Preface... xv Acknowledgment...xxii Section 1 Chapter 1 TheMainChallengesofHigherEducationInstitutionsinthe21stCentury:AFocuson Entrepreneurship... 1
Daniela Peixoto Olo, CETRAD, Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Portugal Leonida Correia, CETRAD, Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Portugal Maria da Conceição Rego, CEFAGE, Universidade de Évora, Portugal
Thechapteraddressesthemainchallengesthathighereducationinstitutionsfaceinthe21stcenturyas keyactorsforregionaldevelopment.Thechapteremphasizestheirentrepreneurialdimension,aswellas newapproachesaboutthissubjectasitrethinksthescopeofthestudiesabouttheroleofuniversitiesin regionaldevelopmentandresearchonacademicentrepreneurship,resultingfromthefindingthatthere havebeenhugeexpectationsontheroleofhighereducationinstitutionsindevelopment,whileevidence suggeststhatthebenefitsofthirdmissionapproachesonsocietyarenotassuccessfulasanticipated.In sum,thechaptertacklessimultaneouslytheroleofuniversitiesinregionaldevelopment,humancapital formation,knowledgeformationanddiffusionandactivationforcitizenship,inotherwords,thischapter contributestoabetterunderstandingoftheroleofhighereducationinstitutions,especiallygivenits relationshipwithsocietyandtheneedforamoreeffectivecontributiontosocioeconomicdevelopment. Chapter 2 AlongthePathwayofUniversityMissions:ASystematicLiteratureReviewofPerformance Indicators... 24
Angelo Riviezzo, University of Sannio, Italy
Maria Rosaria Napolitano, University of Napoli “Parthenope”, Italy Floriana Fusco, University of Milan, Italy
Thechapterfocusesonmeasuresandindicatorsofuniversitiesactivitiesthroughabibliometricanda criticalreviewoftheexistingliterature.Itaimstoprovidenotonlyanoverallpictureofthestate-of-art ofliteratureonuniversities’missionsandrolesinregionaldevelopment,butalsoasystematisationofthe contributionsonperformancemeasuresandindicatorsofuniversitiesactivities.Theauthorshighlight thattheempiricalassessmentofsocialandculturalimpactoftheuniversityinacommunityhasbeen largelyoverlooked.
Chapter 3
EntrepreneurialUniversities’StrategicRoleinAcceleratedInnovationforRegionalGrowth... 51
Nibedita Saha, University Institute, Tomas Bata University in Zlin, Czech Republic Tomáš Sáha, University Institute, Tomas Bata University in Zlín, Czech Republic
Petr Sáha, University Institute & Centre of Polymer Systems, Tomas Bata University in Zlín, Czech Republic Thechapterintendstoprovideaconceptualframeworkofthestrategicroleofentrepreneurialuniversities whichhasbeenviewedasanoperationalapproachofpromotinginnovation–drivenregionalgrowth. Entrepreneurialuniversities’strategicroleandresearchinstitutions’innovativecapabilitiesaredistinguished asasignificantknowledgefacilitatorforregionaleconomicdevelopment,duetotheiraddingvalue throughknowledgecreationandtheentrepreneurialdiscoveryprocess.Thischapterintendstoexemplify entrepreneurialuniversitiesstrategicperspectivesanditsimpactonregionalinnovationsystemsthat enablesaregiontobemorecreativeandinnovative,especiallynewEuropeanUnionmemberstates territoriesinordertocreatetheirpioneeringbusinessopportunitywithworldwidecompetency. Section 2 Chapter 4 TheImpactofUniversitiesonRegionalCompetitiveness:AReviewoftheMainTheoreticaland MethodologicalApproaches... 67
Aurora Amélia Castro Teixeira, CEF.UP, Faculdade de Economia, Universidade do Porto, Portugal & INESC TEC, OBEGEF, Portugal
Ana Oliveira, CEF.UP, Faculdade de Economia, University of Porto, Portugal Ana Dias Daniel, Departamento de Economia, Gestão, Eng.ª Industrial e Turismo,
GOVCOPP, Universidade Aveiro, Portugal
Miguel Torres Preto, IN+, LARSyS, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal
Gonçalo Rodrigues Brás, IN+, LARSyS, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal
Carlos Rodrigues, Department of Social, Political, and Territorial Sciences, Universidade Aveiro, Portugal Thechapterconcentratesontheconceptof‘entrepreneurialuniversities’inthesenseofthoseuniversities whichassumethemission.Inotherwords,universitieshavegonebeyondtheirtraditionalmissions— teachingandresearching—andhaveassumedtechnologytransfer,entrepreneurship,andeconomic-socialimpactastheirthirdandfourthmission.Thischapterpresentsanin-depthcriticaloverviewof thetheoreticalandempiricalresearchdoneonthetopic,highlightingthelimitationsofeachapproach. The authors give special attention to the potential impacts of universities’ technology transfer and entrepreneurshipactivitiesonregionalcompetitiveness,consideringtheongoingtransformationprocess ofuniversitiestowardsthe‘entrepreneurialuniversity’model.
