A Classification Approach based on SVM for Electromagnetic Sub-Surface Sensing

(1)

UNIVERSITY

OF TRENTO

DEPARTMENT OF INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY

38050 Povo – Trento (Italy), Via Sommarive 14

http://www.dit.unitn.it

A

C

LASSIFICATION

A

PPROACH BASED ON

SVM

FOR

E

LECTROMAGNETIC

S

UB

-S

URFACE

S

ENSING

Andrea Massa, Emanuela Bermani, Andrea Boni, and Massimo

Donelli

August 2004

(2)

(3)

0 1 2$43.5$436)*7 $8" 1 9;:=<=>@?BA CDAFE@EGAIHJLKNM8ONKNPHRQGS/STS7HUVWA*:YXI?Z[A\7?>]V4AF:=^_HJLKNM8ONKNPH`QaSTSTS7Hb9;:I<=>]?A \dcF:=êH AF:=< CDAFE@E]^fV8c8g;ch:=?ZfZiêHjJkKNM8ONKNPHlQaSTSTS g;?mnA*>@oGV8?:poqcFr`st:Iruch>@VWA*o]^fch:6AF:=<DvdchV4V#X=:=^fwA*oGîch:6xR?way=:IchZfchzF^f?EH { :=^}|h?>@E]^}ot~cFr`x`>@?:poGc=H=;^[A8chV8V4AF>]^}|h?BIHnhhp*x`>@?:poGc/soaAFZ}~ x`?Ze/h&FpI+FpFphYHnlAh&Fp+hpFhFIH=UtV4AFîZeFjFPGK]pfM8a=Ypf Yn¡_jf¡

(4)

0 1 2$43.5$436)*7 $8" 1 9;:=<=>@?BA4CDAFE@EGAIHn9¢:=<=>]?A4\7ch:=^eHnCDAFE]E@^fV8c8g;ch:=?ZfZf^_HIA*:=<DUV4AF:£X=?ZfA&\d?>@VWAF:I^ ¤¥§¦a¨©ªp«¬¨ _®q¯G°²±³´tµ¶®p·d¸¹±G´t´º³µ¶®£»5¯a¼B®*¸º³½µ¶®£±a¾;¼B´j¿I¼B¸¹±G®*¸tµ}³°¶°¶Àq¯a¼B®¸º³½µ¶®£±a¾;ÁÀ°}³®£¾h½µ¶®£±a»b³®£¾YÂ¼B´ Ã ®£±]Äh¿p°²¼*¾p±a¾q¼B´¹¾h®Y³®£¯a±a»Å[Æ7Ç7Èd»@É]ÊB³ÌË Ã µ²¯ºÍdÎµ²¾p±]Ï_³´¹±³/» Ã ´tÐÑ±Gµ¶°¶°}³®£¯a±µ²»5¼Òf¸¹±G®´¹±aË Ã µ¶´¹±a¾nÓ Ôd±GÐÑ±G´t¸tÕ£±G°²±a»¹»ÊF¸tÕ£±dµ²¾p±G®¸tµ×ÖY¯³¸tµ²¼B®8¼Ò§¾£³®p·Ñ±G´¹¼ Ã »/³´¹±³B»"Åfµ¶®£»t¸¹±³B¾¼Òj¸tÕ£±¾p±G¸¹±a¯G¸tµ²¼B®&¼Ò ±³B¯ºÕ» Ã Á£» Ã ´Ò³B¯a±¼BÁhØt±a¯G¸@É`¯³®#Á=±d±G®£¼ Ã ·¬ÕÒ[¼B´Ì»¹¼B½+±»¹¯a±G®Y³´tµ²¼¬»@ÂB³¿p¿p°¶µ²¯³¸tµ²¼B®£»Ê³°¶°²¼ÎÌÏ µ¶®p·³» Ã µ¶¸º³Áp°²±°²±GÐÑ±G°j¼Ò »¹±a¯ Ã ´tµ¶¸ÙÀµ¶®8³Ú¯a¼¬»t¸ÏÙ»º³Ð*µ¶®p·Î³aÀÑÓ _®L» Ã ¯ºÕÛ³Ò[´º³½+±GÎ`¼B´tÍ=ÊT¸tÕpµ²»¿Y³¿I±G´¾p±a»¹¯G´tµ¶Á=±a»#³¿p´¹¼BÁY³Ápµ¶°¶µ²»t¸tµ²¯³¿p¿p´¹¼Ñ³B¯¹ÕÛÒ¼B´¸tÕ£± ¾p±]Ö£®pµ¶¸tµ²¼B®6¼Ò ´tµ²»tÍ½³¿£»Ó/Ü*¸º³´t¸tµ¶®p·Ò[´¹¼B½¸tÕ£±q½+±³B» Ã ´¹±G½+±G®¸¼Ò ¸tÕ£±q»º¯³¸t¸¹±G´¹±a¾4±G°²±a¯]Ï ¸t´¹¼B½³·¬®£±G¸tµ²¯WÖY±G°²¾nÊ/¸tÕ£±4¿p´¹¼BÁY³Ápµ¶°¶µ¶¸_ÀÝ¼Ò;¼*¯a¯ Ã ´t´¹±G®£¯a±¼Ò¢¾£³®p·Ñ±G´¹¼ Ã »&¸º³´t·Ñ±G¸¹»µ¶®Û³® µ¶®*ÐÑ±a»t¸tµ¶·³¸¹±a¾» Ã Á£» Ã ´Ò³B¯a±/³´¹±³µ²»¾p±G¸¹±G´t½µ¶®£±a¾+¸tÕp´¹¼ Ã ·¬Õ³"» Ã µ¶¸º³Áp°¶À;¾p±]Ö£®£±a¾¯G°}³B»¹»tµ×ÖY±G´ ÁY³B»¹±a¾¼B®W³+Ü Ã ¿p¿I¼B´t¸TÞ±a¯G¸¹¼B´7ßW³B¯ºÕpµ¶®£±ÅuÜ*ÞdßÉ]Ó£à5¼³B»¹»¹±a»¹»Ì¸tÕ£±±]án±a¯G¸tµ¶ÐÑ±G®£±a»¹»7¼Ò§¸tÕ£± ¿p´¹¼B¿=¼¬»¹±a¾³¿p¿p´¹¼Ñ³B¯¹Õâ³®£¾6¸¹¼&±GÐ¬³° Ã ³¸¹±Úµ¶¸¹»´¹¼BÁ Ã »t¸t®£±a»¹»Ê5»¹±G°²±a¯G¸¹±a¾6® Ã ½+±G´tµ²¯³°`´¹±a» Ã °¶¸¹» ´¹±G°}³¸¹±a¾¸¹¼+³¸ÙÎ`¼ÏÙ¾hµ¶½+±G®£»¹µ²¼B®Y³°5·Ñ±a¼B½+±G¸t´tÀ8³´¹±¿p´¹±a»¹±G®*¸¹±a¾nÓ

(5)

