In memoriam Chuck Fillmore

29 July 2021

AperTO - Archivio Istituzionale Open Access dell'Università di Torino

Original Citation:

In memoriam Chuck Fillmore

Terms of use: Open Access

(Article begins on next page)

Anyone can freely access the full text of works made available as "Open Access". Works made available under a Creative Commons license can be used according to the terms and conditions of said license. Use of all other works requires consent of the right holder (author or publisher) if not exempted from copyright protection by the applicable law. Availability:

This is the author's manuscript





,10(025,$0

&+8&.),//025(



0DQXHO%

$5%(5$



  +HVDLGߟ:RXOGWKDW,KDGZRUGVWKDWDUHXQNQRZQXWWHUDQFHVWKDWDUHVWUDQJH H[SUHVVHGLQQHZODQJXDJHWKDWKDVQHYHURFFXUUHGEHIRUH YRLGRIUHSHWLWLRQVQRWWKHXWWHUDQFHRISDVWVSHHFKVSRNHQE\WKHDQFHVWRUV 3DSLUR%ULW0XVSO LQ$ODQ+*DUGLQHU7KH$GPRQLWLRQVRIDQ(J\SWLDQ6DJH /HLS]LJ+LQULFKVS &KDUOHV-ߧ&KXFNߨSHUWXWWRLOPRQGR)LOOPRUHªPRUWRD6DQ)UDQFLVFRLOIHEEUDLR GRSRGXHDQQLGLPDODWWLDDOOߤHW¢GLDQQL8QRGHJOLXOWLPLJLJDQWLFKHKDQQRGDYYHUR IDWWRODOLQJXLVWLFDPRGHUQDVHQHªDQGDWRILJXUHGHOJHQHUHSXUWURSSRQRQQHQDVFRQRSL»߮ )LOOPRUHVLSX´GLUHFKHWXWWRDEELDWRFFDWRGDJOLHVWUHPLGHOODOLQJXLVWLFDJHQHUDWLYDHGL TXHOODGHLFRUSRUDSDVVDQGRSHUODOLQJXLVWLFDWHVWXDOHODOHVVLFRJUDILDHODOLQJXLVWLFDIRUPDOH ,Q WDQWD DEERQGDQ]D OH FRPPHPRUD]LRQL FHUWR QRQ VRQR PDQFDWH PD ª VWDWR ULFRUGDWR SUHYDOHQWHPHQWH SHU TXHVWR R SHU TXHOOߤDVSHWWR_{ FRV® SHU OLPLWDUPL DG DOFXQH GHOOH SL»}

LPSRUWDQWL*HRUJH/DNRIISHUOR+XIILQJWRQ3RVW_{ORKDULFRUGDWRVRSUDWWXWWRSHULUDSSRUWLFRO}

FRJQLWLYLVPR 7KLHUU\ )RQWHQHOOH SHU Oߤ,QWHUQDWLRQDO -RXUQDO RI /H[LFRJUDSK\_{ SHU LO ULOLHYR}

OHVVLFRJUDILFRHTXHOORGHO'HSDUWPHQWRI/LQJXLVWLFVGHOOD%HUNHOH\8QLYHUVLW\_{ªLQYHFHULFFR}

GL WHVWLPRQLDQ]H SHUVRQDOL ,QROWUH XQ FRQYHJQR JOL ª JL¢ VWDWR GHGLFDWR GDOOߤ$VVRFLDWLRQ IRU &RPSXWDWLRQDO /LQJXLVWLFV D %DOWLPRUD LO  JLXJQR  )UDPH 6HPDQWLFV LQ 1DWXUDO /DQJXDJH3URFHVVLQJ$:RUNVKRSLQ+RQRURI&KXFN)LOOPRUHߞLQRFFDVLRQHGHO QG$QQXDO0HHWLQJ GHOOߤDVVRFLD]LRQH UHFHQWHPHQWH HGLWR GDOOߤ$&/ D FXUD GL 0LULDP 5 / 3HWUXFNH*HUDUGGH0HOR_{LQTXHVWRFDVRªVWDWD)UDPH1HWDIDUHODSDUWHGHOOHRQH}_

(G DQFKH QRL SULYLOHJHUHPR DOFXQL DVSHWWL ULVSHWWR DG DOWUL DQFKH SHUFK« VRQR VWDWL JL¢ GHELWDPHQWHWUDWWDWLGDJOLDOWULQHFURORJLFLWDWL



 _{0D FIU DQFKH LO PHQR ߧVELODQFLDWRߨ RELWXDU\ GL 3DXO .D\}

KWWSODQJXDJHORJOGFXSHQQHGXQOO"S 

_{KWWSZZZKXIILQJWRQSRVWFRPJHRUJHODNRIIFKDUOHVILOOPRUHGLVFRYHUBEBKWPO} _{KWWSZZZR[IRUGMRXUQDOVRUJRXUBMRXUQDOVOH[LFRFKDUOHVBILOOPRUHKWPO}