Chapter 5
UnderstandingEntrepreneurialUniversity:AFrameworkforEmergingEconomies... 93
Neeta Baporikar, Namibia University of Science and Technology, Namibia & University of Pune, India
Thechapterseekstounderstandtheprocessesthatcompriseentrepreneurialuniversitiesbyadoptingan organizationallearningperspective.Drawinguponinsightsfrom4I-Intuiting,Interpreting,Integrating, andInstitutionalizing-organizationallearningframework,theauthorindicateshoweachofthefour processesdelineatedintheframeworkyieldsinsightsabouttheprocessesthatcomprisethelifecycle oftheentrepreneurialuniversityconstruct.Usingthe4Iframeworkasatheoreticallens,theresearch recognizesthedynamicnatureofopportunitiesunfoldingasentrepreneurialuniversityengagewiththem. Thechapteralsocontributesandrespondstothecallbyentrepreneurshipresearcherstoidentifyspecific antecedentsofentrepreneurialuniversitythatgobeyondtheindividualentrepreneurandtoincorporate contextintoourunderstanding. Chapter 6 EntrepreneurshipMicro-EcosystemsinPractice... 113
Ján Rehák, Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey, Mexico
Rafaela Bueckmann Diegoli, Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey, Mexico
Miguel Angel Rodríguez Montes, Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey, Mexico Thechapteranalysesthebackgroundoftheentrepreneurialecosystemsintheliterature,howtheyare connectedtotheentrepreneurialuniversity,andtheirimportanceforregionaldevelopment.Basedon thisdiscussion,theauthorsanalyseandcreateaframeworkforentrepreneurialmicro-ecosystemsata universitysetting.Therearetangibleandintangibleboundariesandconnectionsbetweenthemicro-ecosystemandtheregionalecosystem,thatcreateaspecificenvironmentfortheactorsandparticipants ofthemicro-ecosystemandcaneitherfosterorinhibitcreationandgrowthofbusinesses.Toillustrate thestructureandfunctionalityofthisentity,itisprovidedanempiricalexampleofanentrepreneurial micro-ecosystematTecnológicodeMonterrey,Querétaro,México.Theauthorsproposeatheoretical modelthatdescribeshowthemicro-ecosystemsinteractandpotentializetheimpactincongruencewith theregionalentrepreneurialecosystem,andfunctionsasagrowthengineifmanagedproperlyandwith intent. Chapter 7 TheRoleofUniversityasInstitutionalEntrepreneurinRegionalInnovationSystem:Towardsan AnalyticalFramework... 133
Yuzhuo Cai, Tampere University, Finland Cui Liu, Zhejiang University, China
Thechapterprovidesananalyticalframeworkforunderstandingtheinfluenceofuniversitiesoninstitutional conditionsthatfosterregionalinnovation.Theauthorsintegratetheoriesoftheinstitutionalentrepreneurship andinstitutionallogicstoprovideananalyticalframeworkforunderstandhowuniversitiescansupport institutionalchangeinregionalinnovationsystems.Theframeworkwillbeappliedtoanempirical analysisoftheroleofTongjiUniversityintransformingtheinstitutionalcontextofaregionalinnovation systeminYangpuDistrict,Shanghai,China.Theauthorsselectedthiscasebecauseitdemonstratesa uniqueandsuccessfulmodelofregionalinnovationsystemdevelopment.
