LOMBARDY AgRicuLtuRe in figuRes - 2014
Fondo Europeo Agricolo per lo Sviluppo Rurale: l’Europa investe nelle zone rurali PSR 2007-2013 Direzione Generale Agricoltura
Editing staff
Sabrina Giuca, INEA (supervisor); Maria Silvia Giannini (coordination for DGA, Lombardy Region); Alessandro Nebuloni, DGA Regione Lombardia; Roberto Pretolani, DEMM; Renato Pieri, SMEA; Roberto Cagliero, INEA; Francesca Marras, INEA Topical consultants
Daniele Bellomo, Danilo Bertoni, Lucia Briamonte, Roberto Cagliero, Maurizio Castelli, Stefano Dell’Acqua, Maria Silvia Gian-nini, Sabrina Giuca, Rita Iacono, Teresa Lettieri, Pietro Manzoni di Chiosca e Poggiolo, Sonia Marongiu, Renato Pieri, Roberto Pretolani, Maria Rosaria Pupo d’Andrea
Editing revision
Sabrina Giuca e Maria Silvia Giannini Processing
Marco Amato, Alessia Fantini e Fabio Iacobini Translation
Barbara Perna Editorial coordination Benedetto Venuto
Layout plan and realisation Carlo Silva e Fabio Lapiana Photography
Carlo Silva Internet edition Massimo Perinotto Secretarial staff
Lara Abbondanza, Debora Pagani, Francesca Ribacchi, Novella Rossi
We would like to thank for their collaboration: Maria Teresa Besana, Gabriele Boccasile, Roberta Capretti, Andrea Corapi, Gloria Corti, Ersilia Di Tullio, Stefano Foschini, Claudio Liberati, Andrea Massari, Giovanna Nicastro, Donatella Parma, Antonio Pepe, Andrea Povellato, Marina Ragni, Serena Tarangioli, Roberto Tonetti
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“Lombardy agriculture in figures” rep-resents an easy-to-read tool, proposed by the Agricultural Department of the Lombardy Region with an annually periodicity, aimed at providing to the various operators of the sector, through figures and indicators, an updating of the main features and dynamics of the agri-food and forestry sector in Lombardy. The present edition will be particularly useful also in the occasion of the international event “Expo Milan 2015”, for all those who care nutrition, in terms both of food safety and of food security, seeking for a sustainable de-velopment, and for those who are will-ing to find a dimension and declination in the reality of the regional productive system. The continuing availability of this booklet is possible thanks to the collaboration agreement between Lom-bardy region, INEA, DEMM and SMEA, through the share and enhancement of the statistical data and the analysis on the agri-food system, carried on with the aim of fostering the wider regional programming activity. The Lombardy’s agri-food system is the most important
at the Italian level, and one of the most remarkable in the European frame-work. Nonetheless, its components have suffered the difficult economic cy-cle following the worldwide economic crisis.
Although the value of the agricultural output, equal to 7.4 billion euro (13.9% on the national total) exceeds the pre-crisis levels from already three years on, the value added , after having re-covered the decrease suffered in 2009, doesn’t show positive signs (-1.5% in 2013), due both to the productive re-sults of unfavourable agrarian years (2012 and 2013), and to disadvan-taged terms of trade for the agricultural sector, despite a slight increase in 2013 (+0.2%).
The value of the regional agri-indus-trial output, amounting to 13.3 billion euro (16.3% on the national total), is further increased by 1.1% over 2012, thanks to the role played by the food industry, compared to a domestic de-mand for foodstuffs which suffers a deadlock, and a continuous positive trend in the agri-food exports (+4.6%).
The fluctuation of prices has led, over these latest years, to a great variability of the economic results of the agricul-tural sector in the various sectors, with differentiated dynamics and impacts even for the food industry.
The number of the agricultural busi-nesses suffers a progressive decrease (-3.2% between 2012 and 2013) with an increase of the mortality rate, which is, nevertheless, below the national level, thus highlighting the continuous higher resistance of the agricultural businesses in Lombardy.
Although the livestock vocation and the tendency at the processing of typi-cal products represent one of the main strength point, there are many complex elements, in the global context, which jeopardize the profitability of the busi-ness; that’s why the commitment of the regional policy aims at adopting stra-tegic choices, capable to provide per-spectives to the future of agriculture and of the agri-food sector.
During 2014 have been detected some positive examples, such as: the recog-nition of the predominant role of the
livestock sector, to which it has been earmarked over 50% of the coupled aid established in the First Pillar of the new CAP; and, always in terms of sustain to the farmers’ income, the decision to keep, in a still difficult economic cycle, the allocation for the subsidies of the regional advance payment of the CAP funds, amounting to little more than 310.5 million euro, to the benefit of about 30,500 Lombardy farmers. There is no doubt that considering the next abolition of the regime for the milk shares, the unexpected crisis between Ukraine and Russia and the subse-quent embargo to the export for some agri-food products, mostly of them produced in the agricultural macro-region of North, have pointed out how it is so important, in order to stabilize earnings of the businesses and to allow paths of growth, to adopt tools for regu-lating the market, at a level of overall
system, as well as protecting prices from instability, even through forms of insurance; all parts should act in this way so as to achieve a sharing of all possible solutions.
The rural development program rep-resents an important financial source aimed at sustaining and developing the regional agricultural. As of 1st January 2015, it will be operative the new RDP for the seven-year period 2014-2020, which will provide 1.157 billion euro, with 133 million euro more than the previous programming period. Among the measures which character-ize the strategic choices of the Region, are particularly important the inter-ventions aimed at achieving innova-tion and competitiveness of businesses and of the agri-food supply chains, which will be characterized by a great-er approach of the system.
Therefore, Expo represents a big
oppor-tunity to build and strengthen the com-petitive advantage of the businesses of the agri-food supply chain, mainly for the incentive towards innovation and new channels; but Expo aims at be-ing also an occasion for fosterbe-ing con-crete answers to the problems; it will also represent a moment for sharing papers, with the EU Institutions and the EU countries, containing the meas-ures for preventing and containing the counterfeiting in the agri-food sector. The so-called “Italian sounding”, be-sides producing a direct economic damage, decreases the perception of quality of the original product by the consumer.
It is, therefore, necessary to intervene in order to better safeguarding our pro-ductions, and to increase the knowl-edge of traceability, origin and quality of the productions.
Gianni Fava Councillor for Agriculture of the Lombardy Region
ECONOMY AND AGRICULTURE
Land and population pg. 10
Protected areas pg. 16
Gross domestic product pg. 21
Value added pg. 24
Employment pg. 26
AGRI-INDUSTRIAL SYSTEM
Components of the system pg. 32
Food industry and cooperation pg. 34
Distribution pg. 39
Foreign trade pg. 41
Food consumption pg. 44
AGRICULTURE
Agri-meteorological trend pg. 48
Production levels in agriculture pg. 50
Intermediate consumption pg. 60
Investments pg. 63
Prices pg. 66
Structures in agriculture pg. 69
Economic results of the FADn farms pg. 80
Mechanization pg. 90
Credit for agriculture pg. 93
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SUSTAINAbILITY AND
MULTI-fUNCTIONALITY
Water resource management pg. 100
Agricultural practices pg. 104
Forests pg. 108
Fishing and aquaculture pg. 112
Agri-energy pg. 114
Products of designated origin
and traditional products pg. 117
Organic farming pg. 126
Integrated production pg. 130
Agritourism (farm stays) pg. 132
Direct sales pg. 136
Educational farms pg. 141
AGRICULTURAL POLICY
Regional legislation on agriculture pg. 144
Regional agricultural spending pg. 147
CAP – First pillar pg. 151
Rural Development Program
(CAP – Second pillar) pg. 154
GLOSSARY
The region, amounting to 23,862 square kilometers, represents about 7.9% of the national area, and it is
characterized by lowlands (47%), hills (12.4%) and mountains (40.5%). In terms of population, Lombardy is the
most populated of the Italian regions with nearly 10 million inhabitants (equal to 16.4% of the national
popu-land
and
population
Land, inhabitants and population density in Lombardy, 2013
Land area % breakdown Inhabitants % breakdown Density % of foreign people (sq.km) of land as from 1st Jan 2013 of inhabitants (inhabitants/sq.km) compared to the
inhabitants Lombardy 23,862.80 100.0 9,794,525 100.0 410.5 10.5 Mountains 9,672.81 40.5 1,044,529 10.7 108.0 7.5 Hills 2,963.62 12.4 2,036,605 20.8 687.2 9.8 Lowlands 11,226.37 47.0 6,713.391 68.5 598.0 11.2 Bergamo 2,722.86 11.4 1,094,062 11.2 401.8 10.9 Brescia 4,784.36 20.0 1,247,192 12.7 260.7 13.1 Como 1,288.07 5.4 592,504 6.0 460.0 7.9 Cremona 1,770.57 7.4 361,812 3.7 204.3 11.3 Lecco 816.17 3.4 338,425 3.5 414.7 8.0 Lodi 782.36 3.3 225,798 2.3 288.6 10.8 Mantua 2,338.84 9.8 411,335 4.2 175.9 12.9 Milan 1,576.59 6.6 3,075,083 31.4 1.950.5 11.7 Monza e Brianza 405.49 1.7 850,684 8.7 2.097.9 7.7 Pavia 2,964.70 12.4 539,569 5.5 182.0 9.5 Sondrio 3,211.90 13.5 181,101 1.8 56.4 4.6 Varese 1,198.71 5.0 876,960 9.0 731.6 8.0 Source: ISTAT.
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lation), mostly concentrated in thelowlands and foothills. In these areas, the population density exceeds 600 inhab./square kilometers, compared
to the regional average of 410 inhab./ square Kms, and the national average of 198 inhab./square kms.
Over the last decade, the population
of Lombardy has increased by 8% compared to the 4.5% experienced at a national level. This result is the consequence of the migration flows: Trend in the anthropised areas, in the agricultural and wooded areas (1955-2012)
0 200 400 600 800 1,000 1,200 1,400 1955 1980 1999 2007 2012 (,000 ettari) Anthropised areas Agricultural lands Woods and natural areas
100 194 302 336 346 1,322 1,262 1,087 1,043 1,026 888 854 917 927 930 Source: ERSAF.
about 10.5% of the inhabitants is for-eign, compared to the national share of 7.4%.
The elderly people (aged over 65 years) represent 21.1% of the popula-tion, in line with the national average,
whereas the ageing rate, which ex-presses the ratio between the number of inhabitants aged over 65 years and those who are aged less than 15 years, is equal to 1.5, and it is in line with the national average.
The high population density, and the growing trend of the population, de-picts a widespread rate of human in-terventions on the territory, which reaches about 14.5%; at a local level, particularly high are the values of Land coverage in Lombardy, anthropised areas, agricultural areas, and wooded territories
Anthropised areas Wooded areas Agricultural areas
(%) (%) (%) (000 ha) % of which % of which % of which % change
arable permanent crops meadows 2012/07
Bergamo 14.4 56.5 27.5 75.7 56.7 2.6 40.8 -2.9 Brescia 11.7 48.4 34.4 164.4 73.7 6.3 19.9 -1.7 Como 16.6 60.0 14.7 18.8 48.6 1.3 50.1 -3.3 Cremona 11.1 2.7 84.7 150.0 87.6 3.8 8.7 -0.9 Lecco 15.3 60.7 14.9 12.1 33.3 2.0 64.8 -6.6 Lodi 13.1 5.0 79.6 62.2 83.2 4.5 12.3 -0.9 Mantua 12.6 2.7 81.4 190.8 88.5 6.5 5.0 -0.7 Milan 40.5 6.9 51.1 80.6 81.6 3.1 15.3 -2.2 Monza e Brianza 55.1 10.4 34.3 13.9 82.8 1.0 16.2 -2.6 Pavia 9.4 16.1 72.9 216.3 80.5 15.1 4.4 -1.6 Sondrio 2.7 88.7 7.4 23.7 6.6 12.9 80.6 -3.9 Varese 29.4 46.3 14.6 17.6 63.0 1.6 35.4 -3.6 Lombardy 14.5 39.0 43.0 1,026.0 77.3 7.1 15.6 -1.7 Source: ERSAF-DUSAF, 2007, 2012.
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Monza and Milan, respectively of55.1% and 40.5% (DUSAF data, 2012). The woody areas and the natural ar-eas cover 39% of the regional terri-tory, particularly in the mountainous
areas, with a peak of 88% in the prov-ince of Sondrio. The agricultural land, amounting to little more than 1 mil-lion hectares, corresponds to 43% of the regional area, and it shows a peak Food’ self-sufficiency rate in Lombardy and in Italy (average 2009-2011)
Italy Lombardy
Global self-sufficiency rate (kcal) 65.5 64.5
- of which vegetables 64.1 56.6
- of which animals 76.7 139.1
Self-sufficiency rate in the human consumption (kcal) 67.2 60.1
- of which vegetables 64.1 34.4
- of which animals 76.8 139.0
Domestic production per hectare of UAA (Kcal) 8,974,192 22,040,000 Domestic vegetable production per hectare of arable+woods (Kcal) 10,570,450 20,664,002 Domestic animal production per hectare of fodder (Kcal) 2,849,295 10,317,746
Maintainable inhabitants/hectare 3.3 5.9
Total maintainable inhabitants with domestic productions 39,999,900 5,816,856
Self-sufficiency rate, in value 91.3 74.1
Source: DEMM processing on Faostat data.
in the province of Cremona (84.7%) and a minimum in the province of Sondrio (7.4%). 77% of the agricultural lands is earmarked to the arable crops. The decrease of the agricultural lands seems to be an unstoppable phenome-non, both because of the human inter-ventions, mainly in the lowlands, and of the phenomena of re-naturalization, mostly on the hills and mountains; compared to 1955, the loss of the agri-cultural areas has amounted to 22.4%, compared to an increase of about 250% of the areas modified through the hu-man intervention. Between 2007 and 2012, the regional agricultural areas have decreased by 1.7%, with a peak of 6.6% in the province of Lecco.
The issue of the food self-sufficiency is closely related to the phenomenon of the loss of UAA and of population. According to the estimates released by DEMM, and which refer to the period 2009-2011, the rate of total
self-suffi-ciency, ensured by the Lombardy agri-culture, amounts to 64.5%, in terms of calories, whereas, at a national level, it represents 65.5%. By considering the human consumption, despite a greater average productivity, in terms of calories per hectare (5.9 inhabit-ants per hectare, compared to 3.3 at the Italian level), Lombardy manages to maintain, in terms of calories, only 60.1% of its inhabitants, compared to 67.2% of Italy.
At the same way as for the population density, also the ratio between the inhabitants and the agricultural area shows a very high value, decisively higher than the corresponding nation-al data and the community’s data. 60% of the annual tourist flow of Lom-bardy, generally equal to 13.6 millions of arrivals, involves touristic places and, in particular, the cities of histori-cal and artistic interest (such as Mi-lan, Bergamo, Como) and the places
Ratio population/agricultural land (inhabitants/100 ha of UAA), 2010
Lombardy Italy - North Italy EU-27 1,005 608 472 292
Source: EUROSTAT, ISTAT, 2010.