_{KWWSOLQJXLVWLFVEHUNHOH\HGXFKDUOHVMILOOPRUH} _{KWWSZZZDFOZHERUJDQWKRORJ\:}

_{7UDQQH FKH QHOOߤLQWHUHVVDQWH LQWHUYHQWR GL .HQQHWK &KXUFK GL FDUDWWHUH SL» JHQHUDOPHQWH}

FRPPHPRUDWLYRPDFKHHQIDWL]]DFRPHQRLLOUXRORVYROWRGD&KXFNQHOOߤHODERUD]LRQHGLXQDOLQJXLVWLFD

 0DQXHO%$5%(5$   6H*1$/, 

7DQWD SROLHGULFD DWWLYLW¢ FRPXQTXH SX´ IRUVH HVVHUH FRPSUHVD LQ EDVH D TXDQWR &KXFN VWHVVR XQD YROWD HEEH D GLUH GL V« m0\ HIIRUW LV WR ORRN IRU ZKDW FDQ EH NQRZQ DERXW WKH ZRUNLQJV RI ODQJXDJH WKURXJK D FRQVLGHUDWLRQ RI WKH SURFHVVHV RI FRPPXQLFDWLRQ} VFULYHYD LQIDWWLQHOLQXQVXRIDPRVRFRQWULEXWRDOOD)UDPH6HPDQWLFVSGRQGHOߤDWWHQ]LRQHDL PRGHOOL IRUPDOL VHPDQWLFD H JUDPPDWLFD JHQHUDWLYD LQ SULPLV LO mZRUNLQJ RI ODQJXDJH} H TXHOOR DOOH LVWDQ]H SUDJPDWLFKH FKH VRQR GD VIRQGR QHFHVVDULR DQFKH DOOD VXD DWWLYLW¢ GL OHVVLFRJUDIRODmFRQVLGHUDWLRQRIWKHSURFHVVHVRIFRPPXQLFDWLRQ}

/D SUDWLFD GHO JLDSSRQHVH VDU¢ VWDWD LQ SDUWH DQFKH UHVSRQVDELOH GHOOH VXD FHQWUDOH DWWHQ]LRQHSHUODSUDJPDWLFDODVHVWDGHOOH6DQWD&UX]/HFWXUHVTXHOODVXOODGHLVVLVRFLDOHQRQ D FDVR FRQWLHQH XQD GHOOH WUDWWD]LRQL SL» LOOXPLQDQWL VXOOH IRUPH GL FRUWHVLD VRSUDWWXWWR SHU TXHJOL DQQL $QFKH VH XQ SRߤ WUDVFXUDWD QHOOD FRQVLGHUD]LRQH SXEEOLFD ULVSHWWR DO SHVR VFKLDFFLDQWHGHOODDQJOLVWLFDOߤHVSHULHQ]D\DPDWRORJLFDFUHGRLQIDWWLVLDXQDGHOOHFKLDYLGLYROWD SHULQWHQGHUHPROWHFRVH/DVXDLPSRUWDQ]DQHJOLDQQLIRUPDWLYLªEHQQRWDVHFRQGROXLVWHVVR UDFFRQWDYDQHOOߤDFFHSWDQFHVSHHFKSHUODFRQVHJQDGHOOߤ$&/$ZDUGPDQRQDEEDQGRQ´PDLLO JLDSSRQHVH SHU WXWWD OD VXD FDUULHUD WHQHQGR DQ]L XQ VHPLQDULR GL OLQJXLVWLFD JLDSSRQHVH LQLQWHUURWWDPHQWHGDODOOߤHVWDWHTXDQGRODVDOXWHLQL]L´DYDFLOODUH

1HO FDPSR GHOOD OLQJXLVWLFD JHQHUDWLYD IX XQR GHL SULPL VRVWHQLWRUL GHOOD WHRULD FXL DSSRUW´ FRQWULEXWL IRQGDPHQWDOL GHILQHQGR OD QR]LRQH GLWUDQVIRUPDWLRQDOF\FOH JL¢ QHL SULPL DQQL 6HVVDQWD L FRQWULEXWL FKLDYH IXURQR SXEEOLFDWL QHO  H QHO  PD OߤHODERUD]LRQH ª SUHFHGHQWHOH,QGLUHFW2EMHFW&RQVWUXFWLRQVDQ]LULFHYHWWHURJL¢XQDOLPLWDWDFLUFROD]LRQHQHO  7XWWR FL´ DYYHQQH TXLQGL SULPD FKH &KRPVN\ VWHVVR PHWWHVVH D SXQWR OߤLGHD GL GHHS VWUXFWXUHHFRPXQTXH$VSHFWVQRQXVF®FKHQHO

/ߤLQYHQ]LRQHGHOOD&DVH*UDPPDUGHVWLQDWDDGXQDOXQJDVWRULDHFKHFRQWLQXDWXWWߤRUDLQ YDULH YHVWL SX´ DOPHQR LQL]LDOPHQWH HVVHUH YLVWD FRPH XQ DOWUR EDVLODUH FRQWULEXWR DOOD JUDPPDWLFDJHQHUDWLYDLQFXLXQDGHILQL]LRQHGHLUXROLWHPDWLFLGHLSDUWHFLSDQWLªIRQGDPHQWDOH PD SUREDELOPHQWH OD FRQRVFHQ]D GL XQD OLQJXD WLSRORJLFDPHQWH LQWHUHVVDQWH H GLVWDQWH GDOOD LQJOHVHFRPHLOJLDSSRQHVHDYU¢FHUWRDYXWRTXDOFKHSDUWH

