƌŵĂŶĐĞƐŽĨƚŚĞĐŽŵ-ŵƵŶĂůĂĚŵŝŶŝƐƚƌĂƟŽŶ͛ƐƉŽůŝĐŝĞƐĐŽŶĐĞƌŶŝŶŐ͕ĨŽƌŝŶƐƚĂŶĐĞ͕ǁĂƐƚĞƌĞĐLJĐůŝŶŐ͕ƚŚĞĐLJĐůĞŽĨǁĂƚĞƌ͕ŽĨ ƚŚĞƐƵƉƉůŝĞƐĂŶĚƚŚĞƵƐĂŐĞŽĨĞŶĞƌŐLJƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐĂŶĚƚŚĞƋƵĂůŝƚLJŽĨƚŚĞĂŝƌͿ͘ ŵƉŚĂƐŝƐŽĨƚŚĞ͞ĂŶƚŚƌŽƉŽůŽŐLJŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶĐĞ͟;ĞƫŶŝϮϬϭϭ͗ϴͿ dŚĞǁĂLJƐƚŽƌĞǀŝƚĂůŝƐĞ͚ŐŚŽƐƚƚŽǁŶƐ͛ƐƟůůŐŽƚŚƌŽƵŐŚĮĞůĚƚĞƐƟŶŐŽĨŶĞǁĨŽƌŵƐŽĨƌĞ-ƉŽƉƵůĂƟŽŶ͘dŚĞƌĞĐŽǀĞƌLJŽĨƚŚĞĂďĂŶĚŽŶĞĚƐĞƩůĞŵĞŶƚŽĨŽůůĞƩĂĚŝĂƐƚĞůďŝĂŶĐŽ͕ŝŶƚŚĞ ďĂĐŬĐŽƵŶƚƌLJŽĨůďĞŶŐĂ;^sͿ͕ŶŽǁƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚƐĂƉĂƌĂĚŝŐŵĂƟĐĞdžĂŵƉůĞ͕ďŽƚŚĨŽƌƚŚĞŝŶƚĞƌ-ǀĞŶƟŽŶŽĨĂŶŝŶƚĞƌŶĂƟŽŶĂůůLJƌĞŶŽǁŶĞĚĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚ;'ŝĂŶĐĂƌůŽĞĂƌůŽͿ͕ĂŶĚĨŽƌƚŚĞŽƌŝŐŝŶĂů ŝĚĞĂŽĨƚƵƌŶŝŶŐƚŚĞƚŽǁŶŝŶƚŽĂƚĞůĞŵĂƟĐŽŶĞ͘ĚŽƉƟŶŐƚŚĞƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞŽĨƵŶŝŽŶďĞƚǁĞĞŶ ͚ƉŚLJƐŝĐĂůĚŝƐƚĂŶĐĞ͛ĂŶĚ͚ƐƉŝƌŝƚƵĂůƉƌŽdžŝŵŝƚLJ͕͛ĞĂƌůŽ͕ĂƉƉŽŝŶƚĞĚďLJƚŚĞƌĞĂůĞƐƚĂƚĞĐŽŵ-ƉĂŶLJƚŚĂƚĂĐƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŚĞǁŚŽůĞƚŽǁŶ͕ƌĞĂůŝƐĞĚƚŚĞŝĚĞĂŽĨ͚ŐůŽďĂůǀŝůůĂŐĞ͛ĂŶƟĐŝƉĂƚĞĚLJĞĂƌƐ ďĞĨŽƌĞďLJDĂƌƐŚĂůůDĐ>ƵŚĂŶ͕ĂĐĐŽƌĚŝŶŐƚŽǁŚŽŵǁĞǁŽƵůĚǁŝƚŶĞƐƐĂƌĂƉŝĚĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ ŽĨĂŶƵŶŝŶƚĞƌƌƵƉƚĞĚƐĞŵŝͲƌƵƌĂůĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ͕ŝŶǁŚŝĐŚŵĂŶĂŐĞƌƐ͕ĂƐƐŝƐƚĂŶƚƐĂŶĚĞŵƉůŽLJ-ĞĞƐǁŽƵůĚĐĂƌƌLJŽƵƚƚŚĞŝƌĂĐƟǀŝƟĞƐƐŝƫŶŐĂƚĂĐŽŵƉƵƚĞƌĚĞƐŬ͕ǁŝƚŚŽƵƚƚŚĞŶĞĞĚƚŽůĞĂǀĞ home.ϳ &ĂƐĐŝŶĂƚĞĚďLJƚŚĞĐŽŵƉůĞdžŝƚLJŽĨƚŚĞƐĞƩůĞŵĞŶƚĚĞǀĞůŽƉĞĚŽŶǀĞƌƟĐĂůůĂLJĞƌƐ͕ĞǀĞŶǁŝƚŚ ŝŶĚĞƉĞŶĚĞŶƚĞŶƚƌĂŶĐĞƐ͕ĞĂƌůŽƉůĂLJĞĚǁŝƚŚƚŚĞǀĂƵůƚĞĚƵŶŝƚ͕ŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐŝŶŐŝƚŝŶƚŚĞĨŽƌŵ ŽĨŶĞǁĂŐŐƌĞŐĂƟŽŶƐ͕ďŽƚŚŚŽƌŝnjŽŶƚĂůůLJĂŶĚǀĞƌƟĐĂůůLJ͕ǁŝƚŚƚŚĞĐƌĞĂƟŽŶŽĨŶĞǁŽƉĞŶŝŶŐƐ ;ƚŚĞĚŝƐƚƌŝďƵƟŽŶŇĞdžŝďŝůŝƚLJŝƐŽŶĞŽĨŚŝƐĨĂǀŽƵƌŝƚĞƐƵďũĞĐƚƐďƵƚʹĨŽƌĞdžĂŵƉůĞʹĚŝĸĐƵůƚƚŽ ŝŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚŝŶƚŚĞǀŝůůĂŐĞŽĨĂƐƚĞůǀĞĐĐŚŝŽĂůǀŝƐŝŽďĞĐĂƵƐĞŽĨŝƚƐƐĞŝƐŵŝĐǀƵůŶĞƌĂďŝůŝƚLJͿ͘ /ŶĨĂĐƚ͕ŝŶĐŽŶƚƌĂƐƚǁŝƚŚƚŚĞƉƌŽĐůĂŝŵĞĚĞdžƉĞĐƚĂƟŽŶƐ͕ŽůůĞƩĂŝƐŶŽǁĂĚĂLJƐďĞĐŽŵŝŶŐĂ ƐŝŵƉůĞǀĂĐĂƟŽŶĚĞƐƟŶĂƟŽŶĨŽƌůŽŶŐĞƌŽƌƐŚŽƌƚĞƌƉĞƌŝŽĚƐ͕ĂĐĐŽƌĚŝŶŐƚŽƚŚĞƟŵŝŶŐĂŶĚ ŐĞŽŐƌĂƉŚŝĐĂůƉƌŽǀĞŶĂŶĐĞŽĨƚŚĞŶĞǁŽǁŶĞƌƐ;ŵŽƐƚůLJĐŽŵŝŶŐĨƌŽŵĂďƌŽĂĚͿ͕ƌĂƚŚĞƌƚŚĂŶ ĂŶĞǁƐƚĂďůĞĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚLJʹŶŽƚďĞŝŶŐĂďůĞ͕ŝŶƚŚŝƐĐĂƐĞ͕ƚŽĞŵďŽĚLJƚŚĞƌŽůĞŽĨƚĞůĞͲǀŝůůĂŐĞ ƚŚĂƚǁĂƐƉůĂŶŶĞĚĨŽƌŝƚ͘ϴ dŚĞ ĞĐŽͲǀŝůůĂŐĞ dŽƌƌŝ ^ƵƉĞƌŝŽƌĞ ŝŶ sĞŶƟŵŝŐůŝĂ ƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚƐ͕ ŝŶƐƚĞĂĚ͕ Ă ĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĂďůĞ ͚ƐŽƵƌĐĞŽĨƐĞŶƐĞ͛ĨŽƌĂŶĞǁĨŽƌŵŽĨĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚLJ͘ƚƚŚĞĞŶĚŽĨƚŚĞϭϵϴϬƐ͕ĂŌĞƌďĞŝŶŐŝŶĂ ƐƚĂƚĞŽĨƚŽƚĂůĂďĂŶĚŽŶŵĞŶƚĨŽƌĂůŽŶŐƟŵĞ͕ŝƚŚĂƐďĞĞŶƚŚĞŽďũĞĐƚŽĨĂƐƉĞĐŝĮĐŝŶŝƟĂƟǀĞ of recovery. dŚĞƵůƚƵƌĂůƐƐŽĐŝĂƟŽŶŽĨdŽƌƌŝ^ƵƉĞƌŝŽƌĞǁĂƐĨŽƵŶĚĞĚǁŝƚŚƚŚĞƐƉĞĐŝĮĐŐŽĂůŽĨƌĞƵƐ- ŝŶŐƚŚĞŽůĚƌĞƐŝĚĞŶĐĞƐ͕ŵĂŝŶůLJĨŽƌŚŽƵƐŝŶŐƉƵƌƉŽƐĞƐ͘ůŵŽƐƚĂůůƚŚĞŚŽƵƐĞƐŽĨdŽƌƌŝ^ƵƉĞ-ƌŝŽƌĞǁĞƌĞŐƌĂĚƵĂůůLJďŽƵŐŚƚĂŶĚĚŝǀŝĚĞĚďĞƚǁĞĞŶƚŚĞƐŝŶŐůĞŵĞŵďĞƌƐŽĨƚŚĞĂƐƐŽĐŝĂƟŽŶ ĂŶĚƚŚĞĂƐƐŽĐŝĂƟŽŶŝƚƐĞůĨ͕ŽďƚĂŝŶŝŶŐƉƌŝǀĂƚĞĂƉĂƌƚŵĞŶƚƐ;ďĞƚǁĞĞŶϮϴĂŶĚϴϬƐƋƵĂƌĞŵĞ-ƚƌĞƐͿĂŶĚƉƵďůŝĐƐƉĂĐĞƐ͘ƚƚŚĞŵŽŵĞŶƚ͕ĂůŝƩůĞ/ƚĂůŝĂŶͲ'ĞƌŵĂŶĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚLJŝƐƉĞƌŵĂŶĞŶƚůLJ ůŝǀŝŶŐŝŶƚŚĞƉĂƌƚůLJƌĞƐƚŽƌĞĚƚŽǁŶ͘dŚĞǀŝůůĂŐĞŝƐŶŽǁŽƉĞŶƚŽĞĐŽͲƚŽƵƌŝƐŵĨŽƌĐŽƵƌƐĞƐ͕ ǁŽƌŬƐŚŽƉƐĂŶĚƉƌŽũĞĐƚƐĨŽƌĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚĂůĞĚƵĐĂƟŽŶ͕ĂŶĚŝƚĂůƐŽŽīĞƌƐĂŶĂĐĐŽŵŵŽĚĂ-ƟŽŶĨĂĐŝůŝƚLJĨŽƌƐŽũŽƵƌŶƐĂŶĚŚŽůŝĚĂLJƐ͘dŚŝƐĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚLJůŝǀĞƐƚŚĂŶŬƐƚŽĂŶŝŶƚĞƌŶĂůĞĐŽŶŽŵLJ
ϰϰϴ
Giovanna Franco
FIG͘Ϯ͘ĞƌŝĂůǀŝĞǁŽĨƚŚĞƚŽǁŶŽĨsĂƌĞƐĞ>ŝŐƵƌĞ ;ƉƌŽǀŝŶĐĞŽĨ>Ă^ƉĞnjŝĂ͕>ŝŐƵƌŝĂŶƌĞŐŝŽŶͿ͘ FIG͘ϯ͘sĂƌĞƐĞ>ŝŐƵƌĞ͕ƚŚĞŽƌŐŽZŽƚŽŶĚŽ͕ĂƌŽƵŶĚ the medieval castle.