located near the lakes (Garda’s lake, Como’s lake, Lecco’s lake, Maggiore lake), where the foreign people reach respectively 60.8% and 69.6% of the arrivals. 10.2% of the regional arriv-als (compared to 20% of the national level) is oriented towards non-hotel accommodation, mainly represented by camping, touristic villages, and
rental accommodation, which repre-sent solutions with the higher foreign presence, and an average permanence of about one week. The arrivals, over the last years, are progressively in-creased, whereas the same thing didn’t occurred for the average permanence; between 2008 and 2012, the share of the foreign tourists has experienced an
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increase, growing from 46.4% to 50.6%of the total, thus remaining higher than the national average (47%). Over
time, the rental accommodation has increased its share on the total of the arrivals, in 2012 it amounted to 2.4%,
as well as the farm holidays (0.9%), and the bed and breakfast (1%). Trends of the arrivals in the accomodation facilities in Lombardy, 2012
Total % arrivals % foreign arrivals average stay/
arrivals* stay** /total n. of nigts/client
Type of place
Country town and municipalities 5,434,480 10,040,495 40.0 36.9 1.8 Place of touristic interest 8,161,493 23,326,141 60.0 59.7 2.9 - cities of historical and artistic interest 5,341,832 11,301,948 39.3 60.8 2.1
- mountains 755,115 3,073,169 5.6 32.8 4.1
- lakes 1,927,016 8,545,662 14.2 69.6 4.4
- thermal places 69,425 259,945 0.5 23.5 3.7
- hilly places of various interest 68,105 145,417 0.5 35.1 2.1
Type of accomodation
Hotels 12,214,834 26,417,628 89.8 50.4 2.2
extra-hotel accomodations 1,381,139 6,949,008 10.2 53.1 5.0
- camping and touristic villages 615,186 3,666,493 4.5 57.5 6.0
- housing for rent 327,475 1,907,668 2.4 62.5 5.8
- farm stays 123,172 399,497 0.9 33.8 3.2
- bed and breakfast 131,323 285,443 1.0 39.0 2.2
- other types of accomodation 183,983 689,907 1.4 44.3 3.7
Lombardy 13,595,973 33,366,636 100.0 50.6 2.5
Italy 103,733,157 380,711,483 47.0 3.7
* number of tourists, both Italian and foreign, hosted in the period considered. ** number of nights, of both Italians and foreign people, in the accomodation facilities. Source: ISTAT data processing.
protected
areas
The sixth official list of protectedar-eas (EUAP) has recorded 105 arar-eas in Lombardy, with a surface of about 134,000 hectares, equal to 4.5% of the protected earth’s surface, at a national level, and to 5.5% of the territorial re-gional area. By considering the whole surface, it should be noticed that 44.6% is concentrated in the Stelvio National Park, 47.6% in the thirteen regional natural parks, and 7.1% in the 62 regional natural reserves. The two state’s natural reserves (Bosco Fontana and Bosco Siro Negri) cover 0.2% of the total, whereas the other 27 protected areas (natural monuments, oasis, natural areas of local interest) involve the 0.5%.
Besides the ranking of the official list, the system of the protected areas in Lombardy (Regional Law 86/1983), which has calculated 615,953 hec-tares (25.8% of the regional surface), it also includes other types of
pro-Distribution of the protected natural areas in Lombardy
44.6% 0.2% 0.5% 47.6% 7.1% National Park
Statal Natural Reserve Regional natural Park Regional Natural Reserve Other regional protected areas
Source: MATTM - Dept. For the Safeguarding of Nature, EUAP Official List of the protected natural areas, 6th updating of April 27th, 2010. tected areas, besides the natural
re-gional Park of the Groane, recently established; among these areas there is a total of 24 regional parks, charac-terized by different levels of nature, perceived as fluvial areas, mountain-ous areas, city areas, agricultural and forestry areas; 14 of these areas can be found in the EUAP, for the part of
sur-face characterized by highest levels of nature, and aimed at the preservation according to the discipline of the na-tional law; 92 are the local parks with an interest which goes far beyond the city’s interest (PLIS) which represent, with an overall surface of little less than 80,000 hectares, an important element for the connection with the
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The regional Parks in LombardyPark (ha) Natural area to Park (%)
Parco Adamello (*) 50,935 43 Parco Adda Nord (*) 6,900 28
Parco Adda Sud 24,343 0
Parco Agricolo Sud Milano 47,055 0 Parco Alto Garda Bresciano (*) 37,452 15 Parco Campo dei Fiori (*) 6,337 24 Parco Colli di Bergamo (*) 4,683 21 Parco Grigna Settentrionale 5,541 0
Parco Groane 3,696 35
Parco Lombardo della Valle del Ticino (*) 91,618 22
Parco Mincio 15,859 0
Parco Monte Barro (*) 645 64 Parco Monte Netto 1,470 0 Parco Montevecchia e Valle del Curone (*) 2,746 74 Parco Nord Milano (*) 641 13 Parco Oglio Nord 15,173 0 Parco Oglio Sud 12,745 0 Parco Orobie Bergamasche 69,860 0 Parco Orobie Valtellinesi 44,094 0 Parco Pineta di Appiano Gentile e Tradate (*) 4,833 76
Parco Serio 7,514 0
Parco Spina Verde (*) 967 88 Parco Bosco delle Querce (*) 44 100 Parco Valle del Lambro (*) 8,179 52
TOTAL 463,329 14
(*) Regional parks listed in the EUAP 2010. Source: Lombardy Region.
regional protected areas. The system of the protected areas in Lombardy, besides aiming at the safeguard of the biodiversity, is characterized by the attention at the recovery of the tradi-tional activities related to agriculture, forestry and pastoral activities of the rural territory. 62.3% of the regional park surface is represented by forestry surface, whereas 36% seems to be ag-ricultural and it involves about 9,000 agricultural firms (2012 data); 47% of these farms seems to be represented by livestock firms (poultry, bovine, buffalo, pork, goats and sheep, horse, burrowing animals).
The protected regional surface involves also other types of protected areas: the wet areas and the areas belonging to the network Natura 2000, made up of Sites of Community’s Importance (SCI), and of Special Protection Areas (SPAs). The SCI areas amount to 175, and they cover 204,430 hectares (8.6%
Extension and number of the sites Natura 2000 by Region (ha)* Piedmont Valle d'Aost a Lombard y Liguria Trento Bolzano Veneto Friuli-V
enezia Giulia Emilia-Romagn a Tuscan y Umbri a
Marche Lazio Abruzzo Molise
Campania Puglia Basilica ta
Calabria Sicily Sardinia 0 100,000 200,000 300,000 400,000 500,000 600,000 700,000 800,000 396,89 9 98,968 372,15 4 149,89 8 176,18 1 418,01 9 149,76 4 149,09 3 269,81 2 390,84 2 130,09 2 141,93 5 441,64 6 390,49 5 118,72 4 398,17 4 474,59 8 171,76 5 328,07 8 638,75 9 573,19 4 0 50 100 150 200 250 141 30 242 40 142 130 61 133 158 150 102 96 200 58 88 124 83 53 185 238 122
*The number and extension of the sites Natura 2000, by region, has been calculated by excluding the overlapping between the SCIs and the SPAs. Source: MATTM, 2014.
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of the regional territory), whereas theSPAs areas amount to 49 and they in-volve 277,656 hectares (11.6% of the territory). If considering the 18 over-lapping of the SCI areas with the SPAs areas (the sites “C”), which amount to 18 on a territory of 19,769 hectares (0.8% of the territory), the network Natura 2000 includes, on the whole, 242 sites on a surface of 372,154 hec-tares (equal to 15.6% of the regional surface). 46 sites, with a surface of 108,773 hectares (4.6% of the terri-tory), have been designated as special preserving areas (SPAs).
The management plans of the sites “Natura 2000”, which are on the re-gional territory and which have been approved, are amounting to 136, of whom: 97 belong to entities who man-age the SCI areas, 27 the SPAs areas, 12 the SCI/SPAs areas (data released by DG Ambiente). The agricultural firms which, to a different extent, hold some parts in these areas, are about 4,400 (2012 data), equal to 8% of the total agricultural farms in the region. By considering these farms, 54.4% is represented by livestock farms, equal to 11% of the regional breeding. In the
specific, about 39.6% of the areas “Nat-ura 2000” (in which about 1,700 firms are recorded) are only involved in the SPAs areas, 26.8% in the SCI areas, whereas 32% is concerning two out of the three types of areas (SCI, SPAs, SCI/SPAs). Furthermore, if consider-ing that there could be an overlap-ping between the areas “Natura 2000” and some of the protected areas, the firms which have also areas with parks amount to about 2,500 (56.6% of the firms with areas “Natura 2000”, and 27% of the firms with park areas). The biogeographical region mostly Surface and number of the protected natural land areas by class
Land protected National Statal Natural Regional Regional Other protected Total % total surface % surface of the areas (n.) Park Reserve Natural Natural regional areas of protected protected areas
Park Reserve land areas compared to the
territorial surface
Italy 22 146 105 335 144 752 100 9.7
Lombardy 1 2 13 62 27 105 4.5 5.5
represented in the SCI and in the SPAs areas, is located in the Alpine region (respectively 84.4% and 75.5% of the surface), whereas the remainder of the sites is located in the continental area; in particular, the SCIs of this bio-region involve lagoons, swamplands,
moorlands, and sites where several species of herons nest collectively, which host more than 100 species of community interest.
