Procedia Engineering 109 ( 2015 ) 427 – 434
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com
1877-7058 © 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Peer-review under responsibility of the Gruppo Italiano Frattura (IGF)
doi: 10.1016/j.proeng.2015.06.256
ScienceDirect
;;,,,,WDOLDQ*URXSRI)UDFWXUH0HHWLQJ,*);;,,,
0HFKDQLFDOEHKDYLRURIDOXPLQXPVDQGZLFKHVPDGHE\ODVHU
ZHOGLQJ
*%DUELHUL
D)&RJQLQL
D*/DSL
E)9LYLR
FaENEA Centro Ricerche Casaccia, Via Anguillarese 301 00123 S. Maria di Galeria –Rome- Italy
bDepartment of Industrial Engineering University of, Rome "Tor Vergata" Via del Politecnico, 1 - 00133 Rome – Italy cDepartment of Enterprise Engineering University of Rome "Tor Vergata" Via del Politecnico, 1 - 00133 Rome – Italy
$EVWUDFW
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¶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³,QGXVWULD ± 0RELOLWj 6RVWHQLELOH´ 7KH$XWKRUV3XEOLVKHGE\(OVHYLHU/WG 3HHUUHYLHZXQGHUUHVSRQVLELOLW\RIWKH*UXSSR,WDOLDQR)UDWWXUD,*) Keywords:/DVHU:HOGLQJ$OXPLQXP6DQGZLFK0HFKDQLFDO3URSHUWLHV)LQLWH(OHPHQW0RGHO)RXU3RLQW%HQGLQJ7HVW &RUUHVSRQGLQJDXWKRU7HOID[ (PDLODGGUHVVJLXVHSSHEDUELHUL#HQHDLW
© 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
,QWURGXFWLRQ
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³(XURFRGLFH´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
0DWHULDOV
6KHHWV LQ (1 $: 7 DOXPLQLXP DOOR\ DQG UHFWDQJXODU H[WUXGHG SURILOHV LQ (1 $: 7 DOXPLQLXP DOOR\ ZHUH XVHG LQ SUHVHQW ZRUN WR UHDOL]H VDQGZLFK VWUXFWXUHV 7KH ZHOGLQJ ZLUH XVHG LQ WKH SURFHVV ZDV WKH $$$OOR\¶VFKHPLFDOFRPSRVLWLRQVDUHVXPPDUL]HGLQ7DEOHDQGWKHPHFKDQLFDOSURSHUWLHVDUHVXPPDUL]HG LQ7DEOHZLWKf0FKDUDFWHULVWLFYDOXHRISURRIVWUHQJWKfXFKDUDFWHULVWLFYDOXHRIXOWLPDWHWHQVLOHVWUHQJWKA
HORQJDWLRQ YDOXH PHDVXUHG ZLWK D UHIHUHQFH OHQJWK A f 0,HAZ SURRI VWUHQJWK LQ +$= fu,HAZ XOWLPDWH WHQVLOHVWUHQJWKLQ+$=