ϰϰϵ &ƌŽŵ͚ŐŚŽƐƚƚŽǁŶƐ͛ƚŽ͚ƉůĂĐĞƐŽĨŵĞŵŽƌLJ͛͗ĂƉƌŽĐĞƐƐŽĨƌĞͲƐŝŐŶŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ ŽĨĂŵŝdžĞĚŬŝŶĚ͗ĞǀĞƌLJŽŶĞŝƐƚŚĞŽǁŶĞƌŽĨŚŝƐŽǁŶŝŶĐŽŵĞ͕ĞdžĐĞƉƚĂƉĞƌĐĞŶƚĂŐĞƚŚĂƚŝƐƉĂŝĚ ƚŽĮŶĂŶĐĞĐŽŵŵŽŶŵĞĂůƐ͕ŚĞĂƟŶŐĂŶĚĞůĞĐƚƌŝĐŝƚLJ͕ĂŶĚĨŽƌƚŚĞĂŵŽƌƟƐĂƟŽŶŽĨƐŽŵĞŐŽŽĚƐ ƉƵƌĐŚĂƐĞĚĨŽƌĞǀĞƌLJŽŶĞ͘KƌŐĂŶŝĐĂŐƌŝĐƵůƚƵƌĞŝƐƵƐĞĚŝŶƚŚĞƚǁŽŚĞĐƚĂƌĞƐŽĨůĂŶĚŽǁŶĞĚďLJ ƚŚĞĂƐƐŽĐŝĂƟŽŶ͕ĂŶĚŝƚƐĂƟƐĮĞƐƚŚĞŝŶƚĞƌŶĂůĚĞŵĂŶĚĨŽƌŽŝůĂŶĚǀĞŐĞƚĂďůĞƐ͘ dŚĞ ƌĞƐĞƩůĞŵĞŶƚ ŽĨ ůďĂŐŶĂŶŽ ;ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ƉƌŽǀŝŶĐĞ ŽĨ sĞƌďĂŶŝĂ͕ ŶĞĂƌ >ĂŬĞ DĂŐŐŝŽƌĞͿ͕ ŝŶƚĞƌŶĂƟŽŶĂůůLJŬŶŽǁŶĂƐ͚ůďĂŐŶĂŶŽ,ĞĂůŝŶŐDĞĚŝƚĂƟŽŶĞŶƚƌĞ͕͛ŝƐĐŽŵƉůĞƚĞůLJĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ͘ /ŶƚŚĞŚŝƐƚŽƌŝĐĂůůLJĂďĂŶĚŽŶĞĚŚĂŵůĞƚŝƐĂ͚ŵŽŶĂƐƚĞƌLJ͛ƐĞƩůĞĚďLJƚŚĞůĂŵĂ'ĂŶŐĐŚĞŶ͕ ĂdŝďĞƚĂŶŵŽŶŬůŽŶŐĐŽŵŵŝƩĞĚƚŽƚŚĞƚĞĂĐŚŝŶŐŽĨdĂŶƚƌŝĐƵĚĚŚŝƐŵĂŶĚƚƌĂĚŝƟŽŶĂůdŝ-ďĞƚĂŶŵĞĚŝĐŝŶĞ͘dŚĞƐŵĂůůƌƵƌĂůƚŽǁŶŚĂƐƚŚĞƌĞĨŽƌĞƌĞĐŽǀĞƌĞĚĂŶĚĐĂŶŶŽǁĂĚĂLJƐŽīĞƌ ƉĞƌŵĂŶĞŶƚ Žƌ ƚĞŵƉŽƌĂƌLJ ĂĐĐŽŵŵŽĚĂƟŽŶ ƚŽ ƚŚĞ ǀŝƐŝƚŽƌƐ ŝŶƚĞƌĞƐƚĞĚ ŝŶ ƚŚĞ ĂĐƟǀŝƟĞƐ ŽĨ ƚŚĞƐƉŝƌŝƚƵĂůĂŶĚƌĞůŝŐŝŽƵƐĐĞŶƚƌĞ͘dŚĞƐƉŝƌŝƚƵĂůĨŽĐĂůƉŽŝŶƚ͕ƚŚĞ͚dĞŵƉůĞŽĨƚŚĞ^ŬLJĂďŽǀĞ ĂƌƚŚ͕͛ŝƐďĂƐĞĚŝŶƐŝĚĞĂďƵŝůĚŝŶŐŽŶĐĞƵƐĞĚĂƐĂƐƚĂďůĞ͕ďƵƚůŝƩůĞŚĂƐƌĞŵĂŝŶĞĚŽĨƚŚĞ ŵĞŵŽƌLJŽĨƚŚĞƚƌĂĚŝƟŽŶĂůďƵŝůĚŝŶŐ;ůŝŌĞĚĂŶĚŵŽĚŝĮĞĚͿŽƚŚĞƌƚŚĂŶƚŚĞĐŝƌĐƵůĂƌƐŚĂƉĞ͕ ĞǀŝĚĞŶƚůLJĐŚŽƐĞŶĂƐƚŚĞĂĐƚƵĂůǀĞŶƵĞĨŽƌŵĞĚŝƚĂƟŽŶ;&ŝŐƐ͘ϰͲϱͲϲͿ͘ tŚĂƚŬŝŶĚŽĨƌĞůĂƟŽŶŝƐŝƚůĞŐŝƟŵĂƚĞƚŽĞƐƚĂďůŝƐŚďĞƚǁĞĞŶƚĞƐƟŵŽŶLJ͕ƚƌĂĚŝƟŽŶĂŶĚŶĞǁ forms of community? tŚĞŶĂŐƌŽƵƉŝƐŝŶƐĞƌƚĞĚŝŶĂƉĂƌƚŽĨƐƉĂĐĞ͕ŝƚǁŝůůƚƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵƚŚŝƐƐƉĂĐĞŝŶŝƚƐŽǁŶŝŵ-ĂŐĞ͕ĂŶĚĂƚƚŚĞƐĂŵĞƟŵĞŝƚǁŝůůĂĚĂƉƚƚŽƚŚĞŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůƚŚŝŶŐƐƚŚĂƚƉƵƚƵƉƌĞƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞĂŐĂŝŶƐƚ ƚŚĞŐƌŽƵƉŝƚƐĞůĨ͘dŚĞŝŵĂŐĞŽĨƚŚĞĞdžƚĞƌŶĂůĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚĂŶĚŽĨƚŚĞƐƚĂďůĞƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐǁŝƚŚ ƚŚĞŐƌŽƵƉďĞĐŽŵĞƐƚŚĞŵĂŝŶĨŽĐƵƐŝŶƚŚĞǀŝĞǁƉŽŝŶƚŽĨŝƚƐĞůĨ͘dŚĞŝŵĂŐĞŽĨƚŚŝŶŐƐƉĂƌƟĐŝ-ƉĂƚĞƐŝŶƚŚĞŝƌŝŶĞƌƟĂ͘/ƚŝƐŶŽƚƚŚĞŝŶƐƵůĂƚĞĚŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂů͕ďƵƚƚŚĞŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůĂƐĂŵĞŵďĞƌŽĨĂ ŐƌŽƵƉʹŝƚ͛ƐƚŚĞŐƌŽƵƉŝƚƐĞůĨƚŚĂƚ͕ƚŚŝƐǁĂLJ͕ůŝǀĞƐƐƵďŵŝƐƐŝǀĞůLJƚŽƚŚĞŝŶŇƵĞŶĐĞŽĨƚŚĞŵĂƚĞ-ƌŝĂůŶĂƚƵƌĞ͕ĂŶĚƉĂƌƟĐŝƉĂƚĞƐƚŽŝƚƐĞƋƵŝůŝďƌŝƵŵ͘dŚĞƉůĂĐĞƌĞĐĞŝǀĞƐƚŚĞŵĂƌŬŽĨƚŚĞŐƌŽƵƉ͕ ĂŶĚƚŚŝƐŝƐƌĞĐŝƉƌŽĐĂů͘;,ĂůďǁĂĐŚƐϭϵϵϲ͗ϭϯϲͲϭϯϳͿ ,ŽǁĐĂŶƚŚĞƐŝŶŐůĞƐƚŽŶĞƐ͕ĂŶĚƚŚĞĐŽŵƉůĞdžƐLJƐƚĞŵŽĨƐƉĂĐĞƐŐĞŶĞƌĂƚĞĚďLJƚŚĞŝƌĐŽŶ-ŶĞĐƟŽŶ͕ƌĞĐĞŝǀĞŶĞǁĨŽƌŵƐŽĨĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚLJ͍ŶĚƚŽǁŚĂƚĞdžƚĞŶƚŝƐŝƚůĞŐŝƟŵĂƚĞƚŽŵŽĚŝĨLJ ƚŚŽƐĞƐLJƐƚĞŵƐŽĨƐƉĂĐĞƐŝŶƚŚĞŶĂŵĞŽĨŶĞǁŶĞĐĞƐƐŝƟĞƐ͍&ƵŶĚĂŵĞŶƚĂůůLJ͕ŝƐŝƚƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚƚŽ ĂĚĂƉƚƚŚĞĞdžŝƐƟŶŐƐƉĂĐĞƐƚŽŶĞǁƐŽĐŝĂůŐƌŽƵƉƐ͕ŽƌǀŝĐĞǀĞƌƐĂ͕ƚŽĂĚĂƉƚƚŚĞŚĂďŝƚƐŽĨƚŚĞƐĞ ŐƌŽƵƉƐƚŽĂůƌĞĂĚLJƐƚƌŽŶŐůLJĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐĞĚƐƉĂĐĞƐ͍ dŚĞĂďƵŶĚĂŶĐĞŽĨƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐ͕ƉŚLJƐŝĐĂůŽƌŶŽƚ͕ŐĞŶĞƌĂƚĞĚďLJƚŚĞĐŽŵƉůĞdžŝƚLJŽĨƚŚĞƵƌďĂŶ ĨĂďƌŝĐŽĨĂƐƚĞůǀĞĐĐŚŝŽĂůǀŝƐŝŽ͕ŝŶŝƚƐĂƉƉĂƌĞŶƚƐŝŵƉůŝĐŝƚLJ͕ĐĂŶĐŽŶƐƟƚƵƚĞĂĨŽƌŵŝĚĂďůĞŝŶ-ƚĞƌƉƌĞƟǀĞŬĞLJƚŽƚƌLJĂŶĚĂĚǀĂŶĐĞŶĞǁĂŶƐǁĞƌƐƚŽƐƵĐŚƋƵĞƐƟŽŶƐ͘ dŚĞŶĂƌƌĂƟŽŶŽĨĂƉůĂĐĞ͗ĂƐƚŽƌLJƚŽůĚŝŶŝŵĂŐĞƐ ĂƐƚĞůǀĞĐĐŚŝŽ ĂůǀŝƐŝŽ ŝƐ ƚŚĞ ĞŵďůĞŵ ŽĨ Ă ĐŽŵƉůĞdž ƐƉĂĐĞ ƚŚĂƚ ƌĞƐŝƐƚĞĚ͕ ƉĂƌĂĚŽdžŝĐĂůůLJ ĂůƐŽƚŚĂŶŬƐƚŽŝƚƐĂďĂŶĚŽŶŵĞŶƚ͕ƚŚŽƐĞĞĐŽŶŽŵŝĐĂů͕ƐŽĐŝĂůĂŶĚƉŚLJƐŝĐĂůƚƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶƐƚŚĂƚ ŚĞĂǀŝůLJĂůƚĞƌĞĚƚŚĞ/ƚĂůŝĂŶƚĞƌƌŝƚŽƌLJƚŚƌŽƵŐŚŽƵƚƚŚĞϮϬƚŚĐĞŶƚƵƌLJ͘dŚĞƌĞĨŽƌĞŝƚŝƐŶĞĐĞƐƐĂƌLJƚŽ ŚĂǀĞŝŶƚĞůůĞĐƚƵĂůƚŽŽůƐƚŚĂƚĂƌĞĐĂƉĂďůĞŽĨŵŽŶŝƚŽƌŝŶŐƐƵĐŚĐŽŵƉůĞdžŝƚLJ͕ĂŶĚƚŽƋƵĞƐƟŽŶƚŚĞ ƌĞĂůƉŽƐƐŝďŝůŝƚLJŽĨŝĚĞŶƟĨLJŝŶŐĐŽŵƉĂƟďůĞĨŽƌŵƐŽĨƌĞƐĞƩůĞŵĞŶƚ͕ƌĞƐƉĞĐƞƵůďƵƚŶŽƚŶĞĐĞƐƐĂƌ-ŝůLJĂŶĚĞdžĐůƵƐŝǀĞůLJĂŝŵŝŶŐĨŽƌƚŚĞĮƌŵŶĞƐƐŽĨƚŚĞŵƵƐĞƵŵŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƉůĂĐĞƐ͘ dƌĂĚŝƟŽŶ͕ƐƵƌĞĞŶŽƵŐŚ͕ŝƐŶŽƚŽŶůLJƐŽŵĞƚŚŝŶŐƚŚĂƚŝƐŚĂŶĚĞĚĚŽǁŶ͕ďƵƚĂůƐŽƐŽŵĞƚŚŝŶŐ ƚŚĂƚŝƐďƵŝůƚĂŶĚůĞĂƌŶĞĚ͘dŚĞƐƚƌĞŶŐƚŚŽĨĂƚƌĂĚŝƟŽŶĚŽĞƐŶ͛ƚŽƌŝŐŝŶĂƚĞŵƵĐŚ͕ŶŽƚŽŶůLJĨƌŽŵ ƚŚĞĨĂĐƚƚŚĂƚŝƚĐŽŵĞƐĨƌŽŵƚŚĞƉĂƐƚ͕ďƵƚĨƌŽŵƚŚĞĨĂĐƚƚŚĂƚŝƚ͛ƐƐƟůůƚĂƵŐŚƚŝŶƚŚĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚ ĚĂLJƐ͕ĂŶĚƚŚĞƐƚƌŽŶŐĞƌƚŚĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚͲĚĂLJĨƌĂŵĞǁŽƌŬƚŚĂƚƐƵƉƉŽƌƚƐƚŚĞƚƌĂĚŝƟŽŶ͕ƚŚĞŵŽƌĞ ƐŽůŝĚŝƚŐƌŽǁƐ;ĞƫŶŝϮϬϭϭ͗ϱϬͿ͘
ϰϱϬ
451 &ƌŽŵ͚ŐŚŽƐƚƚŽǁŶƐ͛ƚŽ͚ƉůĂĐĞƐŽĨŵĞŵŽƌLJ͛͗ĂƉƌŽĐĞƐƐŽĨƌĞͲƐŝŐŶŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ dŚĞ͚ŐƌĞĂƚďĞĂƵƚLJ͛ŽĨƚŚĞƉůĂĐĞŝŶĚƵĐĞƐƚŚĞŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŵĞƚŚŽĚƐŽĨƐĐŝĞŶƟĮĐƌĞ-ƐĞĂƌĐŚǁŝƚŚĂŶ͚ĂƌƟƐƟĐ͛ŬŝŶĚŽĨŝŶǀĞƐƟŐĂƟŽŶ͕ƚĂŬŝŶŐƉůĂĐĞƚŚƌŽƵŐŚƉĞƌĐĞƉƟŽŶ͕ĞdžƉƌĞƐƐŝŽŶ ĂŶĚĐŽŵŵƵŶŝĐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚŶŽƚƚĞŶĚŝŶŐƚŽŐŝǀĞĂŶƐǁĞƌƐ͕ďƵƚƌĂƚŚĞƌƚŽŐĞŶĞƌĂƚĞƋƵĞƐƟŽŶƐ;&Ž- ƋƵĠϮϬϭϬ͗ϯϯͿ͕ŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐŝŶŐĂŶĞǁŶĂƌƌĂƟǀĞĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƉůĂĐĞ͕ĨƌŽŵǁŚŝĐŚŶĞǁƐƵŐ-ŐĞƐƟŽŶƐǁŝůůƉĞƌŚĂƉƐďĞĂďůĞƚŽĂƌŝƐĞ͘dŚĞĂŶĂůŽŐŝĞƐďĞƚǁĞĞŶƚŚĞƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞŽĨƚŚĞƐƉĂĐĞďƵŝůƚ ĞŶĐůŽƐĞĚǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞĐƵƌǀŝůŝŶĞĂƌƉĞƌŝŵĞƚĞƌŽĨƚŚĞŚĂŵůĞƚĂŶĚƚŚĞ͚ƚŽƌƚŽŝƐĞƐŚĞůů͛;&ŝŐ͘ϳͿ͕ŵĞƚ-ĂƉŚŽƌŽĨƉƌŽƚĞĐƟŽŶ͕ŽƌƚŚĞůĞĂĨŝŶǁŚŽƐĞŶĞƌǀĂƟŽŶƚŚĞƐĂƉŝƐŇŽǁŝŶŐ;&ŝŐ͘ϴͿ͕ĂŵĞƚĂƉŚŽƌŽĨ ƚŚĞĂƌƟĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚLJůŝĨĞŝŶƚŚĞĐŽůůĞĐƟǀĞƐƉĂĐĞƐŽĨƚŚĞŚĂŵůĞƚ͕ĞǀŽŬĞƚŚĞƉŽĞƟĐƐ ŽĨƐƉĂĐĞ;ĂĐŚĞůĂƌĚϭϵϲϴͿƵƉŽŶǁŚŝĐŚĞǀĞƌLJƉƌŽĐĞƐƐŽĨƌĞǀŝƚĂůŝƐĂƟŽŶŽĨƉůĂĐĞƐŝƐĨŽƵŶĚĞĚ͘ dŚĞ͚ŚĂŵůĞƚĂƐĂƐŚĞůů͛ĂŶĚƚŚĞ͚ƐŚĞůůĂƐĂĨŽƌƚƌĞƐƐ͛;&ŝŐƐ͘ϵͲϭϬͿ͘dŚĞĞŶĐůŽƐĞĚĨŽƌŵ ƉƌŽƚĞĐƚƐƚŚĞĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚLJĨƌŽŵĞdžƚĞƌŶĂůĂŐŐƌĞƐƐŝŽŶƐĂŶĚĨƌŽŵƚŚĞĨƌŝŐŝĚǁŝŶƚĞƌĐůŝŵĂƚĞ͕ ĂƌŽƵƐŝŶŐĂƐĞŶƐĞŽĨǁĂƌŵƚŚĂŶĚŝŶƟŵĂĐLJĂůƐŽŝŶƚŚĞĐŽůůĞĐƟǀĞƐƉĂĐĞƐ͖ĂƚƚŚĞƐĂŵĞƟŵĞ͕ ƚŚĞŽƉĞŶŝŶŐƐŽŶŝƚƐĞĚŐĞƐĐĂƉƚƵƌĞƚŚĞůĂŶĚƐĐĂƉĞĂŶĚƚŚĞŚŽƌŝnjŽŶǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞůŝǀŝŶŐĞŶǀŝƌŽŶ-ŵĞŶƚ͕ƚĂŬŝŶŐƉŽƐƐĞƐƐŝŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŵ;&ŝŐƐ͘ϭϭͲϭϮͿ͘ dŚĞĞůĞŵĞŶƚĂƌLJĐĞůůŽĨƚŚĞƵƌďĂŶƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƉƌŽƚĞĐƚƐŝƚƐŝŶŚĂďŝƚĂŶƚǁŝƚŚƚŚĞƐŽůŝĚĂŶĚ ĐŽŶƟŶƵŽƵƐǁĂůůƐ͕ƌĞĐĂůůŝŶŐƚŚĞĂŶĐĞƐƚƌĂůŝŵĂŐĞŽĨƚŚĞĐƌĂĚůĞ;ĂĐŚĞůĂƌĚϭϵϳϱ͗ϭϮϵͿ͘ WƌĞǀŝŽƵƐƉĂŐĞ͗ FIG͘ϰ͘sŝĞǁŽĨƚŚĞƐŵĂůůƐĞƩůĞŵĞŶƚŽĨůďĂŐŶĂŶŽ;ƉƌŽǀŝŶĐĞŽĨsĞƌďĂŶŝĂ͕>ĂŐŽDĂŐŐŝŽƌĞ͕WŝĞĚŵŽŶƚƌĞŐŝŽŶͿ͘ FIG. 5. ůďĂŐŶĂŶŽ,ĞĂůŝŶŐDĞĚŝƚĂƟŽŶĞŶƚƌĞ͗ƚŚĞƚĞŵƉůĞ͕ŝŶƐƚĂůůĞĚŝŶƚŚĞŽůĚƐƚĂďůĞƐ͘ FIG͘ϲ͘ůďĂŐŶĂŶŽ,ĞĂůŝŶŐDĞĚŝƚĂƟŽŶĞŶƚƌĞ͗ŝŶŶĞƌǀŝĞǁŽĨƚŚĞƚĞŵƉůĞ͘
ϰϱϮ Giovanna Franco dŚĞĐĞůůĂƐĂŚŽŵĞ͕ĂŶĚƚŚĞĐŽŶĐĂƚĞŶĂƟŽŶŽĨĐĞůůƐ͕ĂĐĐŽƌĚŝŶŐƚŽƚŚĞƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞƐŽĨŚŽƌŝ- njŽŶƚĂůĂŶĚǀĞƌƟĐĂůĂŐŐƌĞŐĂƟŽŶ;ƚŽƚŚĞĞdžƚĞŶƚŽĨŽǀĞƌƉĂƐƐŝŶŐƚŚĞƌŽĂĚͿ͕ĂƉƉĂƌĞŶƚůLJĚŝƐ-ŽƌŐĂŶŝƐĞĚďƵƚƐƵďƚĞŶĚŝŶŐƚŽĂŶŝŵƉůŝĐŝƚŽƌĚĞƌ͕ĞdžƉƌĞƐƐƚŚĞƐƚƌĞŶŐƚŚŽĨƚŚĞƵŶŝƋƵĞŶĞƐƐŽĨ ŝŶŚĂďŝƟŶŐ͕ĂŶĚ͕ĂƚƚŚĞƐĂŵĞƟŵĞ͕ƚŚĞƵŶŝƚLJŽĨƚŚĞĐŽŵŵƵŶŝƚLJ;ĂĐŚĞůĂƌĚϭϵϳϱ͗ϳϮͿ͘ dŚĞƌĞĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶƉůĂŶĚĞǀĞůŽƉĞĚĨŽƌĂƐƚĞůǀĞĐĐŚŝŽĂůǀŝƐŝŽŐŝǀĞƐĂŶĂĐĐŽƵŶƚŽĨƚŚĞ ĐŽŵƉůĞdžŝƚLJĂŶĚƐƚƌĂƟĮĐĂƟŽŶ͕ŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůĂŶĚŝŵŵĂƚĞƌŝĂů͕ǁŚŝĐŚƵŶĚĞƌƉŝŶƐƚŚĞďƵŝůƚĞŶǀŝƌŽŶ-ŵĞŶƚĂŶĚŝƚƐƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉǁŝƚŚƚŚĞůĂŶĚƐĐĂƉĞ͕ǁŝƚŚƚŚĞůĂŶĚĂŶĚǁĂLJƐŽĨůŝĨĞ͘KĨƉĂƌƟĐƵůĂƌ ŝŶƚĞƌĞƐƚ͕ĂĐĐŽƌĚŝŶŐƚŽƚŚĞƉƌŽƉŽƐĞĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶƐŽīĞƌĞĚŝŶƚŚŝƐƉĂƉĞƌ͕ǁŝůůďĞƚŚĞĨƵƚƵƌĞ ŝŶƚĞƌǀĞŶƟŽŶƐŽŶƚŚŽƐĞůŝŵŝƚĞĚƉŽƌƟŽŶƐĂīĞĐƚĞĚďLJĐŽůůĂƉƐĞƐƐŝŐŶĞĚĂƐ͚ƌĞƐƚŽƌĂƟŽŶĂŶĚ FIG͘ϳ͘&ƌŽŵƚŚĞĞůůŝƉƟĐĂůƚŽƚŚĞĐĂƌĂƉĂĐĞ͕ŵĞƚĂƉŚŽƌŽĨƉƌŽƚĞĐƟŽŶ͘ FIG͘ϴ͘&ƌŽŵƚŚĞĞůůŝƉƟĐĂůƚŽƚŚĞůĞĂĨ͕ŵĞƚĂƉŚŽƌŽĨůŝĨĞůŝŶĞ͘ FIG͘ϵ͘ĂƐƚĞůǀĞĐĐŚŝŽĂůǀŝƐŝŽ͗ƚŚĞǀŝůůĂŐĞĂƐĂĨŽƌƚƌĞƐƐ͘WĞƌŝŵĞƚĞƌǁĂůůƐŝŶĐŽƌƉŽƌĂƚĞĚŝŶƚŽŚŽƵƐĞƐ͘ FIG͘ϭϬ͘dŚĞǀŝůůĂŐĞĂƐĂĨŽƌƚƌĞƐƐ͗&ŽƌƚĞŽĨ^ĂŶ>ĞŽ;ƉƌŽǀŝŶĐĞŽĨZŝŵŝŶŝ͕ ŵŝůŝĂŶƌĞŐŝŽŶͿ͕ĚĞƚĂŝůŽĨŽŶĞŽĨƚŚĞƚǁŽ ĐŝƌĐƵůĂƌƚŽǁĞƌƐĚĞƐŝŐŶĞĚďLJ&ƌĂŶĐĞƐĐŽĚŝ'ŝŽƌŐŝŽDĂƌƟŶŝ͘
453 &ƌŽŵ͚ŐŚŽƐƚƚŽǁŶƐ͛ƚŽ͚ƉůĂĐĞƐŽĨŵĞŵŽƌLJ͛͗ĂƉƌŽĐĞƐƐŽĨƌĞͲƐŝŐŶŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ FIGS͘ϭϭͲϭϮ͘ƉƉƌŽƉƌŝĂƟŽŶŽĨŽƵƚĚŽŽƌƐƉĂĐĞƐ͘ ĐŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶŽĨƚLJƉĞ͛;ǀŽůƵŵĞƚƌŝĐƌĞŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŽŶͿ͕ĨŽƌǁŚŝĐŚƚŚĞƉůĂŶĂůƐŽƐƵŐŐĞƐƚƐƚŚĞ ƵƐĞŽĨĂĐŽŵƉĞƟƟŽŶŽĨŝĚĞĂƐ͘/ƚŵĂLJďĞĂŶŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƚLJƚŽ͚ĂƐƐĞƐƐ͛ex anteƋƵĂůŝƚLJƐƉĞĐŝĮ-ĐĂƟŽŶƐ͕ĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĂůĂŶĚƵƌďĂŶ͕ďĂůĂŶĐŝŶŐĐŽŶƐĞƌǀĂƟŽŶͬĐŽŶƐŽůŝĚĂƟŽŶŽĨĨƌĂŐŵĞŶƚƐƐƟůů ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂŶĚƉƌŽƉŽƐĞĚƌĞŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŽŶ͕ŚŽƉĞĨƵůůLJŶĞŝƚŚĞƌŵŝŵĞƟĐŶŽƌƐƵŵŵĂƌLJ;dĞĐŚŶŝĐĂů /ŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶZĞŐƵůĂƟŽŶƐ͕ƌƚ͘ϯϭϵͿ͘ Notes ϭഩ ^ĞĞƚŚĞƌĞƉŽƌƚŽŶƚŚĞƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚ'ĞŽŐƌĂĮĞĚĞůů͛ĂďďĂŶ-ĚŽŶŽ͘ >Ă ĚŝƐŵŝƐƐŝŽŶĞ ĚĞŝ ďŽƌŐŚŝ ŝŶ /ƚĂůŝĂ ͕ƉƵďůŝĐĂƌĐŚŝ-ƚĞĐƚƵƌĞΛƉŽůŝŵŝ ƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚ ŐƌŽƵƉ ĐŽŽƌĚŝŶĂƚŽƌ 'ĞŶŶĂƌŽ WŽƐƟŐůŝŽŶĞ͕WŽůŝƚĞĐŶŝĐŽĚŝDŝůĂŶŽ͘ Ϯഩ^ƉĞĐŝĮĐĂůůLJ͕ƚŚĞĂƵƚŚŽƌƉĂƌƟĐŝƉĂƚĞĚŝŶƚŚĞǁŽƌŬƐŚŽƉ ŝŶ'ƌŽƵƉ͘ 3 ഩ^ĞĞƚŚĞĂĐƟŽŶƐŽĨůŽĐĂůĞŶƟƟĞƐŽƌĂƵƚŚŽƌŝƟĞƐĨŽƌǀĂů-ŽƌŝƐĂƟŽŶĂƐŝŶƚŚĞĐĂƐĞŽĨ͚/ŽƌŐŚŝƉŝƶďĞůůŝĚ͛/ƚĂůŝĂ͛ĂŶĚ ͚ƐƐŽĐŝĂnjŝŽŶĞEĂnjŝŽŶĂůĞĚĞŐůŝůďĞƌŐŚŝŝīƵƐŝ͛͘ 