For the safeguarding of the natural heritage, and of the bio-diversity, the system of the protected areas and the
Natura 2000 Network are supported by the specific elements of the regional ecological network, through which are carried out the necessary connections involving the eco-system, structures and functions in favor of the overall functionality of the system.
Protected areas in Lombardy
Source: Lombardy Region Geoportal.
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gross
domestic
product
In 2012, the GDP achieved in Lom-bardy has reached a value of about 331 billion euros at current prices, equal to 21.1% of the national GDP, and to 2.6% of the GDP of the EU-28. The regional GDP exceeds, in absolute value, the GDP of 19 EU’s countries, thus being comparable to that of Bel-gium and Poland.
The value of the per capita GDP, equal to 34,162 € at current prices, seems largely exceeding both the national average (+29%) and the community average (+33%). The national per cap-ita GDP exceeds by 2.9% the German GDP, and by 9.7% the French one; in the Italian context it ranks 3rd place, only afterwards the GDPs of the au-tonomous province of Bolzano and Valle d’Aosta.
Some similar considerations can be referred to the GDP per work unit, equal to about 75,000 € in current terms, which exceeds by 14% the
na-Trend in GDP per inhabitant in Lombardy (euro), from 2005 to 2012* GDP/Inhabitant
Lombardy Italy
Years Current prices Chained values Current prices Chained values
2005 31,750 31,750 24,819 24,819 2006 32,531 32,131 25,713 25,282 2007 33,827 32,526 26,694 25,637 2008 34,543 32,415 26,855 25,155 2009 32,994 30,163 25,757 23,633 2010 34,213 31,240 26,219 23,963 2011 34,610 31,186 26,622 24,007 2012 34,162 30,410 26,383 23,387 Lombardy/Italy (2012) 1.29 1.30 Lombardy/Northen Italy (2012) 1.08 1.08 Lombardy/EU-27 (2012) 1.33 1.31 * Chained values - reference year 2005.
Source: ISTAT, territorial economic accounts.
tional GDP, and by 30% the communi-ty GDP; this value ranks Lombardy at first place among the Italian regions. As from 2009, the economic crisis has involved also Lombardy, although with dynamics less accentuated than the national context. After a slight
recovery in the two-year period 2010-2011, the GDP, in 2012, has experi-enced again a new contraction of 0.9% over the previous year, a decrease that appears to be strictest if not consider-ing the effects triggered by the prices (-2.1% in real terms, compared to the
national value of -2.5%). The work pro-ductivity, measured at chained values, is decreased by 1.4%, compared to the national value of -1.5%).
Despite the undeniable positive results achieved in the economic field by the
region, it should be noticed nonethe-less the arise of a share of population who could be jeopardized by poverty or social exclusion, who according to the EUROSTAT data should amount to about 19%, which is far below, in any
case, from the national and commu-nity averages (respectively of 30% and 25% of the population).
Trend on GDP by work unit in Lombardy (euro) from 2005 to 2012* GDP/Inhabitant
Lombardy Italy
Years Current prices Chained values Current prices Chained values
2005 65,527 65,527 58,840 58,840 2006 66,510 65,692 60,230 59,219 2007 69,149 66,490 62,102 59,644 2008 71,092 66,712 63,161 59,162 2009 70,796 64,722 62,726 57,552 2010 74,469 67,998 64,751 59,181 2011 75,558 68,083 65,844 59,375 2012 75,436 67,150 65,991 58,496 Lombardy/Italy (2012) 1.14 1.15 Lombardy//Northen Italy (2012) 1.09 1.09 Lombardy/EU-27 (2012) 1.30 1.28 * Chained values - reference year 2005.
Source: ISTAT, territorial economic accounts.
Population at risk of poverty or social esclusion, 2012 (%) 0 10 20 30 40 50 19.1 24.8 29.9 20.1 16.4 24.8 46.6
Lombardy EU-28 Italy Italy
North WestNorth EastItaly CentreItaly SouthItaly
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Trend in GDP in Lombardy (mio. euro) from 2005 to 2012** Chained values - reference year 2005. Source: ISTAT, territorial economic accounts.
260,000 270,000 280,000 290,000 300,000 310,000 320,000 330,000 340,000 350,000 2009 2005 2006 2007 2008 2010 2011 2012 334,464 301,375 331,405 295,004 299,931 328,474 314,944 287,923 306,962 327,117 317,768 305,550 300,147 303,882 294,535 Current prices Chained values
% incidence of the VA from agriculture1 to GDP, 2012 VA Lombardy 1.0 Italy 2.0 Italy - North 1.6 Italy - Centre 1.5
Italy - South and Islands 3.5 EU-27 1.7 Belgium 0.7 Bulgaria 5.4 Denmark 1.4 France 2.0 Germany 0.8 Greece 3.4 Netherlands 1.7 Poland 3.9 Portugal 2.3 UK 0.7 Romania 5.6 Spain 2.5 Sweden 1.6 Hungary 4.7 1 Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing.
Source: ISTAT, regional economic accounts; EUROSTAT.
value
added
The value added of the economy, in Lombardy, depends mostly on ser-vices (68.7%) and industry (30.3%), whereas the contribution of the ag-ricultural sector reaches only 1%, a value which is inferior both to the national average (2%) and to the com-munity average (1.7%).
Despite a modest incidence on the whole of the national economy, Lom-bardy contributes to the national ag-ricultural value added with a share of 10.7%, which makes Lombardy the
VA at basic prices1 by sector in Lombardy (mio. euro), 2012
30.3%
68.7%
1.0%
Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing Industry, including building Services, including the public administration Total
3,010 90,654 205,805 299,470 1 Values at current prices.
Source: ISTAT, regional economic accounts.
second Italian region in terms of value added produced, to a little distance from Sicily. The incidence of the agri-cultural value added of Lombardy, out of the total of the EU-28, amounts to 1.5%, and it is comparable, in absolute value, to what has been realized by Denmark, Portugal and Czech Repub-lic, and well above to that one of the twelve EU countries.
In the latest years, the value added of the primary sector has pointed out a certain pain, like the industrial
sec-25
tor, but unlike the services’ sector.Nonetheless, in 2011, it has been ex-perienced a decisive recovery, which,
however, has not been confirmed in 2012, when there has been a new sharp contraction, on annual basis, of
6.6% in real terms and of 4.2% at cur-rent prices.
Trend of VA by sectors in Lombardy1 (2005=100)
80 85 90 95 100 105 110 115 120 125 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Economy
Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing
Industry Services
Index n. % share (agriculture on economy)
Index n. % share (industry on economy)
1 Values at current prices.
average, but 7 points higher than the community average.
The agricultural sector absorbs a share of 2.4% of the work units of the region,
employment
Lombardy shows a very high rate of employment, equal to about 65% of the population aged between 15 and 64. This value, which places the re-gion in line with the community con-text, appears to largely exceed the av-erage national value, stuck at 55.6%. A similar trend has been pointed out in the female employment, which, nonetheless, is 15 percentage points below the male rate. Conversely, the rate of the youth employment (15-24 years), despite exceeding the national
average, is far below the community average.
In terms of unemployment rate, Lombardy holds relatively contained levels (8.1%), above all if they are compared with the national data (12.2%) and with the community data (10.8%). The female unemployment seems to be a little bit more evident, thus reaching 8.8%. Even less reassur-ing is the rate of the youth employ-ment, which reaches even the share of 30%, 10% lower than the national
32.1%
65.4%
2.4%
Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing Industry, including building Services, including public administration Total
107.5 1,410.5 2,875.2 4,393.2
Source: ISTAT, regional economic accounts.