7DEOH$OXPLQLXPDOOR\VFKHPLFDOFRPSRVLWLRQH[WUDFWHGIURP7DEOH81,(1,62SDUW>@
$OOR\GHVLJQDWLRQ
6L )H &X 0Q 0J &U =Q 7L 2WKHUV
1XPHULFDO &KHPLFDO6\PEROV (DFK 7RWDO
(1$: (1$:$O0J6L (1$: (1$:$O6L0J0Q 7DEOH$OXPLQLXPDOOR\VPHFKDQLFDOSURSHUWLHVH[WUDFWIURP81,(1³(XURFRGLFH´DQGPHFKDQLFDO SURSHUWLHVIURPRXUWHVWV $OOR\(1$: (852&2',&( 2XU7HVWV
7HPSHU f0 fX A f0,HAZ fu,HAZ f0 fX $
1PP 1PP 1PP
7
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
D E )LJD:HOGLQJ+HDGFRQVWLWXWHGE\DFROOLPDWRUDZREEOHPRGXOHDQGDIRFXVLQJOHQVE:HOGLQJVHWXS 7DEOH0DLQZHOGLQJSDUDPHWHUVDQGW\SLFDOZHOGVDVSHFW3: 9VPPLQ :REEOLQJ 9ZPPLQ *DV3URFHVV1OPLQ 7\SLFDO
0DFUR&URVV6HFWLRQ +] '>PP@
+H
Shielding & plasma
$U
Backing
PLVWKHODVHUSRZHUVRXUFHVsLVWKHZHOGLQJVSHHG9ZLVWKHZHOGLQJZLUHVSHHG7KHSUHOLPLQDU\TXDOLILFDWLRQRI
ZHOGLQJSURFHVVZDVGRQHWKURXJK'LJLWDOUDGLRJUDSK\PLFURKDUGQHVVDQGWHQVLOHWHVWV,QWHUPVRIH[SHFWHGWHQVLOH VWUHQJWKWKHPDLQWUDQVSRUWGHVLJQVWDQGDUGZHUHDQDO\VHGDQGVXPPDUL]HGLQWKH7DEOH )RFXVLQJ/HQV ) PP :REEOH0RGXOH &ROOLPDWRU )F PP
7DEOH0DLQWUDQVSRUWGHVLJQVWDQGDUGLQWHUPVRIWHQVLOHVWUHQJWK
$OOR\ 5,1$Rm '19 (852&2',&(
Weld Rp0.2 haz RmWeld fo,haz 0,2 % fu,haz fw /ȖMw
$$7 7KHWHQVLOHWHVWVRQWKHEXWWMRLQWVKRZWKHPLQLPXPYDOXHVDFKLHYHGRIDERXW03D7KHIUDFWXUHVXUIDFH REWDLQHGLQWUDQVYHUVDOWHQVLOHWHVWLVVKRZQLQWKH)LJXUH
$ % & )LJ)UDFWXUHVXUIDFHRIWUDQVYHUVDOWHQVLOHWHVW)URPWRSWRERWWRPRSWLFDOLPDJHRIWKHIUDFWXUH6(0LPDJHRIWKHKLJKOLJKWHGSDUWRIWKH VHFWLRQ0DJQLILFDWLRQVRIWKHVXUIDFHSDUWVPDUNHGZLWKOHWWHUV$%&7KHIUDFWXUHRFFXUV LQ DGXFWLOH ZD\ LQ IDFW LW¶V SRVVLEOHWRREVHUYHGHIRUPDWLRQ RI JUDLQ EHIRUHUXSWXUHZLWK WKH SUHVHQFHRIGLPSOHVLQDOOWKHGLIIHUHQWUHJLRQVRIWKHIUDFWXUH
6DQGZLFK6WUXFWXUHV 3DQHOVKDYHEHHQUHDOL]HGZLWKWKUHHH[WUXGHGSURILOHVOHQJWKPPZLWKVKDSHGHGJHVWRDFFRPPRGDWHVL[ VKHHWVLQ$$îîPP7KHZHOGLQJRIWKHSDQHOVKDVEHHQPDGHZLWKDVSHFLILFVHTXHQFHVWDUWLQJ IURPWKHFHQWUDOSDUWRIWKHSDQHODQGSURFHHGLQJRXWZDUGV,Q)LJDLVVKRZQRQHRIWKHSDQHOVWKDWGHPRQVWUDWH YHU\JRRGIODWQHVVDQGLQ)LJELVVKRZQWKHVHFWLRQVRIWKHSDQHOVXVHGIRUWKH3RLQW%HQGLQJ7HVW3%7 PHFKDQLFDOFKDUDFWHUL]DWLRQLQWKHWZRRUWKRJRQDOGLUHFWLRQRIORDG D E )LJD6DQGZLFKSDQHOEVHFWLRQVRIWKHSDQHOXVHGIRUWKHEHQGLQJWHVWV 5HVXOWVDQG'LVFXVVLRQ