4ഩ^ĞĞƚŚĞ͞/ůƉĂƚƌŝŵŽŶŝŽŵŝŶŽƌĞ͕ĚĂ^ĂŶƚŽ^ƚĞĨĂŶŽĚŝ ^ĞƐƐĂŶŝŽĂŝ^ĂƐƐŝĚŝDĂƚĞƌĂ͗&ƌĂƩƵƌĂsĞĐĐŚŝĂ͕DĂƌƚĞƐĞ͕ DŽŶƚĞďĞůůŽ ƐƵů ^ĂŶŐƌŽ͕ ZŽĐĐĂ ĂůĂƐĐŝŽ͕ ZŽĐĐŚĞƩĂ Ăů sŽůƚƵƌŶŽ͕^ĂŶƚŽ^ƚĞĨĂŶŽĚŝ^ĞƐƐĂŶŝŽ͕^ĂƐƐŝĚŝDĂƚĞƌĂ͕ ^ĞƌƌĂ͟ƉƌŽũĞĐƚďLJ^ĞdžĂŶƟŽ^ƌůĂŶĚĂŶŝĞůĞ<ŝŚůŐƌĞŶ͘ 5 ഩdŚĞƟƚůĞŽĨƚŚĞƉĂƌĂŐƌĂƉŚĚŝƌĞĐƚůLJƌĞĨĞƌƐƚŽƚŚĞƉƵďůŝ-ĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĞŵĂƩĞŝƐĂŶĚ'ŽǀĞƌŶĂϮϬϬϱ͘ ϲഩ^ĞĞ hŝƌĞĐƟǀĞŶ͘ϭϴϯϲͬϵϯĂŶƐŶŽƌŵƐhE/ E/^K ϭϰϬϬϭ͘ ϳ ഩŝƚĂƟŽŶĨƌŽŵD͘DĐ>ƵŚĂŶĂŶĚY͘&ŝŽƌĞ͕dŚĞDĞĚŝ- ƵŵŝƐŝŶƚŚĞDĞƐƐĂŐĞ͘Ŷ/ŶǀĞŶƚŽƌLJŽĨ īĞĐƚƐ͘Hard-ŵŽŶĚƐǁŽƌƚŚϭϵϲϳ͗ϳϮ͕ĂŶĚǁĂƐƚĂŬĞŶĨƌŽŵZLJŬǁĞƌƚ ϮϬϬϬ͗ϭϵϳ͘ ϴ^ĞĞDŽnjnjĂŶŝĐĂϮϬϭϮ͘hŶ͛ŝƉŽƚĞƐŝĚŝƌĞĐƵƉĞƌŽƉĞƌŝ ĐŽŵƵŶŝ ĨĂĐĞŶƟ ĐĂƉŽ Ăůů͛hŶŝŽŶĞ ĚĞŝ ŽŵƵŶŝ >ĂƌŝŽ Ğ DŽŶƟ͕ DĂƐƚĞƌ͛Ɛ ĚĞŐƌĞĞ ƚŚĞƐŝƐ͕ WŽůLJƚĞĐŚŶŝĐ hŶŝǀĞƌ-sity of Milan. References ĂĐŚĞůĂƌĚ͕'͕͘ϭϵϳϱ͘>ĂƉŽĞƟĐĂĚĞůůŽƐƉĂnjŝŽ͘Ăƌŝ;Žƌ >ĂƉŽĠƟƋƵĞĚĞů͛ĞƐƉĂĐĞ͕WĂƌŝƐ͕ϭϵϱϳͿ͘ ĞƫŶŝ͕D͕͘ϮϬϭϭ͘ŽŶƚƌŽůĞƌĂĚŝĐŝ͘dƌĂĚŝnjŝŽŶĞ͕ŝĚĞŶ-Ɵƚă͕ŵĞŵŽƌŝĂ͕ŽůŽŐŶĂ͘ ĞŵĂƩĞŝƐ͕'͕͘'ŽǀĞƌŶĂ͕&͘ĞĚƐ͕͘ϮϬϬϱ͘dĞƌƌŝƚŽƌŝĂůŝƚă͕ ƐǀŝůƵƉƉŽ ůŽĐĂůĞ͕ ƐŽƐƚĞŶŝďŝůŝƚă͗ ŝů ŵŽĚĞůůŽ ^>Žd, Milan. ŝ &ŝŐůŝĂ͕ >͕͘ ϮϬϭϮ͘ ͞WĞƌ ƵŶ ĐĞŶƐŝŵĞŶƚŽ ŝƚĂůŝĂŶŽ ĚĞŝ ƉĂĞƐŝĂďďĂŶĚŽŶĂƟƚƌĂǀĂůŽƌĞŝĚĞŶƟƚĂƌŝŽĞƉŽƐ-ƐŝďŝůŝƐĐĞŶĂƌŝĚŝƌŝǀŝƚĂůŝnjnjĂnjŝŽŶĞ͕͟ŝŶWůĂŶƵŵ͘dŚĞ :ŽƵƌŶĂůŽĨhƌďĂŶŝƐŵ͕Ϯϱ͘ &ŽƋƵĠ͕Z͕͘ϮϬϭϬ͘ƵŝůĚŝŶŐ<ŶŽǁůĞĚŐĞŝŶƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĞ, ŶƚǁĞƌƉ͘ ,ĂůďǁĂĐŚƐ͕D͕͘ϭϵϵϲ͘>ĂŵĞŵŽƌŝĂĐŽůůĞƫǀĂ, Milan ;Žƌ>ĂŵĠŵŽŝƌĞĐŽůůĞĐƟǀĞ͕WĂƌŝƐ͕ϭϵϲϴͿ͘ DŽnjnjĂŶŝĐĂ͕'͕͘ϮϬϭϮ͘hŶ͛ŝƉŽƚĞƐŝĚŝƌĞĐƵƉĞƌŽƉĞƌŝĐŽ-ŵƵŶŝĨĂĐĞŶƟĐĂƉŽĂůů͛hŶŝŽŶĞĚĞŝŽŵƵŶŝ>ĂƌŝŽĞ DŽŶƟ͕DŝůĂŶ;ƚĞƐŝĚŝůĂƵƌĞĂͿ͘ KůŵŽ͕ ͕͘ ϮϬϭϬ͘ ƌĐŚŝƚĞƩƵƌĂ Ğ EŽǀĞĐĞŶƚŽ͘ ŝƌŝƫ͕ ĐŽŶŇŝƫ͕ǀĂůŽƌŝ͕ZŽŵĞ͘ ZLJŬǁĞƌƚ͕ :͕͘ ϮϬϬϯ͘ >Ă ƐĞĚƵnjŝŽŶĞ ĚĞů ůƵŽŐŽ͘ ^ƚŽƌŝĂ Ğ ĨƵƚƵƌŽ ĚĞůůĂ ĐŝƩă͘ dŽƌŝŶŽ ;Žƌ dŚĞ ^ĞĚƵĐƟŽŶ ŽĨ WůĂĐĞ͗ dŚĞ ,ŝƐƚŽƌLJ ĂŶĚ &ƵƚƵƌĞ ŽĨ ŝƟĞƐ͕ EĞǁ zŽƌŬ͕ϮϬϬϬͿ͘ ^ƚŽƌĐŚŝ͕^͕͘dŽƉƉĞƫ͕&͘ĞĚƐ͕͘ϮϬϭϯ͘>ĞĨŽƌŵĞĚĞůůĂƌŝ-ĐŽƐƚƌƵnjŝŽŶĞ͘dĞƌƌĞŵŽƚŽ ŵŝůŝĂ, Florence.