ã ä st:DoGy=?ådch>@Zf<bHloGyI?>]?AF>]?VWAF:p~ AF>@?BAFEÚwch:poaAFV8^f:=A*oG?<çæÙcF>¢mjcFoG?:poG^[A*ZfZi~6wch:poaA*V4î:=?<lèå"îo]y X=:=?Nm=Zic<I?<ch>@<=:nAF:=w?+æ {"é¢ê èAF:=<&AF:po]^}oGAF:=ëìFAF:po]^}tmj?>@E]ch:I:=?Z£Z[A*:=<=V8^f:=?E`íTXIî=ZfîE]y=?<>]?N m5ch>ºoGEî:=<=îwBA*o]?;oGynAooGy=?+A*m=m=>]cB^fV4A*o]?Ú:£X=Vîj?>cFr {qé¢ê EîEcFrÀFîjchXIo+h¬V4îZfZfîch:=ET^f:* wchX=:po]>]^f?E&ï}ðe#C ch>@?c¬|h?>H>]?w?:poV8^fE]E@^fch:IE;^f:ñ\7chE]:=^fAIHb9qruzhynAF:=îE@oGAF:òAF:=<ñst>]AFóDm=>@chînAFîIZi~ æ_AF:=<LX=:Iruch>ºoGX=:=A*oG?Zi~Ièå"îZfZÌruX=>ºoGy=?>î:=w>@?BAFE@?WE@X=wayçAF:L?E@o]^fV4A*oG?*x`c >]?NoGX=>@:ÝoGy=?E]?4ôch:=?E oGcAwî|YîZf^[A*:DX=E@?FHoGy=?&ch>@<=:nAF:=w?E+E]yIchX=Zf<kîj?chîp|îchX=E@Zi~â>@?V8c¬|h?<§4õqc¬åd?N|h?>Hî:kE@?|F?>GA*Z wBAFE@?EHoGyI?&rucF>]V8?>îjchVî=î:=z>GAF:Izh?E+ynAB|h?8îj??:kX=:£X=E@?<Ýruch>V4AF:p~D~F?BAF>@E#A*:=<ko]y=? {qé¢ê ZfcYwBA*o]^fch:=EAF>@?6mnAF>ºoG^[A*ZfZi~ñë£:=c¬å":öch>wchV8m=Zf?NoG?Z}~kX=:=ë£:=c¬å":bÝxy£X=EHdADå"î<=?NtAF>]?AâE]X=>º|h?^fZ} Z[AF:=w?#îE¢:=??<=?<ñ^f:âch>@<=?>qoGc6w^f>@wX=V8E]w>]^fîj?+oGy=chE@?>]?zh^fcF:=E¢å"y=?>]?#o]y=?<nA*:=zh?>@chX=EqoaAF>@zh?o]E >]?E@^f<=?*TX=way6Am=>@cw?E]E7^fE/^f:=?N|YîoaA*î=Zi~oG^fV8?N?Nmj?:=E@î|h?¢AF:=<4^f:p|hcFZi|h?EdwchV4mIZf?N&AFwó£X=îE]îo]^fch: m=>]cYw?<=X=>]?E7vdch:=E@?ó£X=?:£o]Zi~FHjyI^fzhywchE@o]Eæuru>]cFV÷ru?Nåøy£X=:=<I>]?<<=chZiZ[AF>@E7ruch>AFw>@?^f:6oGyI?ÚwBAFE@? cFr E]XI>@rÙAFw?Úch>/E]ynAFZiZfc¬åùoGAF>]zh?NoGE7X=mWoGc#A#wcFX=m=Zf?qcFr V8^fZiZfîch:<=chZiZ[AF>@ETrucF>7E@X=î=E]XI>@rÙAFw?ÚchîYú@?woGEGè cwwX=>/xyI^fE^fEcF:=?+cFrò]y=?+VWA*^f:V8cFoG^}|FAoG^fcF:WcFrRoGy=?+zh>@c¬å"^f:=z&>]?E]?AF>]way ^f:poG?>]?Eºoq^f:<=?|F?Z² chm=^f:Iz X=:IE]X=mj?>º|îE]?<ÝoG?way=:=^fó£X=?EAFî=Zi?oGcD?Nû§?wo]î|h?Zi~üæu^f:ñoG?>@V4EcFr7oG^fV8?8AF:=<L>]?E@chX=>@w?EGè >]?m=AF^f>ZfAF:=<=V8^f:I?¬ì {"é¢ê wch:poaAFV8^f:nAoG?<öA*>]?BA*Eý?N|h?>]AFZ"E]chZiXIoGîch:=Ey=A¬|F? îj??:ümI>]chmjchE]?< înAFE]?<4cF:&|*AF>@^fchXIEV4?NoGy=cY<=chZichzh^fwAFZYAFm=m=>@cpAFway=?EÚæuE]??FHpruch>^f:IE@oaA*:=w?*H5ïþðlA*:=<8o]y=?>]?Nru?>@?:=w?E

wîo]?<Úo]y=?>@?^f:nèNH¬å"y=^fwaywcF:=E]î<=?> <=^}û§?>]?:£oE@?:=E@ch>V4cY<nAFZiîo]^f?ElE@X=way#A*E zh>]chXI:=<tE@?:=E@ch>]E7æu?Fÿz=iH

VWAFzF:=?o]chV4?NoG?>]EH*?Zi?wo]>]chV4AFzh:I?oGîw7>]AF<nAF>@EHhE@?:=E@ch>]Eî=AFE]?<ch:?Zi?wo]>]chV4AFzh:I?oGîwT^f:=<=XIwoGîch:bH

?oGw*×èch>/E@~Y:poGyI?oG^iwAFmj?>ºoGX=>@?;>GA*<nAF>]Est:6zh?:=?>]AFZeHpoGyI?E]?¢oG?wayI:=^fó£X=?E"AF>]?;AF^fV8?<4A*odAFway=^f?N|p

^f:=z+oGy=?"ruchZiZfc¬å"^f:=zzFcpAFZfEæ@èwcF>]>]?wo]Zi~&ZfcYwBA*Zf^fô^f:=zÚAZ[A*>]zh?:£X=Vîj?>/cFr <=AF:=zh?>]chX=EToaA*>]zh?NoGEH

oGy£X=E?:=E]X=>@^f:=zoGy=?;ruXoGX=>@?ÚE]?wX=>@^iot~4cFrwZi?BAF:=?<AF>@?BAFE æ]OÑèT>]?<IX=w^i:=zoGy=?qrÙAFZfE@?NtAFZ[AF>@V >GAoG?FH

(6)