5.1. Four Point Bending Tests
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±QDWXUDOVWUDLQFXUYHE\GDWDRI(1$:7UHFWDQJXODUH[WUXGHG SURILOHVLQ(1$:77KHPRGHOOLQJWHFKQLTXHSURSRVHGFRQVLGHUVDGLIIHUHQWLDWLRQRIWKHPDWHULDODURXQG WKHZHOGFRQVLGHULQJWKHKHDWDIIHFWHG]RQH>@&RQWDFWHOHPHQWVDUHXVHGLQRUGHUWRDFFRXQWIRUWKHFRQQHFWLRQ EHWZHHQSXQFKHVDQGSDQHOVVXUIDFHWRVXUIDFHPRGHOZLWKDFODVVLFDO&RXORPEIULFWLRQPRGHO
5.1.1. Longitudinal Bending Tests
3DQHOV JHRPHWU\ KDV EHHQ FKRVHQ WR DOORZ WHVW ZLWK VSDQ / PP 3XQFKHV ZHUH SRVLWLRQHG DW / PP LQ WKLV ZD\ WKH FHQWUDO SDUW RI WKH SDQHOV ZDVQ¶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
)LJ /RQJLWXGLQDO EHQGLQJ WHVWVD ORDG SURILOHV E VDPSOH VWDWXV LQ WKH HODVWLF VWDJH $ PD[LPXP ORDG % ILQDO GHIRUPDWLRQ & )( PRGHO )LJ(TXLYDOHQW9RQ0LVHVVWUHVVDQGHTXLYDOHQWSODVWLFVWUDLQFRQWRXUVRQVSHFLPHQ/RDG3 1GHIOHFWLRQPP F 6\PPHWU\ FRQVWUDLQW VLPSOHVXSSRUW /2$' D E
5.1.2. Transversal Bending Tests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
&RQFOXVLRQV
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¶VSRVVLEOHWRREVHUYHWKHSODVWLFGHIRUPDWLRQRI WKHZHOGHGEHDPZLWKRXWYLVLEOHFUDFNVLQWKHZHOGV7KHGDWDDERXWWKHPHFKDQLFDOIHDWXUHVRIWKHZHOGVIRUWKH)( DQDO\VLVDERXWWKHRIWKHEDVHPDWHULDOVZHUHGHULYHGIURPWHQVLOHWHVWVRQHOHPHQWDU\EXWWMRLQWV7KH6(0 IUDFWRJUDI\RIWKHEXWWMRLQWVKRZVGLPSOHVLQDOOWKHVXUIDFHRIWKHIUDFWXUHFRQILUPLQJWKHJRRGTXDOLW\DQGGXFWLOLW\ RIZHOGVDOVRLQSUHVHQFHRIVRPHOLWWOHPLFURSRURVLW\ $FNQRZOHGJPHQWV
7KH DXWKRUV ZRXOG OLNH WR H[SUHVV PDQ\ WKDQNV WR WKH 75$,1 &RQVRUWLXP ZLWKLQ WKH UHVHDUFK SURMHFW 6,)(* ,QWHJUDWHGIUHLJKWWUDQVSRUWUDLOURDGJUDQWHGE\WKH,WDOLDQ0LQLVWU\RI(FRQRPLF'HYHORSPHQWIRUWKH3URJUDP