6HFRQGRODWHVWLPRQLDQ]DGL/DNRII&KXFNVWDYDVYLOXSSDQGROߤLGHDDSDUWLUHGDOOߤHVWDWH GHO  GLVFXWHQGRQH VSHVVR FRQ DPLFL H FROOHJKL DO 0,7 SHU SRL SXEEOLFDPHQWH HVSRUOD QHOOߤDSULOHQHOVXRHSRFDOH7KH&DVHIRU&DVHFROVXRUHVWDWHPHQWGLGLHFLDQQLGRSRGHO &DVH IRU &DVH 5HRSHQHG OߤLGHD FHQWUDOH GHOOD VXD YLVLRQH GHL UXROL WHPDWLFL HUD VWDWD DQFKH OXFLGDPHQWH HVSUHVVD QHOOߤLPSRUWDQWH 6XEMHFWV 6SHDNHUV DQG 5ROHV QHOOߤDJRVWR  ( 6XEMHFWV6SHDNHUVDQG5ROHVªGLVROLDQQLGRSR$VSHFWVGL&KRPVN\FKHªXVFLWRQHO HGLO&DVHIRU&DVHªGHOOߤDQQRGRSRPDOߤHODERUD]LRQHWHRULFDQHªLQODUJDPLVXUDSUHFHGHQWH HGLQGLSHQGHQWHQHOOHSDUROHGLXQRGHLSL»LPSRUWDQWLWHVWLPRQLGLTXHJOLDQQLUXJJHQWLLOJL¢ ULFRUGDWR*HRUJH/DNRIImWKHLQVLJKWVDUHVLPLODUDQGZHUHGLVFRYHUHGLQGHSHQGHQWO\DWDERXW WKHVDPHWLPH}(SXUHVVHQGR$VSHFWVXQRGHLOLEULSL»VWLPRODQWLLQDVVROXWRGL&KRPVN\H VHQ]ߤDOWURLOSL»SURIRQGRILQRDGDOORUDDSSDUVRQHOVROFRJHQHUDWLYRQHVLDPRJL¢DQQLOXFH 1RQ ª VROR XQD TXHVWLRQH WHUPLQRORJLFD LO SDUODUH GL )LOOPRUH GL VHPDQWLF UROHV ODGGRYH &KRPN\HODWUDGL]LRQHFKHDOXLIDFDSRSUHIHULU¢WKHWDUROHVVRQROHIRQGDPHQWDPHGHVLPH GLTXHVWLGXHFRQFHWWLSXUFRV®VLPLOLDGHVVHUHSURIRQGDPHQWHGLYHUVH1HOFDVRFRQFHGHWHPL LOSXQGL)LOOPRUHªODSUDJPDWLFDLOSULPXPLQDOWULWHUPLQLªOߤLQWHUIDFFLDVHPDQWLFDVLQWDVVL DGHVVHUHGLYHUVDPHQWHLPSRVWDWD

,Q HIIHWWL SL» FKH GL SURJUHVVLYR GLVWDFFR GL )LOOPRUH GDO SURJUDPPD JHQHUDWLYR VL GRYUHEEH SLXWWRVWR SDUODUH GL DOORQWDQDPHQWR VHPSUH SL» HVSOLFLWR SHUDOWUR D VXR PRGR FRQ FRPSOHWD FRHUHQ]D GL &KRPVN\ H GHOOD JUDPPDWLFD JHQHUDWLYD ߧRUWRGRVVDߨ GDOOD VHPDQWLFD GRQGH WUD OߤDOWUR LO SXOOXODUH GL PRGHOOL DOWHUQDWLYL FKH D TXHOOD VFHOWD QRQ FRQVHQWRQR 3HU LQFLVRYDULOHYDWRFRPHLOFLWDWR6XEMHFWV6SHDNHUVDQG5ROHVPHWWD)LOOPRUHLQPH]]RDGLSL» JUDQGL QRPL GHOOD ILORVRILD DQDOLWLFD EDVWL PHQ]LRQDUH 'DYLGVRQ 'RQQHODQ )RGRU +LQWLNND



,QPHPRULDP&KXFN)LOOPRUH





.ULSNH /HZLV 4XLQH 6WDOQDFNHU 6WUDZVRQ H YDQ )UDDVVHQ H GHOOD JUDPPDWLFD IRUPDOH /DNRII3DUWHH0RQWDJXHFRPSDJQLDLQFXLªQRUPDOHLQFRQWUDUH&KRPVN\FKHTXLªLQYHFH VLJQLILFDWLYDPHQWHDVVHQWH

/ߤLQWHUHVVHDOWUHWWDQWRYLVFHUDOHSHUODOLQJXLVWLFDGHLFRUSRUDFKHGHOJHQHUDWLYLVPRªVWDWD VSHVVR YLVWD FRPH OD GLUHWWD DQWLWHVL ª FDUDWWHULVWLFR GHO SHUVRQDJJLR H GHOOD VXD FDSDFLW¢ GL YHGHUH ROWUH OH DSSDUHQ]H H GL QRQ IDUVHQH PLQLPDPHQWH LQIOXHQ]DUH ,O VXR $UPFKDLU /LQJXLVWLFV GHO  FRV® ULFFR GL LQWXL]LRQL OLQJXLVWLFKH HG DQFKH GL XPRULVPR ª FHUWR LO PLJOLRUHWHQWDWLYRILQRDGDQQLDVVDLUHFHQWLGLVYHOHQDUHODTXHUHOOHHGLLPSRVWDUODVXOOHVROH EDVLGHOULJRURVREXRQVHQVR



7KHVH WZR >DUPFKDLU OLQJXLVW DQG FRUSXV OLQJXLVW@ GRQߤW VSHDN WR HDFK RWKHU YHU\ RIWHQ EXW ZKHQ WKH\GRWKHFRUSXVOLQJXLVWVD\VWRWKHDUPFKDLUOLQJXLVWߧ:K\VKRXOG,WKLQNWKDWZKDW\RXWHOOPH LVWUXH"ߨDQGWKHDUPFKDLUOLQJXLVWVD\VWRWKHFRUSXVOLQJXLVWߧ:K\VKRXOG,WKLQNWKDWZKDW\RX WHOO PHLVLQWHUHVWLQJ"ߨ>@,KDYH WZR PDMRUREVHUYDWLRQV WR PDNH7KH ILUVW LVWKDW,GRQߤW WKLQN WKHUHFDQEHDQ\FRUSRUDKRZHYHUODUJHWKDWFRQWDLQLQIRUPDWLRQDERXWDOORIWKHDUHDVRI(QJOLVK OH[LFRQ DQG JUDPPDU WKDW , ZDQW WR H[SORUH DOO WKDW , KDYH VHHQ DUH LQDGHTXDWH 7KH VHFRQG REVHUYDWLRQLVWKDWHYHU\FRUSXVWKDW,ߤYHKDGDFKDQFHWRH[DPLQHKRZHYHUVPDOOKDVWDXJKWPH IDFWV WKDW , FRXOGQߤW LPDJLQH ILQGLQJ RXW DERXW LQ DQ\ RWKHU ZD\ 0\ FRQFOXVLRQ LV WKDW WKH WZR NLQGV RI OLQJXLVWV QHHG HDFK RWKHU 2U EHWWHU WKDW WKH WZR NLQGV RI OLQJXLVWV ZKHUHYHU SRVVLEOH VKRXOGH[LVWLQWKHVDPHERG\