st: E]X=way AÝru>GAFV8?å7ch>@ëjHq?Zi?wNoG>]cFVWAFzF:=?o]^fwâA*m=m=>]chAFway=?EînA*E]?<-ch: Zi?BAF>@:=^f:Iz*tîp~pt?=A*V4m=Zi?E æ\U/è+o]?way=:=îó£X=?Eïÿ*ð²ïþð7ynAB|h?6îj??:Û>]?w?:po]Zi~Lm=>]chmjchE@?<Ýruch>+oGyI?6ch:Zf^f:I? ;<=?o]?wo]^fch:ÝcFr E]X=î=E@X=>@rÙA*w?chî£ú@?wo]EÌxyI?<=?o]?wNoG^fcF:#m=>@cw?E]E^fER>]?wAFE@oAFEÌAq>]?zF>]?E@E]îch:m=>@chî=Zf?V å"y=?>@?doGyI? X=:=ë£:=c¬å":=Eæuêÿ?F}HRo]y=?4mjchE@îoGîch:kAFEåd?ZfZ/AFE+oGy=?8zh?chV4?NoG>@^fw8AF:=<L<=^f?Zf?wNoG>@^fwwaynAF>]AFwo]?>@^fE@o]^fwE cFrÌoGyI?oGAF>]zh?Noè"AF>]?<=^f>@?wNoGZi~6?|*AFZfX=A*oG?< ru>]cFV oGy=?<nA*oaADæÙ^_þ?*iHloGy=?+|*AFZfXI?E;c*roGyI?#E]wA*o]o]?>@?< ?Zi<lèdîp~AFm=m=>@c¬îVWA*o]^f:=zoGy=?+<nA*oGAtXI:=ë£:=c¬å":=E¢>@?ZfA*oGîch:6oGy=>@chX=zhy AF:cFûltZi^f:=?Ú<=A*oaA o@oG^f:Iz m=>]cYw?E]E4æº¡ÙP@FnYI¬KÑè\Uø>]?zh>]?E]E@^fch:înAFE@?<LAFm=m=>@cpAFway=?E<=?V4cF:=E@o]>GA*o]?<ñoGy=?^f>?r[ ru?wo]î|F?:=?E]E^f:4<=?BA*Zf^f:Izå"^}oGyW<I?oG?wo]^fch:6mI>]cYw?E@E]?Eå"y=?>@?AZi^fV8îoG?<&:YXIVî5?>dcFrbX=:=ë£:=c¬å":=E ^fEwch:=E@^f<=?>]?<bõ¢c¬åd?N|h?>Hîj?wBA*X=E]?6c*roGy=?8wcFV4m=Zi?Nîot~ñc*rdoGyI?WX=:=<I?>]Z}~Y^f:=zDAF>]way=^}oG?woGXI>]?FH E]chV8?;<=^8wX=Z}oG^f?E7cYwwX=>7å"yI?:A#ZfAF>]zh?>7:£X=V#î5?>cFr X=:IëY:IcÑå":IE^fE7oGAFëF?:^f:poGc#AFwwchX=:poBT9¢E ADwch:IE]?ó£X=?:=w?*H\U >]?zh>]?E]E@^fch:înAFE@?<öAFm=mI>]cpAFwayI?E#o]X=>]:çchXo#oGcDî5?W|F?>º~Û?û5?wNoG^}|h?Wruch> oGy=?<=?NoG?wNoGîch:öcFrÚAñE]î:=zhZi?ñæÙch>ru?Nå¢èî=X=>]î?<öchîYú@?woH7å"y=?>]?BA*E8o]y=?~ýAF>@?:=cFoºtE]ctE]XIîoaA*î=Zf? ^f:ò<=?AFZfî:=zWå"îo]yâoGy=?<I?oG?wo]^fch:ñcFr/VX=Z}oGîm=Zf?+oaAF>@zh?o]E ê :âo]y=?cFo]y=?>ynA*:=<bH îoÚE]y=chXIZf<òîj? m5chî:poG?<&chXooGynA*oo]y=?^f<I?:poG^ wBA*o]^fch:c*r5ru>@??NtAF>]?AFETAF:=<8AF:8?EºoGîVWA*o]?cFrjoGy=?wch:=w?:poG>]A*oGîch: cFrE@X=î=E@X=>@rÙAFw?#chî£ú@?wo]Eæu^f:=EºoG?AF< c*rò]y=?ZicwAFZfîôBA*o]^fch:4cFr`?BAFway î=X=>]î?<E]wA*o]o]?>]?>aèV4îzhypoîj? ?:=chXIzhy6^f:4E]?N|h?>]AFZ§E@îo]XnA*oGîch:=EÌxy=?:§HoGyI?;zhcpA*Zjc*rRAE]XIî=E]X=>ºrÙAFw?E@?:=E@^f:=zoG?wayI:=^fó£X=?ÚwchX=Zi<

î5?7V4c¬|h?<ru>]chV o]y=?tchîYú@?wNo<=?NoG?wNoG^ich:/oGc;o]y=?t<=? :=^io]^fch:cFrjA¢>@^fE]ëV4AFma`vdch:IE]?ó£X=?:poGZi~FH

A&wZ[AFE@E]^ wBA*o]^fch:A*m=m=>]chAFwaybHn^f:IE@oG?AF<cFrÌA>@?zh>@?E]E@^fch:ch:=?*HnE]y=cFX=Zf<îj??V4mIZfc¬~h?<b

st:4oGyI^fETmnAFmj?>HA+wZfAFE]E@^ wA*oG^ich:8AFm=m=>@cpAFway4înAFE]?<Wch:WA\UÝo]?way=:I^fó£X=?;^iETm=>]chmjchE@?<4rucF>TAF:

ch:tZi^f:=?/E]XIîtE@X=>@rÙAFw?E]?:=E]^i:=z=TYoGAF>@o]^f:=zqru>]chV oGyI?ë£:=c¬å"Zf?<Izh?cFrnoGyI?E]wBAo]oG?>]?< ?Zf<|FA*ZfX=?E

wchZiZf?wNoG?<#AFîjc¬|h?/oGy=?/E]X=>ºrÙAFw?*HFoGyI?7V8?o]y=c<^fERAF^iV4?<#A*oR<=? :=^i:=zÚAq>]^fE@ëVWA*mcFrIoGy=?/<=chV4AF^f:

X=:=<=?>¢oG?E@oÚ\7~wcF:=E]^i<=?>@^f:=zWAY+CtînAFE@?<âwZ[AFE@E]^

?>Hjo]y=?m=>@chm5cFE]?<DV4?NoGy=cY<D?E@oG^iVWAoG?E

(7)

xy=?mnAFmj?>¢^fEqch>]zhAF:=^fô?<òA*E¢ruchZiZfc¬å"Eqxy=??Zf?wNoG>@chVWA*zh:=?o]^fw+m=>@chî=Zf?V ^fE¢rucF>]VX=ZfA*oG?<DA*:=< oGy=?YCtînA*E]?<âAFm=m=>@cpAFway^fE"chXIo]Zf^f:I?<^f:D?wNoGîch:=E¢8A*:=<âI7nch>oGyI?:£X=V8?>@^fwBA*ZAFE]E@?E]E¹ V4?:£oHYAE@?Zf?wo]?<6E@?o7cFrb>@?E]XIZioGE/^fETm=>@?E@?:poG?<6oGcAFE]E@?E]E/oGy=?q?û5?wNoG^}|h?:I?E]EdcFr§o]y=?¢mI>]chmjchE]?< AFm=m=>@cpAFwayøæe?woBö£èöx`c¬ådAF>]<=E&oGyI^fE?:I<bHAòotådct<=îV4?:=E]îch:nAFZ7m=>]chîIZf?V ^fE&<=?AFZioå"^}oGyb \dcFoGyW:=ch^fE@?Zi?E]EdAF:=<6wch>]>@X=mIo]?<6V8?BAFE@X=>]?V4?:po<nA*oGAAF>@?;wcF:=E]î<=?>@?<Wo]cway=?waë8oGy=?¢>]chîIX=E@oº :=?E@EcFroGy=?òmI>]chmjchE]?<-AFm=m=>@cpAFwaybî:nAFZiZi~hH7E]chV8?âwch:=wZiX=E]îch:=EWAF:=< :nA*Z;>]?VWA*>]ë£EAF>@? m=>]?E]?:po]?<Dî: ?wNoB7 W X `N"0 YW+0 3+ N ?NoX=Ewch:IE]^f<I?>Aot~Ym=^fwAFZ/otå7c*<=^fV8?:=E@^fch:=AFZî=X=>@^f?<YtchîYú@?wo#E]w?:nAF>@^fcâA*E#E]yIcÑå":çî:Ûîz= hLxyI?XIm=m5?>>]?zh^fch:çmI>]?E@?:poGE&oGyI?EGAFV8?waynAF>]AFwo]?>]îE@o]^fwEc*rqo]y=?6|*AFwXIX=V æ[Z \8]^`_ba*cIH d ]e^fcga*cpèN&xy=?&ZichE]Eº~òE]X=îIE]X=>ºrÙAFw?4>]?zF^fch:bHbå"yI^fwaykV4cY<=?ZiE;oGyI?8E@ch^fZ_H ^fEwaynA*>GAFwNoG?>@^fô?<kî£~ Añwch:=<=XIwoG^}|Yîot~ dh AF:=<ýîp~öAò>]?ZfA*oG^}|h?<=î?Zi?wo]>]îw6m5?>]V8îo@oGî|Y^}ot~iZ&\ h ýC cF>]?c¬|F?>HdZf?o&XIE AFE]E@X=V4?o]ynA*o&oGy=?î:£|F?EºoG^fzhA*oGîch:ö<=chV4AF^f:kjmlWZi^f?E?:poGî>]?Zi~çî:öo]y=?E]X=îIE]X=>ºrÙAFw? V4?<=^fX=VH jln^ oqpsr hutwvxt r hzy p{r h|t~}t r h 9 E@?o cFr#oGAF>]zF?oGEÝæÙ?îo]y=?><=î?Zf?wo]>]^fwòcF>ZichE]Eº~Iè AF>]?E]X=m=mjchE@?<âoGcWî5?Zfch:=z8oGcjl+A*:=<â^fZiZfX=V8^f:=A*oG?<î£~ oG>]AF:=E@V4^}o]oG?>]EqZfcYwBA*o]?<òAo;ë£:=c¬å": m5chE@îo]^fch:=E v:y} E Hm^_ y aaa y