Section 3 Chapter 8
RevisitingFunctionsandRolesoftheEntrepreneurialUniversityinSocialandEconomicSystems intheRegionalContext... 157
Irina A. Pavlova, National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University, Russia
Thechapterengagesthereaderinthediscussionofusingthefunctionalapproachfortheanalysisofthe entrepreneurialuniversitiesinsocialandeconomicsystems.Thechapterstudiesinnovationsystemson bothnationalandregionallevelsdistinguishingtheentrepreneurialuniversity’ssocialandeconomic rolesonmicroandmacrolevels.Basedonempiricaldata,thefunctionalanalysisempowerstodraw conclusionsoncertaincharacteristicsofentrepreneurialuniversitiesovercomingthelimitationsembedded inthenationalsettings. Chapter 9 TheEntrepreneurialDimensionsofTransnationalEducation... 172
Thomas D. Eatmon, Niels Brock Copenhagen Business College, Denmark Rachel Granger, Leicester Castle Business School, De Montfort University, UK Bruno F. Abrantes, Niels Brock Copenhagen Business College, Denmark Charlotte Forsberg, Niels Brock Copenhagen Business College, Denmark
Thechapterlookstotransnationaleducationwhichisagrowingtrendinhighereducationthatdecouples learningfromthelocationoftheawardinginstitution.Fewstudiesofentrepreneurialuniversitieshave consideredentrepreneurialuniversitiesinthecontextofthechanginggeographiclandscapeofeducation. Thischapterexaminestheentrepreneurialdimensionsoftransnationaleducationusingempiricalevidence fromatransnationalpartnershipbetweenDeMontfortUniversityandNielsBrockCopenhagenBusiness College.Theauthorsconcludethatthecommercializationofknowledgethroughtransnationaleducation requiresprocessesandinteractionsthatfosterregionaldevelopmentandthushaveimplicationsforsocial andeconomicdevelopment. Chapter 10 RoleofUniversitiesontheLevelofRegionalGrowthinPortugal... 183
Vitor Miguel Ribeiro, Universidade do Porto, Portugal
Celeste Varum, University of Aveiro, Portugal & GOVCOPP, Portugal
Ana Dias Daniel, Departamento de Economia, Gestão, Eng.ª Industrial e Turismo, Universidade Aveiro, Portugal
Thechapterprovidesevidencesregardingtheroleofuniversitiesasdeterminantsofregionaleconomic growthinPortugal.Coveringtheperiod2004-2017forPortugueseNUTSIIIregionsacross,thischapter notonlyconsidersuniversitiesasadeterminantofregionalgrowth,butitalsoemploysaninnovative methodologicalapproach.First,thestudyisappliedtoathirteen-yeartimeperiod.Second,thegeneralized methodofmomentsestimatorisapplied,whichallowstosurpassdebilitiesassociatedwithstaticpanel datamodels.Moreover,themagnitudeofeffectsistransverselystrongerinthelongrun,whichrequires theneedtoavoidstructuralbreaksinpublicactionspreviouslyinitiatedinthepast.
Chapter 11
UniversitiesandHumanCapitalasRegionalDeterminantsforHigh-GrowthFirms... 203
Celeste Varum, Universidade Aveiro, Portugal Carmen Guimarães, Universidade Aveiro, Portugal Mariasole Bannò, University of Brescia, Italy
Thechapterexplorestheroleofuniversitiesasdeterminantoffirms’growthatregionallevel,inPortugal. Theauthorsexploreaspecialtypeoffirmgrowth,highgrowth,providingnewevidenceabouttheinfluence ofuniversitiesthroughtheirimpactuponhumancapitalintheregion,ontheprobabilityoffirmsobtaining high-growthratesand,therefore,beinghighgrowthfirms.Theimpactofuniversitiesasdeterminants forhighgrowthdoesnotappearsignificantforthesampleanalysedcomposedbyPortuguesecompanies coveringtheperiod2006-2014.Theresultsforconcentrationalsosignaltheeffectsofcompetitionfor scarceresources.Resultsontheimportanceoflocationattributesforfirmperformanceareratherimportant fromtheeconomicpolicyperspective.Knowingtheregionalfactorsthatdriveinnovationsuccessatthe firmlevelwouldhelptoimplementeffectiveinnovationpolicies. Chapter 12 EconomicContributionofUniversitySpin-Off:ARegionalStudyoftheSpanishCase... 215
Isabel Román-Martínez, University of Granada, Spain María Elena Gómez-Miranda, University of Granada, Spain Teresa García-Muñoz, University of Granada, Spain
