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Orazio lirico e la poesia greca. Un percorso didattico per la IV liceo

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Abstract

Giulia Mazzoleni

Diploma di insegnamento per le scuole di maturità

Orazio lirico e la poesia greca. Un percorso didattico per la IV liceo Lucia Orelli Facchini

La lettura di Orazio prevista dal Piano degli studi liceali del Canton Ticino si estende per buona parte dell’anno di Latino di quarta liceo. L’incontro con il poeta di Venosa è perciò per gli studenti un’occasione straordinaria per apprezzare uno dei più importanti autori di Roma antica in maniera profonda, scoprendo la molteplicità dei temi cui egli riesce a conferire fama eterna attraverso una perfezione e un equilibrio stilistico che informeranno di sé molta poesia dei secoli successivi. Fondamentale è però che gli allievi, dopo un’ormai lunga esperienza di studi, comprendano a fondo anche aspetti teorici che riguardano la poetica dell’autore. Il presente lavoro di diploma si propone dunque di illustrare un possibile percorso didattico che permetta loro di riflettere sul rapporto di Orazio con la letteratura greca di periodo arcaico ed ellenistico. L’obiettivo è quello di mettere in luce il concetto di intertestualità, con le sfumature che esso può racchiudere in sé, prestando particolare attenzione ad uno dei cardini della didattica delle lingue classiche nel nostro Cantone, cioè l’assoluta centralità del testo originale. Gli allievi giungeranno quindi, attraverso una serie di letture di carmi oraziani e di componimenti della letteratura greca, a percepire come il poeta latino rielabori i propri modelli in maniera del tutto originale e come gli elementi di partenza assumano nei testi di arrivo una funzionalità del tutto nuova (Conte – Barchiesi 1989, pp. 88-93).

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(11)

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gTLd_hb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

(12)

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

(13)

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a ' F #((' " *a * #** 2 # )-# (' (" ' F " " 4 )' ' ) * " "*)# %"@ "( % " )"%'(# * 3# )-# ')) 3%'+ ' (' ) #'!" # % # ")'2 3' C 3'" '** ' ' *"3; ( " ' ' "!" # "4# ' "(( * # # %# )"? #+ ' " #**# # "3" ' ' 0)9 $ "*;# = ;;' / 2 %$ &7,I Z "[ * / 2 %$ A/1$ # " *)" # ' % ' # ' # 3" # F #* "*) * " )('**#2 *" % #4# # " (#++# #2 * ;" % (B#*# )"!" * ( (#**") " ) " *" C # %"@ * % '2 ; #4# #* ' #((' / " " "*" ')# 0)9 $ #2 %$ 8 1$ B %# '2 % "3' ' '!" # *"* #3' ")' #( * +# # #2 % ' " '3;"# # '(#**' " # F '*" '(3# # "4 ( ' '(( * " #((' 3 9 ( +"'2 % #*# ' ) " * %' '+ '9 # ")' '" "4# *" 3 " " (# ' ' ' ' # " #('!" # '" 4' " +# # " (# # ' "I %# + " #**" *" " ")'2 ' '4# * ' #(#+ '9")' '!" #2 F '(# *"' (B" '!" # 3"+(" # ) ) " " # % # ' ("2 # C #4 (# )-# %# (' % #*"' (" ")'2 )-# ( # 4"# # F " 3# !" ' ' %# (' % "3' 4 ( ' #((# * # 9 "2 *" ')) 3' "<

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&/1$ *#3%(")# '44# ;" *" % ? F # 9' ) 3% # # # '+(" '(("#4" ) 3# +". #((B' ")-" . (' ) 3% # # 3#( ")' 9 **# ) *" # ' ' )' ' # "* ")' %#) ("' # " F #*

(14)