Work unit by sector in Lombardy (000 units), 2012
Rate of employment and unemployment, 2013
Rate of employment Rate of unemployment Total Women Young people Total Women Young people
% % % % % %
Lombardy 64.9 57.3 21.6 8.1 8.8 30.8 Italy - North 64.2 56.6 20.9 8.4 9.5 31.2 Italy 55.6 46.5 16.3 12.2 13.1 40.0 EU-28 64.1 58.7 32.3 10.8 10.9 23.4 Source: ISTAT, Labour Force survey- average 2013; EUROSTAT.
27
Total employment, and agricultural employed, by gender and geographicalarea, 2013
Employed agricultural employed 000 units % women 000 units % women
Lombardy 4,310.0 43.3 64.3 17.4
Italy - North 11,775.6 43.4 296.9 26.7
Italy 22,420.3 41.6 813.7 28.2
Source: ISTAT, Labour Force survey- average 2013; EUROSTAT. compared to 32.1% of the manufactur-ing, and 65.4% of the services. The av-erage productivity of an agricultural work unit is equal to 44.6% of an av-erage work unit in the services, and it is equal to 49.1% of the same data referring to the industry. Despite the remarkable difference with the other sectors, there has been, in the latest years, a constant upward trend of the value added per employee, unlike the other sectors and which represents a reduction in the gap of productivity per worker.
In 2012, according to the ISTAT data, the workers in the agricultural sector are about 64,000 units, correspond-ing to 1.5% of the total, and 7.9% of the Italian agricultural employees. In Lombardy, the incidence of the agri-cultural workers on the total is well below of the national average 83.6%) and of the EU-28’s average (5.1%). The percentage of the female employ-ment in the Lombardy agriculture is of 17.4%, a share which is far below of the total economy, and also compared to the similar national data. The share
% incidence of employed in agricolture1 to total economy, 2013
% Lombardy 1.5
Italy 3.6
Italy - North 2.5
Italy - Centre 2.4
Italy - South and Islands 6.8 EU-27 5.1 Austria 4.5 Belgium 1.3 Bulgaria 19.2 Denmark 2.4 France* 2.7 Germany 1.5 Greece 12.9 Netherlands 2.6 Poland* 12.5 Portugal 10.5 UK 1.2 Romania 30.0 Spain 4.3 Sweden 2.2 Hungary 7.1 1 Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing.
* 2012 data.
of the employees out of the total of the employees in agriculture in Lombardy amounts to about 40.5%, compared to 50.1% on a national basis.
The value added per agricultural em-ployee in Lombardy exceeds by 46% the national data, and by 166% the EU-28 data, nonetheless, if it is com-pared with the other economic sec-tors, it shows negative differences of 26.2% compared to the industrial sec-tor, and of 33.7% compared to the ser-vices’ sector.
The presence of foreign workers in the regional agriculture is very remark-able. According to the survey carried out by INEA, it seems there are about 16,000 non-EU agricultural workers, and more than 3,000 workers coming from new-EU countries, amounting respectively to 27.4% and 5.5% of the regional agricultural employees. By a comparison with the national data, it can be noticed that, at an Italian lev-Immigrants working in agriculture, 2011
non-EU new-EU Total immigrants
units % to agricultural units % to agricultural units % to agricultural
workers workers workers
Lombardy 15,730 27.4 3,170 5.5 18,900 32.9 Italy - North 50,883 16.4 57,801 18.6 108,684 35.0 Italy 126,754 14.9 106,083 12.5 232,837 27.4 Source: Inea, Survey on the use of immigrants in the Italian agriculture, 2011.
VA at basic prices by worker and by sector (euro)*, 2012
* Current prices.
Source: ISTAT, regional economic accounts; EUROSTAT 0 10,000 20,000 30,000 40,000 50,000 60,000 70,000 80,000 Agriculture Services Industry
29
el, the share of the non-EU workers ismore contained (14.9%), whereas the share of the new-EU is much more re-markable (12.5%). On the whole, the
incidence of the foreign workers is much more remarkable in Lombardy (32.9%) than the national 27.4%. The sector which involves the most the
foreign workers is the livestock sector (33% of the employees), followed by the floriculture sector (24.6%).
VA at basic prices by work unit and by sector (euro)*, 2005-2012
Agriculture Services Industry 0 10,000 20,000 30,000 40,000 50,000 60,000 70,000 2011 2012 2006 2007 2005 20088 2009 2010
* Chained values - reference year 2005. Source: ISTAT, regional economic accounts.
components
of
the
system
In 2013, the economic size of theLombardy agri-food system has been assessed at 38.2 billion, equal to 16.5% of the value of the national agri-food system, down by 1% over 2012, versus a -0.6% experienced at
the national level.
In 2013, the value of the Lombardy agri-food system, in current terms, has an incidence of 11.6% on the re-gional GDP (it was 11.7% during the previous year), whereas its incidence
on the GDP, at a national level, reach-es 14.8%.
The most remarkable contribution to the value of the Lombardy agri-food system is represented by the mar-keting and catering services, whose Main components of the agro-industrial system at basic prices in Lombardy (million euro), 2013
Intermediate consumption in agriculture, forestry and fishing Value added from agriculture, forestry and fishing Value added from the food industry Value added from catering services Marketing and distribution Agro-industrial indirect taxes 15.4%
38.8%
8.2% 11.4% 8.2%
18.1%
33
values have an incidence ofrespec-tively 38.8% and 18.1% on the total. In 2013, the importance of the food industry has been strengthened , thus reaching an incidence of 15.4% on the entire system (11.5% at a national lev-el). In terms of production, the agri-cultural value added contributes only by 8.2% at the development of the system’s value (versus 13% recorded by the national data), whereas the ag-ricultural intermediate consumption exceeds 11%.
Changes of the main components of the agro-industrial system at basic prices in Lombardy, 2012-2013
Million % change
euro 2013/2012 Intermediate consumption in agriculture, forestry and fishing 4,344 1.3% Value added from agriculture, forestry and fishing 3,129 -1.4% Value added from the food industry 5,874 2.4% Value added from catering services 6,933 0.4%
Marketing and distribution 14,837 -2.3%
Agro-industrial indirect taxes 3,122 -6.3%
Value of the agro-industrial system 38,240 -1.0% Source: estimates on ISTAT data.
The value added (VA) of the Lom-bardy food industry, in 2013, has amounted to 5.9 billion euro, or 19.6% of the value added of the Na-tional food industry and 15.4% of the value of the regional agrifood system, thus exceeding by 88% the agricultur-al vagricultur-alue, whereas at a Nationagricultur-al level the second one prevails by 13%. In Lombardy, the food industry has an incidence of 44% on the value of the agri-industrial production, compared to 32.6% at the national level.
In the Lombardy food industry, the active firms amount to 6,021, or 5.6% of the regional manufacturing firms and 10% of the Italian food compa-nies (Infocamere data, 2013). 95.5% is involved in the food production, while 4.5% in the drink sector. More than 66% of the active firms is charac-terized by an handcrafted dimension; except for the beverage sector, where the artisans represent only 24.7% of
food
industry
and
cooperation
Provincial distribution of the food and manufacturing industries in Lombardy1, 2013
food Artisan food Manufacturing Tot. % share Tot. % share Tot. % share
Bergamo 668 11.1 522 13.0 11,289 11.1 Brescia 909 15.1 668 16.6 15,062 14.9 Como 304 5.0 234 5.8 6,672 6.6 Cremona 357 5.9 234 5.8 3,118 3.1 Lecco 226 3.8 160 4.0 4,036 4.0 Lodi 122 2.0 78 1.9 1,602 1.6 Monza 342 5.7 230 5.7 9,439 9.3 Milan 1,621 26.9 903 22.4 30,060 29.7 Mantua 441 7.3 289 7.2 4,454 4.4 Pavia 401 6.7 263 6.5 4,659 4.6 Sondrio 208 3.5 136 3.4 1,329 1.3 Varese 422 7.0 310 7.7 9,557 9.4 Total 6,021 100.0 4,027 100.0 101,277 100.0 1 Active firms. Source: Infocamere.
the total. In 2013, the number of the food firms is increased by 1.4% over the previous year, versus +1.1% on national basis. The food sector
high-lights a better situation compared to the regional handcraft sector on the whole, which experiences a decrease of the firms of 2.3% on annual basis.
