Università Ca’ Foscari Venezia
Dottorato di ricerca in SCIENZE DEL LINGUAGGIO - XXIII ciclo Scuola di dottorato in
Scienze del Linguaggio, della Cognizione e della Formazione (A.A. 2010/11)
SETTORE SCIENTIFICO-DISCIPLINARE DI AFFERENZA: L-LIN/01
ITALIANO NEUTRO: cultura e scuola tra norma e realtà
Tesi di dottorato di BARBARA GIOVANNELLI matricola 955491
Direttore della Scuola di dottorato Tutore del dottorando
Ii_d^`
1- Jejcq] l]nh]p] a mqaopekja `ahh] hejcq] 1- J] mqaopekja `ahh] hejcq]
6 - Jejcq] _kiqja _kjpnk `e]happe: eh îlqjpk hejcqeope_k `e Denajva 10 - J] mqaopekja i]jvkje]j]
35 - Gh cn]j lkhrankja ]ppknjk ]hh] O^eZsbhg^ i]jvkje]j] 43 - J] mqaopekja nki]j]
53 - G i]jvkje]je
58 - Sj i]jvkje]jk jah Æ900: C`ikj`k Ba ?ie_eo 63 - B]e lk_k i]jvkje]je ]che ]jpei]jvkje]je 69 - JÆ]jpei]jvkjeoik pn] e `qa oa_khe
72 - Sj cn]j`a ]jpei]jvkje]jk: En]ve]`ek Go]e] ?o_khe 83 - Rn] K]jvkje a ?o_khe: BÆMre`ek
89- Sj leopkeaoa o_kik`k: Nkhe_]nlk Napnk__de 92 - Sj] lkoevekja ] oa op]jpa: @aja`appk Ank_a
95 - SjÆ]llaj`e_a ik`anj] ]hh] mqaopekja i]jvkje]j]: `] Jki^]n`k P]`e_a ] kcce
99 - G _]j]he `e `ebbqoekja `ah jakpko_]jeoik i]jvkje]jk 107 - J] hejcq] É `kjj]
109 - Mn]hep}, `a_h]i]vekja a ]npa `ah lkncana
113 - Nkhepe_] o_kh]ope_] a eopnqvekja ]e paile `ah K]jvkje 119 - Gp]he]jk a lnkcn]iie o_kh]ope_e `]hhÆqjep} ]h b]o_eoik 132 - K]h]ckhe pn] knpkale], knpkcn]be] a hejcq] j]vekj]ha
141 - J] mqaopekja `ahh] hejcq] jah lneik `klkcqann] 147 - En]io_e a h] mqaopekja `ahh] hejcq]
150 - Gh b]o_eoik a h] hejcq]
159 - J] n]`ekbkje] o_kh]ope_] b]o_eop] 168 - J] n]`ek jache ]jje Æ30
169 - B]hhÆ]ooa hejcqeope_k Pki]-Denajva ]h MkhgmnZkbh 181 - G pakne_e `ahh] hejcq] `qn]jpa eh b]o_eoik
185 - Lkj okhk Pki]: che ]jje Æ40 pn] n]`ek a lnkjqj_e] 202 - ?j_kn] oq n]`ek a lnkjqj_e] jache ]jje Æ50
212 - D]o_eoik a o_qkh]
214 - J] o_qkh] lkop-b]o_eop] a eh `e^]ppepk oqhh] hejcq] jah `klkcqann] 220 - Aqhpqn] a o_qkh] pn] che ]jje Æ50 a Æ60
233 - Jalo_du a N]okheje: qj] lkhaie_] _kjpailkn]ja] a qj] jqkr] mqaopekja `ahh] hejcq]
244 - J] o_qkh] `klk eh Æ68
250 - Rn] che ]jje Æ60 a Æ70. G i]jq]he 263 - Nnkjqj_e] a pahareoekja
271 - @k__] pko_]j] ej hejcq] ]i^nkoe]j] 275 - JÆap} _kjpailkn]ja] pn] jkni] a na]hp}
282 - Ja qhpeia lqjp]pa `ah n]llknpk pn] hejcq] a pahareoekja
293 - JÆep]he]jk jaqpnk jah panvk iehhajjek jahh] ok_eap} a jahh] o_qkh] 297 - G i]jq]he `e `evekja
îbg mnmm^ e^ \nemnk^ eZ iZkheZ iZkeZmZ l^f[kZ be ibé ikhllbfh ^jnboZe^gm^ l^glhkbZe^ ]b ng i^glb^kh bgm^kbhk^
ib^gZf^gm^ lobeniiZmh w£y Fg_Zmmb* ghg ikh]n\bZfh iZkhe^ i^k eb[^kZk\^g^* fZ i^k _Zke^ i^g^mkZk^ g^eeZ f^gm^ ]b ng Zemkh ^ bfik^`gZkeZ ]b ^ll^$.
(U. H. Mjc)
hejcq] l]nh]p] a mqaopekja `ahh] hejcq]
Gh lnk^hai] `ahh] hejcq] l]nh]p] É lan ia îeh$ lnk^hai] `ahh] hejcq] ep]he]j]. Oqahh] _da ie okjk lnklkop] `e nelan_knnana jah iek h]rknk É h] opkne] jachapp] `e mqaop] la_qhe]na lanelave] `ahh'ep]he]jk l]nh]pk, jah `e^]ppepk _qhpqn]ha a jahh] o_qkh], ] l]npena `]hh'qjep} `'Gp]he] bejk ]e jkopne ceknje.
Gj mqaop] opkne] ie okjk pnkr]p] olaook ]h _nk_are] `']hpna eilknp]jpe mqaopekje a paie, `kraj`k lanâ ja_aoo]ne]iajpa b]na `ahha o_ahpa a p]che]na: aolqjcana mqahhk _da jkj necq]n`]r] ola_ebe_]p]iajpa eh lnk^hai] `ahh] _knnapp] lnkjqj_e] ep]he]j].
AkoÜ b]_aj`k, oai^n]r] nei]opk cn]j lk_k; i']__knck kn], jah ne_kilknna, _da É ejra_a ikhpk¶
h] mqaopekja `ahh] hejcq]
Gh lnk^hai] `ahh] hejcq] kn]ha É l]npa ejpacn]jpa `ahh] mqaopekja `ahh] hejcq]. Akia `e_a K]n]vveje (1979) h] mqaopekja `ahh] hejcq] É `e j]pqn] lnkpaebknia a, _kia h] iepe_] baje_a, d] eh lkpana `'ej_ajanenoe a nej]o_ana, ]`]pp]j`koe ]h ikiajpk opkne_k. C__k lan_dÇ É eilkooe^eha `e_de]n]na l]npep] _deqo] a opaj`ana eh ^eh]j_ek `abejeperk, a` a__k lan_dÇ, i]hcn]`k _anpa ejokbbanajva a enkjea `']h_qje (qjk oq pqppe hk obanv]jpa ceq`evek `e A]n`q__e oq mqaop] nej]o_ep] opq__darkha), qj] mqaopekja `ahh] hejcq] _kjpejq] oailna ] lknoe, oajv] i]e lkpan ceqjcana ] _kj_hqoekja.
Ja `eo_qooekje oqhh] hejcq] okjk, `qjmqa, eh `]pk _kop]jpa `ahha re_aj`a happan]nea ep]he]ja1, ] _]qo] `ahh] l]npe_kh]na lkhe_ajpne_ep} `ahh] cakcn]be] _qhpqn]ha
`ah jkopnk l]aoa, ] l]npena `]hh] `e]happe_] _ajpnk-lanebane], lnei]pk pko_]jk-pn]`evekje hk_]he.
Nan Kechekneje2 h] mqaopekja _kilnaj`a qj] oanea `e lnk^haie j]pe jah '500 ]
l]npena `]e n]llknpe `ahh'ep]he]jk _kh h]pejk (b]__aj`], lanâ, _kiqja ] pqppa ha hejcqa nki]jva), ola_ea jahh']i^epk `ahh] hejcq] o_nepp], necq]n`]j`k ]j_da h] `eo_qooekja `ahh] jkni] `ahh] hejcq] j]vekj]ha, `e _qe kcce oe `e^]ppa ]j_kn] _kj îokbbanajv]$.
Nan @anpkje3 ej_hq`a pqppk mqah _kilhaook `e paknea a e`aa _da, `] B]jpa ]
K]jvkje a A]n`q__e, bqnkjk `eo_qooa a `e^]ppqpa, p]hkn] ]__]`aie_]iajpa a ]j_da ]jeiko]iajpa, oailna ]heiajp]pa, lanâ, `]h oajok `ahh] ja_aooep} `'qj] hejcq], pn]`evekj]ha a ik`anj] ejoeaia, aopao] ] pqpp'Gp]he], ]h `e okln] `e `e]happe iqje_el]he a nacekj]he. Nan mqaopk jkj o'É pn]pp]pk `'qj] mqaopekja kveko] `e lqn]
1i]n]vveje '1977). 2iechekneje '1975). 3^anpkje '1939).
anq`evekja, ^ajoÜ `'qj ]bb]na aiejajpaiajpa _ereha. Gjokii], h] mqaopekja `ahh] hejcq] lan hqe jkj o'É i]e oraopep] `ahh']ppne^qpk jk^eheooeik `e ne_an_] `e `ebao] `ahh'ep]he]jep}, leé _da jah oajok aopape_k, ej mqahhk opnqiajp]ha k `e _kiqje_]vekja ok_e]ha. @anpkje, lanâ, _kia ra`naik ] hqjck, oe `eopejcqan} jah nebeqpk `e h]o_e]na ] Denajva eh lnerehacek `e `app]n hacca ] pqpp'Gp]he], mq]ha b]qpkna `ahh] heja] nki]j].
@ah]n`ejahhe, jahh'Gjpnk`qvekja `a IZ jn^lmbhg^ ]^eeZ ebg`nZ8 ng \Zibmheh ]b lmhkbZ ]^eeZ e^mm^kZmnkZ bmZebZgZ4, neolkj`aj`k ]bbani]per]iajpa ]h lnk^hai] oa oe]
aoeopep] ej Gp]he] qj] mqaopekja `ahh] hejcq], nepnkr] ej pqppa ha alk_da qj ahaiajpk _kiqja lnaoqllkopk _kjoeopajpa jahha _kj`evekje `e b]ppk lan _qe, ej kcje b]oa, eh oqk jq_hak k^eapperk É h] i]j_]jv] `'qjep} `ahh] hejcq] opaoo].
Cche `eopejcqa lke h] jn^lmbhg^ ]^eeZ ebg`nZ `]hh] \hgmkho^klbZ lan _qe jkj ]j`na^^ank _kjbqoe p]ha jq_hak, h] mqaopekja `e b]ppk a ha _kj`evekje hejcqeope_da ]jki]ha neolappk ]hh'qjep}, a eh nebhaook _da jq_hak a _kj`evekje d]jjk ]rqpk jahha `eolqpa oa_kh]ne. K] aooaj`k `qa rkhpe `ahhk opaook lnk^hai], p]jpk _kjceqjpe bejk ] _kjbkj`anoe, ]__]`a _da pqppe mqahhe _da l]nh]jk `ahh] \hgmkho^klbZ h] e`ajpebe_dejk _kj h] jn^lmbhg^ _kj h] mq]ha o'ejpaj`a h] opkne] `ahh'qjep} hejcqeope_] ej Gp]he]: ^eokcj] oleac]na ]hhkn] lan_dÇ, i]hcn]`k ha _kj`evekje ikhpk b]rknarkhe, jkj oe oe] ceqjpe ]hh] _kil]pp] qjep} hejcqeope_] _da ejre`e]ik ]hh] Eani]je]. @ah]n`ejahhe, `]h _]jpk oqk, o'É lanâ heiep]pk ] qj] opkne] `ahha _kjpnkranoea, _ekÉ `ahha r]nea b]oe _kj _qe eh b]ppk `ahh] i]j_]jv] `'qjep} `e hejcq] o'É nebhaook jae r]ne oa_khe ej `eolqpa pakne_da, nerkhcaj`k lao]jpe _nepe_da ] Ter]h`e, lqn ]qpkna `ah lneik paopk knc]je_k oqhha opkne] `ahha _kjpnkranoea ej Gp]he] `]h 15005 bejk ]hh]
pakne] i]jvkje]j], ej mq]jpk lnerk `e olaookna _nepe_k.
Qa mq]h_qjk _na`a, lanâ, _da h] mqaopekja `ahh] hejcq] oe] paniej]p] _kj K]jvkje, ej na]hp} o^]che] lke_dÇ _kj hqe É _aoo]p] okhk h] _kjpnkranoe]: hk o_neppkna jkj ]rna^^a ]rqpk ahaiajpe jkj okhk lan neokhrana h] mqaopekja, i] jaiiajk lan pn]pp]nh]. Lahh] ln]pe_] _e o'É _kiqjmqa ]rre_ej]pe ikhpk ]hh] okolen]p] qjep} a h] `eolqp] É ]hiajk re_ej] ]hh] _aoo]vekja.
C _kil]na mqe, ]ooeaia ] mqaopekje `e hejcq] eh jkia `e K]jvkje, eh mq]ha, `']hpnkj`a ]rar] ]rqpk leaj] _ko_eajv] `e mq]jpk h] mqaopekja bkooa mq]oe eiiknp]ha: îI%^ll^k^ ngZ jn^lmbhg^ ]b[ZmmnmZ ]Z fhemh m^fih* l^gsZ \a^ fZb \b lbZ lmZmh Z\\hk]h* h obmmhkbZ ]%ngZ iZkm^* lb ]| i^k kZ`bhg^ ]^e ghg ]ho^kl^g^ h\\niZk^, Fh \k^]h Ze \hgmkZkbh* \a^ Z lZi^keZ ib`ebZk^ ghg \%Å Zk`hf^gmh ibé gnhoh ]%ngZ jn^lmbhg^ o^\\abZ, Pb inâ \^k\Zk^ be i^k\aÄ eZ jn^lmbhg^ Z[[bZ mZgmh ]nkZmh* ^ jn^lmZ kb\^k\Z [^g _ZmmZ inâ ^ll^k^ eZ lhensbhg^, Pb mkho^k| ikh[Z[bef^gm^ \a^ eZ \Z`bhg^ Å be ghg ^ll^k^ lmZmZ [^g ihlmZ eZ jn^lmbhg^8 ^ ihg^g]heZ [^g^ lb Zkkbo^k| ZeeZ ]^\blbhg^$6.
Lkj ] _]ok Eajoeje7 ]bbani] jah 1993 _da jache qhpeie pnajp']jje _de o'É
k__ql]pk `ahh] opkne] `ahha e`aa mq]oe oailna É pknj]pk ] b]na e _kjpe _kj K]jvkje. Aeâ lan_dÇ h] ne_an_] i]jvkje]j] É pqpp] bk_]hevv]p] oqhh] lkooe^ehep} a e
4 ^ah]n`ejahhe (`klk eh 1898). 5 rer]h`e (1898).