6RQRIUDVLGDSFKHYDOHODSHQDGLULSHWHUHVLDSHULOORURFRQWHQXWRVLDSHULOORUR LQFRQIRQGLELOH VWLOH 3XUWURSSR LQXWLOH D GLUVL OD VXD LQWXL]LRQH HUD PROWR DO O¢ GHOOD UHDOW¢ DFFDGHPLFDHGLOmVDPHERG\}IXSUDWLFDPHQWHVRORLOVXR&KHQRQFߤªSL»

,O VXR FRQWDWWR FRQ OD OLQJXLVWLFD GHL FRUSRUD SHUDOWUR QRQ IX DIIDWWR HSLVRGLFR 8OWLPDPHQWH OD ]RQD GL LQWHUVH]LRQH HUD VRSUDWWXWWR OD OHVVLFRJUDILD FRUSXV EDVHG GL FXL WHVWLPRQLD OD UHDOL]]D]LRQH GL )UDPH1HW_{ UHVD SRVVLELOH DQFKH GDOߤLQFRQWUR FRQ XQD GHOOH SL»}

JUDQGLOHVVLFRJUDIHGHLQRVWULWHPSL6XH$WNLQV0DLOVXRFRQWDWWRFRQOHSUDWLFKHFRUSXVEDVHG ULVDOH JL¢ DJOL DQQL GHOOD VXD IRUPD]LRQH DOOH FRQFRUGDQ]H GL WHVWL PLQRUL WDUGRODWLQL FXL FROODERU´ DOOD 8QLYHUVLW\ RI 0LQQHVRWD H GL FXL OXL VWHVVR UDFFRQWD QHO GLVFRUVR GHOOD $&/ DZDUGSiOHFRQFRUGDQ]HGߤDOWUDSDUWHHVLVWRQRGDEHQSULPD_{GHOODOLQJXLVWLFDGHL}

FRUSRUD H TXHVWD ORQWDQD YLFHQGD SX´ DYHUH FRQWULEXLWR DG DVVHYHUDUH OD SUHFHGHQ]D GHOOߤLPSRVWD]LRQH FRUSXV EDVHG ULYHQGLFDWD QHOOߤ$UPFKDLU /LQJXLVWLFV DOOD OLQJXLVWLFD GHL FRUSRUDVWHVVDULVSHWWRDOODTXDOHYLHQHFRV®DGDVVXPHUHXQUXRORIRQGDQWH

,O ULFRQRVFLPHQWR GD SDUWH GHOOD FRPXQLW¢ GHL OLQJXLVWL GL FRUSRUD GHOOߤLPSRUWDQ]D GHO FRQWULEXWR GL &KXFN DQFKH D TXHVWD GLVFLSOLQD ª FRPXQTXH FRQIHUPDWR GDO FRQIHULPHQWR GHO  /LIHWLPH $FKLHYHPHQW $ZDUG GHOOߤ$VVRFLDWLRQ IRU &RPSXWDWLRQDO /LQJXLVWLFV H FRQWHPSRUDQHDPHQWH LQVLHPH D &ROOLQ ) %DNHU GHO  $QWRQLR =DPSROOL 3UL]H GHOOD (XURSHDQ/DQJXDJH5HVRXUFHV$VVRFLDWLRQ

*OL LQWHUHVVL SHU OD IRUPDOL]]D]LRQH GHOOD VHPDQWLFD QDWL GDOOߤHVSHULHQ]D JHQHUDWLYD DFFDQWRDTXHOOLSHUOߤLQIRUPDWLFDQDWLGDOODSUDWLFDGHOODOLQJXLVWLFDGHLFRUSRUDPHGLDWLGDOOD )UDPH 6HPDQWLFV IRUWLILFDWD GDOOߤDEEUDFFLR GHOOD OHVVLFRJUDILD VL VRQR FRQGHQVDWL DQFKH QHOOߤHODERUD]LRQH GL PRGHOOL ORJLFL SHU LO WUDWWDPHQWR LQIRUPDWLFR GHO OLQJXDJJLR QDWXUDOH ߧUHSUHVHQWDWLRQ ODQJXDJHV IRU FRPSXWHU VFLHQFHߨ $WWLYLW¢ WXWWH FKH VL SRWUHEEHUR TXDOLILFDUH WRXWFRXUWFRPHOLQJXLVWLFDFRPSXWD]LRQDOH