35
Food industries in Lombardy, 20130 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000 7,000 8,000 Active firms Registered
firms Registeredfirms Activefirms ARTISAN FIRMS TOTAL FIRMS 322 271 67 67 6,496 5,750 3,987 3,960 Foodstuffs Beverage Source: Infocamere.
Incidence of the type of juridical form in the food and manufacturing industries, in Lombardy1, 2013 0 20 40 60 80 100
Food Beverage Food Beverage TOTAL FOOD
INDUSTRIES
Total firms ARTISANAL
FOOD FIRMS MANUFACTURINGFIRMS Artisanal firms 23.3% 56.5% 27.7% 11.1% 6.1% 44.6% 49.1% 11.9% 56.7% 31.3% 8.7% 33.2% 58.1% 37.9% 24.4% 37.0% 36.2% 36.9% Sole proprietorships Capital companies Other Partnerships 1 Active firms. Source: Infocamere.
Breakdown of the workers in the Lombardy food industries by type of production, 2011
Processing and conservation of meat and production of meat-based products Processing and conservation of fish, crustaceans and molluscs Processing and conservation of fruit and vegetables Production of vegetable and animal oils and fats Dairy industry Processing of grains, production of starch and starch products Production of bakery and flour products Production of other foodstuff products Production of animal feeding Beverage industry 14.8% 1% 3.6% 1% 2.1% 30.1% 20.1% 12.4% 2.2% 12.7%
Source: 9° General Census of industry and services.
The provincial ranking of the firms places Milan at first place (26.9%), followed by Brescia (15.1%) and Ber-gamo (11.1%). The handcraft firms,
although having the same dynamic, are homogeneously distributed along all the territory. The annual trend has pointed out remarkable increases of
the food firms in Milan (+3.8%) and Monza (+3.6%).
In terms of their legal forms, among the food firms the most widespread
37
type is represented by solepropri-etorships and by partnerships. Mod-erate is the share of the capital com-panies (23.3%), which seem to prevail in the beverage sector (56.5%). The proportions of the sole
proprietor-ships change if considering just the handcraft firms.
According to the data of the general 2011 Census on industry and servic-es, the food processing ensures em-ployment to about 70,000 local
work-ers, or 16.8% of the national total and 7.4% of the regional employees of the manufacturing sector. By taking into account the firms which are located in Lombardy, the number of the em-ployees in the food industry increases Provincial distribution of the local units and their workers in Lombardy, 2011
firms Workers in the firms Local units Workers in the local units Tot. % share % artisan Tot. % share % artisan Tot. % share Tot. % share
Bergamo 702 11.3 79.1 5,955 7.9 43.7 818 11.4 7,008 9.9 Brescia 972 15.7 74.3 8,551 11.4 38.6 1,090 15.2 8,451 12.0 Como 323 5.2 80.2 3,342 4.5 34.8 373 5.2 3,114 4.4 Cremona 341 5.5 68.9 5,633 7.5 19.6 423 5.9 6,986 9.9 Lecco 226 3.6 73.9 2,492 3.3 30.9 258 3.6 2,576 3.7 Lodi 134 2.2 64.2 1,293 1.7 28.5 157 2.2 1,494 2.1 Mantua 449 7.2 61.7 6,856 9.1 21.5 521 7.3 7,086 10.1 Milan 1,650 26.6 55.1 28,397 37.8 13.6 1,865 26.0 19,154 27.2 Monza e Brianza 394 6.4 64.7 3,146 4.2 30.3 457 6.4 3,309 4.7 Pavia 406 6.5 68.0 2,839 3.8 38.6 475 6.6 4,154 5.9 Sondrio 203 3.3 73.9 2,751 3.7 32.8 259 3.6 3,135 4.4 Varese 399 6.4 77.4 3,808 5.1 35.3 486 6.8 4,029 5.7 Lombardy 6,199 100.0 67.8 75,063 100.0 25.2 7,182 100.0 70,496 100.0 Italy 57,805 69.5 420,312 38.7 64,560 420,430 Lombardy/Italy (%) 10.72 17.86 11,12 16.77
to 75,000, of whom 25% is working in handcraft firms. In terms of localiza-tion, 27% of the employees of the local units is concentrated in the province of Milan, where are located the big-sized companies, followed by Brescia (12%) and Mantua (10%).
In the field of the food processing, the phenomenon of cooperation plays an important role, being supported by more than 300 productive realities spread on the regional territory, equal to 5.2% of the national total. The av-erage economic size of the Lombardy food cooperatives is about double
than the national panorama, that is why its incidence on the national turnover exceeds 10% (3.6 billion euro in absolute value). In Lombardy are located the registered offices of four out of the first thirty realities of the Italian agrifood sector for their turnovers: Consorzio Virgilio, Lat-teria Soresina, Produttori Suini Pro Sus and Consorzio Casalasco del Po-modoro. Furthermore, many coop-eratives hold in the region their own supply basins or, in some cases, even productive plants.
Distribution of the agro-food cooperatives in Italy and Lombardy, 2011 firms Turnover (million euro) Lombardy 309 3,611.5 Italy 5,901 35,051.8 Italy - North 2,479 28,256.0 Italy - Centre 826 2,491.0 Italy- South and Islands 2,596 4,305.0 Lombardy/Italy (%) 5.2 10.3 Lombardy/Italy North (%) 12.5 12.8 Source: Observatory on the Italian Agricultural Cooperation.
39
distribution
Lombardy is confirmed as one of the leaders of the national and European distribution: in 2013, the density of the current sales points (hypermar-kets, supermar(hypermar-kets, mini-supermar-kets and discount stores) has amount-ed to about 300 square meters per 1,000 inhabitants. It is an extremely relevant figure, similar or superior to the one referring at the most densely inhabited European areas.
In the region there are 2,497 sales points of the modern food distribu-tion, with an overall surface of over 2.9 million square meters, down com-pared to 2012 (-0.1% versus +0.2% of the national average).
This trend is not uniform along all the territory with some provinces (Brescia, Como and Cremona) which show an increase in the surfaces. All of the main types of distribution have experienced a setback (-1.2% the supermarkets, and -0.2% the
hy-Sales points of the modern distribution in Lombardy, 2013
N. sales points Area
sqm % change 2013/12 Superettes 591 165,712 -2.0 Supermarkets 1,069 1,080,797 -1.2 Hypermarkets 240 1,267,288 -0.2 Discount 597 387,222 4.2 Total 2,497 2,901,019 -0.1
Source: SMEA processing on the Nielsen data, and Observatory on Commerce of the Lombardy Region.
Area per 1,000 inhabitants in modern distribution sales points in Lombardy (sqm), 2013
Superettes Supermarkets Hypermarkets Discount Total Super+Hyper Total Bergamo 18.4 118.6 109.8 52.1 228.4 298.9 Brescia 18.7 168.9 149.1 58.4 318.1 395.2 Como 15.3 89.4 139.8 45.6 229.2 290.1 Cremona 9.9 124.8 122.9 40.6 247.8 298.3 Lecco 14.4 89.7 143.5 36.9 233.2 284.4 Lodi 13.1 94.5 222.4 41.3 316.9 371.3 Mantua 19.6 169.8 117.2 72.1 287.0 378.7 Milan 16.7 84.9 124.1 25.9 209.0 251.6 Monza e Brianza 15.7 80.7 145.0 32.0 225.7 273.5 Pavia 17.5 118.8 144.0 47.8 262.8 328.0 Sondrio 59.6 111.8 140.4 43.4 252.1 355.1 Varese 12.6 143.4 113.3 35.5 256.7 304.8 Regional Total 17.2 112.1 131.4 40.2 243.5 300.9
permarkets), except for the discount stores (+4.2%). It is mainly the de-crease of the hypermarkets, with the closure of three structures at regional level, which highlights the difficulties that the distribution sector has had to cope with, although the hypermar-kets continue in being the main tool through which the Lombardy chains are controlling the territory.