& +# # # (# # ' " # (' # 3" '!" # * #**' #( +# # # # C (B" ")'!" # %"@ #4" # #< (' C (B" "*) **' % '+ "* ' " F #* "% " % #*"'$ # ) )( # # (B ) *" " "# # " # #**' # % % # (' (# ' " ' !" # " '() " 4# *" #( F ' " 3# ") 0 % $2 44$ H, 12 " ) " *" ' ' (' ) #'!" # #((' % "3' (" ' %# 3' " # 3#*2 # "( ) 33# = ) (B'" #+(" '(("#4" # "( * %% " ' % #*# '!" # f# " 0)9 $ "2 %%$ 87H8A1 = " '() # "3% ' " ' #* '!" " #((' %" ' 4'*) (' # # #((' ) ( ' 3' # "'(# + #)' )-# *# 4' '(3# ' " !" # '" % " )"%'(" * 3# " 3 *")'(" " * #((' #)"' ' ")' # " %' # ' )-# ' 3'$ " % ** F " % #)"*' # ' )-# (# )' ' # "* ")-# #( 2 )" ' '((B" "!" #( )' 3# '!"' 2 # (# * # "99# # !# "*%# '((' 0)9 $ ' #(* A2 %%$ ,,H,/1$ # '%% 9 "3# " "4" '(# ' )'*' *" % % # (' (# ' 9') ( ' "4' " )'%" ( ' '((' 3 + '9"' " q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

(15)

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

(16)

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klm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

(17)

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

(18)

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a2 3' )-# * 3 ( *"+ "9")' "4"< (B# "3 ( +"' #( 3# '("' ) "3' ' '((B'3;"# # + #) 0 ' rK_LK2 59#* '2 ;' )-# 62 # sU]c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

(19)

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a " ' ' 9" ' "$ " "* "; "*)# F " " ' *)-# ' "(( * ' ' 0)9 $ ;2 %%$ 7 H781 )-# ) * " "*)# "(# ' *"(" %# #*) "4# # '+(" '(("#4" " 3 %"@ #99")')# ' "%")' *)# ' " *"3% *" I (' % #*# !' " "33'+" " C "(# ' )-# '( % " 4"* ' * # '3# # " ' ") % ")-a ) *# # " ) " 4 (+# # ' "4'3# # +(" * # " ' '4# * ' % #("3" ' # #*) "!" # " )"? )-# **# 4' 2 )-# *' . % " " #+ ' '2 *# #)#**' " 2 ' *%"#+'!" " '++" "4# #((B" *#+ ' #$ F #* B ( "3 )'* 4'(# *# !B'( (' %# ' " "!"' # ) ( ") ' # (' "99# # !' ' "( oNtTMQM # "( b`PTubRQM # (# )' ' # "* ")-# "+" ' "# " F #* B ( "3 0)9 $ 'Z " ;( f# = %'f9 - 2 %%$ 8 AH 8 1< (# #+ (# "+ ' '((' 3#*)" ' #( 4" # +(" # *"(" %"@ "3% ' " (#+' " '( * ) * 3 2 (B *' !' " +"')# # * d_LMKR2 " +" )-" (#+' " '( ;# # # (# % ' ")-# 3 # ")-#$ (" '99 #*)-" " '%% #*# ' B#))#!" '(# *" #*" " " F #* " ' + 3# "$ G 9 '3# '(# ) #* '("!!' # "( *"3% *" #((' * ' 9'*# ' )'")' + #)' # * (" #' #2 '((B" # #+(" '3;"# " ' "* ) ' ")"2 (B"3% ' !' *"' % (" ")' # * )"'(# *"' * # '3# # ) ( '(#< F #* "% " " " # C " 9' " (#+' " "** ( ;"(3# # '((B#*%# "# !' #((' (" ")' 3 ")' " ) " *" %' (# . %"@ '%% 9 " '3# # ) +(" '(("#4" ' # (# # " + #) 2 3' )-# C % '+ "* ' ' )-# " F #* % "3 ) 9 ' '!" # ()# $ " "% # # F " " (' (# ' '((' # !' * 9#2 " ) " (' #*) "!" # " ' 4" (# ' #3%#* ' "* ( ' %" * ( ' ' '((B"33 ;"(# ' 3 *9# ' " 4# '(# " "!"'(#I #**' C * # '3# # (#+' ' '((' #)#**" . " )' ' # "!!' # (' % # !' #+(" #"2 3' ' )-# '((# ) 4# !" " #((' % #*"' *"3% *"')' 0)9 $ "*;# = ;;' / 2 %$ 1$ ' * 9#2 ( +" '((B#**# # *(#+' ' '( #* #( ) 3% "3# 2 C % " 9 '3# '(# %# )-a ) "# # "( % #* %% * %# (' "9(#**" # + 3")' #((' *#!" # * ))#**"4'$ ' . F # F " " # #**' #

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(25)

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