_{&IUKWWSVIUDPHQHWLFVLEHUNHOH\HGXIQGUXSDO}

_{$OPHQR ILQ GDOOH FRQFRUGDQ]H GHOOD %LEELD DOOHVWLWH QHO  GD +XJR GH 6DQFWR &DUR +XJR GH 6}

&KHU

 0DQXHO%$5%(5$   6H*1$/, 

/D SULPD QHJOL DQQL 6HWWDQWD ª VWDWD OD SDUWHFLSD]LRQH DOOD FUHD]LRQH GL ./21( XQ OLQJXDJJLR SUHYDOHQWHPHQWH SURPRVVR GD *HRUJH /DNRII FKH )LOOPRUH UHVH IUDPHEDVHG /D VHFRQGDLQYHFHSL»WDUGDDYYLDWDQHJOLDQQL2WWDQWDªVWDWDODSDUWHFLSD]LRQHDOOD6LJQ%DVHG &RQVWUXFWLRQ*UDPPDUGL+DQV&%RDV3DXO.D\/DXUD0LFKDHOLVHG,YDQ$6DJSHUFLWDUH VRORLSULQFLSDOLFROODERUDWRULLPSUHVDGLFXLªWHVWLPRQLDQ]DXQDSXEEOLFD]LRQHFROOHWWLYDGHO  FXL &KXFN FRQWULEX® FRQ XQ ODYRUR D SL» PDQL FKH UDSSUHVHQWD FRQ LO FDSLWROR GHOOR 2[IRUG+DQGERRNRI&RQVWUXFWLRQ*UDPPDULOVXRXOWLPRODYRURFRVSLFXRGHGLFDWRDOOD)UDPH 6HPDQWLFVHGLQFXLOHSURVSHWWLYHDGXQLILFD]LRQHFRQVWUDLQWEDVHGHTXHOOHIUDPHEDVHGVRQR FRQLXJDWHLQPRGRVDJDFH

$ )UDPH1HW HG DOOD VXD ULOHYDQ]D OHVVLFRJUDILFD HUD VWDWR SHUDOWUR ULYROWR LQ SDVVDWR XQ LQWLHUR IDVFLFROR PRQRJUDILFR LO WHU]R GHO YROXPH VHGLFHVLPR GHO  GHOOߤ,QWHUQDWLRQDO -RXUQDORI/H[LFRJUDSK\FXUDWRGD7KLHUU\)RQWHQHOOH(GDQFKHOߤHVWUHPD)HVWVFKULIWFKHJOLKD GHGLFDWR Oߤ$&/ TXHVWD HVWDWH ª FHQWUDWD VX )UDPH1HW 0D DFFHQQDYDPR DOOߤDOWDUH OHVVLFRJUDILFR VDFULILFD JL¢ DEEDVWDQ]D OD FRPPHPRUD]LRQH GL )RQWHQHOOH SHU Oߤ,QWHUQDWLRQDO -RXUQDORI/H[LFRJUDSK\FRV®FRPHDTXHOORFRJQLWLYLVWLFRLOULFRUGRGL/DNRII

,O FKH FL FRQGXFHDOOߤXOWLPR SXQWR GHOOߤDJHQGD FKH PL VRQR GDWRLOFRQWULEXWRGL &KXFN DOODOLQJXLVWLFDWHVWXDOH,OSXQWRGLSDUWHQ]DVRQRTXHOOHFUXFLDOL6DQWD&UX]/HFWXUHVVHLOH]LRQL WHQXWHQHOOߤHVWDWHDOOD8QLYHUVLW\RI&DOLIRUQLDDW6DQWD&UX]QRQSURSULDPHQWHSXEEOLFDWH VH QRQ QHJOL DQQL 1RYDQWD PD FKH KDQQR DYXWR ODUJKLVVLPD GLIIXVLRQH QHO GDWWLORVFULWWR SURFXUDWRQHOGDOOߤ,QGLDQD8QLYHUVLW\/LQJXLVWLFV&OXE

,O VXR LQWHUHVVH SHU OD GHLVVL QRQ HUD SHUDOWUR XQD QRYLW¢ HVVHQGR VWDWR SUHSDUDWR GD XQ ODYRUR VX &RPH GHO  FKH SHU PROWL YHUVL SUHFRQL]]D DQFKH XQ VXR FDSRODYRUR GL TXDVL YHQWߤDQQLGRSRLOIDPRVR6WDQGV$ORQH

,O FRQFHWWR GL GHLVVL FRQ OH VXD GHFOLQD]LRQL VSD]LDOH WHPSRUDOH H VRFLDOH RJJL ID SDUWH GHOOߤDWWUH]]DWXUDPLQLPDGLTXDOXQTXHWHVWXDOLVWDFKHVLULVSHWWLHQHOOH/HFWXUHVDQFKHJOLDOWUL FRQFHWWL XVXDOL GHOOD OLQJXLVWLFD WHVWXDOH JL¢ FL VRQR SUDWLFDPHQWH WXWWL 0D FRV® QRQ HUD DOOߤLQL]LRGHJOLDQQL6HWWDQWDTXDQGR%¾KOHU_{HUDXQDOHWWXUDGHOWXWWRSHUHJULQD}_{TXDOFXQRGL}

FXLDPDODSHQDVLVDSHYDLOQRPHGLIILFLOPHQWHVLSX´VRWWRVWLPDUHOߤLPSDWWRFKHTXHOOHOH]LRQL HEEHUR ULFRUGR FKH DQFRUD TXDVL YHQWߤDQQL GRSR LO VDSRUH GL QRYLW¢ FKH YL SHUFHSLYDPR HUD YLYLVVLPRHVLªSXQWXDOPHQWHULSHWXWRQHOODULOHWWXUDFKHQHKRIDWWRSRFKLJLRUQLIDLQSL»GL TXDUDQWߤDQQLQRQKDQQRSHUVRQXOODGHOORURVPDOWR_