In the region there is a prevalence of the private chains of the large-scale distribution. The important restruc-turing of the purchasing centers has continued also in 2013, with the dis-solution of Cieffea, which had gath-ered two leading firms such as Car-refour and Finiper. Centrale Italiana holds the leadership (Coop, Despar, Sigma and il Gigante) thus represent-ing almost 15% of the surface of the regional selling, followed by Esd Italia (13.6%) and by Auchan-CRAI (10.9%).
Breakdown of the selling area in the modern distribution in Lombardy, 2013
14.7% 13.6% 9.3% 8.9% 6.3% 9.8% 3.6% 3.4% 3.0% 16.5% Centrale Italiana Esd Italia Centrale Auchan-Crai Centrale Finiper Esselunga Carrefour Bennet Standa/Rewe Conad Centrale Aucube Others Total (smq) 427,409 394,563 315,256 284,845 268,696 257,993 181,429 105,884 98,669 87,005 479,270 2,901,019 10.9%
41
foreign
trade
In Lombardy, during 2013, the defi-cit in the foreign trade of agrifood products, equal to 4,068 million euro, doesn’t change, at current prices, over the previous year; conversely, at a national level, it drops down to 5,855 million euros, with a decrease of 7.5%, besides the contraction of 29.2% registered in 2011.
Lombardy contributes for almost seven tenths to the formation of the national agrifood deficit. The growth in the exports during 2013, both in Lombardy and in Italy, is almost twice the imports. The increase in the Lombardy exports (+4.6%) de-pends more on the growth in terms of quantities (+3.5%), rather than of prices (+1.0%), whereas the modest growth in the imports (+2.6%) is the result of a similar growth in terms of both quantities (+1.3%) and price (+1.2%).
The agrifood imports, in Lombardy,
Foreign trade of the Lombardy’s agro-food products at current prices (million euro)
% contribution of the agro-food products in the Lombardy’s trade balance
Import Export balance
1999 5,690 2,425 -3,265 2000 6,120 2,608 -3,512 2001 6,273 2,811 -3,462 2002 6,283 3,025 -3,258 2003 6,542 3,152 -3,390 2004 6,844 3,278 -3,566 2005 7,119 3,559 -3,560 2006 7,902 3,742 -4,160 2007 8,309 4,122 -4,187 2008 8,559 4,571 -3,988 2009 7,929 4,214 -3,715 2010 8,691 4,579 -4,112 2011 9,637 4,856 -4,781 2012 9,186 5,121 -4,065 2013* 9,421 5,354 -4,068 % change 2013/2012 2.6 4.6 % change 2013/1999 65.57 120.78 * Provisional data.
Source: SMEA processing on the ISTAT data, according to SH6 ranking.
Import Export 1999 7.17 3.84 2000 6.36 3.55 2001 6.36 3.59 2002 6.51 4.00 2003 6.66 4.15 2004 6.47 4.14 2005 6.4 4.17 2006 6.63 4.01 2007 6.24 4.07 2008 7.06 4.41 2009 8.17 5.12 2010 7.49 4.88 2011 7.82 4.66 2012 7.91 4.74 2013* 8.48 4.95 * Provisional data.
represent 8.5% of the regional im-ports, whereas the exports reach only 5%; the same percentage shares cal-culated for Italy are, instead, respec-tively 11.1% and 8.7%.
The main foreign market for the pro-vision of the region is represented by France with a share of 19.7%, followed by Germany (14.1%), Netherlands (11.1%) and Spain (11.0%). In terms of exports, France and Germany are respectively placed at the first two places (14.9% and 12.6%), followed by two non-EU markets: US (8.3%) and Switzerland (7.5%). Therefore, the sources of procurement seem to be more concentrated than the export markets.
The dairy products are the main com-modity-exchange both in the imports (15.3%) and in the exports (18.7%). Also the cereal derivatives cover an important share of the exports (18.7%). The prepared meat and the
Main countries of origin and destination of Lombardy’s agro-food import and export, 2013* 11.1% 2.7% 32.0% 19.7% France Germany Netherlands Spain Belgium Hungary UK Austria Others 14.1% 11.0% 4.4%
IMPORT
2.6% 2.5% 8.3% 5.4% 36.5% 14.9% 12.6% 7.5% 7.2%EXPORT
3.9% 3.8% France Germany USA Switzerland UK Netherlands Belgium Spain Others * Provisional data.43
Shares of import and export of Lombardy’s agro-food products, 2013*8.2% 5.8% 4.2% 15.3% 11.9% 6.2% 5.9%
IMPORT
42.5% Dairy products Fresh and frozen meats Processed and preserved fish Feedingstuffs Oils and fats Cereal derivatives Sugar and sweet products Other products7.2% 5.3% 32.6% 18.7% Dairy products Cereal derivatives Soft drinks Sugar and sweet products Prepared meats Wine Oils and fats Other products 18.5% 6.7% 6.1%EXPORT
4.9% * Provisional data.Source: SMEA processing on the ISTAT data, according to SH6 ranking.
wine represent respectively 6.1% and 5.3% of the export, with a similar inci-dence respectively to the category of the sugar and confectionary, and oils and fats. 8.2% 5.8% 4.2% 15.3% 11.9% 6.2% 5.9%
IMPORT
42.5% Dairy products Fresh and frozen meats Processed and preserved fish Feedingstuffs Oils and fats Cereal derivatives Sugar and sweet products Other products7.2% 5.3% 32.6% 18.7% Dairy products Cereal derivatives Soft drinks Sugar and sweet products Prepared meats Wine Oils and fats Other products 18.5% 6.7% 6.1%EXPORT
4.9%food
consumption
In 2013, the average monthlyhouse-hold consumption, in Italy, has amounted to 2,359 euro, down (-2.5% on annual basis) in current terms for the second year in a row. If consider-ing the trend in the inflation (+1.2%), the household consumption shows an even sharpest drop in real terms. Lombardy is no longer the first region with the highest average monthly ex-penditure (2,774 euro, down by 3.2% on annual basis): now, it is preceded by Trentino Alto Adige (2,968 euro, in an upward trend of 2.2%, on annual basis), and followed by Emilia Roma-gna (2,762 euro) and Veneto (2,706 euro). Also in 2013, Sicily highlights the lowest monthly expenditure aver-age. These differences become even more significant if considering also the different numbers of the compo-nents of the family which character-izes each single region.
At the national level, the average
Average montly household expenditure at current prices (euro), 2005-2013
Lombardy Italy Italy-North 2,000 2,500 3,000 3,500 2,872 2,886 2,896 2,930 2,918 2,896 3,033 2,398 2,461 2,480 2,485 2,442 2,453 2,488 2,689 2,786 2,796 2,810 2,768 2,796 2,843 2,866 2,419 2,761 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2,774 2,359 2,694
45
household consumption, for thepurchasing of food and drinks, is de-creased from 468 to 461 euro (-1.5%), with a remarkable drop for the pur-chasing of meat (-3.2%). In 2013, it is increased the percentage of families who has reduced the quantity and/or quality of the food purchased (from 53.6% in 2011, to 62.3% of the follow-ing year and, then, to 65% in 2013), and the percentage of people pur-chasing at the hard discount (from 12.5% to 14.4%). Lombardy points out an average monthly expenditure of 461 euro for food and drinks; it is pre-ceded by Campania, Lazio, Abruzzo, Tuscany, Marche, Umbria and Molise, all regions with a highest number of the components per family, and with a distribution market less efficient. For the second year in a row, the expenditure is in a downward trend with higher variations compared to the national data.
Average montly household expenditure, at current prices, for foodstuffs and beverage (euro), 2005-2013*
Lombardy Italy Italy-North 400 500 486 486 463 483 470 475 461 491 456 467 466 475 461 467 477 454 461 449 464 455 473 473 468 463 461 458 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 490 480 470 460 450 440 430 410 420 461
* The figure for Lombardy is estimated on the basis of the information provided by ISTAT. Source: SMEA processing on the ISTAT data, sample survey on the household consumption.