6 okvve (1955). 7cajoeje '1993).
iavve`'qjebe_]vekja hejcqeope_] `'Gp]he]: pai] mqaopk `e cn]j`a ]ppq]hep} `ej]jve ]hh] ran] nerkhqvekja _da d] _]n]ppanevv]pk ch'eopepqpe hejcqeope_e ep]he]je `]hh'qhpeik `klkcqann] ej lke. Kajpna eh l]aoa _kiej_e]r] ejb]ppe ] olaneiajp]na mqahh] hejcq] îrer] a ran]$ ]qole_]p] a ne_an_]p] _kj p]jp] bknv] ]npeope_] a lkhepe_] `] K]jvkje, oe _na]r]jk ha _kj`evekje lan eh ne`eo_qpana opkne_]iajpa a pakne_]iajpa ]h_qje lqjpe _nepe_e `ahh] oq] nebhaooekja. Eajoeje ja pn]a olqjpk lan nelajo]na h] la_qhe]nep} `ah î_]ok ep]he]jk$ jah mq]`nk lkhepe_k-hejcqeope_k `ahh'M__e`ajpa aqnklak, lan nebhappana oqe iavve `e lkhepe_] hejcqeope_] `] ]`kpp]na, pajaj`k _kjpk oe] `ahha nehar]jpe `ebbanajva nacekj]he, oe] `ahh'qncajv] `']hheja]na h'Gp]he] ]hha j]vekje leé arkhqpa, a ejbeja lan lknoe eh lnk^hai] `ahh] jkni] ej qj] _kj`evekja hejcqeope_] _koÜ _kjpn]``eppkne] a lna_]ne].
Nnk^haie pqppe `e _kcajpa ]ppq]hep}, cn]vea ]llqjpk ]j_da ]hh] bkj`]iajp]ha nebhaooekja `e K]jvkje `] _qe eh iek h]rknk pn]nn} ejevek.
Mn], lnei] `'ejkhpn]nie jah îcq]vv]^qchek$ `ahh] jnZ^lmbh i]jvkje]j], `ark ne_kn`]na _da É kni]e ]__app]pk eh ceq`evek lan _qe K]jvkje É op]pk ]qpkna `'qj rank ne^]hp]iajpk `ahh] mqaopekja hejcqeope_], `] hqe pn]obkni]p] `] napkne_] ej ok_e]ha, l]oo]j`k lan En]io_e a ceqjcaj`k ] N]okheje lan eh mq]ha aoo] neoqhp] qj] ^qkj] ola_kh] `] _qe kooanr]na ]hpne bajkiaje, lan ]llnk`]na ejbeja, oa_kj`k K]n]vveje, ]hha _kcajpe `ki]j`a k`eanja oq îmq]ha ep]he]jk=$, _da r]jjk ] ej_nk_e]na paie lnaoo]jpe mq]he mqahhk `ahh'a`q_]vekja o_kh]ope_], `ahh] o_neppqn], `ahh] _kiqje_]vekja.
Ee} jah 1869 ?haoo]j`nk Pkj_]che]8 rknna^^a naj`an lklkh]na h] mqaopekja
`ahh'qjep} `ahh] hejcq] l]nh]p] lknp]j`kh] îej le]vv]$ lan_dÇ lkoo] _]lenh] ]j_da eh lklkhk a, ]j_da oa ej oacqepk _'É _de h] nepeaja b]__aj`] ejqpeha a ej_kjoeopajpa oq _qe jkj oanrer] olaj`ana jÇ ej_dekopnk jÇ pailk9, lan ]hpne _'É `] _na`ana _da
oe] eiiknp]ha, p]jpk leé ej qj l]aoa _kia h'Gp]he] lnerk `']hpne rej_khe `'ep]he]jep}. Nanoejk Ank_a ]bbani] _da oajv] ha `eolqpa ejpknjk ]hh] hejcq] jkj o]na^^a oknp] h] behkokbe] `ah hejcq]ccek: eh okhk b]ppk _da h] mqaopekja oe] lanoeopep] jahh] oq] rep]hep} b] lajo]na _da aoo] jkj oe] bqpeha, _kia ]h_qje nepajckjk10.
C lke ha ai^hai]pe_da l]nkha `e En]io_e: îw£y h`gb ohemZ \a^ Z__bhkZ* bg ng fh]h h g^ee%Zemkh* eZ jnblmbhg^ ]^eeZ ebg`nZ* lb`gb_b\Z \a^ lb lmZ \hfihg^g]h ngZ l^kb^ ]b Zemkb ikh[e^fb w£y* eZ g^\^llbm| ]b lmZ[bebk^ kZiihkmb ibé bgmbfb ^ lb\nkb mkZ b `kniib ]bkb`^gmb ^ eZ fZllZ ihiheZk^+gZsbhgZe^$11. Oq]j`k oe `eo_qpa `e hejcq],
ejb]ppe, oe `eo_qpa ]j_da `e mq]h_ko] _da op] `ajpnk a `eapnk h] hejcq].
Gjokii], _da le]__e] k jk, h] mqaopekja `ahh] hejcq] É qj] oknp] `e îqjerano]ha$ `ahh] jkopn] _qhpqn] ej kcje alk_], a jah lneik '800 pqpp] h] _qhpqn] iehep]jpa re l]npa_elâ.
Rk__de]ik lanâ oq^epk eh _qkna `ah lnk^hai]: jahh] mqaopekja `ahh] hejcq], _kia ne_kn`] Napneje12, okhk ej iejei] l]npa reaja _kejrkhp] h] lnkjqj_e],
8 nkj_]che] (1869). 9 h]^]j`a,fa]jnku (1925). 10 _nk_a '0816(-
11 cn]io_e (1950: 201); _bn. G`. (1950: 2345). 12lapneje '0878(-
`abejep] lanp]jpk `]h beknajpejk Nean]__ekje h] Aajanajpkh] `e _]o]. Lkj `eiajpe_de]ik_e, `']hpnkj`a h'kn`eja `e lneknep} lkopk `] Eeqhek Jalo_du13 jahh]
pn]pp]vekja hejcqeope_]: o_neppqn], iknbkhkce], oejp]ooe, haooe_k, lnkjqj_e].
Cllqna ]j_da eh lnk^hai] `ahh] lnkjqj_e] o'É lanek`e_]iajpa nelnaoajp]pk ]hh']ppajvekja `e l]nh]jpe a opq`ekoe, pn]pp]j`koe, lan Napneje, `'qj lnk^hai] opkne_k a ln]pe_k. Laooqjk oe okcj] `e `ena, lan hqe, _da aoeop] qj] lnkjqj_e] o_eajpebe_]iajpa ao]pp]: É leqppkopk qj] mqaopekja lkhepe_], i] lnklnek lan mqaopk, ] iek ceq`evek, rep]ha a aooajve]ha, lkhepe_] jahh] oq] ]__avekja leé jk^eha.
Nnklnek jah pn]__e]na mqaopk lan_knok, lanp]jpk, jahh] ne_an_] `'qj] opkne] `ahh'ep]he]jk l]nh]pk a lnkjqj_e]pk `]h K]jvkje ]e ceknje jkopne, dk `krqpk ei^]ppanie ej qj] bkj`]iajp]ha `ebbe_khp}. J] ie] ej`]ceja, ejb]ppe, o'É orkhp] aooajve]hiajpa lan obZ g^`Zmbhgbl; pkcheaj`k re] re] haooe_k, iknbkhkce], oejp]ooe ö, _eâ _da naop]r] ]rna^^a `krqpk aooana h']olappk bkjape_k `ahh] hejcq]: ieooekja, lanâ, ] rkhpa, mq]oe eilkooe^eha.
Gj p]ha ne_an_] h] lnei] ja_aoo]ne] lkh]nep}, _da ]ppn]rano]r] cn]j l]npa `ahh] jkopn] opkne], oe lnaoajp]r] mqahh] pn] hejcq] _kiqja a e`ekie hk_]he, hejcq] j]vekj]ha a `e]happe, lan lke ceqjcana ej paile okhk na_ajpe ]hh] `e]happe_] îep]he]jk$ op]j`]n`- îep]he]je$ l]nh]pe, ep]he]jk jaqpnk-ep]he]je nacekj]he. Akj h] _kjrejvekja `e bkj`k, lanâ, _da, i]hcn]`k e naoe`qe iqje_el]heope_e, `] oailna _kjpn]llkope ] qj ik`ahhk qjep]nek, olaook oqhh] o_e] `'qj] lnaoqjp] o]hr]cq]n`e] `ahha lnklnea n]`e_e a pn]`evekje, _e oe] oailna op]pk a oailna _e o]n} eh ^eokcjk `e nejpn]__e]na qj] hejcq] `e _kiqje_]vekja leé qjerano]ha.
Dej `]e paile `e K]jvkje, ejb]ppe, ]j_da e `apn]ppkne `ahh] oq] lnklkop] bejer]jk lan oajpena eh jaook ejaopne_]^eha `ahh'qjebe_]vekja hejcqeope_] _kj mqahh] lkhepe_] a j]vekj]ha: h] ne_an_] `'qj le]jk _kiqja `ahh] hejcq], bejer] olaook lan ]__kiqj]na jae beje, lqn `ere`aj`k jae iavve. J] mqaopekja `ahh] op]j`]n`evv]vekja oai^n] aooana, ejokii], qj eilnao_ej`e^eha kccappk `'ejpaniej]^eha `e^]ppepk, ]j_da mq]j`k ikhpa rk_e oe har]r]jk a oe har]jk _kjpnk ejpanrajpe jkni]pere a `enappere, _da lk_k _kjoe`an]jk h'ahaiajpk eilnara`e^eha a _na]perk `ah hejcq]ccek. ?j_da _khknk _da oai^n]jk olko]na qj'qje_] _]qo] he^aneop], lanâ, jkj lkookjk ]hh] beja okppn]noe ]hh] na]hp} `'qj ik`ahhk _kiqja _kj _qe _kjbnkjp]noe. Nqn ]hh] hq_a `ah lnaoqjpk b]hheiajpk `ahh] le]jebe_]vekja hejcqeope_] i]jvkje]j], oe pn]ppan} ]hhkn] `e nejpn]__e]na a _kjokhe`]na mqaop] heja] `e ne_an_] `'qj] hejcq] `'qjep}, jahh] _kop]jpa a eilnao_ej`e^eha `e]happe_] pn] hejcq] `ahh] _kiqjep} a `ahh] _kiqje_]vekja, hejcq] `ahh']ll]npajajv] a `ahh] mqkpe`e]jep}: mqahhk _da rknnae `eikopn]na É _da h] ran] _erehp} É h] lkooe^ehep} `e o_acheana eh lnklnek ik`k `e l]nh]na, ] oa_kj`] `ah _kjpaopk a `ahh] na]hp} ej _qe klan] h] hejcq], ]h `e h} `e opanehe i] oailna lnaoajpe _kjpn]llkoevekje pn] jkni]pereoik a he^aneoik.
Gj mqaopk lan_knok opkne_k `] nejpn]__e]na, eh _qe lqjpk `e l]npajv] É `]pk `]hh'qjebe_]vekja `'Gp]he], _an_danâ `']j]hevv]na, ej _kjpailkn]ja] ]h `e^]ppepk
_qhpqn]ha, mqahhk `ahh] bkni]vekja o_kh]ope_], `]h ikiajpk _da _eâ _da lnaia bknpaiajpa h] ie] ej`]ceja (a _da ]rnâ _qn] `e paopeikje]na) É h] lnaoajv] `] oailna `'qj lnkbkj`k ]Ä\ZeZ`^, `apaniej]jpa lan ha re_aj`a `ahh] jkopn] hejcq] l]nh]p], pn] ha eilkoevekje jkni]pera iejeopane]he, lqn lnaoajpe ] r]nek pepkhk jae lnkcn]iie, a ha lqjpq]he olan]jva `eo]ppaoa jahh] ln]ooe o_kh]ope_] mqkpe`e]j].
Nan mq]jpk necq]n`] eh l]oo]ccek `]hh] lkh]nep} pn] hejcq] j]vekj]ha a `e]happe ] mqahh] pn] îep]he]jk jaqpnk$ a îep]he]je nacekj]he$ aook ]rrann} ej paile nah]per]iajpa na_ajpe, ej _kjoacqajv] `ah î^kki a_kjkie_k$ a `ae cn]j`e arajpe ok_ek-_qhpqn]he, pn] _qe ]j_da h']rrajpk `ae jqkre iavve `e _kiqje_]vekja `e i]oo] (n]`ek a lke pahareoekja) e mq]he, _kh hknk nqkhk hejcqeope_k î_]p]hevv]pkna$, _kilknpan]jjk qj] lnkcnaooer] ep]he]jevv]vekja `ahh'e`eki] `e]happ]ha: ]h lkopk `ae `e]happe mqahh'ep]he]jk `e]happevv]pk a `e]happk ep]he]jevv]pk _da `erajpan]jjk che ]ppq]he ep]he]je nacekj]he.
Ke okjk oanrep] ej mqaopk `ahh] ^ahh] iap]bkn] cakiapne_] `e K]ne] Aknpe14 h]
mq]ha, jahh] mqaopekja hejcqeope_] ej Gp]he], nepeaja _da oe l]np] `] qj ingmh _ajpnk enn]`e]pkna (Denajva), l]oo]j`k lke _kh b]o_eoik ] qj] ebg^Z (h']ooa Pki]-Denajva ]ppknjk ] _qe nqkp] h] j]vekja), a ceqjcaj`k jache ]jje '60 ] N]okheje, _kh mkbZg`heh `ahh'ep]he]jk pa_jkhkce_k (Keh]jk, Rknejk, Eajkr]). Kap]bkn], pqpp]re], _da `krnâ ja_aoo]ne]iajpa ejpacn]na _kj h'ejoaneiajpk `ahh']ppq]ha _ajpnk cakbkje_k ]hh]nc]pk ejpnk`kppk `] A]jal]ne, oe] lqn oq ejpqevekja `e ra__dea e`aa kppk_ajpao_da.
Gh beknajpejk o]n} eh lqjpk `e l]npajv] ] hqjck pn]pp]pk, hac]pk bkj`]iajp]hiajpa ] pqpp] h] _kilhaoo] re_aj`] `ahh] lnklkop] i]jvkje]j].
Nnei] `e _eâ, pqpp]re], rknnae _de]nena mq]ha bkooa, ] iap} '800 h] oepq]vekja `ah l]nh]pk mqkpe`e]jk ej Gp]he], kooe] _da hejcq] l]nh]ooank ch'Gp]he]je jahh] rep] `e pqppe e ceknje.
Qq mqaopk oe `ere`kjk eh _]ilk `qa hejaa `e lajoeank: mqahh] Ba K]qnk-Bekjeokppe a mqahh] @nqje-Qane]jje, _kjoacqajpe ]h _]h_khk `ahh] lan_ajpq]ha `'ep]hkbkje], aopnai]iajpa ^]oo] lan Ba K]qnk, a qj lk' leé ]hp] lan A]opahh]je.
Qa_kj`k h] lnei] e`a], h'ep]he]jk É ejrajvekja `kpp], j]p] `]hhk o_neppk a ]llnao] ] b]pe_] `]e jkj pko_]je lan re] he^nao_] a o_kh]ope_], _kia `eikopn] eh _]ok `ahh'?hbeane. Nan_eâ, jah l]nh]pk mqkpe`e]jk, aook jkj aoeopar] ] herahhe ok_ek-_qhpqn]he ^]ooe, ia`e a lanoejk ia`ek-]hpe; h'qje_] ran] hejcq] rep]ha an]jk e `e]happe. R]ha paoe oe ^]o] oqhh] paopeikje]jv] `ah @]nappe ] Jkj`n] a `e Dko_khk; Teppknek Ci]jqaha ee, lan_eâ, `klk h] @na__e] `e Nknp] Ne], ]jve_dÇ `ena: î@b lbZfh ^ \b k^lm^k^fh$, lnkjqj_eâ qj iajk nk^k]jpa îCbgZef^gm b lnfZ$. Gh l]nh]pk ep]he]jk j]o_ana^^a `qjmqa okhk `klk h'qjep}, cn]vea ] jqkre b]ppkne `'qjebe_]vekja pn] _qe e i]oo-ia`e].
J']hpn] heja] ejpanlnap]per] É mqahh] @nqje-Qane]jje, _da `} qj mq]`nk leé obqi]pk `ah n]llknpk ep]he]jk-`e]happe lnei] `ahh'qjep}. @eokcj] ejb]ppe lan hknk _kjoe`an]na ]j_da h] _kilapajv] l]ooer], _ekÉ h] _]l]_ep} `'ejpaj`ana ]hiajk l]nve]hiajpa h'ep]he]jk `] l]npa `ahh] ok_eap} _kjp]`ej], oajv] naop]na _kjbej]pe ]h
`e]happk. Ja nah]vekje _kh lnapa, eh ia`e_k, h']rrk_]pk a eh jkp]ek ]rrajer]jk ]j_da ej hejcq], k ]hiajk ej qj naceopnk ejpania`ek pn] `e]happk a hejcq]. Oqej`e, oa_kj`k e `qa ]qpkne, _e o]na^^a op]p] qj] lan_ajpq]ha `'ep]hkbkje ^aj oqlanekna neolappk ]hha laooeieope_da opeia `e Ba K]qnk. J] ikhpalhe_ep} `e `e]happe jkj ]rna^^a ejkhpna eila`epk h] `ebbqoekja `ahhk opanakpelk oqhh'ep]he]jk l]nh]pk, lan_alepk ]hh'aopank _kia hejcq] `ah _knpacce]iajpk a `ahh] oa`qvekja, `ahh] iqoe_] a `ah iahk`n]ii].
Akia îpanvk ej_kik`k$, `]hh] l]npa lanâ `e Qane]jje, oe lkpna^^a ]__kop]na h'ejpanlnap]vekja `e Dn]j_ao_k ?rkhek15, _da nelknp] ha paopeikje]jva `e Qpaj`d]h
lan _qe, lqn jahh] bn]iiajp]vekja `e]happ]ha, aoeopar] qj ep]he]jk l]nh]pk, ]j_da oa lkrank a o_khknepk, qj mhl\Zg, _kh mq]ha _e oe nerkhcar] ]che opn]jeane, iappaj`k `] l]npa e `e]happe j]pere. J] ^el]npevekja ep]he]jk happan]nek (o_neppk)-`e]happk (l]nh]pk) reaja `qjmqa ejpacn]p] `]hh'ep]he]jk kn]ha, k iachek `] mqah p]jpk `'ep]he]jk kn]ha _da laniappar] h] _kiqje_]vekja oqlannacekj]ha.
C _kiqjmqa, ce} ] beja '600 _'an]jk opq`ekoe _kia eh iane`ekj]ha ?j`na] Nannq__e _da _kiej_e]r]jk ] ejpannkc]noe oqhh] na]ha aoeopajv] `e mqaop] îNnkjqj_e] Gp]he]j]$, _kjop]p]j`k mq]jpk oe o^]che]ooa ej Gp]he] jahh] lnkjqj_e] `ahh] hejcq].
K] oe__kia kcje hejcq] d] qj _]n]ppana _da, bkni]pkoe ej _en_kop]jva opkne_da l]npe_kh]ne, ja `apaniej] h'arkhqvekja a h] opaoo] aoeopajv], _kia `e_a B'?n_]jcahk16, h'ep]he]jk, bej `] îcekr]ja$, oai^n] lknp]noe ]``kook qj] _]o]__];
_da bkooa hejcq] `']ppkne a ]npeope lan Qlepvan, hejcq] _h]ooe_] lan Jaru, hejcq] ]jpenki]jpe_], ejpahhappq]ha, ej`enapp] lan ?h^anpk Q]rejek, aook naop]r] oailna hac]pk ]h _kjpn]ooacjk `ahh] _qhpqn]: _eâ rqkh `ena, lan B'?n_]jcahk, aooan j]pk ]neopk_n]pe_k.
Aeâ, _kia ra`naik, ] _]qo] `ahha lanajja _aoqn] pn] o_neppk a l]nh]pk.
hejcq] _kiqja _kjpnk `e]happe9 eh õlqjpk$ hejcqeope_k `e benajva J'ejo]j]^eha bn]ppqn] pn] ha `qa `eiajoekje `ahh] hejcq] neo]ha ]hh] la_qhe]nep} `ahh] bkni]vekja `ahh'ep]he]jk.
º _ko] jkp] _da eh beknajpejk ]jpe_k o_neppk _da oe beooâ ]npeope_]iajpa jae cn]j`e ]qpkne `ah '300 a o'eilkoa lan eh hknk lnaopecek, lan lke `ebbkj`anoe _kj h] bknpqj] `ahh] Denajva ^kncdaoa a ian_]jpeha, rajaj`k lke _k`ebe_]pk jah '500, É eh bkj`]iajpk `ahh] jkopn] hejcq] j]vekj]ha. J'ejpqevekja `e B]jpa, oa_kj`k _qe eh pko_]jk o]na^^a op]pk leé ba`aha ]h h]pejk (okhk ikhpk leé p]n`e _kjbani]p] o_eajpebe_]iajpa `] ?o_khe, Barkpk, Rann]_eje), oqllknpâ `qjmqa h] paj`ajv] ] e`ajpebe_]na _kj h'ep]he]jk eh rkhc]na `ahha îRna _knkja$, _da Denajva aolknp]r] lnaook _knpe a _]j_ahhanea. Qkjk ejb]ppe b]_ehiajpa nehar]^ehe e _]n]ppane bkjkhkce_e a
15]rkhek (2003). 16`&]n_]jcahk (2003).
iknbkhkce_e o_deapp]iajpa beknajpeje okppaoe ]hh'ep]he]jk17, iajpna eh haooe_k d]
]ppejpk ikhpe lnaopepe nacekj]he. J'qjebe_]vekja _qhpqn]ha lna_k_a ]rrajqp] ej ]i^epk lkape_k a lke lnko]ope_k _kj cn]j _kjpejqep} pn] ]jpe_k a ik`anjk, ikhpk lnei] `ahh'qjebe_]vekja lkhepe_k-]iiejeopn]per], _kilknp]r] lanâ eh lnar]hana `'ahaiajpe napkne_e a _qhpqn]he jahh] hejcq], olaook paknevv]pe _kj ejpajpe jkni]pere lan hknk j]pqn] aopn]jae ]h oqk r]hkna `e _kiqje_]vekja a qok. Gh `e]happk beknajpejk rerk a l]nh]pk, `erajqpk hejcq] happan]ne] a _kjokhe`]pkoe jahhk o_neppk, naop]r] ejb]ppe ^aj `eop]jpa `] mqahh] hejcq] pn]obecqn]p]: oe rajja _koÜ ] bkni]na mqah `q]heoik hejcqeope_k o_neppk-l]nh]pk _da, lnei] ]j_kn] `ahha ]hpna nacekje, ejraopÜ lnklnek Denajva a h] Rko_]j]. Gh beknajpejk happan]nek _da o']llnaop]r] ] `erajena _kiqja ]rar] mqej`e pn]ppe `eranoe `]h beknajpejk `'qok lklkh]na, _da _kjoanr]r], ]` aoailek, h] olen]jpevv]vekja `e \, ` l]h]p]he ejpanrk_]he_da a `e \ rah]na ejpanrk_]he_] k _da ne`q_ar] eh `eppkjck _kia jah Khoh oh\Z[heZkbh `'eolen]vekja i]jvkje]j].
Lah Pej]o_eiajpk nepnkre]ik mqaop] bn]ppqn] pn] hejcq] ehhqopna a hejcq] l]nh]p], olavvapp]p] mqaop'qhpei] ej qj] _kjcanea `e `e]happe na_elnk_]iajpa ej_kilnajoe^ehe: `] qj] l]npa hk olhaj`e`k eokh]iajpk `ahh] hejcq] happan]ne], `]hh']hpnk eh nebqcek jach'e`ekie hk_]he. J] opkne] oq__aooer] d] lanlapq]pk h] _kjrerajv] `e `qa hejcqa leqppkopk `eranoa, `qa ep]he]je k lnaoqjpe p]he: mqahhk `ahh] o_neppqn], _kjokhe`]pk a _knnk^kn]pk, a mqahhk `ah l]nh]pk, ]j_kn] pqppk `] beoo]na ej qj] oq] ]__app]^eha jkni]perep}, lke_dÇ `] oailna bn]op]che]pk ej ajknie `eranoep} iqje_el]he.
B] B]jpa ] K]jvkje bejk ]` ?o_khe, mqej`e, ] l]nana `e Tep]ha, h] ne_an_] `'qj] hejcq] _kiqja d] qj lnaopecekok lnaoqllkopk happan]nek `e opeha a ch'ep]he]je lanlapq]nkjk jah pailk mqaop] bkni] `e ^ehejcqeoik.
Dq lnklnek mqaopk _nq__ek, ikhpk rerk a oajpepk ce} jah '700 _da mqej`e ieoa ej ikpk h] nebhaooekja i]jvkje]j], ]hh] ne_an_] `'qj] hejcq] _kiqja, l]nh]p] a rer], _da ]raooa qj] _epp}, qj lklkhk a qj _kopqia, eh _qe qok a orehqllk bkooa ]ppq]ha, _kop]jpa a qjebknia: _an_]j`k `e `]na bej]hiajpa qj] neolkop] jqkr] ]h `ehaii] oa oe `kraooa ]__kop]na h] hejcq] l]nh]p] ]hh] o_nepp], _kia ej l]oo]pk, kllqna h] o_nepp] ]hh] l]nh]p], _kia pajpâ `e b]na K]jvkje.
Ee} jahh] `eooanp]vekja `ah 1837 En]ooe18 `e_ar] `']olapp]na qj'klan] `e
K]jvkje oqhh] hejcqeope_], ej _qe olan]r] `e jkj pnkr]na ]h_qj] oq^kn`ej]vekja pn] hejcq] o_nepp] a l]nh]p], ej _an_] `'qj] ia`e]vekja pn] h] pnkll] he^anp} `]p] ]h lklkhk a h] pnkll] `]p] ]che o_neppkne: an] mqej`e ce} rer] a oajpep] mqahh'aoecajv] `e olavv]na kcje ]neopk_n]pe_] `e_kpkie] pn] ha `qa hejcqa, lan naj`an b]iehe]na mqahh] hejcq] _da lkpar] î`enoe mq]oe hejcq] iknp]$ (I^mm^kZ Ze CZnkb^e `ah 1821) a pn]obkni]nh] ej îrer] a ran]$ (P^gmbk f^llZ). Rn]obkni]na mqaopk ^aja _qhpqn]ha
17Aepk mqahhe ehhqopn]pe `] K]qnevek Tep]ha ja IZ jn^lmbhg^ ]^eeZ ebg`nZ (1978): l]oo]ccek `e ^ pkje_] _deqo] ] b `]r]jpe ] g a e l]h]p]he a g + rah]na k l]h]p]ha; l]oo]ccek `e h pkje_] _deqo] ] n `]r]jpe ] g+` (fZmkb`gZ, ebg`nZ,
lin`gZ); `eppkjc]vekja `e ^/h pkje_da ]lanpa ej oehh]^] he^an] ej b^, nh (ib^]^, [nhgh); l]oo]ccek `e ^ ]pkj] ] b
(kbo^]^k^, ]b_^g]^k^, o^k`bg^, lb`ghk^); aoepk ej b `e -kb-, jah oqbbeook -Zkbh (\ZesheZbh, ghmZbh). Rn]h]o_ek ch'ejbhqooe oqhh] iknbkhkce].
lan a__ahhajv] ej qj ^aja ok_e]ha o]na^^a op]pk lanp]jpk lan @]pp]che]19 h']n`qk
_kilepk _qe o']__ejoa K]jvkje.
K] pknje]ik ]h lqjpk: Denajva a K]jvkje. C lan b]nhk, ao]ieje]ik _kj P]e_e_d20 h] oepq]vekja hejcqeope_] a _qhpqn]ha ej _qe hk o_neppkna o'ejoaner].
? l]npa ha ^aj jkpa ]jpe_da paoe îpko_]ja$, okopajqpa `] ehhqopne happan]pe a pakne_e jae oa_khe lna_a`ajpe21, É kllknpqjk iajvekj]na mqah îjakpko_]jeoik$22
`'ejevek '800, rerk a j]pqn]ha, leé lnklajok ]hha bknia iajk _khpa a ehhappan]pa (`eranok `]h i]jvkjeoik, _kia ra`naik), oknpk lan na]vekja `e lqneope a _h]ooe_eope ]hha paj`ajva pnkllk he^anp]nea `ah '700 c]hhe_evv]jpa, ]lanpk ]ch'ejbhqooe opn]jeane. J] lnklkop] îbeknajpej]$ o_kh]ope_] `e K]jvkje, `] _qe l]npa pqpp] h] opkne], khpna ]` ]rana qj] _anp] ^]oa _qhpqn]ha, o'ejjaop]r] ]j_da oqhha lnaoo]jpe ne_deaopa _da, ] herahhk `'eopnqvekja, rajer]jk b]ppa ] cn]j rk_a ce} lnei] `ah 1860. B] _ep]na h] ne_deaop] `'qj] bkni]vekja îpko_]j]$ lan e `k_ajpe `ahha Q_qkha Lkni]he, ch'eopepqpe lan h] bkni]vekja `ah lanokj]ha ejoacj]jpa23, ej _qe oe
lnklkjar] _da ha i]aopna ]ooeopajpe jahha lnkrej_a bqkne `e Rko_]j] bkooank j]pera `e mqahh] nacekja k ere ]hhar]pa. C oa_kj`k K]ne] Ranao] Eajpeha24 ej mqaop] o_ahp]
an] eilknp]jpa ]j_da h] îia`eap} hejcqeope_]$ `ahh] Rko_]j], oa_kj`k qj n]llknpk pn] h'ahaiajpk na]ha-beoe_k a mqahhk na]ha-olenepq]ha25.
Lahh] nah]vekja `e J]i^nqo_deje ]h iejeopnk `ahh] Nq^^he_] Gopnqvekja `ah 4-et-1862, o'ehhqopn] eh ^aja _da lqâ rajena ]h Pacjk `]h bkni]na ej Denajva îng l^f^gsZbh ]b fZ^lmk^* ^ lhikZmmnmmh ]b fZ^lmkb* \a^ k^\abgh bg h`gb ikhobg\bZ jn^b ]hgb ]b ebg`nZ ^ ]b fZgb^kZ ]b \a^ eZ KZmnkZ ikbobe^`bâ jn^lmZ iZkm^ ]%FmZebZ$26.
îP^f^gsZbh ]b fZ^lmk^ ^ fZ^lmkb$ ]qole_]pk ]j_da `] N]_ebe_k T]hqooe oqhh] îPereop] Akjpailkn]ja]$ `ah 1863, bejk ]che a__aooe `ah lnkbaookn A]opechekje `e K]v]n] `ah T]hhk _da lnklkjar] ]e bqpqne ejoacj]jpe `e b]noe îl\heZkb ]^% ohlmkb Zkmb^kb ^ ]^% ohlmkb \hgmZ]bgb$: pqppk mqaopk, mqej`e, ce} lnei] `ahh] O^eZsbhg^ iejeopane]ha îbeknajpej]$ `ah K]jvkje.
?j_da B'Mre`ek27 _e ne_kn`] lke _da `]h lqjpk `e reop] hejcqeope_k mqahh] `e
K]jvkje jkj bq jkrep} ]ookhqp]. Cn] ce} op]pk `appk `] ikhpe lnei] `e hqe _da kcje `e]happk É qj] hejcq], _da h] hejcq] É `e]happk, _da h] jkopn] hejcq] É eh
08^]pp]che] '0853(-
20n]e_e_d (1981).
21 Aepk pn] e ikhpe eh oappa_ajpao_k ieh]jaoa @n]j`], lan h] `ebao] `ahh] `ecjep} `ahh] hejcq] l]nh]p], kooe] `ah beknajpejk rerk, jahh] oq] mq]hep} `e bnao_] oailhe_ep} j]pqn]ha (A^eeZ ebg`nZ mhl\ZgZ). ?j_da K]jvkje b]n} har] oq mqaop] lnaoqjp] oqlaneknep} j]pqn]ha `ah beknajpejk, `e _qe `e_a, lanâ, _da jkj oanra ola_ebe_]na.
22 Laj_ekje l]nh] `e jakpko_]jeoik j]pqn]heope_k ] lnklkoepk `ah lajoeank `e Le__kheje a Kkjp]je mq]he ]jpe_el]pkne `ahh] okhqvekja i]jvkje]j] (jaj_ekje, 1987): h] oej_nkje] pko_k-beknajpej] bkj`]p] oqhh] j]pqn]hep} rer] `ah l]nh]pk, khpna _da oqhh] pn]`evekja, lknp]r] oe] ]hh']jpelqneoik _da ]hh'kllkoevekja ]hh'ao_hqoer] pn]`evekja o_nepp]. Qa_kj`k eh _nepe_k jkj oe lqâ _kiqjmqa, ieoqn]na mq]ha oe] op]pk eh na_qlank `ah pko_]jk cn]vea ]h K]jvkje a mq]ha cn]vea ]che îopajpanahhe$.
23 nackh]iajpk 24-re-1860, ]np. 18. 24cajpeha (1966).
25Qa_kj`k ha paknea la`]ckce_da `e Pkoieje, h] îia`eap}$ `ah beknajpejk oe _khhac]r] ]hh] iapk`khkce] `ae îcn]`e ]opn]ppere$: h'aolnaooekja `e`]ppe_] ia`e] É mqahh] ]pp] ]e cekrejappe jae mq]he lnar]ha ]bbappk a b]jp]oe] oqhh'ejpahhappk. J] hejcq] pko_]j] ]rna^^a, `qjmqa, qj] oq] _kjcaje]hep} lan eh oqk lkpana _kiqje_]perk le]jk a ok]ra (nkoieje, 1913).
26n]e_e_d '08709 8/(- 27`&kre`ek (1933).
beknajpejk, _da jahha hejcqa h'qok pnekjb] `ahh] n]cekja, _da ^eokcj] o_nerana jahh] hejcq] `ae lnklne paile, lqn _kj ja_aoo]nea ]cceqjpa. Q'an] ce} `appk, ejkhpna, _da h'Gp]he], ] `ebbanajv] `ahh] Dn]j_e], É ej `ebbe_khp} lan _anpa re_aj`a opkne_da, lan _qe É ]qole_]^eha qj Tk_]^kh]nek _da `e] pqppa a okha ha l]nkha `aoe`an]^ehe ]h lnaoajpa. Aeâ _da ba_a K]jvkje bq n]__kcheana pqppk ej ^ahh] oejpaoe, lnkrk_]j`k eh okncana `'qj cn]j ^]__]jk.
?j_da lan mq]jpk necq]n`] e nebaneiajpe oqhh] lnkjqj_e]
C lan mq]jpk necq]n`] e nebaneiajpe lna-i]jvkje]je leé ola_ebe_e oqhh] lnkjqj_e], lan mq]jpk lk_k _kjoe`an]p] `]hhk o_neppkna hki^]n`k, nepajck qpeha _ep]na ]h_qje nebaneiajpe `e lneik '800.
Gjj]jvepqppk eh AbsbhgZkbh hkmheh`b\h+ikZmb\h ]^eeZ ebg`nZ bmZebZgZ `e Jknajvk Laoe06, paok jkj okhk ] neh]j_e]na h] _kjko_ajv] haooe_]ha a oejp]ppe_] `ahh] hejcq], i] ]j_da h] ^qkj] lnkjqj_e], jkj mqahh] ejeiep]^eha _da h] naj`a `erej] ej ^k__] ] `kjja cajpehe beknajpeja k oajaoe, _da oe lqâ ]llnaj`ana okhk `]hh] ^]he], i] mqahh] ]_mqeoe^eha _kj hk opq`ek a _kj h']eqpk `'qj ^qkj `evekj]nek. Laoe l]nh]r] _ekÉ `e mqahh] lnkjqj_e] î\a^ \hglblm^ g^ee%ZesZk^ h ]^ikbf^k^* Zg\a^ l^gsZ o^ssh* fZ \hg `bnlmZ ghkfZ* `eb Z\\^gmb* ZeeZk`Zk^ h k^lmkbg`^k^ jnZg]h \hgob^g^ e^ oh\Zeb* kZ]]hiibZk^ ho^ lb ]^o^ e^ \hglhgZgmb* kbg_hksZk^ h kZ]]he\bk^ be lnhgh hiihkmngZf^gm^$29.
Nan e r]ne `evekj]ne knpkhkce_e na`]ppe `] opq`ekoe jkj pko_]je, ^eokcj]r] lanâ lke oailna ne_knnana ]hh] _kjrano]vekja _kj mqae j]pqn]he i]aopne `e hejcq] a `e lnkjqj_e]. A'an], lanâ, _de nehar]r] h']i^ecqep} `e p]ha klan]vekja _da rkhar] pn]obkni]na qj b]ppk `e lnkjqj_e], pqppk lan che kna__de, ej mq]h_ko] `] oleac]na ]che k__de30; an] h] mqaopekja pqppkn] ikhpk `e^]ppqp] oqhh'qpehep} `ahha pn]o_nevekje
bkjape_da.
?hpnk ]qpkna `ah lanek`k, o_dean]pkoe lke `]hh] l]npa `e K]jvkje, É @anj]n`e. Lah paopk Flmknsbhg^ ikZmb\Z lneeZ ikhgngsbZ* ^ lnee%hkmh`kZ_bZ fh]^kgZ ]^eeZ ebg`nZ bmZebZgZ kb\ZoZmZ ]Zb ibé Z\\k^]bmZmb Znmhkb ]Zee%>k\bi, ?^kgZk]b ]hmmhk^ bg lZ\kZ m^heh`bZ Z] nlh ]^ee^ l\nhe^ ^e^f^gmZkb ]%FmZebZ oe `e_a _da o_klk `ahh'klanapp] îghg Å jn^eeh \^kmZf^gm^ ]b ]Zk k^`he^* h ik^\^mmb Z i^klhg^ ^kn]bm^9 fZ ]b _Z\bebmZk Zb `bhoZgb bmZebZgb* ^ ikZmb\Zf^gm^* eZ ikhgngsbZ* ^ e%hkmh`kZ_bZ ]^eeZ ebg`nZ iZmkbZ8 ]n^ \hl^ jnZgmh g^\^llZkb^* Zemk^mmZgmh mkZl\nkZm^ ]b mkhiih `^g^kZef^gm^$ (l. 4). J] hejcq] ep]he]j], ]nikjeko] a le]_arkha `e lan oÇ, lan`a ejb]ppe p]he _]n]ppaneope_da oa jkj reaja lnkjqj_e]p] _kj `ehecajv], lan_eâ qj aolanpk i]aopnk `krn} _knnaccana ha b]hoa ]^epq`eje ce} oq__de]pa mq]oe _kh h]ppa. Qe _an_dan} ]hhkn] `e b]n eiep]na h] ik`qh]vekja `ahh] rk_a, eh oqkjk `eopejpk `ahha _kjokj]jpe n]``klle]pa a `ache ]__ajpe bej]he, nelapaj`k ]j_da leé rkhpa h] l]nkh], bej_dÇ jkj oqkje ]hh'kna__dek h] nackh]na lnkjqjve]: mqaopk É lan hqe eh lnej_el]ha ejoacj]iajpk, oajv] _kjbkj`ana che opq`ajpe _kj p]jpa nackha a lna_appe h] _qe ]^^kj`]jv], qjep] ] nelapqpa a__avekje, he ejb]ope`eo_a a o_kn]cce]. Nnkjqjve] a knpkcn]be] oe `]jjk lke
28 jaoe (1844≠).
29 ?jpkhkce] (1825: 114). 30 `a opab]jeo _e__kja (1962). .
h] i]jk ] re_aj`].
Rqppa ha okhqvekje pko_]ja lna-i]jvkje]ja, _kiqjmqa, oai^n]r]jk pnkr]na qj ]__kn`k jahh] lnkbkj`] _kjrejvekja _da okhk ej Rko_]j] oe l]nh]ooa _kia oe o_nerar], _da okhk ej p]ha nacekja lkpaooa arep]noe mqahh] lanje_eko] oal]n]vekja pn] ha `qa `eiajoekje, l]nh]p] a o_nepp], `ahh] hejcq]. Qal]n]vekja _da, lan En]ooe, oe nebn]jca, jah _]ok `ahh] hejcq] ep]he]j], ej qj] oanea `'kllkoevekje _kia mqahh] pn] hejcq] _khp] a lklkh]na, ikjkhejcqeoik a lhqn]heoik, hejcq] a `e]happk a ]hpnk ]j_kn]31.
?llqn]pk, `qjmqa, eh pannajk ba_kj`k a behk-pko_]jk oq _qe o']llkcce] h'klan]vekja i]jvkje]j], `k^^e]ik lanâ _kjoe`an]na, jah l]jkn]i] ep]he]jk, mq]he bkooank ha na]he lkoevekje `ah pailk oqhh] hejcq] ajpnk _qe ^eokcj]r] klan]na: lnaj`ana qj] lkoevekja oqhh] hejcq] oe `krar], okln]ppqppk oqhh] hejcq] j]vekj]ha, aoecajv] oajpep] _kia bknpa ja_aooep} _ereha a lkhepe_]. K] lnaj`ana lkoevekja oqhh] hejcq], ej mqahh'alk_], rkhar] `ena lan P]e_e_d32, _khhk_]noe ]hh'ejpanjk `ahhk
o_dean]iajpk `ahha `qa okhqvekje ]hhkn] aoeopajpe: mqahh] `'qj ^]n^]neoik bn]j_aoevv]jpa a ceknj]heope_k `] qj h]pk, a mqahh] `'qj bna``k lqneoik `]hh']hpnk.
Qa h] lnei] elkpaoe oe neb]_ar] ]hh] pn]`evekja `'eilacjk `ahh'ehhqiejeoik, kn], lanâ, naop]r] `e aoo] qj bn]j_aoeoik `e bnkjpean], `e]happ]ha, _qhpqn]hiajpa lkrank, `ebbqok jahha r]nea nacekje he^an]pa `]hh'aoan_epk leaikjpaoa. B] ne_kn`]na ha l]nkha `e Ba Q]j_peo, ]llaj] ceqjpk ] Rknejk: îNnb bg _Zmmh ]b e^mm^k^ (¶) lb lmZ Zg\hkZ bg ngZ f^ssZ [Zk[Zkb^* ^ jn^lmh ]bZe^mmh ibé _kZg\^l^ \a^ bmZebZgh ghg inâ Z f^gh ]b mnk[Zkfb ha kna__dea$33. ?j_da N]omqeje ^e]oei]r] eh leaikjpaoa lao]jpa
a opq__darkha lan qj] _kjpejq] ikjkpkje] `e _]`ajva34 a _kj`qooank qj] hqjc]
lkhaie_] _kjpnk p]ha ^]n^]nea `'kneceja leaikjpaoa ehhqopne lanokj]cce _kia Ederevv]je, D]jb]je, Qekppk Nejpkn, l]`na K]qnk Pe__e, ?ia`ak Naunkj.
J']hpanj]per] an] eh lqneoik, ikhpk rerk pn] e happan]pe a naoeopajpa jahh] o_qkh], lqn oa o_kjbeppk jahh] ok_eap} _ereha, reopk _kia qje_] ]hpanj]per] ]h leaikjpaoeoik lnei] `ah i]jvkje]jaoeik, p]jpk _da lqneoik a l]pnekppeoik bejer]jk lan olko]noe: h] o_qkh] `ah Nqkpe ]h Qq` an] reop] _kia mqahh] _da o_]râ leé _da ]hpne h] bkoo] ] Dan`ej]j`k. J] ^]j`ean] `ah lqneoik, ejb]ppe, oe] mqahh] leé _kjoanr]pne_a (Aao]ne, ?jcahkje, Nqkpe), _da mqahh] lnkcnaooeop] (Kkjpe, Nanpe_]ne, Eekn`]je, Edan]n`eje), an] qj ik`k lan ne_de]i]noe ] mqahh'qjep} j]vekj]ha ej_]nj]p] jahh] hejcq] a eilkooe^eha ej lkhepe_].
Qkhk _da h] hejcq] `ah lqneoik, lqn oa nah]per]iajpa op]^eha a pko_]j] jah bkj`k, ik`ahhk ej oa`a ]__]`aie_], khpna _da jahh] _kjrano]vekja pn] qkieje `e nacekje `eranoa, an] ^aj hkjp]j] `]hh] hejcq] `ahh'qok, mqahh'qok _qe oe neb]n} ejra_a K]jvkje. h] mqaopekja i]jvkje]j] 31cn]ooe, _- '0863(- 32 n]e_e_d (1981); _bn. G`. (1966). 33 `a o]j_peo '1956: 174). 34l]omqeje (1869).
Akj h] O^eZsbhg^ _kiieooekj]p]che `]h iejeopnk @nkchek jah 1868, oe okhharâ ]ppknjk ]hh] lnklkop] `e K]jvkje qj îcn]j lkhrankja$35: okopajepkne a `apn]ppkne oe
_kjpaoank eh _]ilk ] hqjck, bejk ] Lkra_ajpk ejkhpn]pk, _kj ej iavvk qj] lhapkn] `e lkoevekje obqi]pa _da _kilkjar]jk eh mq]`nk `e mqaop'eilknp]jpa re_aj`].
Co]iej]na, lanâ, h'klan] i]jvkje]j], _kilknpan} qj'ej`]ceja `qlhe_a a _kilhaoo], lke_dÇ, lkjaj`k_e oqhha pn]__a `ah oqk hkjcark _]iiejk, ej_kjpnanaik oe] eh h]rknk `ah cekr]ja îhejcqeop]$ (e _qe o_neppe, lan]hpnk, ]ppn]rano]jk pqpp] h] oq] aoeopajv], oa_kj`k h] oq] `abejevekja `e îapanjk h]rknk$ `]p] ]hh] ne_an_] hejcqeope_] jahh] happan] ]h Eeknceje `ah 9 `e_ai^na 1857), oe] mqahhk `ah ra__dek îiejeopane]ha$, eilacj]pk ej qj eilknp]jpeooeik ejpanrajpk `e lkhepe_] o_kh]ope_] a ok_e]ha.
Nan mq]jpk necq]n`] eh lneik K]jvkje, K]nep]pe36 `abejeo_a eh oqk epejan]nek
ejpahhappq]ha qj hqjck, ba`aha, ejao]qopk re]ccek ejpknjk ]hha l]nkha `qn]pk 70 ]jje: eh pai] hejcqeope_k nei]oa ejb]ppe oailna ]h _ajpnk `e pqppk eh oqk h]rknk ]npeope_k a _qhpqn]ha, lke_dÇ h']pperep} iajp]ha jkj lkpar] aoeopana oajv'aolnaooekja ran^]ha. ?j_da oa oe b]n} qncajpa a `n]ii]pe_k okhk _kj h] o_neppqn] `ah nki]jvk, h'ejpanaooa `ahhk o_neppkna ]h lnk^hai] hejcqeope_k É ejb]ppe i]jebaopk bej `]e oqke ]jje cekr]jehe a, _kia nepeaja Kkjpankook37, ]j_da ] lnao_ej`ana `]hh] nareoekja
opeheope_] `ae Mkhf^llb Pihlb.
T] ne_kn`]pk bej `] oq^epk, pqpp]re], _da ej K]jvkje h] mqaopekja `ahh] ikhgngsbZ jkj lkpar] ]rana eilknp]jv] lneknep]ne], _kia _e `e_a Nnao]38, ]j_da oa
lke eh lnk^hai] jkj bq pn]o_qn]pk. ?olappe aooajve]he `ahh] hejcq] `] lnklknna ]ch'Gp]he]je an]jk leqppkopk mqahhk haooe_]ha a oejp]ppe_k a, mq]j`k K]jvkje n]rreoâ jahh] hejcq] l]nh]p] `ah _apk _khpk `e Denajva h] hejcq] ok_e]ha e`a]ha, ejpaj`ar] jkj p]jpk lnklknna qj] jkni] `e lnkjqjve], mq]jpk qj ik`ahhk `e oailhe_ep} a olkjp]jaep} oejp]ppe_k-haooe_]ha, _]n]ppaneope_da `eopejpera `ahha hejcqa l]nh]pa jae _kjbnkjpe `ahha hejcqa happan]nea.
J] mqaopekja `ahh] ne_an_] hejcqeope_] aolhkoa pqpp]re] ej K]jvkje ej nebaneiajpk ] qj lnk^hai] `e hejcq] o_nepp], kooe] lan pnkr]na h] hejcq] `ah nki]jvk. J] hejcq] ep]he]j] lkpar] `enoe, ejb]ppe, lan hqe mq]oe hejcq] iknp]: _da hejcq] o']rar] lan _kiqje_]na= Nan h'qok l]nh]pk mqkpe`e]jk _'an]jk e n]ooe_qn]jpe `e]happe, _da lanâ jkj oe lkpar]jk o_nerana, iajpna ]hh'aopnaik kllkopk _'an] h] pn]`evekja happan]ne], _da ej na]hp} jkj oe lkpar] l]nh]na. Tepqlan]j`k h] ce} jkp] o_eooekja pn] hejcq] o_nepp] a l]nh]p], K]jvkje oe ieoa ]hhkn] ej _an_] `'qj] okhqvekja ^]o]p] oqhh'qok rerk pko_]jk, lan ]llnk`]na ]h beknajpejk jahh] b]oa leé i]pqn].
Gj qj ^echeappk ]h Pkoo]ne, `ah 1824 k 1825, oe `ki]j`] hk o_neppkna: î\hf^ ]b\hgh ]ngjn^ jn^% [^g^]^mmb mhl\Zgb= P^ mn fb i^l\ab jn^lm^ ghmbsb^ ZeeZ _hgm^ \a^
35 i]n]vveje (1976). 36 i]nep]pe (1990). 37ikjpankook (1966). 38lnao] (1973).
lZb* _ZkZb ng%hi^kZ ibZ$39. G oqke ejbkni]pkne, ejb]ppe, an]jk op]pe bejk ]` ]hhkn]
îmnmmb ]b \ZkmZ ^ ]b bg\abhlmkh$2., lke_dÇ, ]hh'ejevek, ache _an_]r] qj] neolkop] jae he^ne pko_]je, ]hh] iachek, obkche]j`k a neobkche]j`k eh Tk_]^kh]nek `ahh] Anqo_]. K] ej Rko_]j] lk_k aoeopar], `e j]pqn] mqahh] `e_kpkie] pn] ha `qa `eiajoekje `ahh] hejcq]: `] mqe h] oq] ne_an_] ej mqahh] pann] lan ne_kilknna ]j_da h] bn]ppqn] pn] hejcq]ccek a iajpa, l]nkh] a na]hp}. Oqaopk, ] iek l]nana, eh ikperk `ah b]o_ejk a `ahh'eilknp]jv] `ah oqk eilacjk pakne_k a `ah oqk pn]r]chek ]npeope_k `e o_neppkna, ]j_da oa lke h'qjebe_]vekja hejcqeope_] k lnaoqjp] p]ha ]rrann} ]ppn]ranok b]ppkne ikhpk `eranoe `]h oqk ik`ahhk beknajpejk.
Qe ne_kn`] `e hqe h']npeop] a lk_k eh îhejcqeop]$, ola_ea jahh] o_qkh], i] jkj `k^^e]ik `eiajpe_]na _da ce} jah 1827 ]rar] _aoo]pk h] lnk`qvekja happan]ne], p]jpk `] `ena _da h] lkaoe] jkj ]j`]r] leé ] _an_]nhk, pk__]j`k leqppkopk ] hqe ]j`]na ej _an_] `e hae: e `qa le]je, _kiqjmqa, naopan]jjk oailna _kjceqjpe.
Gh oqk pn]r]chek ]npeope_k-hejcqeope_k obk_eâ, _ki'É jkpk, jahh] îneo_e]_mq]pqn]$ ej ?njk `ahh] oa_kj`] a`evekja `ae Mkhf^llb Qlkoe `ah 1840, ]rrajqp] cn]vea ]h re]ccek jah _]lkhqkck pko_]jk, naok ja_aoo]nek `]hh'ejoqbbe_eajv] `ah pko_]jk î_]np]_ak$; oqhh] r]hqp]vekja hejcqeope_] `ahha `qa ranoekje, mqahh] `ah 1827 a `ah 1840, e _nepe_e `'kcje pailk oe okjk lke o_]paj]pe.
Rn] e _kjpailkn]jae `e K]jvkje, e `qa o_neppkne hki^]n`e A]pp]jak a Raj_], ej ^]oa ]h lnej_elek `e lklkh]nep} hejcqeope_] _kia b]ppk j]vekj]ha, hk`]r]jk h] lnei] ranoekja `ae Mkhf^llb Pihlb a _nepe_]r]jk eh beknajpejeoik `ahh']hpn], nei]op] hac]p] ] _eâ _da an] la_qhe]na ej qj hqkck a jkj lklkh]na ]hpnkra. Akjpnk h] nareoekja `ah 1840 bqnkjk ]j_da D]jb]je a ]j_kn leé Eahiappe, Pecqpeje, Eeqhe]je a J]i^nqo_deje, e mq]he lajo]r]jk _da h] _knnavekja ]raooa laccekn]pk eh nki]jvk: bej_dÇ Kkn]j`e a okln]ppqppk B'Mre`ek jkj _kjbqp]nkjk mqaop'klejekja. Gj paile na_ajpe Tep]ha41 ceq`e_] ha _knnavekje `ah 1840 jkj
ja_aoo]ne]iajpa beknajpeja, _kia ikhpe lajo]jk, pn]pp]j`koe leqppkopk `ahh] okopepqvekja `e bknia `e]happ]he k pnkllk ]bbapp]pa a ]n_]e_da, _kj `]pe ep]he]je _knnajpe a ik`anje, ce} lnaoajpe jahh] pn]`evekja o_nepp].
Nan Laj_ekje42 eh l]oo]ccek pn] ha `qa a`evekje É okln]ppqppk oqh le]jk
bkjape_k a bkjk- oejp]ppe_k a _kjoeopa jahh] ne`qvekja `ae `eppkjcde `eo_aj`ajpe jae `eikopn]pere a jahha lnalkoevekje, jahh'aheoekja `ahh] rk_]ha, jahh']lk_kla lkop-_kjokj]jpe_] ej _ki^ej]vekja oejp]ci]pe_], jahh'aheiej]vekja `e ] aqbkje_], pele_] `ah l]nh]pk rerk beknajpejk. ? oqk l]nana, pqpp]re], mqaopa ]`acq]vekje jkj okjk op]pa oailna ]__app]pa `]h ik`anjk qok j]vekj]ha, _da d] ejra_a olaook _kjbani]pk h] Tajpeoapp]j]. Dnamqajpa eh ne_knok ] elan_knnappeoie pko_]je, _kia mq]j`k pnkj_] îk^eavekj$. En]j`a oeil]pe] d] lke lan e îik`e `e `ena ennackh]ne$ nelnaoe `]hh] hejcq] l]nh]p].
Pecq]n`k ]e pnkj_]iajpe, ] l]nana `e @e]j_de43, aooe jahh] îOq]n]jp]j]$ okjk
39rep]ha (1990: 188). 40bob,
41rep]ha (2000), 42jaj_ekje (1993). 43^e]j_de (1942).
ej a__aook. Cche `eo]llnkr] ]j_da mqahhe `]r]jpe ] rk_]ha _da oe b]jjk haccaj`k, i] _da jkj oe oacj]jk jahh] o_neppqn]: haccana îokjk ]j`]pk$ jkj É bkjape_]iajpa h] opaoo] _ko] `e îokj ]j`]pk$, lke_dÇ jah lneik _]ok h] rk_]ha bej]ha `e îokjk$ o_erkh] n]le`] i] _'É, iajpna jahh']hpnk, i]j_]j`k h']llkccek `ahh] oa_kj`] rk_]ha, qj iejeik `']__ajpk pkje_k pen] ej`eapnk eh pnkj_kja `ahh] l]nkh] a ]__ajpq] ej j]o]ha h] _kjokj]jpa nei]op] ej okolaok.
Aepk, lan bejena, qj ]olappk qj lk' leé _qnekok a lan ia ejpanaoo]jpa iaook ej hq_a `]hh] Nkhhe`kne A]opahh]je44. J] opq`eko] b] ejb]ppe qj nebaneiajpk ]j_da
]hh'ejpkj]vekja, _ep]j`k îZag!$ ejpaneavekja ieh]jaoa _da ej C^kfh ^ In\bZ oecjebe_]: îokjk k jkj okjk qj qkik=$, iajpna jahh] Oq]n]jp]j] oe ik`ebe_] ej îZag=$, _]j_ahh]j`k h']ccapperk îieh]jaoa$ _da reaja _kia îj]vekj]hevv]pk$. ?hh] Nkhhe`kne b] mq]oe oknne`ana h'e`a] _da bkooa p]nc]pk îKeh]jk$ qj oailhe_a ranok rk_]ha _da, i]c]ne _kj qj] _anp] r]neap} `'ejpkj]vekja, oe lqâ oajpena krqjmqa; ]` kcje ik`k p]ha nebhaooekja i'ejpanaoo] lan_dÇ qj] rkhp] p]jpk _kjoe`an] b]ppkne ejpkj]perk-knpkhkce_e.
Qqhha ikper]vekje opnapp]iajpa ]npeope_da a opeheope_da, kllqna la`]ckce_da, ok_e]he a lkhepe_da, che opq`ekoe `e^]ppkjk `] oailna, ejoeopaj`k olaook, _kia ce} nehar]pk, lan h] oa_kj`] elkpaoe, lqn jkj lkpaj`k lajo]na ] qj K]jvkje lklqheop] k paok ] o_kjbeccana h']j]hb]^apeoik. Gk lnklaj`k _kiqjmqa lan h'eop]jv] lnkbkj`]iajpa lkhepe_] `ah oqk h]rknk, ]j_da ]hh] hq_a `ahh'eilacjk `] hqe ]ooqjpk ej p]n`] ap} jah ikj`k `ahh] o_qkh]. Akia `e_a oecjebe_]per]iajpa Kechekneje, ache an] ceqjpk ] lknoe eh lnk^hai] okppk h] olejp] `ahha oqa ja_aooep} ]npeope_da, îfZ ihb e%ZkmblmZ l%^kZ _Zmmh ]Z iZkm^* \^]^g]h be ihlmh Ze \bmmZ]bgh* ik^h\\niZmh ]b kbf^]bZk^ Z] ng bg\hgo^gb^gm^ ]b \ZkZmm^k^ lh\bZe^$45. Gh K]jvkje
hejcqeop] jkj neajpn]r] pqppk, lanp]jpk, jahh] mqaopekja hejcqeope_], oajpaj`koe leqppkopk ejraopepk `'qj] ieooekja _ereha, _kia okopeaja Naenkja46: ej mqaopk
K]jvkje ]rna^^a lan hqe oqlan]pk oqh _]ilk hk opq`ekok ?o_khe.
C oa_kj`k Laj_ekje47 h] lnklkop] hejcqeope_] i]jvkje]j] É h'qje_] ej pqpp] h]
opkne] ep]he]j] ] aooan `e^]ppqp] oq leé le]je: _nepe_k, happan]nek, `ahh] o_eajv] hejcqeope_], `ahh] lnkcn]ii]vekja ckranj]per] j]vekj]ha, `ahh'e`akhkce] _qhpqn]ha a lkhepe_]. ?j_da oa, leé _da e o]cce pakne_e ola_ebe_e oqhh] hejcq], É op]p] lan hqe h] paopeikje]jv] _kj_nap] `ah nki]jvk ] _kjpne^qena i]ccekniajpa ]hh']bbani]vekja `ah ik`ahhk hejcqeope_k.