%HQLQWHVR DL WHPSL GHOOH /HFWXUHV OD OLQJXLVWLFD WHVWXDOH HVLVWHYD GL JL¢ DOPHQR GDOOD VHFRQGD PHW¢ GHJOL DQQL 6HVVDQWD PD HUD XQ IHQRPHQR SUHYDOHQWHPHQWH PLWWHOHXURSHR ( OߤLQVHU]LRQHGHOODSUDJPDWLFDQHOTXDGURULXVFLYDSDUWLFRODUPHQWHGLIILFROWRVD)LOOPRUHLQYHFH ª SURSULR GDOOD SUDJPDWLFD FKH SDUWH , VXRL DQWHFHGHQWL ULVLHGRQR FHUWR QHOOD WUDGL]LRQH OLQJXLVWLFDDPHULFDQD_{SHQVRVRSUDWWXWWRD=HOLJ+DUULVH'HOO+\PHVHIRUVHDQFRUDSL»QHOOD}



_{%¾KOHUYDGHWWRQRQYLHQHPDLGLUHWWDPHQWHFLWDWRQHOOH/HFWXUHVDQFKHVHªFKLDUDPHQWHRQQLSUHVHQWH}

ª SHU´ HVSOLFLWDPHQWH PHQ]LRQDWR GD )LOOPRUH QHOOD SUHID]LRQH DOOߤHGL]LRQH GHO  WUD mWKH PDLQ OLQJXLVWLFZULWLQJVRQGHL[LV,ZDVDZDUHDWWKHWLPHWKHVHOHFWXUHVZHUHJLYHQ}

_{( OR ª ULPDVWR D OXQJR VXOOD D GLU SRFR ULWDUGDWD WUDGL]LRQH GHOOߤRSHUD GL %¾KOHU EHQH LQIRUPDYD XQ}

UHODWLYDPHQWHYHFFKLRODYRURGL0DULD(OLVDEHWK&RQWH/DVHPLRWLFDGL.DUO%¾KOHULQm/LQJXDHVWLOH} ;;9SS

_{&HUWRTXDOFKHGHWWDJOLRVSHFLHVXOOHOLQJXHDOWUHGDOOߤLQJOHVHQRQªSHUIHWWDPHQWHD IXRFR PDLQ XQ}

WHVWRHPLQHQWHPHQWHߧRUDOHߨFRPHTXHOORFL´QRQªVWUDQRHFRPXQTXHQXOODWRJOLHDOODDUJRPHQWD]LRQH FRPSOHVVLYDQ«DOVXRߧVWLOHߨ

_{,Q XQ FHUWR TXDO PRGR LO YROHUVL FROORFDUH QHOOD WUDGL]LRQH DPHULFDQD ª XQD PRVVD GHOLEHUDWD HG ª}

TXHVWR LO VHQVR LQ FXL YD OHWWR LO IDWWR FKH OߤHVHPSLR LQL]LDOH GD FXL OH OH]LRQL SUHQGRQR OH PRVVH VLD GL 6DSLULOSDGUHIRQGDWRUHVLSX´EHQGLUHGLTXHOODWUDGL]LRQH



,QPHPRULDP&KXFN)LOOPRUH





ILORVRILFDLOULVFRQWURHVVHQ]LDOHªTXLFRQODQR]LRQHGLLQGH[LFDOGL%DU+LOOHODQFRUDSL»FKH FRQ TXHOOD GLLQGH[ GL 3HLUFH FXL SXUHWXWWR ID FDSR HG DQFKHODFRQRVFHQ]D GHO JLDSSRQHVH DYU¢JLRFDWRDQFRUDXQDYROWDODVXDSDUWHPDªTXHVWDGDYYHURODVSHFLILFDLPSRVWD]LRQHGL )LOOPRUHFKHSXUQRQQDVFHQGRGDOQXOODªRULJLQDOLVVLPDHGDIIDWWRFDUDWWHULVWLFD9LVWRFKH &KXFN FLWD DO SURSRVLWR +XPEROGW VL SX´ EHQ XVDUH XQD LPPDJLQH DFXWDPHQWH ODQFLDWD GD )HGHULFD9HQLHUSHQVDQGRFKHªODFRUUHQWHGL+XPEROGWFKHULWRUQDDOVXRSRVWR

/D GLIIXVLRQH GHOOH 6DQWD&UX]/HFWXUHVVWHVVH ªVWDWD V® YDVWLVVLPD FRPH VL GLFHYD PD QRQLPPHGLDWDVRSUDWWXWWRVXOFRQWLQHQWHVHDQFRUDQHOQHOODVXDDXUHD,QWURGX]LRQHDOOD OLQJXLVWLFDWHVWXDOHODVHPSUHLQIRUPDWLVVLPD0DULD(OLVDEHWK&RQWHFKHSXUHFLWD)LOOPRUHSHU LO&DVHIRU&DVHQRQFRQRVFHDQFRUDOH/HFWXUHVOߤLQSXWDOODFRQRVFHQ]DGLTXHOWHVWRYHQQH SUREDELOPHQWH GD -6 3HW¸IL FKH QRQ D FDVR HUD SDUWLFRODUPHQWH LQWHUHVVDWR DOOߤLQWHJUD]LRQH GHOODSUDJPDWLFDQHOODOLQJXLVWLFDWHVWXDOH

(GHFOLQDWDQHOVXRSHFXOLDUHPRGRSL»ߧSUDJPDWLFVߨFKHߧ7H[WOLQJXLVWLNߨODOLQJXLVWLFD WHVWXDOHQRQVFRPSDULU¢PDLGDOOߤRUL]]RQWHGHOODVXDSURGX]LRQHULFRUGHU´DOPHQRLOFRQWULEXWR FDUGLQHVXOOD GHLVVLORFDOHGHOOߤLQL]LR GHJOL DQQL 2WWDQWD HG XQR VWLPRODQWHODYRUR VXOOߤDQDIRUD GHOODILQHGHOPHGHVLPRGHFHQQLR



7URSSR YL VDUHEEHDQFRUDGD GLUH PD YRJOLR OLPLWDUPL DG XQLQDGHJXDWR JUD]LH GLWXWWR &KXFN

PICCOLA ANTOLOGIA PERSONALE (UNA BIBLIOGRAFIA DAVVERO MINIMA)