AFîjc¬|h?6oGyI?AF^f>¹tzh>@chX=:=<L^f:poG?>@rÙAFw?F ?No 2+î5?6o]y=?E]c*

wBAFZiZf?<t^f:=w^f<=?:po ?Zf<aH ^eÿ?Fo]y=?4?Zf?woG>@^fw ?Zf<k<=^fEºoG>@^fî=XIo]^fch:D<=X=?&oGcoGy=?oG>]AF:=E@V4^}o]oG?>]E^i:

oGy=?AFî=E@?:=w? c*r;î=XI>]^f?<üE@wBA*o@oG?>]?>@Eýxy=?¹E@wBA*o@oG?>@?< ?Zi<u ^fEwchZfZi?wNoG?<öîp~öAñE]?No cFr+E]?:=E]ch>@Em=Z[A*w?<-Ao6zh^}|h?: mjchE@îoGîch:=E v \ y} \ H<^ _ y aaa y wZichE]?Do]cÝoGyI?òAF^f>¹tzh>@chX=:=< ^f:poG?>@rÙAFw?F { :=<=?>oGy=?;y£~YmjcFoGyI?E]?E¢c*rRAF:^fE@cFoG>@chm=^fw¢înAFwaë£zh>@chX=:=<V8?<=îX=V A*:=<6oGynAooGy=?;?Zf?wo]>]chV4AFz*

(8)

?Zi<=E8AF>]? AFZfE@cit<=î>]?woG?< æE 2{^ vy}g8 IH ^m vyC}q$ Ýè xRcL<=? :=?DA >]^fE@ë V4AFmbH5Zf?NoÚX=EV8c<I?ZoGy=?î:p|h?EºoGîzpA*oGîch:â<=cFVWAFî: o]y=>]chXIzhyñA4otå7c*t<=îV4?:=E]îch:nAFZRZ[Ao]oGîw? cFr¡ >]?woGAF:=zhX=ZfAF>8w?ZiZfE4cFrZfî:=?BA*>4<=îV4?:=E]îch:w¢+AF:I<¤£ å"y=chE]?Dw?:po]?>wcYch>@<=^f:nAoG?E4AF>@? v¥¦y}¥ H¨§©^ª_ y aaa y ¢xy=?EºoaA*o]?¬« ¥ c*rÌoGy=?4M&eoGyâw?ZiZ`wAF:âîj?#?^}oGy=?>;?V4mIot~ÝæuîrTAF:p~ E]wBAo]oG?>]?>Wîj?ZfcF:=zhEoGcñoGy=? w?ZfZè¬« ¥ ^ p_ ch>&cwwX=mI^f?<« ¥ ^`®¯_hùxyI?:bHo]y=? mI>]chî Zf?V wAF:çîj?4ruch>@VX=Z[AoG?<LAFE#rucFZfZfc¬å"E¡N¡FP¡ÙY¯°PVM ¡[nK4±]F¡Ù¡¹KNPGK]¬²K>³}òMWK]N PGKNMWKNn¡ ´ µ ^·¶¨ v \ y} \ .¸ ¡^¹_ y aaa y¯¸ ^¹_ y aaa y º»b²Tj+¡[nK¼jPVFOapO[³¶¡E½e¾ ¥ ¡[IF¡b¡nK§¿pÀ8£ aK>³[³ f{V± N ±jeK]Ûæ§Á^ª_ y aaa y èGxynA*o¢^fEHYKN¡tKNPM§K¡nK<jPVFOapO[³¶¡½6FPP]5½¬Â Hjå"y=îway ^fE"AruX=:=wNoG^fcF:Ãøc*rò]y=?+E]wBAo]oG?>]î:=z&<nA*oaA ´ µ Â ^ÅÄ¡<oÆ« ^Ç_ È ´ µ ^ÉÃ ´ µ æºÑè å"y=?>@?ÊÂ ^ Ë&¾ ¥Jy §Ì^¹_ y aaa y ¹ÍLAF:=<¤« ^ Ë&« ¥¦y §Ì^Î_ y aaa y ¹Í£ X=way AÛE@oGA*oG?V4?:po

<=? :I?EAwZfAFE]E@^ wA*oGîch:ñm=>]chîIZf?VW9÷E]cFZfXIo]^fch:kînAFE@?<ÝcF:LoGyI?6YC å"^fZiZÌîj?4<=?NoaAFîZf?<Lî:

oGy=?WrucFZfZfc¬å"î:=zî£~ÝAFE@E]X=V8^f:=z oGy=?6ë£:=c¬å"Zi?<=zh?WcFrqADE]?NocFr"ë£:=c¬å":ç?NIAFV8m=Zi?Eæuêÿ?F}HÌ^f:Im=XIo@ chXIoGmIXIo">]?Z[A*o]^fch:=E¯¶Ï ´ µ y § y « ¥¦¸ §Ì^Î_ y aaa y ¸Ð ^Ç_ y aaa y Ñ ºòwBAFZiZf?<k¡ÙP@FnY&¬KN¡@èN Ò $&% ' .I "! Dd+ N# `# xy=?Úm=>@chm5cFE]?<£+CînAFE]?<wZfAFE]E@^ wA*oGîch:6AFmIm=>]cpA*way6^fE/ruch>]VXIZ[A*o]?<6A*EAotå7c*tEºoG?mmI>]cYw?N <=X=>]? ÓÅÔ ¡¹KiÕÆÖ o]cò<=?o]?>@V4î:=?Aâ<=?w^fE@^fch:ÛruXI:=wo]^fch:Ø× Ù oGynAowch>@>]?woGZ}~ÝwZ[AFE@E]^ ?E&AF:çî:=m=XIo mnA*o@oG?>@:Ú ´ µ y § æÙ:=cFoºt:=?w?E]EGA*>]^fZ}~6îj?Zich:=zhî:=zoGcoGyI?+o]>GAFî:=^f:IzE]?Noè>

(9)

ÓÅÔ y î=^fZi^iot~sÄÀJoÆ« ^¹_ È ´ µ ÝJÞ$ß à¤áãâåäçæ,èæ:éäêéë{èìçáÉàÅáí¨æ:îæ:éäêïJðçä¦ízèæ:éñä 9o;oGyI^fE;EºoG?mbH§oGyI?E@oGA*oGX=Eç« ¥ cFrT?AFwayòw?ZfZRcFroGy=?#Z[A*o@oG^fw?y=AFE;oGcWî5?<=?o]?>]V8^f:I?<b+C A*oGy

?V4A*oGîwBAFZiZi~hHÈ]X=wayüAâm=>@chî=Zf?V ruch>@VX=ZfA*oG?E#^f:Ûo]y=?<=? :=îo]^fch:Ûc*r;AòE@X=îoGAFî=Zf?W<=^fE@w>]îV4î:nAF:po

ruX=:=wo]^fch:f×Ù E@?mnAF>]A*oG^i:=z o]y=?&otådcâwZ[AFE@E]?E«Å^ò_WAF:=<Ú«¤^êp_F^f:Iw?&oGy=?E]?6wZ[AFE@E]?EAF>@?