The share of expenditure for the pur-chasing of foodstuffs and drinks is experiencing an upward trend, com-pared to 2012: from 19.4% to19.5%; the most sizeable increase is regis-tered, as in 2012, in the central re-gions (from 19.3% to 19.6%), but it is just the South which is experienc-ing the highest values (25.3%). Lom-bardy, with a share of 16.6%, is pre-ceded by Trentino Alto Adige (14.9%), Veneto (16.1%) and Emilia Romagna (16.3%). The lowest values of the share of expenditure for foodstuffs and drinks have been registered in Sicily (26.9%), Calabria (26.7%) and Campania (25.8%).
Average monthly household expenditure (euro) and % share for foodstuffs and drinks, by region in Italy, in 2013
% share for foodsftuffs and drinks
average monthly expenditure (=100%)
Piedmont Valle d'AostaLombardy
Liguria Trentino-A
lto Adige Veneto Friuli-V
enezia Giuli a Emilia-Romagna
Tuscany Umbria Marche Lazio Abruzzo Molise Campani a
Puglia
Basilicata Calabria Sicily Sardinia Italy
0 500 1,000 1,500 2,000 2,500 3,000 3,500 0 5 10 15 20 25 30
% share for foodstuffs and drinks
average montly household expenditure
During 2013, the weather conditions in Lombardy were characterized by a trend of rains which has quite al-ways exceeded the reference average of 1972-2000, by showing widespread critical situations in all the regional territory.
The winter season has been affected by a surplus in rains, which has led to a sudden increase in the streams’ levels, exacerbated by the thawing of the snow in the Apennines, as a consequence of the increase in the temperatures which caused floods (in particular of the Secchia river). The rainfalls didn’t allow the access to the fields, thus impeding the usual fertili-zation of the crops, whereas the seed-ing has suffered strong delays.
The spring season didn’t improve the situation and the long-lasting rains, besides disadvantaging some products such as the tomato, have increased the levels of many rivers
which have required the use of water pumps. Furthermore, there have oc-curred some exceptional events, such as the tornado that affected Modena, thus reaching even some southern areas of Mantua, with hailstorms that have damaged the vineyards of Lam-brusco, and the groves of pears. The sowing of rice has been obstructed in the area between Pavia-Vercelli-Novara, where there is 90% of the Italian production. In the southern Bergamo, there occurred subsidence of fields, which led to the collapse of some agricultural structures and to the consequent evacuation of the houses located close to the mountain. The spring’s weather conditions have led to percentages of loss amounting to 40/50% for maize, followed by fod-der (30/40%) and by honey (40%), to which it should be added a productive deficit of about 50% for the grapevine, which has suffered a delay in the
har-vesting of 3-4 weeks, because of the postponement of the flowering, the spread of cryptogams and the growth of weeds remained in the fields, since the technical means didn’t manage to get the access to the fields.
In the summer, the heat waves and a certain dry condition have been in-terrupted by some patchy storms, re-sponsible for the damage to the crops. In particular, in the southern Brescia, and in Cremona, there have occurred floods and damage to the stables and to the fields cultivated at maize and soya. In July, in the areas of Man-tua, Pavia, Bergamo and Milan, the bad weather conditions have dam-aged the crops of maize, vineyards, fruit trees, watermelons and melons. The concurrence of strong rains and high temperatures has caused delays in the seeding of maize, with a con-sequent reduction in the yields, both cut and in grains, estimated at around
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40-50%, by damaging the availabilityof the animal feed in the livestock breeding.
In the Autumn, the waves of bad
weather have increased the risk of productive losses for the maize, main-ly for the selected qualities of Arborio rice and Carnaroli rice; some critical
situations have been also detected for vineyards and fruit trees, in particular for the apple trees.
production
levels
in
agriculture
In 2013, the surface under cerealsamounted to little less than 390,000 hectares (11.2% of the national total), down by 4% over the previous year. Among the cereals it stands out the maize (200,000 hectares and 23% of the national production), which ex-periences a reduction in quantities of 20% over 2012. It is followed by the
rice, cultivated on more than 87,000 hectares, for a productive volume amounting to 39% of the national one, down by 18% in the last year. Con-versely, the cereals cultivated in Au-tumn, Winter highlight an increase of the surfaces equal to 10% in the 2012-2013 period. Even more pronounced (+44% on an annual basis) is the
in-crease of the surfaces cultivated with oily seeds.
Among the fodder crops, it should be pointed out the grasslands, which occupy about 245,000 hectares (172,000 just the waxy maize), with surfaces increasing by 8.8% on annual basis. The production of waxy maize, representing 63% of the national one,
Crops Lombardy Italy Lombardy/Italy
Total area Yield Harvested Total area Yield Harvested % % (ha) (t/ha) production (000 t) (ha) (t/ha) production (000 t) area production
Cereals 389,440 7.2 2,813 3,462,078 5.2 18,090 11.2 15.5 - soft wheat 65,198 4.9 319 632,372 5.3 3,342 10.3 9.6 - barley 19,713 4.4 86 237,268 3.7 873 8.3 9.9 - rice 87,393 6.3 551 216,019 6.6 1,417 40.5 38.9 - grain maize 199,685 9.0 1,807 908,114 8.7 7,897 22 22.9 Oilseeds 36,739 3.3 123 295,022 3.0 888 12.5 13.8 - rape 2,868 2.6 7 12,186 2.2 26 23.5 27.8 - soya 32,862 3.4 113 174,934 3.5 621 18.8 18.2 Dried legumes 1,431 2.8 4 68,256 1.8 125 2.1 3.2 Tuber plants 897 28.3 25 58,652 25.4 1,491 1.5 1.7
Areas and productions of the main crops in Lombardy and in Italy, 2013
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Areas and productions of the main crops in Lombardy and in Italy, 2013 >>>>> continuedCrops Lombardy Italy Lombardy/Italy
Total area Yield Harvested Total area Yield Harvested % % (ha) (t/ha) production (000 t) (ha) (t/ha) production (000 t) area production Vegetables in plein air* 12,672 39.7 503 n.a. n.a. n.a. 3.4 5.3
- watermelon* 1,012 47.6 48 n.a. n.a. n.a. 11.5 13.8
- industry tomatoes* 5,588 57.3 320 n.a. n.a. n.a. 8.6 9.2
- melon 2,343 27.0 63 20,228 22.9 463 11.6 13.7
Greenhouse vegetables* 2,348 42.4 100 n.a. n.a. n.a. 6.9 7
Temporary forage* 329,171 42.1 13,858 n.a. n.a. n.a. 15.6 30
- grasslands* 245,910 41.4 10,186 n.a. n.a. n.a. 23.8 44.6
- waxy maize* 172,829 46.2 7,986 n.a. n.a. n.a. 56 63.1
- ryegrass* 34,237 32.4 1,110 n.a. n.a. n.a. 60 70.2
Alternated meadows* 83,261 44.1 3,672 n.a. n.a. n.a. 8 15.3
- alfalfa* 59,965 46.1 2,764 n.a. n.a. n.a. 10.6 20.3
- mixed meadows* 22,515 39.2 882 n.a. n.a. n.a. 10.6 22
Permanent fodder* 238,642 16.1 3,835 n.a. n.a. n.a. 10.5 29.2
Permanent meadows* 126,701 27.9 3,539 n.a. n.a. n.a. 18.3 36.3
Pastures* 111,941 2.6 295 n.a. n.a. n.a. 7.2 9
Fresh and dried fruit 3,806 21.1 80 225,370 23.7 5,350 1.7 1.5
- apple tree 1,687 27.5 46 53,006 41.8 2,217 3.2 2.1
- pear tree 773 17.8 14 31,526 23.6 743 2.5 1.9
Wine grapes 21,542 10.2 219 656,172 10.5 6,899 3.3 3.2
Olive tree 2,315 2.5 6 1,117,913 2.6 2,946 0.2 0.2
* Figures at 2012.