7KHSRVLWLRQRIHPEHGGLQJWUDQVIRUPDWLRQVLQJUDPPDULQm:RUG};,;SS

,QGLUHFWREMHFWFRQVWUXFWLRQVLQ(QJOLVKDQGWKHRUGHULQJRIWUDQVIRUPDWLRQV7KH+DJXH0RXWRQ

ߧ0RQRJUDSKV RQ OLQJXLVWLF DQDO\VLVߨ  JL¢ &ROXPEXV 2KLR 6WDWH 8QLYHUVLW\  ߧ7HFKQLFDO 5HSRUW3URMHFWRQ/LQJXLVWLF$QDO\VLVߨ

'HLFWLF&DWHJRULHVLQWKH6HPDQWLFVRIߣ&RPHߤLQm)RXQGDWLRQVRI/DQJXDJH},,_{SS}

7KH &DVH IRU &DVH LQ 8QLYHUVDOV LQ /LQJXLVWLF 7KHRU\ HGLWHG E\ (PPRQ %DFK DQG 5REHUW 7 +DUPV

1HZ<RUN+ROW5LQHKDUWDQG:LQVWRQSRLDQFKHSS5HOD]LRQHSUHVHQWDWDDO

6\PSRVLXPRQ8QLYHUVDOVLQ/LQJXLVWLF7KHRU\$XVWLQ7H[DV$SULO

6XEMHFWV 6SHDNHUV DQG 5ROHV LQ 6HPDQWLFV RI 1DWXUDO /DQJXDJHV HGLWHG E\ 'RQDOG 'DYLVVRQ DQG

*LOEHUW+DUPDQ'RUGUHFKW1(%RVWRQ86$'5HLGHO3XEOLVKLQJ&RPSDQ\ߧ6\QWKHVH /LEUDU\ߨ JL¢ LQ m6\QWKHVH} ;;,_{H;;,,}_{5HOD]LRQHDOOD&RQIHUHQFHRQWKH}

VHPDQWLFVRIQDWXUDOODQJXDJH$XJXVW

6DQWD &UX] /HFWXUHV RQ 'HL[LV  %ORRPLQJWRQ ,QGLDQD 8QLYHUVLW\ /LQJXLVWLFV &OXE  SRL /HFWXUHV RQ 'HL[LV 6WDQIRUG &6/, 3XEOLFDWLRQV &HQWHU IRU WKH 6WXG\ RI /DQJXDJH DQG

,QIRUPDWLRQߧ&6/,OHFWXUHQRWHVߨ

7KH&DVHIRU&DVH5HRSHQHGLQm6\QWD[DQG6HPDQWLFV}9,,,

)UDPH 6HPDQWLFV DQG WKH 1DWXUH RI /DQJXDJH LQ m$QQDOV RI WKH 1HZ <RUN $FDGHP\ RI 6FLHQFHV}

&&/;;;   5HOD]LRQH DOOD &RQIHUHQFH RQ WKH 2ULJLQ DQG 'HYHORSPHQW RI /DQJXDJH DQG6SHHFK

7RZDUGVDGHVFULSWLYHIUDPHZRUNIRUVSDWLDOGHL[LVLQ6SHHFK3ODFHDQG$FWLRQ6WXGLHVLQ'HL[LVDQG 5HODWHG7RSLFVHGLWHGE\5REHUW--DUYHOOD :ROIJDQJ.OHLQ&KLFKHVWHU1HZ<RUN-RKQ:LOH\

6RQVSS

3UDJPDWLFDOO\ &RQWUROOHG =HUR $QDSKRUD LQ m3URFHHGLQJV RI WKH $QQXDO 0HHWLQJ RI WKH %HUNHOH\

/LQJXLVWLFV6RFLHW\};,,SS

5HJXODULW\ DQG ,GLRPDWLFLW\ LQ *UDPPDWLFDO &RQVWUXFWLRQV 7KH &DVH RI OHW DORQH FRQ 3DXO .D\ H

 0DQXHO%$5%(5$   6H*1$/, 

ߧ&RUSXV /LQJXLVWLFVߨ RU ߧ&RPSXWHUDLGHG $UPFKDLU /LQJXLVWLFVߨ LQ 'LUHFWLRQV LQ &RUSXV /LQJXLVWLFV 3URFHHGLQJV RI WKH 1REHO 6\PSRVLXP  6WRFNKROP  $XJXVW  HGLWHG E\ -DQ 6YDUWYLN

%HUOLQ0RXWRQGH*UX\WHUߧ7UHQGVLQ/LQJXLVWLFV6WXGLHVDQG0RQRJUDSKVߨSS

7RZDUGDIUDPHEDVHGOH[LFRQ7KH6HPDQWLFVRI5,6.DQGLWVQHLJKERUVFRQ%HU\O7>ߧ6XHߨ@$WNLQV

LQ )UDPHV ILHOGV DQG FRQWUDVWV 1HZ (VVD\V LQ 6HPDQWLF DQG /H[LFDO 2UJDQL]DWLRQ HGLWHG E\ $GULHQQH/HKUHUDQG(YD)HGHU.LWWD\+LOOVGDOH1-/DZUHQFH(UOEDXP$VVRFLDWHVSS 

(QFRXQWHUV ZLWK /DQJXDJH LQ m&RPSXWDWLRQDO /LQJXLVWLFV} ;;;9,,,   'LVFRUVR SHU OߤDFFHWWD]LRQH GHO  /LIHWLPH $FKLHYHPHQW $ZDUG RI WKH $VVRFLDWLRQ IRU &RPSXWDWLRQDO