³,QGXVWULD±0RELOLWj6RVWHQLELOH´
5HIHUHQFHV
>@ 6 .RX 3UHFLSLWDWLRQ+DUGHQLQJ 0DWHULDOV , $OXPLQXP $OOR\V LQ :HOGLQJ 0HWDOOXUJ\ 6HFRQG (GLWLRQ -RKQ :LOH\ 6RQV ,QF +RERNHQ1-86$GRLFK
>@ )'DXVLQJHU/DVHUZHOGLQJRIDOXPLQXPDOOR\VIURPIXQGDPHQWDOLQYHVWLJDWLRQWRLQGXVWULDODSSOLFDWLRQ3URF63,(
>@ %+X,05LFKDUGVRQ$XWRJHQRXVODVHUNH\KROHZHOGLQJRIDOXPLQXPDOOR\-/DVHU$SSO
>@ 6 .DWD\DPD < .DZDKLWR 0 0L]XWDQL (OXFLGDWLRQ RI ODVHU ZHOGLQJ SKHQRPHQD DQG IDFWRUV DIIHFWLQJ ZHOG SHQHWUDWLRQ DQG ZHOGLQJ GHIHFWV3K\VLFV3URFHGLD
>@ $+DERXGRX 3 3H\HU $% 9DQQHV * 3HL[ 5HGXFWLRQ RI SRURVLW\ FRQWHQW JHQHUDWHG GXULQJ 1G<$* ODVHU ZHOGLQJ RI $ DQG $$ DOXPLQLXPDOOR\V0DWHULDOV6FLHQFHDQG(QJLQHHULQJ
>@ 3)DQHOOL50RQWDQDUL/5RYDWWL18FFLDUGHOOR)9LYLR99XOOR&DUDWWHUL]]D]LRQHPLFURVWUXWWXUDOHHPRGHOOD]LRQHGLJLXQWLVDOGDWL SHU)ULFWLRQ6WLU6SRW:HOGLQJLQOHJDGL$OOXPLQLR/D0HWDOOXUJLD,WDOLDQD
>@ 3 )DQHOOL ) 9LYLR 9 9XOOR ([SHULPHQWDO DQG QXPHULFDO FKDUDFWHUL]DWLRQ RI )ULFWLRQ 6WLU 6SRW :HOGHG MRLQWV (QJLQHHULQJ )UDFWXUH 0HFKDQLFV
>@ )9LYLR99XOOR3)DQHOOL$QDO\VLVRIVWDWLFVWUHQJWKDQGIDLOXUHPRGHRI)66:MRLQWLQDOXPLQLXPDOOR\$60(WK%LHQQLDO &RQIHUHQFHRQ(QJLQHHULQJ6\VWHPV'HVLJQDQG$QDO\VLV(6'$
>@ 3 )DQHOOL ) 9LYLR ,QIOXHQFH RI QRQD[LV\PPHWULF PDWHULDO DQLVRWURS\ RQ )66: VWDWLF VWUHQJWK ,QWHUQDWLRQDO &RQIHUHQFH RQ 1XPHULFDO $QDO\VLVDQG$SSOLHG0DWKHPDWLFV,&1$$0$,3&RQIHUHQFH3URFHHGLQJVLG
>@ 81,(1$OXPLQLXPDQGDOXPLQLXPDOOR\V&KHPLFDOFRPSRVLWLRQDQGIRUPRIZURXJKWSURGXFWV&KHPLFDOFRPSRVLWLRQDQG IRUPRISURGXFW
>@ * %DUELHUL $ 5LQDOGL DQG 2WKHU 7KH 0HFKDQLFDO %HKDYLRU RI $OXPLQXP )RDPEDVHG &RPSRVLWH %HDPV 0DGH DV 2QH3LHFH RU E\ :HOGLQJ-RLQLQJRI7ZR3LHFHV3URFHHGLQJVRI$667$OXPLQLXP6XUIDFH6FLHQFH 7HFKQRORJ\
>@ * %DUELHUL $ 5LQDOGL DQG 2WKHU ([SHULPHQWDO DVVHVVPHQW RI GDPDJH PHFKDQLVPV LQ ERWK RQH SLHFH DQG ZHOGHG DOXPLQXP IRDP VDQGZLFKEHDPV,&'0,QWHUQDWLRQDO&RQIHUHQFHRQ'DPDJH0HFKDQLFV%HOJUDGH6HUELD