:=ch:Zf^f:I?BAF>@Zi~E]?mnAF>]AFî=Zf?*H oGy=?<=? :=^}oG^fcF:òcFrA:=cF:tZi^f:=?AF>æu^f:âoG?>]V8EcFr/oGy=?ch>@^fzh^i:nAFZR<nA*oGA

´ µ è¢<=^fE@w>@^fV8^f:nAF:poqruX=:=wNoG^fcF:â^fE¢X=E]XnA*ZfZi~>@?ó£X=^f>@?<b+9¢EA6VWAo]oG?>¢c*r/rÙA*woBH5E]X=waykA6E@chZfXIo]^fch: ^fE"^fV8m=Zf?V4?:poG?<6å"yI?:â9¢>@oG^ w^fAFZóq?X=>]AFZó¢?Notådch>@ë£E&æÙ9çóçóÚèAF>@?wch:=E@^f<=?>]?<ÛæÙE@??4ïþ*ðRA*:=< oGy=?+>]?Nru?>@?:=w?Eqw^io]?<oGy=?>]?^f:lè vdch:p|h?>@E]?Zi~hH/£+C <I? :=?EA Zi^f:=?AF>+<=?w^fE@^fch:ñruX=:=wNoG^fcF:ÝwcF>]>]?E]mjch:=<=^i:=z o]câAy£~Ymj?>@m=Z[AF:I?

oGynA*oV4A^fV8^fô?E8oGy=?òE@?mnAF>]A*oG^i:=zöVWA*>]zh^i:ùî5?Notåd??: oGy=?ñwZfAFE]E@?E÷X=way AöZi^f:=?AF>W<=A*oaA

o]o]^f:=zk^fE8:=cFo4wBAF>@>]î?<ýchXIo4^f:üo]y=?DcF>]^fzF^f:nAFZ7^f:=mIXIoWE@mnAFw?xôÚË ´ µ Í£HîIXIo6î: Aky=^fzhyI?>8<=^} V4?:=E]îch:nAFZ/E]mnA*w?õ|oÆö ´ µ ± æÙwAFZfZi?<°BK]F¡Ù PGK4IaKÑèå"yI?>]?6o]y=?ch>@^fzhî:nAFZT?NIAFV8m=Zf?EAF>@? VWAFmIm5?<ko]y=>]chXIzhyÝA:=ch:YtZfî:=?BA*>Úchmj?>GAoGch>¡ö Ó

4xyI?4:=cF:=Zf^i:=?BAF>£+C wZ[AFE@E]^ ?>+E]cchî

oaAF^i:=?<^fE<I? :=?<âAFE × Ùn÷ ö ´ µ y § 8ø ^¤ù ú&ö ´ µ y § ®û §Ø^Î_ y aaa y æehè

å"y=?>@?eù AF:=<uû¢AF>]?¢oGy=?Úm=AF>GAFV8?o]?>@EcFr×Ù oGcîj?Ú<=?o]?>@V4^i:=?<<=XI>]^f:Iz#oGy=?¢oG>GA*^f:=^i:=z#m=y=AFE]?*

xy=?yp~Ymj?>]mIZ[AF:=?E]ct<=? :=?<DwBAFX=E@?EqoGy=?Z[AF>@zh?EºoqE]?m=AF>GA*o]^fch:îj?otå7??: oGy=?<=?w^fE@^fch:ruX=:=w

(10)

ü Eù ^ _ ýsþ ù þ h æ_pè E]X=îYú@?woqoGcoGyI?E@?mnA*>GAFî=îZf^}ot~Wwch:=E@o]>GAFî:poGE ù ú ö ÿ ´ µ y §®nûÇ_ « ¥ ^¹_ §Ø^Î_ y aaa y ù ú&ö ÿ ´ µ y § ®û t p¡_ « ¥ ^Çp_ Ð ^Î_ y aaa y Ñ æÙ£è õ¢c¬åd?N|h?>HE]î:=w?#o]y=?#o]>GAFî:=^f:=z4<nA*oGAW^f:Do]y=?#ru?A*oGX=>@?E]mnA*w?AF>@?zh?:=?>]AFZfZ}~ :Ich:twchV8m=Zf?NoG?Z}~ E]?m=AF>GAFîIZf?;îp~WA#yp~Ym5?>]m=ZfAF:=?FHl>³} FPÙpO2³fKaæÙ<=?:=cFo]?<îp~ ¥Ï è7AF>@?;^f:po]>]cY<=X=w?<WoGc#>]?ZfA oGy=?+E]?mnAF>]AFî=^fZiîot~4wch:IE@oG>]AF^f:po]Eqî:kæÙ£èAFErucFZfZfc¬å"E ù ú ö ÿ ´ µ y §®nû _<p ¥ & « ¥ ^¹_ §Ì^¹_ y aaa y ù ú ö ÿ ´ µ y § ®nû t ¥ p~_ & « ¥ ^Îp¡_ Ð ^¹_ y aaa y Ñ æehè 9wwcF>]<=î:=zhZi~FHIoGyI?wchE@o"ruX=:IwoGîch:^f:Læ_hèdV4cY<=^ ?E ü ù ^ þ ù þ h ý ® ¥ ] ] ¥ ® ¥ ] ] ¥ æ_pè å"y=?>@? Ñ ¥ AF:=< Ñ ¥Ï ^f:=<I^fwBAoG?+oGy=?:£X=Vîj?>;cFroG>]AF^f:=î:=zW?IAFV4mIZf?E¢ruch>¢å"y=îwayÜ« ¥ ^ _ AF:=<¿« ¥ ^p¡_hHT>]?E]mj?wo]î|F?Zi~z! ^ " #%$ '&)( * AF:=<+ ^ " #%$ &,( ïþðekxy=?X=E@?>¹

<=? :I?<ùyp~Ym5?>]mnA*>GAFV8?o]?>- wch:poG>@chZfEoGyI? oG>]AF<=?tcFû-îj?otå7??:ùoGy=?çKNMçjP]5³Pf æÙ^_þ?*iH

oGy=?&oG>]AF^f:=^i:=z?>]>@ch>]EGèA*:=<Lo]y=?WV8c<I?ZwcFV4m=Zi?N^iot~üæoGy=?

>@E@o#o]?>@V ^i:ùæÙpè]èÚoGcDAB|hch^i<LoGyI?

V.FKNP²T¡Ù¡ÙYp st:üoGy=A*o8wBAFE@?FHdo]y=? <I?w^iE]^ich:üîjchX=:I<nAF>@~ço]ccñm=>@?w^fE]?Zi~öwch>]>@?E]mjch:=<IE4oGcñoGyI?

(11)

x`c8V4î:=^fV8^fô?æÙpèNH=^}oqwBAF:î5?+chîIE]?>º|h?<DoGynAo;A&:=?w?E@EGAF>º~wch:=<IîoGîch:^fEo]ynA*oJù ^fE"A&Zf^f:I?BAF> wchVîI^f:nA*o]^fch:WcFrò]y=?+VWA*m=m5?<|h?wNoGch>@Eåö ÿ ´ µ y § ù ^ ¥ ] ] ¶0/ ¥ « ¥ ö ÿ ´ µ y § º æehè å"y=?>@? / ¥ ¤cIH Ð ^¹_ y aaa yÑ H&§Ì^Î_ y aaa y 2AF>]?4AFzF>GAF:=zF?VX=Zio]^fm=Zi^f?>]EnoGc"îj?<=?o]?>]V8^f:I?<b C ch>]?c¬|h?>Hru>]chV oGyI?21+AF>]XIE]y31+y£X=:YtxRX=waëF?>8wch:=<=^}oGîch:=EA*o#o]y=?6chmIo]^fV4AFZf^}ot~çïÿ*ð_H4û&o]X=>]:IE chXIooGc&îj?+?Nm=>]?E]E@?<òAFEruchZiZfc¬å"E û(^54 ¥ ] 4 7698 ] ¶ « ¥ p 4 : ] ¶0/ : ¥ ö ÿ ´ µ y § ú ö ÿ ´ : µ y § ºñº Ñ <; æ_pè Ñ <; îj?î:=zÛoGy=?D:YXIVî5?>6cFrmnA*o@oG?>]:=Ewÿ ´ µ y § ruch>4å"y=îway / ¥ = ^ c-æuwBAFZiZf?< N ±ÆVPN¡ FK N¡:VPGè X=î=EºoGîo]XIoGî:=zæeFè"A*:=<Læ_pèdî:Ýæ_hè7~Y^f?Zf<=E × Ù ÷ ö ´ µ y § ø ^ 4 ¥> ] 4 ] ¶0/ ¥ « ¥@? ÿ ´ µ y ´ µ y § º ® # $ &,( #BA 68 C &,(EDGF C # A H &,(EDGI H J>K<L C MON L H MPN ¥RQ,S.S 68 æ_pè å"y=?>@? ? ÿ ´ µ y ´ T µ y § ^ ö ÿ ´ µ y § ú ö ÿ ´ T µ y