/LQJXLVWLFV $&/ LO ILOPDWR GHOOߤHYHQWR ª GLVSRQLELOH VX

KWWSZZZLFVLEHUNHOH\HGXLFVLQHZVILOOPRUHOLIHWLPHDFKLHYHPHQWDZDUG

7KH )UDPH1HW &RQVWUXFWLFRQ FRQ 5XVVHOO 5 /HH*ROGPDQ H 5XVVHOO 5KRGHV LQ 6LJQ%DVHG &RQVWUXFWLRQ *UDPPDU HGLWHG E\ +DQV %RDV H ,YDQ 6DJ 6WDQIRUG &HQWHU IRU WKH 6WXG\ RI

/DQJXDJHDQG,QIRUPDWLRQߧ&6/,3XEOLFDWLRQVߨSS

%HUNHOH\&RQVWUXFWLRQ*UDPPDULQ7KH2[IRUG+DQGERRNRI&RQVWUXFWLRQ*UDPPDUHGLWHGE\7KRPDV

+RIIPDQQH*UDHPH7URXVGDOH2[IRUG2[IRUG8QLYHUVLW\3UHVVSS

MANUEL BARBERA ߭LVDVVRFLDWHSURIHVVRUDW8QLYHUVLW¢GL7RULQR+LVUHVHDUFKILHOGVFRYHU

JHQHUDOOLQJXLVWLFV,QWURGX]LRQHDOODOLQJXLVWLFDJHQHUDOH0ROWLRFFKLVRQRPHJOLRGLXQR

VDJJL GL OLQJXLVWLFD JHQHUDOH  HWF KLVWRULFDO OLQJXLVWLFV 3UREOHPL GL ULFRVWUX]LRQH QHO FRQVRQDQWLVPR XUDOLFR  7DVVRQRPLD ILORJHQHVL HG DOWUR OD FODVVLILFD]LRQH OLQJXLVWLFD GHO 1RUGDPHULFD  HWF VHPDQWLFV DQG WH[W OLQJXLVWLFV $SSXQWL VX GHILQLWH]]D H SDUWLWLYR QHOOH OLQJXHEDOWRILQQLFKH3HUXQDJUDPPDWLFDWHVWXDOHGHO/LEURGLFRQWLLOFOLWLFRQHQHO/LEUR 5LFFRPDQQLHWFODQJXDJHSKLORVRSK\$QDIRUDHGHLVVLLQGLDFURQLDLOFDVRGHOYRWR

KLVWRU\ RI OLQJXLVWLFV ߧ3DUWHV2UDWLRQLVߨ ߧ3DUWVRI6SHHFKߨߧ7DJVHWߨHGLQWRUQL8QSURVSHWWR

VWRULFROLQJXLVWLFR  3HU XQD VROX]LRQH WHRULFD H VWRULFD GHL UDSSRUWL WUD JUDPPDWLFD JHQHUDWLYDHOLQJXLVWLFDGHLFRUSRUDHWFFRUSXVOLQJXLVWLFV&RUSXV7DXULQHQVH 181&  $WKHQDHXP &RUSXV  &RUSRUD H OLQJXLVWLFD LQ UHWH  &RUSXV 6HJXVLQXP

 1HR &RUSXV 7DXULQHQVH  /LQJXLVWLFD GHL FRUSRUD H OLQJXLVWLFD GHL FRUSRUD LWDOLDQD

8QߤLQWURGX]LRQHHWFOH[LFRJUDSK\$6KRUW(W\PRORJLFDO'LFWLRQDU\RIWKH9RWLF/DQJXDJH

)RUPDWVRI(W\PRORJ\5HYLHZRI0*¸UODFKߤV'LFWLRQDU\RI$QJOLFLVPV WH[WXDOFULWLFVߣ5LIDUHLFRQWLߤžEHUOHJXQJHQ]XHLQHU1HX(GLWLRQDOWLWDOLHQLVFKHU.RQWRE¾FKHU HWFPHWULFRORJ\SDOHRJUDSK\DQGFUHDWLRQRIFRPSXWHUIRQWVXJURILQQLVWVߤ)8)DOSKDEHW  DUPHQLDQ  HFFOHVLDVWLF VODYRQLF  PDQFKHVH  HWF MXULGLFDO OLQJXLVWLFV 7UDLHWWRULH VXOOD OLQJXLVWLFD JLXULGLFD  HWF ODQJXDJH WHDFKLQJ 9$/,&2  HWF 5RPDQFH VWXGLHV 6DJJLR GL HGL]LRQH FULWLFD GHOOH SRHVLH GHO 0RQJH GH 0RQWDXGRQ  HWF LWDOLDQLVWLFV&RQFHVVLYHIDWWXDOLH&DXVDOLSHU,WDO$QW7UDߣDYHJQDFKHߤHߣEHQFK«ߤ6FKHPDH

VWRULD GHO &RUSXV 7DXULQHQVH  %HJRODUGR &RQVLGHUD]LRQL WUD &HFFR 'DQWH HG ROWUH  4XDQWRSL»ODUHOD]LRQHªEHOOD6DJJLGLVWRULDGHOODOLQJXDLWDOLDQDLQSULQWHWFXUDOLVWLFV/D JUDGD]LRQH EDOWRILQQLFD  ,QWURGX]LRQH VWRULFRGHVFULWWLYD DOOD OLQJXD YRWD  HWF

DOWDLVWLFV 'DOOD 6RJGLDQD DO /LDRGRQJ LQWURGX]LRQH VWRULFD DOOD VFULWWXUD PDQFHVH HWF DPHULQGRORJ\ 7DVVRQRPLD ILORJHQHVL HG DOWUR OD FODVVLILFD]LRQH OLQJXLVWLFD GHO 1RUGDPHULFD DQGDXVWURQHVLDQLVWLFV