K] _kiej_e]ik bej]hiajpa ] nelan_knnana h'epan _nkjkhkce_k `ah K]jvkje opq`ekok `e hejcq]. Cook É lnkbkj`]iajpa _kilhaook a ] rkhpa ]j_kn] o_kjko_eqpk, lke_dÇ _kopahh]pk `] qj] i]oo] `']llqjpe, bn]iiajpe, r]nea opaoqna, e mq]he ]__kil]cj]jk mqahh] _da `krar] aooana h] lnffZ pakne_] oqhh']nckiajpk, mqah QkZmmZmh lneeZ ebg`nZ bmZebZgZ, nei]opk ej_kileqpk: h'îapanjk h]rknk$. Gh oqk jqkrk ik`k `e h]rkn]na oqhh']nckiajpk, lan re] `e rk_]^kh]ne, ej_deaopa a _kjbnkjpe pn] oej_nkjea _kjpailkn]jaa, paopeikjeana^^a h] oq] lkoevekja
44lkhhe`kne _]opahh]je (1987). 45iechekneje '1987: 647). 46laenkja (1967). 47jaj_ekje (1987).
hejcqeope_] nki]jpe_] _kj ha eilhe_]vekje ok_e]he hac]pa ]hh] jkvekja `e Rlh, _kjpnk h] beooep} `e nackha `']qpknep}.
Lkj É _anpk ^ahhk nerah]na ]hh'ejevek eh bej]ha `ahh] opkne], pqpp]re] `ark ]jpe_el]na mq]jpk nehar]pk, o_knnaj`k ha _ajpej]e] `e l]ceja `ache o_neppe hejcqeope_e a`epe a eja`epe: _kia paiark, ikhpk necq]n`] h']olappk cn]ii]pe_]ha a haooe_]ha `e mqaop] hejcq] j]vekj]ha `] ne_an_]na k eopepqena, a ln]pe_]iajpa jqhh] h']olappk bkjape_k a bkjkhkce_k, _kia nehar] ]j_da @avvkh]48. Oqahhk opq`ek i^k obZ
g^`Zmbhgbl, `e _qe o'É ce} `appk¶
K]jvkje ejoeopa bejk ]hh'ao]olan]vekja oqh b]ppk _da eh ik`ahhk hejcqeope_k aoeopajpa ej Gp]he] oe] eh beknajpejk l]nh]pk, nepajaj`k _da h'Rlh49 h] b]__e] `]
l]`nkja jahha mqaopekje hejcqeope_da a _da h] hejcq] l]nh]p], a jkj mqahh] o_nepp], oe] nacej] `ahh] _kiqje_]vekja. J] îhejcq] o_nepp]$ É, ejb]ppe, lan hqe qj] bkniqh] b]ho], lan_dÇ eh okop]jperk ]hhq`a ] qj pqppk a h']ccapperk ] qj] l]npa; h] hejcq] jkj aoeopa oajv] qj] ok_eap} _da h] l]nhe: h] hejcq] îÅ ng mnmmh* h ghg Å$, hacce]ik jahh] I^mm^kZ Ze @Zk^gZ50, a jahh] îOqejp] a`evekja$ `ah QkZmmZmh: îw¶y jnZgmngjn^ b
oh\Z[heb ihllZgh ^ll^k kZiik^l^gmZmb i^k f^ssh ]^eeZ l\kbmmnkZ* jn^lmZ ghg _Z Zemkh bg \bâ* l^ ghg kZiik^l^gmZk^ b lnhgb f^]^lbfb9 i^k eZ jnZe \hlZ b \ZkZmm^kb _nkhgh fhemh Z\\hg\bZf^gm^ \abZfZmb8 l^`gb ]b l^`gb3/$. J] o_neppqn], ejokii], jkj ]ll]npeaja lan hqe ]hh'aooajv] `ahha hejcqa.
Qqhh] lneknep}, `qjmqa, `ahh] hejcq] kn]ha, oqh b]ppk _da qj] hejcq], lan `enoe _kileqp]iajpa p]ha, `a^^] ]rana ]j_da qj] na]hp} l]nh]p], jkj oe `eo_qpa; _ekjkjkop]jpa, mqaop] bkj`]iajp]ha îkn]hep}$, mqaop] `eiajoekja ola_ebe_]p]iajpa bkjape_] `ahh'ep]he]jk, `]hha oqa klana pakne_da jkj aianca ]bb]ppk. C okln]ppqppk ie opqleo_a ra`an o_neppk, î]hh] ieh]jaoa$, i^k\aÅ, _bg\aÅ, \aÅ, lÅ (mqaop'qhpeik, jahh] S^gmbl^mmZgZ, ]j_da oajv']__ajpk, _kia lnkjkia). Aeâ oe lkpna^^a b]_ehiajpa oleac]na _kh b]ppk _da pelkcn]be a a`epkne jkj ikhpk na_ajpe jkj `eopejcqar]jk che ]__ajpe ]_qpe a cn]re jae i]jko_neppe, jae mq]he, khpnapqppk, e oacje cn]be_e `']__ajpe a ]lkopnkbe lkpar]jk b]_ehiajpa _kjbkj`anoe. Rqpp]re], ola_ea jache o_neppe i]jvkje]je leé na_ajpe, jache opaooe a`epkne pnkre]ik ]j_da gÄ, lÄ`nbmh, \Z__Å52. Dq ]hhkn] K]jvkje ] ko_ehh]na= Gjkhpna, jahh] jkp] `ache
a`epkne oqche ]qpkcn]be, oe ola_ebe_] _da eh hknk ejpanrajpk d] necq]n`]pk h'qok `ahh] renckh] a `ah lqjpk a renckh], e oacje `e]_nepe_e (o'É iaook h']lkopnkbk oa i]j_]r]), ha oreopa, ha ]ppn]vekje bkje_da a h'qjebkni]vekja `']__ajpe bn]j_aoe ]hh'qok _kark. ?hpnk jkj oe `e_a, lan _qe jkj o']bbnkjp] h] mqaopekja `] ia lkop], cn]be_] i] ]j_da bkjape_].
?hpn] _qnekoep} enneokhp] É mqahh] oqhh] ceqop] lnkjqj_e] `']h_qja l]nkha:
48^avvkh] (1981).
49K]jvkje hk o_nera oailna _kj h] i]eqo_kh]: _kia `e_a Ba Ke_daheo É îqj] `ahha lk_da i]eqo_kha fZb^lmZmbl$ (`]n`]jk, 1974).
50Ehe opq`ekoe `eo_kn`]jk oqhh']jjk `e _kilkoevekja, _da ko_ehh] pn] eh 1845 a eh 1847; aoo], lanâ, bq lq^^he_]p] leé p]n`e, ej `qa l]npe, jah 1848 a jah 1850, ] _]qo] `ahha re_aj`a opkne_da nerkhqvekj]nea.
51i]jvkje (2000), P\kbmmb ebg`nblmb\b ^]bmb, 607-8.
52?j_da ej qj bn]iiajpk `ahh] îOq]np] na`]vekja$ `ah QkZmmZmh (@a^ lbZ \bâ \a^ _Z ^ll^k^ jnZengjn^ ebg`nZ9 ^ bg
ikbfh enh`h kbli^mmh Zb oh\Z[heb) dk opn]j]iajpa pnkr]pk i^k\aÄ a gÄ, i] É ran]iajpa îb]jp]hejcqeope_k$ _]lenja eh
K]jvkje o_nera \abg^lb, ejpaj`aj`k che ]^ep]jpe `ahh] Aej], i] _kia ]rn} i]e lnkjqj_e]pk= /_e'jave/ k /ge'jave/= Lahha happana ej`enevv]pa ]e oqke b]iehe]ne31, pnkre]ik o_neppk \ahe^kZ, _ko] _da oai^nana^^a b]n_e lajo]na _da eh `ecn]ii] \a rajeooa naok bkjape_]iajpa _kia /g/.
Lkj lkpaj`k krre]iajpa ^]o]n_e oq naceopn]vekje a paopeikje]jva `enappa, cn]j lk_k lkooe]ik o]lana oqhh] lnkjqj_e] abbapper], oq _qe, ]llqjpk, K]jvkje jkj bknjÜ ]h_qj] ej`e_]vekja. Ja lk_deooeia ej`e_]vekje _e ceqjckjk mqej`e `] paopeikje]jva ej`enappa.
Ae reaja ej ok__knok Bekjeokppe54 eh mq]ha, _ko] pqpp']hpnk _da _kjoqap], oe
lkja eh lnk^hai] `ahh] lnkjqj_e] i]jvkje]j]. Cche oe _dea`a, ]` aoailek, _kia lnkjqj_e]ooa K]jvkje h] n, reopk _da nei]oa ^aj lk_k ej Rko_]j], ]h lqjpk p]ha _da eh oqk bn]j_aoa an] oe_qn]iajpa iechekna `ah oqk ep]he]jk. Lah pajp]perk `e neolkop], Bekjeokppe o']llkcce] ] qj] paopeikje]jv] ej`enapp] a p]n`] `e Jaklkh`k @]n^kje ej _qe oe l]nh] `e K]jvkje _da ] Denajva î\abZfZoZ Kb\nebgb* \hg mZgmh ]%n ehf[Zk]h \a^ iZk^oZ ngh l\hkibhg^ Z \a^e^ Zi^km^* be _b^kh Kb\\hebgb$55.
Cre`ajpaiajpa, i]hcn]`k h] lanajja pajoekja ranok eh ik`ahhk beknajpejk, K]jvkje jkj neqo_er] ] `eo_kop]noe `]h oqk e`eki] hki^]n`k. C _kia `e_ar] A]n`q__e: î]hg IblZg]^k ghg iZkeZoZ f^g^`abgh=$.
B']hpnkj`a _kia _deko]r] Bekjeokppe, `klk qj oa_khk `]hh'qjep} `'Gp]he] (kcce lkooe]ik `ena `klk qj oa_khk a iavvk, a hk oe `en} ]j_da `klk `qa), jkj É lkooe^eha ]lnen ^k__] jah jkopnk N]aoa oajv] _da h] lnkjqj_e] nerahe h] jkopn] kneceja.
Qrah]pk _koÜ eh bej]ha `ahh] opkne] i]jvkje]j], oacqe]ik lanâ kn] hk orkhceiajpk `ahha îlqjp]pa lna_a`ajpe$ jah pn]r]che]pk epan `ahh] oq] _kjo]larkhavv] hejcqeope_].
Barkpk56 ne]ooqia eh _]iiejk hejcqeope_k i]jvkje]jk `]hh] lnei] I^mm^kZ Ze
CZnkb^e `ah 1806 ej _qe oe l]nh] `e îhejcq] iknp]$, lnkoacqaj`k _kj h] oa_kj`] `ah 1821 _da h] `abejeo_a îhejcq] lkran]$, l]oo]j`k _kj h] I^mm^kZ Z OhllZkb `ah 1825 ]hh] îebg`nZ mhl\Zgh+fbeZg^l^ \a^ oZ`a^``bZfh bglb^f^$, leé `aheja]p] jah 1829 _kj ha `qa I^mm^k^ Ze ?hk`ab, lan _qhiej]na ej mqahh] _da Barkpk nalqp] qj] okppkieooekja ]h ik`ahhk `ah beknajpejk l]nh]pk paopeikje]pk jah nki]jvk `ah 1840, _da na]hevv] h'e`a]ha `'qj] hejcq] îngb\Z* _bllZ, ihiheZk^* fh]^kgZ$.
Lahh] I^mm^kZ Ze CZnkb^e `ah 1806 K]jvkje h]iajp]r] h] `eop]jv] pn] hejcq] o_nepp] ehhqopna a hejcq] l]nh]p], _kjoeopajpa jahha hejcqa nacekj]he a _epp]`eja a jae `e]happe, p]jpk `] lkpanoe `ena h] jkopn] mq]oe hejcq] iknp]. Nan_eâ îP\kbo^k^ ]Z i^k mnmmh \hf^ lb iZkeZ bg ng enh`h Å be fh]h* \a^ e%^li^kb^gsZ fhlmkZ ^ \a^ eZ kZ`bhg^ lib^`Z* ]b Zo^k^ ngZ ebg`nZ \hfng^ bg ng iZ^l^ ]ho^ l^ g^ iZkeZ fhem^$57.
?j_da `]hh] paopeikje]jv] ej`enapp] `'qj] I^mm^kZ `ah Eeknceje58, o]lle]ik
53o_danehhk '1923). 54`ekjeokppe (1998). 55^]n^kje (1911: l. 242). 56`arkpk (1974), 57i]jvkje, ]. (2000), P\kbmmb ebg`nblmb\b bg^]bmb, e, 131. 58o_danehhk (1923: 273).
_kia eh K]jvkje ceq`e_de h] mqaopekja `ahh] hejcq] îeh ihkkh ngb\nf lan h']rrajena `ahh] jkopn] happan]pqn]$, `] _qe _kiej_e] h] hajp] ah]^kn]vekja, oe] lan mq]jpk necq]n`] h] ne_an_] `'qj] ok``eob]_ajpa aolnaooekja bkni]ha `ah oqk _aha^na nki]jvk opkne_k, oe] lan h] pn]pp]vekja pakne_] a _nepe_]. Q_nera eh A]jpé jah 1862: î]Z ng i^ssh ^`eb eZohkZ Z] ng%hi^kZ lneeZ ebg`nZ8 ob \Zf[bâ _hkfZ o^gmb ohem^9 l^ g^ i^gmÖ* e%Z[[Zg]hgâ* eZ kbik^l^* e%Zfiebâ$59. B']hpnkj`a, _kia _e `e_a hk opaook, h]
mqaopekja `ahh] hejcq] ej K]jvkje an] h] leé eilknp]jpa `klk mqahh] naheceko]. Gh cn]j`a ei^]n]vvk `e K]jvkje, _da `ea`a ejevek ]hh] oq] ne_an_] hejcqeope_] jah nki]jvk, ]__kil]cj]p] oailna `] nebhaooekja pakne_], j]o_ar] ej hqe `]hh] i]j_]jv] `'qj] hejcq] îrer] a ran]$, _da ]rna^^a lnk`kppk oa ]raooa o_neppk ej ieh]jaoa60 k ej bn]j_aoa. A]lahrajana61 ne_kn`] _da ej _]o] K]jvkje oe l]nh]r] qj
laooeik ep]he]jk: h] hejcq] aleopkh]na an] eh bn]j_aoa, _da l]nh]r] ]j_da _kj fZfZg, a jah lner]pk olqjp]r] bqkne ]j_da eh `e]happk ^ne]jvkhk. Gjkhpna K]jvkje _kjko_ar] h'ep]he]jk happan]nek: `e mqaopa pna hejcqa, pqpp]re], jaooqj] lkpar] oanrenche a` an] l]n]`koo]ha _kia jkj ]raooa ej_anpavva oa `krar] qo]na qj']hpn] hejcq], iajpna ja ]rar] ikhpeooeia ej mqahh] _da ]rna^^a `krqpk aooana h] oq]. C__k lan_dÇ, ]llaj] bejepk eh nki]jvk, ]rna^^a rkhqpk neo_nerana eh pqppk ej ieh]jaoa, oa jkj bkooa op]pk `eooq]ok `]h D]qneah.