§ ^fEADE]X=^}oaAFîIZf?pKNP§K>³ ° Y N¡ÙV0UB

xy=?:bHpo]y=?"<=?w^fE]^ich:ruX=:=wNoG^fcF:8^iEwchV8m=Zi?oG?Zi~#<=?o]?>]V8^f:I?<å"y=?:8oGy=?JAFzh>]AF:=zh?dVX=Zio]^fm=Zi^f?>]E

AF>]?&E]mj?w^ ?<bxRcÑådAF>@<=Eo]y=^fE+?:I<bH`o]y=?4wch:=EºoG>GA*^f:=?<ÝchmIo]^fV8^fôA*oG^ich:âm=>@chî=Zf?V ruch>@VX=Z[AoG?<

VXW =>#MåI±": ,M.RSP*"CII&RZYLE[.Y\YR*=K;=G[± O@=>!O %&"]YL$=>D5"=>z %&RZYD M.D5"$#B3^ %&"HRSK "$#"_YE "CI¡#"8MI±"$#G(Ma`À#":F"$# =

(12)

§g v I Ë ü]hi Xj / Íe^ §g v I k # A C &)( # A H &)( # $ '&)(ml*I C I H F C F H nJ K L C M N L H M N ¥ Qpo h p 4 ] 4 ¥> ] / ¥rq æº¬pè E]X=îYú@?wo+oGc 4 ] 4 ¥ ] / ¥ « ¥ ^ªcIH / ¥ sut c y 'v îrñ« ¥ ^Ìp¡_8AF:=< / ¥ sut c y 0v cFoGy=?>@å"îE]?F ^f:nA*ZfZi~FHnE]î:=w? ü]hi Xj / ^fE¢AWwch:p|F?NñA*:=<âó£XnAF<=>]A*oGîwruX=:IwoGîch:Dc*roGy=?X=:=ë£:=c¬å":ñmnAF>GA*V& ?oG?>]E / ¥ H5îo;^fE;E@chZi|F?<ñ:£X=V8?>]îwBAFZiZi~îp~DV4?AF:=EÚcFr/A4E@oaA*:=<nAF>@<òóYX=AF<=>GAoG^fwm=>]cFzh>GAFV8V8^f:=z oG?wayI:=^fó£X=?WæÙ?*þz=}HIo]y=?íTZfA*o]omwþE¢=C ê

AFZizhch>]^}oGy=V ruch>wZ[AFE@E]^ wBA*o]^fch:ñï²hð[èN

ÝJÞ\x y{z}||åæ:ä~ØéëèìçáÎàÅáí¨æ:îæ:éäïJðçä¦ízèæ:éäæ:ä èé èìçá>7.7}7

é}%z}çæX:æ,è

vdch:=w?>]:=^i:=zâEºoaAF:=<=AF>]<çwZ[AFE@E]^ wBA*o]^fch:bHRoGy=?Y+C wZ[AFE@E]^ ?>#ZfAFîj?ZfEAF:Û^i:=m=XIo#mnA*o@oG?>@:öAFwN

wch>@<=^f:=zo]c&o]y=?ruchZfZic¬å"^f:=z>]X=Zi?4ï²Ñ¬ð « ¥ ^ Ð ¶ × Ù ÷ ö ´ µ y § ø º §Ø^Î_ y aaa y æºhÑè

{ :=Zi^fëF?E@oaA*:=<nAF>@<A*m=m=>]chAFway=?EHo]y=?m=>@chm5cFE]?<V8?oGyIc<^iE AF^fV8?<ÚA*o<=? :=^f:=z"A*:W5U@V¬N¡tKNPVP

m=>]chî=AFî=^fZi^iot~F;vdcF:=E]?óYXI?:poGZ}~hH E]cFV4?V8cY<=^ wA*oG^ich:=EoGc4oGy=?E@oaA*:=<nAF>@<kY+CînAFE@?<òwZfAFE]E@^

wBA*o]^fch: AFm=m=>@cpAFwayòA*>]?#:I??<I?<b¢x`c¬ådAF>]<=E¢oGy=îEÚAFîV HlA8E]?oÚcFr?8w^f?:po;E]chZiXIoGîch:=EqynAFE;îj??:

>]?w?:poGZ}~m=>]chmjchE@?<ýæÙE@??*H5ruch>q^f:=EºoaAF:Iw?FHï}Bð_Hfï²¬*ð²ï²ÑÑð[èq?^io]y=?>qînAFE@?<òch:òA8<=^f>@?wNo¢o]>GAF^i:=^f:=z

cFr5o]y=?qYC å"^}oGy8AZfchzhîE@o]^fwdZi^f:=ë+ruX=:=wNoGîch:&AF:=<4A>]?zFX=Z[AF>@^fô?<V4A^fVX=VZfîëF?Zf^fyIccY<#E@wch>@?

(13)

AÛE]^fzF:=^ wAF:po6V8c<I^ wA*oG^ich:üc*ro]y=?kYC E@oG>@X=wo]X=>]?* st:ùo]y=^fE6m=AFm5?>H"oGy=?ç5U@V¬N¡¹KNPVP

m=>]chî=AFî=^fZiîot~ o@oG^f:IzV8?o]y=cY< ï²ÑðlîETAF<=chmoG?<8E]î:=w?o]y=?¢XIE]?"cFr AmnA*>GAFV8?o]>]^fwdV4cY<=?Z=AFZfZicÑå"E