ThechapteraimstoobtainempiricalevidenceoftheeconomiccontributionofSpanishuniversityspinoffs underaregionalperspective.Todoso,somekeyvariablestolocaleconomicdevelopment,suchasjobs andcreationofwealthhavebeenanalysed.Afterdetectinganunequaldistributionofuniversityspinoffs impact,theauthorsattempttoidentifywhichfactorsareassociatedtoauniversityspinoffachieveagreater figureofemploymentthanothers,andthepossibleinfluenceoftheownfeaturesofregionswherethey arelocated.Applyingalogisticregressiondatapanelforthe2012to2015period,empiricalfindings showthatsometraitsofuniversityspinoffsandtheirparentuniversitiesdetermineagreaternumberof employees,buttheparticularitiesoftheenvironmentinwhichtheyoperate,onlyaffecttouniversity spinoffsbelongingtotheinformationandcommunicationtechnologysector.Theresultsobtainedwill contributetobridgethegapintheresearchandallowownersandinstitutionstotaketheappropriate measuresandtoproposepoliciesthatimprovingtheperformanceofuniversityspinoffwhichleadstoa greaterimpactcontributionofthesecompaniestotheregionaleconomy. Section 4 Chapter 13 RegionalPolicyImplicationsoftheEntrepreneurialUniversity:LessonsFromtheECIU... 242
Lisa Nieth, University of Twente, The Netherlands & Regio Twente, The Netherlands Paul Benneworth, Høgskulen på Vestlandet, Norway & University of Twente, The
Netherlands
Thechapteraddressesthequestionofhowuniversitiesrespondtoregionalpolicy,andthewaysinwhich academicsaremotivatedandencouragedbyregionaldevelopmentpolicies.Thechapterspecifically askswhetherentrepreneurialuniversitiescreateframeworkswhichallowuniversityactorstopositively contributetocollectivedevelopmentactivities(suchasclustersortechnologytransfernetworks)by
buildingnewkindsofregionalinstitutions.Basedinexamplesfromthreeuniversitiesthatallseektobe activelyregionallyengaged,thischapteridentifiesthefactorsthatbothencouragebutalsodiscourage theseindividualactorsandnotesthatongoingconnectionsbetweenindividualacademicsandregional partners are critical to ensuring this constructive collaboration. The chapter contends that regional innovationpolicyshoulddevotemoreresourcestobuildingthesecriticallinks.
Chapter 14
EntrepreneurialUniversitiesandRegionalInnovation:MatchingSmartSpecialisationStrategies toRegionalNeeds?... 260
Liliana Fonseca, University of Aveiro, Portugal Maria Salomaa, University of Lincoln, UK
Thechapterreflectsonanentrepreneurialuniversity’spotentialtocontributetowardsregionaldevelopment throughitsinvolvementintheresearchandinnovationsmartspecialisationstrategies(RIS3)process andresultingprojectsfundedthroughstructuralfunds.Thechapterpresentsanin-depthcasestudyofa universityintheless-developedNUTSIIregionofPortugalaimedtoaddresstherelationshipbetweenthe regionalgovernmentauthority,theRIS3processandtheuniversityinrespondingtoregionalneedsand infomentingtheinnovationandentrepreneurialecosystem.Thestudystrivestocontributetothedebate ontheimplementationissuesofregionalpoliciesdrivenbysmartspecialisation,focusingparticularly ontheroleofacademia. Chapter 15 HighHopes:RegionalPolicyExpectationsfortheEntrepreneurialUniversity... 286
Katja Lahikainen, LUT University, Finland Timo Pihkala, LUT University, Finland Elena Ruskovaara, LUT University, Finland
Thechapterexaminestheexpectationsoftheregionalpolicyinstitutionstowardtheuniversityandthe influenceoftheuniversityfortheregionalpolicies,inparticular,howtheregionsdefinethedifferent rolesandexpectationsfortheuniversity,aswellashowtheuniversityitselfinfluencesthesedefinitions andexpectations.ThesequestionsareaddressedthroughacaseregionlocatedinSoutheastFinlandthat representsaperipheralregionandisdominatedbyasingleuniversitythathasastrongtechnological andentrepreneurialfocus.Theresultsofthestudyshowthattheexistenceofasingleuniversityina peripheralregioneasilyleadstoauniversity-dominantpolicyandthustoapossibleregionalpolicylock-in. Consequently,theimplementationoftheregionalpoliciescanbeinthehandsoftheuniversity,leaving otherregionalstakeholderswithaminorrole.Inordertofullyutilizethepotentialoftheuniversityto addressthespecificregionalchallenges,theuniversityshouldnotonlybeseenasalocusofnewspin-offsandstart-ups,butratherasaproducerofqualifiedgraduatesandfutureentrepreneurs. Compilation of References... 302 About the Contributors... 350 Index... 359