J] paj`ajv] _kiqja ] ikhpe ]qpkne, oqhh] o_e] `ah @]n^e62, É mqahh] `e
`eopejcqana pna b]oe jah pn]r]chek hejcqeope_k `e K]jvkje: qj] î_kilkoep]$ a_happe_], qj] îieh]jaoa-pko_]j]$ a qj] lnklne]iajpa îbeknajpej]$, banik naop]j`k h] ba`ahp} ]hh] nacekja, _kj`ereo] `] ]hpne ]qpkne ]hh'alk_]63.
J] b]oa a_happe_] É `k_qiajp]p] `]h lneik ]^^kvvk `ah nki]jvk C^kfh ^ In\bZ `ah 1821 lna_a`qpk `]hh'Fgmkh]nsbhg^, _kark ]h lneik o_neppk lke `eopnqppk oqhh] hejcq]64. Gj mqaopk lanek`k h] oq] _ko_eajv] hejcqeope_] an] bkni]p] okhk ej
jac]perk, lke_dÇ an] leé _da ]hpnk pao] ] jac]na h] okhqvekja _h]ooe_eope_] pko_k-beknajpej] a _nqo_]jpa a eh cnappk lnkrej_e]heoik happan]nek _da eokh]r] h'ep]he]jk `]hha happan]pqna opn]jeana. Nan Dknpe65 K]jvkje aolneia mqe qj] hejcq]
î_kilkoep], ]j]hkce_] a` aqnkla]$, ]nne__dep] `]hh']llknpk `e jqkra rk_e, ola_ea bn]j_aoe.
Lahh] oa_kj`] opaoqn] `ahh'Fgmkh]nsbhg^ K]jvkje aolkja lan h] lnei] rkhp]
59_]jpñ (1885)-
60î@b kZ\\hgmZoZ ihb b f^ssb ]Z enb Z]hi^kZmb i^k lmn]bZkeZ jn^lmZ [^g^]^mmZ ebg`nZ* ^ eZ _Zmb\Z \a^ `eb ^kZ \hlmZmh* g^b
Mkhf^llb Pihlb be ]bk^ bg [nhg mhl\Zgh \bâ \a^ i^glZoZ bg fbeZg^l^9 _Zmb\Z \a^ ^`eb \Ze\heZoZ Zo^k`eb ihkmZmZ obZ eZ f^m| ]^e m^fih \a^ bfib^`â Z l\kbo^k^ be khfZgsh$ (b]^neo+ 1976: 653-54).
61_]lahrajana (1985). 62^]n^e (1939).
63 îPb lmn]b be mhl\Zgh ]Zee%>eib Zee%BmgZ9 ^ ZeehkZ Zok^fh eZ mZohehssZ \Ze]Z ^ ]hobsbhlZ i^k mnmm^ e^ mbgm^* i^k mnmm^ e^
`kZ]Zsbhgb \hee^ jnZeb inâ ^lmkbgl^\Zklb e%nfZgh i^glb^kh$ (^kjeje (1871: 17).
64 Qa_kj`k eh beche]opnk Qpab]jk Qp]il] p]ha lnaoqjpk paopk bq ^nq_e]pk, ej mq]jpk K]jvkje o'an] ]__knpk `'aooan jah b]hok. ?j_da ikjoecjkn Rkoe, ]hh] beja `ah 1823, ]hhq`a ] mqaopk o_neppk îb]jp]oi]$, `eooq]`aj`k K]jvkje `]h `eolan`ana bknva ej qj h]rknk _da che ]rna^^a _na]pk ejeie_evea. C Eeqhe] @a__]ne], ej qj] happan] ]h Rkoe `ah 1824, `e_a _da eh bechek an] mq]oe ]hh] beja `'qj rkhqia oqhh] hejcq] ep]he]j]. Dknoa oe pn]pp]r] okhk `'qj] cn]j ikha `e _]npa, bknoa eh he^nk an] okhk ]^^kvv]pk; op] `e b]ppk _da jkj _a j'É pn]__e]. Nnklnek `]hh'eilnaooekja `ae oqke b]iehe]ne _da lnaopk o]na^^a qo_epk qj rkhqia oqhh] mqaopekja hejcqeope_], oe _]leo_a _kiqjmqa mq]jpk K]jvkje ]raooa ce} o_neppk p]jpk oqhh] hejcq].
ha oqa e`aa oqhh] hejcq] a oqh `erknvek pn] hejcq] happan]ne] a hejcq] `'qok, ]qole_]j`kja eh oqlan]iajpk. Cche ]rranpa eh happkna `']ran o_neppk i]ha ] lnklnek `eolappk, qo]j`k bn]oe a aolnaooekje hki^]n`a: _eâ jkj lan eiep]vekja `'qj] ranep} hk_]ha, i] lan_dÇ jkj _kjko_ar] rk_e a bn]oe `ahhk opaook r]hkna qo]pa jache o_neppkne a jae `eo_knoe `e pqpp] Gp]he]. N]nh] ]hhkn] `ahh] ja_aooep} `'qj] hejcq] _kiqja (î@b [blh`g^k^[[^ ng eb[kh$) a oe bani] ]hh] `ki]j`] oa aoeop] ej Gp]he] qj] hejcq] ne_kjko_eqp] `] pqppe.
Oqaop'eilacjk ] o_nerana eh he^nk o]na^^a paopeikje]pk `] ]ie_e a b]iehe]ne pn] eh 1823 a eh 1824 jahh] oq] cn]j`a ]pperep} `e o_neppqn], pao] ejp]jpk ] _nepe_]na jahh] b]oa lna_a`ajpa mqah î\hfihlmh bg]b`^lmh ]b _kZlb ng ih% ehf[Zk]^* ng ih% mhl\Zg^* ng ih% _kZg\^lb* ng ih% Zg\a^ eZmbg^9 ]b _kZlb \a^ ghg ZiiZkm^g`hgh Z g^llngZ ]b jn^lm^ \Zm^`hkb^* fZ lhgh \ZoZm^ i^k ZgZeh`bZ ^ i^k ^lm^glbhg^ h ]Zee%ngZ h ]Zee%ZemkZ ]b ^ll^$66.
Rqppe e _nepe_e _kiqjmqa _kj_kn`]jk oqh b]ppk _da h'ej_e]ilk leé cnkook, ej mqaopk lanek`k, o]na^^a op]pk mqahhk `ae `e]hkcde `e C^kfh ^ In\bZ, _koÜ `] `kranreoe eilacj]na `]h 1821 ]h 1840 lan neokhranhk.
J] lnei] b]oa, _da oe lnkpn]nna^^a bejk ]h 1823, r] `qjmqa ej _neoe lke_dÇ K]jvkje, ]llnkbkj`aj`k eh _kj_appk `'Sok, nelq`e] h'e`a] `'qj] hejcq] î]npebe_e]ha$ _kopnqep] ] p]rkhejk, ej jkia `'qj] hejcq] îj]pqn]ha$ a `'qj'qjep} na]ha: o]na^^a mqaop], h] oa_kj`] b]oa îpko_k-ieh]jaoa$, _knneolkj`ajpa ]hh] _knnavekja `ah C^kfh ^ In\bZ, ]hh] îTajpeoapp]j]$ _kh re]ccek ] Denajva bejk ]h _koe``appk îl]nh]n bejepk$.
K]jvkje, ]^^]j`kj]j`k h] Anqo_] a h] hejcq] ]npebe_e]ha, lajo] ] qj] hejcq] ^]o]p] oqhh] ranoekja `]h ieh]jaoa ej pko_]jk, oa_kj`k qj lnk_aook `]h jkpk ]hh'ecjkpk67. @eokcj]r] lan_eâ neailenoe h] paop] `ah Kan_]pk Ta__dek a, l]npaj`k
`]hh] hejcq] _da _kjko_ar] iachek, _kj h']eqpk `ah `evekj]nek ieh]jaoa-pko_]jk `e Adanq^eje68 i] ]j_da `e mqahhk bn]j_aoa-ep]he]jk, nera`a l]nkh] lan l]nkh] C^kfh ^
In\bZ.
Oqe e _nepe_e `e^]ppkjk: lan @]n^e o]na^^a op]p] h] ne_an_] `e mqahh'eil]opk qje_k `ae `e]happe ep]he]je, mqahh] okieche]jv] p]ha `] b]nhe ]ookieche]na pqppe; lan Dknpe h'amqer]hajpa pko_]jk `ahha hk_qvekje hki^]n`a ej_kilnajoe^ehe lan _qe eh bkj`k _kiqja `e pqppe e `e]happe an] lnklnek eh pko_]jk lajapn]pk ej aooe, he^an]pk lanâ `]e pn]ppe bkjkhkce_e e`eki]pe_e. Neé lnko]e_]iajpa, lan Ba Pk^anpeo îf^ssh lb fbeZg^l^``bZ ^ f^ssh lb mhl\Zg^``bZ$69, ej qjk o_]npk pn] e`a]ha, a na]ha bnqppk
`ahh'ejoqbbe_eajv] `ae iavve `eolkje^ehe.
J] _kjbani] ] p]ha b]oa ieop] o]na^^a `]p] `] @]n^e `]h re]ccek `e K]jvkje ranok Denajva mq]j`k, l]oo]j`k `] Eajkr] a oajpaj`k `] qj cekr]ja `e mqahh] _epp} _da ]rar] pnkr]pk jah nki]jvk ikhpe ik`e `e `ena _da ache ]rar] _na`qpk
66rep]ha (1978). 67_knpe (1969).
68?j_da oa Eeqope hk `abejer] qj cn]j î^nk`khkja$ a B'Mre`ek nepajar] bkooa leajk `e nk^] r]j] a op]jpe], lan K]jvkje an] qj] î_]nep} ran]$, lke_dÇ ]rar] aolqjpk ha rk_e iknpa lan pnkr]na hk_qvekje ep]he]ja _knneolkj`ajpe ]hha ieh]jaoe.
îcajkraoe lnappe$, lk_k i]j_â _da che capp]ooa îe^ [kZ\\bZ Ze \heeh* ^ eh [Z\bZll^* ln e%ngZ ^ e%ZemkZ `hmZ$, _kia oe hacca jahh] Jappan] ]h Pkoo]ne70.
Gjp]jpk oe op]r] ranebe_]j`k ] Keh]jk jahh] _kjrano]vekja mqkpe`e]j] qjk opn]jk bajkiajk hejcqeope_k `]e lna_a`ajpe ehhqopne: eh _koe``appk îl]nh]n bejepk$, h] hejcq] l]nh]p] `]hha lanokja _khpa bqkne `e Rko_]j], oknp] `'e^ne`eoik _da jkj É leé `e]happk, i] jkj É ]j_kn] ep]he]jk. Cn] qj ieh]jaoa ep]he]jevv]pk ejbhqajv]pk `]h beknajpejk, _]n]ppanevv]pk `]h îiZkeZk^ bg s^mZ$, ]jve_dÇ `]h îiZkeZk^ bg \b$71.
J] paj`ajv] ] ep]he]jevv]na eh `e]happk hk_]ha aoeopar] ce} ] beja '700 mq]j`k A]nhk K]ne] K]cce _]n]ppanevv]r] jah îiZke| iZk s^mmZ$ ha `]ia _da _an_]r]jk `'aheiej]na `]hh] _kjrano]vekja e pn]ppe bkjape_e leé i]n_]p]iajpa `e]happ]he. @eokcj] lanâ ola_ebe_]na _da mqaopk îl]nh]n bejepk$ É qj] hejcq] ej l]npa olaneiajp]p] oane]iajpa, ej l]npa l]nk`evv]p] jahh] lnei] na`]vekja `ah nki]jvk. Nen]j`ahhk hk `abejeo_a î`e]happk ]nnkpkj`]pk$72 a _a ja l]nh] ]j_da
@nqje73, ra`aj`kre qj] lnabecqn]vekja `ahh'k`eanjk ep]he]jk nacekj]ha: _kjoeopar]
ej ^qkj] okop]jv] ]j_da jah nelneopejk `ahha rk_]he bej]he `ah ieh]jaoa, `]j`k qj ]olappk ep]he]jk ]hh] l]nh]p], oe] lqn ikhpk ]hh] ^qkj]. Be_a K]jvkje ej qj bkchek `e Q_]npk `ahh] Qa_kj`] Kejqp]: îB ohe^oZ ]bk^ Z]hikZk mnmmb b oh\Z[heb bmZebZgb \a^ lb lZi^oZgh* h jn^eeb \a^ lb \k^]^oZgh bmZebZgb* ^ Ze k^lmh lniiebk^ \hf^ lb ihm^oZ* ^ i^k eh ibé* l%bgm^g]^* \hg oh\Z[heb fbeZg^lb* \^k\Zg]h i^kâ ]b l\aboZk jn^eeb \a^ Zg\a^ Zb fbeZg^lb lZk^[[^kh iZklb mkhiih fbeZg^lb* ^ `eb Zok^[[^kh _Zmmb kb]^k^9 ^ ]Zk^ Ze mnmmh bglb^f^ e^ ]^lbg^gs^ ]^eeZ ebg`nZ bmZebZgZ#74.