A&<I^f>]?wo o@oGî:=zcFrRoGy=?45U@V¬N¡tKNPNVPTm=>@chînAFî=îZf^}ot~ÄÀ o « ^¹_ È´ µ /C ch>@?+^f:<=?NoaAFîZeHIE@X=way A&V8cY<=?Z A*m=m=>]cB^fV4A*o]?EoGyI?W5U@V¬N¡tKNPVP/mI>]chînA*î=^fZiîot~8oGy=>@chX=zhyA&E]^fzFV4chî<WruX=:=wNoGîch: Ä¡ñË&« ¥ ^¹_(ÈF ´ µ y § Íe^ _ _ñ® v) ¶0 × Ù ÷ ö ´ µ y § ø ® º §Ø^¹_ y aaa y æºÑhè å"y=?>@? AF:=<AF>]?+X=:IëY:IcÑå": mnAF>]AFV4?NoG?>]E x`c&?EºoGîVWA*o]?¢o]y=?chmIo]^fV4AFZj|*AFZiX=?ErucF>doGy=?m=AF>GAFV8?o]?>@EcFroGy=?E@^fzhV8ch^f<8ruX=:=wNoG^fcF:bHnA o@oG^f:Iz m=>]cYw?E]E#îE+m5?>@ruch>@V4?<b69÷E]X=î=E@?o#cFrdo]y=?Wî:=m=XIomnA*o@oG?>]:=EcFrdo]y=?8o]>GAFî:=^f:IzE@?o^fEway=chE@?: ¶´ µ y § y « ¥J¸ §Ì^Ç_ y aaa y ¸ å^¹_ y aaa yp º`Hå"y=?>@? Ù ¥ ^×Ù ÿ ö ÿ ´ µ y §¡Ìxy=?:§H oGy=?ruchZiZfc¬å"^f:=z#wchEºoqruXI:=wo]^fch:^fE<I? :=?< ¢ Ë y Íå^ p 4@£ ] 4 ¥ ] k F 6 ] h ¢¤¥§¦ ] ] '¨© : Kª¥« ¬ 6 '<Q¯® ®fÿ ] F 6 h ¡¢¤¥§¦ ¨© : K ª « ¬ 6 'Q ] '¨© : Kª¥« ¬ 6 '<Q¯® q æº¬pè AF:=<E]X=ww?E]E]^}|h?Zi~V4î:=^fV8^fô?<A*wwcF>]<=î:=zoGcoGy=?+:£X=V8?>@^fwBA*Zbm=>]cYw?<=X=>@?mI>]chmjchE]?< î:kï}ÑÑðe ° ± 30 +³² "3R st:o]y=^fEdE]?wNoGîch:bHo]y=?>]?E]X=Z}oGEcFrÀE@?o"cFrR:£X=V8?>]îwBAFZ5?NIAFV8m=Zf?E"AF>]?ÚAF:nAFZ}~ô?<6o]c4A*E]E]?E]EoGyI? ?û5?wo]î|F?:=?E]EHjî=XIo¢AFZiE]cwX=>]>@?:po;Zi^fV8îoGA*oGîch:=EHpc*rò]y=?+m=>]chmjchE@?< AFm=m=>@cpAFwayb ´ îoGy4>]?Nru?>]?:=w?¢oGco]y=?;zF?chV8?o]>@~&E]yIcÑå":î:W`^fz=7hHYo]y=?¢rucFZfZfc¬å"î:=z+zh?chV8?o]>]îw¢A*:=<W<=î?Zi?wN oG>]îwdmnA*>GAFV8?o]?>]EAF>]?dwch:=E@^f<=?>]?<bÌxy=?>@?ZfA*oG^}|h?dmj?>@V4^}o]o]î|Yîot~+A*:=<oGy=?dwch:=<IX=wo]î|Yîot~cFrnoGyI?

(14)

y=chV8chzh?:I?chX=E¢E]X=îIE]X=>ºrÙAFw?&>]?zh^fcF:âAF>@?¬Z&\ h ^¶µqaScWAF:=< dh ^ _·k_±c ¡º §òH§>]?E@m5?wo]î|h?Zi~F xy=?^f:p|h?E@oGîzpA*o]^fch:Û<IchVWA*^f:¿jml8^fEA ý a*c»¼· ý aSc»ö>]?zF^fch:öAF:I<ý^}oådAFE&<=^fE@w>]?NoGîô?<öî:öA otådc*<=^fV8?:IE]^fcF:nAFZIZfA*o]o]^fw?cFrã ^½¿¾+E@ó£XnAF>]?"w?ZfZiE`xy=?¢îIX=>]î?<&chîYú@?woGEHV8cY<=?Zi^f:=z {"é¢ê E ch>ÚZ[A*:=<=V8^f:=?EH AF>@?ZfchE@E]Zi?E]Ew^f>@wX=ZfAF>Úw~YZi^f:=<=?>]EcFr/<=^fAFV8?oG?>BÀ [Áj ^ÃÂÄAF:=<ñwaynAF>]AFwo]?>@^fô?< î£~DA6>]?Z[A*o]î|F?mj?>@V4^}o]oG^}|Yîot~|Z [Áj ^ÆÅaSc+vdch:=w?>]:I^f:=z6o]y=?V8?BAFE@X=>]?V4?:£oÚE@~YE@o]?VH ^ _¾ ^f<=?AFZÌ>]?w?î|h?>]E#AF>]?&?ó£XnA*ZfZi~âE]mnAFw?<çA*Zfch:=zA*:Ýchî=E@?>º|FAoG^fcF:kZi^f:=? ý aSc»ItZfcF:=zAF:=<kmnAF>]AFZfZi?Z oGc6oGyI?AF^f>¹tzh>@chX=:=<D^f:poG?>@rÙAFw?A*oA6<I^fE@oGAF:=w?{£q\å^ cgaÇ¾»ñru>@chVo]y=?E@X=>@rÙAFw?Fxy=?m=>@chî=^f:Iz E]chX=>@w?4æ4^Î_ÑèdîEZfcYwBA*o]?<A*o v ^Åcga*c8A*:=< } ^ÉÈÄ> xy=?¢V8?BA*E]X=>@?V8?:pod<=A*oaA+åd?>]?;Eº~Y:£o]y=?o]^fwAFZfZ}~wchV8m=XIo]?<4î£~&XIE]^f:IzA :=îo]?N?Zf?V4?:po@tî=AFE]?< E]^fV#X=Z[A*o]ch>ÚA*:=<kAí/CýoG>]XI:=wBA*o]^fch:òo]?way=:=îó£X=?ï}ÑÑðe9¢EÚrÙAF>+AFEoGy=?¡ÙP@FnY¬KN¡ÚîEwch: w?>@:=?<§Hd|*AF>]îchX=E?NIAFV8m=Zi?E Ñ ^ Ñ h ® Ñ ¸: æ Ñ h AF:=< Ñ ¸: î5?^f:=zòo]y=? :£X=V#î5?>]E8cFr mnA*o]o]?>@:=E;>@?Z[AoG?< oGc4otå7cAF:=< oGy=>@??NeoaAF>@zh?o]E;wch: zhXI>GA*o]^fch:=EH5>@?E@m5?woG^}|h?Zi~Ièqå7?>]?#wch:=E@^f< ?>]?<b+st:òmnAF>ºoG^fwX=Z[A*>H Ñ h ^Ê½,Å6AF:=< Ñ ¸: ^Ê½¿µ=Cch>]?cÑ|F?>Ho]y=?E@?mnA*o@oG?>@:=EÚynAB|F?8îj??:

AFZfE@cX=E@?<<=XI>]^f:Izo]y=?Ë5³¶ÙpF¡ÙV¡¹KaN¡/AF^iV4?<WA*o/<=? :=^i:=z#oGyI?5U@V¬N¡tKNPVPN o]o]^f:=zV4cY<=?Ze

xy=?òchmIo]^fV4AFZ|FA*ZfX=?E6cFroGyI? o]o]^f:=zÛm=AF>GAFV8?o]?>@EWoGX=>@:=?<-chXoWoGcçîj? ^ p¦cgaZÅ¿½,½ÛA*:=<

e^Î_ba ý,Ìbý vdch:=w?>]:=î:=zoGy=?4YC E@o]>]X=wNoGX=>@?FH>ÍAFXIE]E]^fAF:ñëF?>]:=?Z/ruX=:IwoGîch:=Eå7?>]?4AF<=cFmIoG?<ÛAF:=<ñoGyI?^f> mnAF>GA*V4?NoG?>@EE]?Zf?wNoG?<âAFwwch>@<=^f:=zo]c ï²¬Ñðe st:ùch>]<I?>Wo]cçAF:nAFZ}~£oG^fwAFZfZ}~Û?N|FA*ZfXnA*o]? o]y=?â?û5?wNoG^}|h?:I?E]EcFro]y=?âwZ[AFE@E]^ wBA*o]^fch:ýV4?NoGy=cY<ùî: wch>@>]?wNoGZ}~ ZicwA*oGî:=zLo]y=?â<nAF:Izh?>@chX=EAF>@?BAFEH;A-pFYYKNPV p>UºFPaK]5U³@V±]F¡ÙVøKNPPVP¼ÎâîEWoGy=?: <=? :I?< Îç^ÐÏ v [Áj pÒÑ v Ój h pÅ } [Áj p³Ñ } [Áj h æºB£è å"y=?>@?e v [Áj y} Ój AF:=<<Ñ v [Áj y Ñ } [Áj AF>@?7oGyI?dAFwNoGXnA*ZA*:=<?EºoGîVWA*o]?<wcYch>]<I^f:nA*o]?ERcFrIo]y=?dw?:poG?>