J] `e]happkbkje] _kiej_e]r] `qjmqa ] lan`an lnaopecek a eh îl]nh]n bejepk$ `ahh] ^kncdaoe] ieh]jaoa `'ejevek Mppk_ajpk _a hk `eikopn]. ?j_da Raj_] a Edan]n`eje ja l]nh]jk, p]jpk _da K]ne] Aknpe75 nejpn]__e] qj hac]ia pn] e paope
i]jvkje]je a mqahhe hki^]n`e _kare, ej nah]vekja ]hh] pakne] `ah Edan]n`eje `ahh] _kj_kiep]jv] pn] gkejÇ pko_]j] a nacekj]ha. Nan mqaopk h] nareoekja `ah nki]jvk `ah 1840 ]rna^^a ]rqpk oq__aook ej Jki^]n`e], `kr'an] jkp] h] pakne] `ah
70^]n^e (1939: 114). Nan mq]jpk necq]n`] e re]cce ejpn]lnaoe `] K]jvkje ej Rko_]j], A]lahrajana ne_kn`] _da `e aooe o'É oailna o]lqpk lk_k k jqhh], ]j_da jae `k_qiajpe _kare (_]lahrajana, 1985). J] lnei] e`a] `'qj re]ccek beknajpejk neo]ha ]h 1822, i] oe na]hevv] okhk jah 1827 lan ìkbl\bZ\jnZk^ b l^mmZgmng e^gsnheh bg >kgh$. Bklk r]nea lanelavea ]llnk`] ] Jerknjk, `kra d] eh lneik eil]ppk _kh hejcq]ccek pko_]jk. Q_nera ]hh%]ie_k Enkooe: îw¶y ^ eÖ
\hfbg\bâ be `nlmh ]b bgm^g]^k ikhikbh \h`eb hk^\\ab jn^lmZ ebg`nZ \a^ `b| fb iZko^ ]^ebsbhlZ ZeehkZ* ^ \a^ fb iZk mZe^ jnb Z Ibohkgh8 hkZ \a^ `b| ]ngjn^ Z bgm^g]^keZ Z Cbk^gs^=$ (_a__qpe, 1986: 29), J] lnei] havekja `e pko_]jk l]nh]pk
h] a^^a mq]j`k îe%Z\\Z]^fb\h \he mhoZ`ebheh lhmmh be [kZ\\bh$ che oleacâ eh jkia `ae b]cekheje. Eeqjpk lke ] Denajva _an_] `e _kjko_ana h] hejcq] rer] ]ppn]ranok eh `enappk eil]ppk _kj h] cajpa, jahha rea, oqe hqjc]nje, jae ian_]pe. Gh oqk qje_k k^eapperk, mq]oe qj'kooaooekja, É h] mqaopekja hejcqeope_], lan _qe lk_k ch'ejpanaoo]jk h']npa a ha ^ahhavva beknajpeja. Dej]hiajpa eh 3 oappai^na ej_kjpn] qbbe_e]hiajpa ch'ejpahhappq]he beknajpeje, pn] _qe Le__kheje, K]ie]je a ]hpne o_neppkne, i] h']llqjp]iajpk _qe peaja `e leé É mqahhk jahh] _]o] qieha `e Aekje `kra b] h] nareoekja hejcqeope_] `ah nki]jvk, h] neo_e]_mq]pqn], cn]vea ]hha îh]r]j`]ea$ (I^mm^kZ Ze @ZlZghoZ) _da hk ]eqp]jk ] pkcheana ]hh] hejcq] `ah nki]jvk eh _]n]ppana _kilkoepk a ]npebe_e]pk. K]jvkje ej_kjpnan} Eejk A]llkje okhk ] beja oappai^na. K]hcn]`k h']eqpk `ahha oqa îh]r]j`]ea$, lanâ, K]jvkje lnabaneo_a `]na eh ianepk `e pqppk ]h lklkhk, _knnappkna `ahh] oq] î_]jp]b]rkh]$, mq]oe oe pn]pp]ooa `'qj'klan] _khhapper]. î?hhacnk a `eolan]pk$, K]jvkje h]o_e] Denajva, lan b]nre nepknjk jah 1864.
71i]jvkje (2000: 903), P\kbmmb ebg`nblmb\b bg^]bmb. 72jaj_ekje (1987).
73^nqje (1984); G`. (] _.) (1996).
74Li^k^ bg^]bm^ h kZk^ ]b >e^llZg]kh JZgshgb in[[eb\Zm^ i^k \nkZ ]b Mb^mkh ?kZf[beeZ ]Z On``^kh ?hg`ab (1891: 348).
Edan]n`eje lan eh mq]ha ej _e]o_qj] _epp} ep]he]j], jkj _'É okhk eh `e]happk, i] mqaop] oknp] `e _kilnkiaook pn] `e]happk a hejcq] _kiqja `appk îl]nh]n j]pek$ eh mq]ha ]j`]r] lan hqe _kjrkche]pk jahh] bqpqn] hejcq] j]vekj]ha a jkj o]_nebe_]pk ] aoo]. Nan ]h_qje ]qpkne, pn] _qe Dknpe, Aknpe a ]j_da h] K]p]nnaoa76, p]he e`aa
bejer]jk lan lnabecqn]na che k`eanje ep]he]je nacekj]he.
Edan]n`eje nelnaj`ar] h] `er]ne_]vekja pn] hejcq] o_nepp] a l]nh]p], cn]ii]pe_] a qok, lnklaj`aj`k lanâ lan h] lnei] lke_dÇ îghg eZ ikhgngsbZ ]^^ ]^m^kfbgZk eZ l\kbmmnkZ* fZ ]^^ eZ [nhgZ l\kbmmnkZ _Zk k^`heZ* be ibé \a^ lb ihllZ* ZeeZ ikhgngsbZ$77. Gj Gp]he] jkj _'an] ejb]ppe qj] hejcq] _kiqja l]nh]p], h] mq]ha, jae
_]oe leé bahe_e ja an] qj']llnkooei]vekja, lan _kj`evekje j]pqn]he (beknajpejk), k `e _erehp} (l]nh]n bejepk). Raknevv]j`k h] _aoqn], `qjmqa, _kj h] oq] nebkni] knpkcn]be_], ache jac]r] r]hkna bkjape_k op]^eha ]e oacje cn]be_e: _kia h] o_neppqn] É eh iavvk lan b]n ceqjcana ha e`aa ]hh'ejpahhappk ]ppn]ranok che k__de, _koÜ h] lnkjqjve] re ceqjca ]ppn]ranok kna__de, okhk _da aoo] jkj oe lkpn} i]e n]llnaoajp]na _kj oacje reoe^ehe a _anpe. Akjpaop]j`k `qjmqa ]e beknajpeje ha hknk eilkoevekje, Edan]n`eje ]bbani] _da h] o_neppqn] `ara oacqena, jkj h] lnkjqj_e], i] h] n]cekja a h] _nepe_], jkj aooaj`k bkjape_], ^ajoÜ apeikhkce_].
Akj Edan]n`eje ]^^e]ik pk__]pk mqej`e eh lnk^hai] `ah n]llknpk pn] cn]be] a lnkjqj_e], ]nckiajpk _da oe aolhe_epan} jahh] ie] ne_an_] ej r]nea lnklkopa ]j_da ejpanaoo]jpe. Qejckh]ne ha ]__qoa `e î_]_kcn]bea$ ]h Sh\Z[heZkbh ]^eeZ @knl\Z, n]llnaoajp]vekje `ahh] lnkjqj_e] beknajpej] ej kooamqek ]hh] Jacca Q]hre]pe78.
Gjp]jpk, pn] che ]jje 1830 a 1840, K]jvkje ejeve] eh pn]pp]pk pakne_k knc]je_k oqhh] hejcq] oqhh] _qe bn]iiajp]neap} a ej_kileqpavv] ikhpe _nepe_e oe okjk ejpannkc]pe.
Nnei] `e l]oo]na ]hh] panv] b]oa, mqahh] `ah beknajpejk _kileqpk, ]__ajjk okhk ]h b]ppk _da e _nepe_e ikhpk d]jjk `eo_qook oqhh] oq] lna_eo] `]p]vekja: _de ]jpe_el]j`kh] (@]n^]n] Paujkh`o79, Ba Ke_daheo80, @]cheappk81), _de lkope_el]j`kh]
(@]n^e, Barkpk), _de ko_ehh]j`k (Dknpe82). Nan ]h_qje, ej okop]jv], eh lna_a`ajpa 76i]p]nnaoa (1983).
77I^llb\h`kZ_bZ bmZebZgZ h lbZ JZgb^kZ ]b l\kbo^k^ e^ iZkhe^ ikhihlmZ ]Z DbhoZggb Da^kZk]bgb ^ f^llZ Z \hg_khgmh \hg
jn^eeZ bgl^`gZmZ ]Ze Sh\Z[heZkbh ]^eeZ @knl\Z (1843: reee(.
78 Gh lnk^hai] `ah n]llknpk pn] cn]be] a bkjape_] oa h'an]jk ce} ejpahhecajpaiajpa lkopk jah '500, lqn jkj neokhraj`khk. Q]hre]pe ]rar] ]bbani]pk _da `kraooa aooana h] lnei] ]` ]`acq]noe ]hh] lnkjqj_e]. Gjpanaoo]jpa É h] oq] lnklkop] `']__nao_ana ] 32 e oacje lnkjqj_e]pe, neolappk ]e 21 cn]be_e.
Le_khapp] K]n]o_dek &i]n]o_dek, 1993) nehar] _kia h']ppq]ha n]llknpk pn] o_neppqn] a kn]hep} oe oe] _]lkrkhpk neolappk ]h '500: ]hhkn] oqhh] ^]oa `ah ik`ahhk bkjkhkce_k beknajpejk oe _kopnqÜ qj oeopai] cn]be_k _kanajpa, kcce oe paj`a ] jkni]hevv]na oqhh] cn]be] qj] lnkjqj_e] j]vekj]ha ]j_kn] ]oo]e `ebbanajve]p] nacekj]hiajpa. J] opq`eko] jac] ]j_da _da eh pelk bkjape_k beknajpejk oe oe] eilkopk olkjp]ja]iajpa ej Gp]he], jkj rajaj`k ]ookn^epk jaiiajk `]che ]ppkne (aoailek `ahh] l okn`] a okjkn]). Coo] _kilea lke qj lan_knok `e opkne] `ahh'knpkcn]be] l]oo]j`k ]ppn]ranok ha becqna `e Pecqpeje a Napnk__de, `e _qe oe l]nhan} ]ile]iajpa.
79naujkh`o '1954). ?j_da lan eh b]ikok re]ccek ] Denajva `ah 1827 lan neo_e]_mq]na e l]jje, neoqhp] opn]j] lan h] opq`eko] h] bnapp] `ahhk o_neppkna `e lnal]n]na h] jqkr] ranoekja `ah he^nk lnei] `e l]npena, jkj_dÇ h] ^nara lani]jajv] ej pann] pko_]j]. Aeâ lnkrana^^a _da h] oq] paoe an] ah]^kn]p] `] pailk, ce} jah b]ikok he^nk bknoa ^nq_e]pk. Paop] lanâ h'ajeci] `ahh] neo_e]_mq]pqn]: oa K]jvkje an] _kjrejpk `ae oqke ik`e îhki^]n`k-pko_]je$, lan_dÇ _dea`ana _kjoechek ] Aekje a ] Le__kheje= Tkhar] ]j_kn] qj] lnkr] oqhh'qjebkniep} pn] `e]happk hki^]n`k a qok beknajpejk k op]r] _]i^e]j`k e`a]=
80`a ie_daheo (1962). 81^]cheappk (1954).
lanek`k pko_k-ieh]jaoa, mqah îikopnk ] `qa paopa$83 jkj o]na^^a i]e aoeopepk.
C ceqjce]ik ]hh] panv] b]oa: h] leé _kileqp] pakne] beknajpej] `ahh'a`evekja `ah nki]jvk `ah 1840 ]__kil]cj] eh pn]r]che]pk QkZmmZmh lneeZ hejcq], `qn]pk _en_] qj pnajpajjek oajv] ceqjcana ]hh] beja. º eilknp]jpa _kjoe`an]na h] _kjpailkn]jaep} `e îh]rknk `e hei]$ oqe Mkhf^llb Pihlb a paknevv]vekja, ]j_da oa eh nki]jvk jkj nebhappa h']llhe_]vekja necknko] `ahh] pakne] beknajpej], aolkop] jahh] Jappan] ]h A]naj] PneeZ ebg`nZ bmZebZgZ. ? rkhpa lnar]hckjk, ejb]ppe, ]nckiajpe `e opeha, _kia ne_kn`] Akhki^k84 lan eh lk_k beknajpejk îj]pek$ jah
_aha^anneik l]ook `ahh']``ek ]e ikjpe.
?` kcje ik`k, _da bkooa pko_]jk k beknajpejk, K]jvkje ]rar] ce} opn]ve]pk ]^^]op]jv] ha kna__dea `] pailk ]e oqke b]iehe]ne: _eâ _da i]j_]r] an] ]llqjpk mqahh] bnamqajp]vekja mqkpe`e]j] _kj h'qok rerk `ahh] hejcq] kn]ha. Sj] rkhp] ]__app]p] h] okhqvekja pko_]j], K]jvkje jkj oe lkpar] ]__kjpajp]na `'qj] hejcq] lnao] `]e he^ne k opq`e]p] î] p]rkhejk$: k__knnar] qj] hejcq] rer] `]rrank l]nh]p].
Gj mqaop] kccapper] `ebbe_khp} `e re_ej]jv] `'qj ik`ahhk l]nh]pk ep]he]jk jkni]hevv]pk, _da oe neokhra ej iejei] l]npa kcce _kj h] bnamqajp]vekja îbkjape_]$ `'qj ep]he]jk îolkjoknevv]pk$ `]e lnkbaooekjeope `ahh] rk_a, neo_kjpnk h'apanjk lnk^hai] `e _de rqkh iechekn]na h] lnklne] lnkjqj_e], ej qj _kjpaopk cajan]ha pqpp']hpnk _da op]j`]n`.
Gh l]oo]ccek ]h beknajpejk jkj ]rrajer] lanâ oqhh] ^]oa `'qj ok_ekhappk a `'qj'klvekja _qhpqn]ha: jkj rajer] ejb]ppe o_ahpk eh beknajpejk ej mq]jpk opnqiajpk `ae _ape _khpe, ]j_da lan_dÇ, pn] ha h]r]j`]ea, becqn]r] ]j_da h] ckranj]jpa Ciehe] Jqpe.
C ej mqaopk hqjck lanek`k, _da _qhiejan} jah lnk`kppk bej]ha `ahh] oq] îieooekja$ iejeopane]ha, o]n]jjk jqiankoa ha aolaneajva a ha k__]oekje `ahh']qpkna lan `eo_qpana `e lnk^haie hejcqeope_e: pn] aooa ch'ej_kjpne _kh Rkii]oak `ah 1855 a eh pajp]perk `ahh']jjk `klk `e opaj`ana _kh A]llkje ]h_qja rk_e `e mqah Sh\Z[heZkbh `ahh'qok `] hqe p]jpk ]qole_]pk. Gjp]jpk o_nerar] a _]j_ahh]r], a oq mqah b]ikok pn]pp]pk oqhh] hejcq] b]_ar] qo_ena okhk ^nare o_neppe k__]oekj]he: I^mm^kZ Ze @Zk^gZ, qpeha oejpaoe `e mqah pn]pp]pk, ejeve]hiajpa happan] lner]p] a lke lq^^he_]p], O^eZsbhg^ Z ?kh`ebh, I^mm^kZ Z ?hg`ab lne A^ Sne`Zkb Behjn^gmbZ, I^mm^kZ bgmhkgh Ze Sh\Z[heZkbh, >ii^g]b\^ ZeeZ O^eZsbhg^, I^mm^kZ Ze @ZlZghoZ, lq^^he_]p] lkopqi] jah 1874. Nkopqie qo_enkjk lke eh pn]pp]pk ej_kileqpk PneeZ ebg`nZ bmZebZgZ _kj pqppk eh i]pane]ha `e neah]^kn]vekja, lq^^he_]pk jae lneie mq]ppnk rkhqie `ahha Li^k^ bg^]bm^ ^ kZk^ `] @kjcde (eh lneik _da pajpâ `e iappan kn`eja jache o_neppe i]jvkje]je), jah 1891, a `] Qbknv] jah 1898 jah mqejpk rkhqia a jache P\kbmmb ihlmnfb jah 1900. J']hpnk pn]pp]pk ej_kileqpk, o_neppk bknoa pn] eh 1835 a eh 1836, P^gmbk J^llZ* eb[kh ]^eeZ ebg`nZ ]%FmZebZ, bq b]ppk _kjko_ana `] @qhbanappe okhk jah 1923.
B] _kjoe`an]na, _kia _e ne_kn`] Dqnj]ne85, ha `eranoa oepq]vekje opkne_da ej
83`a ie_daheo (1962). 84 _khki^k (1973).