(15)

Ñ v Ój ^ 4 Ô\ ¥ ] Ë v¥ ÄÀH« ¥ ^Ç_(È´ µ Í 4 Ô ¥> ] Ë ÄÀH« ¥ ^¹_(È ´ µ Í Ñ } [Áj ^ 4 Ô ¥> ] Ë }¥ ÄÀH« ¥ ^¹_(È´ µ Í 4 Ô\ ¥ ] Ë Ä¡E« ¥ ^¹_(È ´ µ Í æºÑhè å"y=?>@?Ê T ^f:=<=îwBA*o]?E&oGy=? :£X=Vîj?>6cFrÚwch:=:I?wo]?<-w?ZfZiE8å"y=?>]?ÜÄÀ(« ¥ ^Î_(È ´ µ = ^ cI C ch>]?c¬|h?>HnoGy=?+?NYo]?:=E@^fch:cFrRoGy=?+?EºoGîVWA*o]?<<nAF:Izh?>@chX=E"ôch:I? Ñ Õ ^fE<=? :=?<DAFEruchZfZic¬å"E Ñ Õ ^×ÖØ Ù*Ú 4 Ô\ ¥ ] ¶ Û 0Ü \ F ]XÝ L M ¥ © ßÞ\Ü \ F ]XÝ L M 9à º 4 Ô\ ¥ ] ¶ Ü \ F ]XÝ L M ¥ © Þ\Ü \ F ]XÝ L M 9à ºâá*ã ä h æº¬pè å"y=?>@?æå ¥ ^ Ï v¥ pÒÑ v [Áj h pÅ }¥ p³Ñ } [Áj h ´ îoGyI^f:Do]y=?:£X=V4?>]îwBAFZ|*AFZi^f<nAoG^fcF:bHjo]y=? >@E@o+?Nmj?>@^fV8?:po+<=?BA*ZfE;å"^}oGykAâ¡¹KaN¡¬KN¡;c*rÄ ^

¾,ççmnA*o]o]?>@:=EÛæu>]?Z[A*o]?< oGcý?NIAFV8m=Zf?E<=^iû5?>@?:poru>]chV oGy=chE@?Lc*ro]y=?ko]>GAF^i:=^f:IzÛm=ynAFE@?ÝA*:=<

wch:=w?>@:=?<ñå"îo]yâotådc*¢A*:=<âoGy=>@??tE]wA*o]o]?>@?>]EwcF: zhX=>]A*oGîch:=EHÄ h ^è½)Å6AF:=<ÊÄ ¸: ^é½¿µ£è AF:=<#:Ich^fE@?Zf?E]EwcF:=<=îo]^fch:IE`^fzhE`¢AF:=<#qE@y=c¬åçoGy=?/>]îE]ëV4AFm=EchîIoGAF^f:I?<+ruch> otådc¢?NIAFV8m=Zf?E cFrloGy=?o]?E@oTE@?oÌxy=? >]EºoT?NIAFV8m=Zf?æ_îz=ÌFè`>]?Nru?>]Eo]c+Aotå7c*eoaAF>@zh?o]EÌwch: zhX=>]A*oGîch:å"y=?>@? oGy=?E@wBA*o@oG?>@?>@E;AF>@?ZfcYwBA*o]?<A*oæ v ] [Áj ^¹pêÄ H } ] [Áj ^Â h èAF:=<Læ v h Ój ^ } h [Áj ^êÄ 5èTst:E@X=way

AÝwBAFE@?FHqoGy=?D|*AFZiX=?EWcFroGy=?ò?>]>@ch> zFX=>]?E6oGX=>@: chXIo6o]cÛî5?ò?ó£XnAFZ¢o]cÒÎ

] ^ cga ý çg_òA*:=< Î h ^òcgaÇ½,ë,çkC ch>]?c¬|h?>HoGy=?y=îzhy=?E@o#|*AFZiX=?E#cFr"oGy=?6cYwwX=>]>@?:=w?m=>]cFînAFî=îZfîot~kA*>]?W|F?>@~ wZfcFE]?#o]cWoGy=?&A*woGX=AFZ`mjchE@îoGîch:=E¢cFroGy=?E@wBA*o@oG?>]?>@E9;E;rÙA*>AFE;o]y=?<=îV4?:=E]îch:=E;c*roGy=?otå7c <nAF:=zh?>]chXIEôch:I?Eæuo]y=?chîYú@?wo]Eî5?^f:=zâ:IcFo@tAF<ú]AFw?:poè#A*>]?6wch:=w?>]:=?<bHToGy=?N~çAF>@?6E]Zi^fzhypoGZ}~ cÑ|F?>¹t?EºoGîVWA*o]?<Læ,ì í Ó(î í Ó(î ^ ý a*c ý ½AF:=<ïì í ñðò í ñðò ^ ý aÌ ¾bcIHÕ ] ^×Õ h ^ ] ó h èN

xy=?DE@?wcF:=<ù?NIAFV8m=Zi?ÛæÙ^fz=ùpè&^iE&>]?ZfA*oG?<üo]cÛAko]y=>]??NE]wBAo]oG?>]?>]E6wch: zhXI>GA*o]^fch:b xy=?

chîYú@?wNoGEqAF>@?AF<ú]AFw?:po¢AF:=<Zfî?ÚA*odoGy=?îjcFo]o]chV c*rRo]y=?^f:p|F?E@o]^fzpAoG^fcF:<=chV4AF^f:bæ v ] [Áj ^Îp ÂÄIH } ] [Áj ^êpêÄ 5èHæ v h Ój ^ôÂÄ H } h [Áj ^êpõêÄ jèNHAF:=< æ v ¸: [Áj ^ôÂ h H } ¸: Ój ^êpõêÄ jèN9¢E?Imj?wNoG?<bH å"y=?:oGy=?oaA*>]zh?NoGEqAF>]?+î=XI>]^f?<rÙA*>"ru>@chV o]y=?+E]X=>ºrÙAFw?*Hlo]y=?+ZfcYwBAFZi^fôA*oGîch:WcFròGy=?çt<nAF:=zh?>]chXIE

(16)

AF>]?AFEÚå"îo]yñAF:ñAFww?mIoGAFî=Zi?<=?zh>@??cFrdAFwwX=>]AFw~çæ<Î ] ^fcaZ½)ÅçIHÎ h ^ cgaZ½¿ë)ÅH AF:I<§Î ¸: ^ cgaÓÅc ý èN lcF>wchV8m=Zi?oG?:=?E@EH=îp~wch:=E@^f<=?>]^f:Iz#oGy=?Úå"yIchZf?Úo]?E@oºtE@?oBHoGy=?EºoaA*o]^fE@o]^fwEcFroGy=?8pFYYKNPV p>U FPaK]5U³@V±]F¡ÙVkKNPPVPÎAF>@?zFî|h?:^f:oGy=? >@E@oqwcFZfX=V8:cFrÌxÀFîbsa xy=?E]?wch:I<k:£X=V8?>@^fwAFZ?Imj?>@^fV8?:poÚwch:=E@^f<=?>]E+AWV8ch>]?w>@îoGîwBAFZRE]w?:nA*>]^fc4å"y=?>@?&AWE]î:=zhZf? oaAF>@zh?oR^fEE@X=m=mjchE]?<#oGc¢î5?TZfcYwBAoG?<^f:+oGyI?7î:£|F?EºoG^fzhA*oGîch:+<=chV4AF^f:4æÄ ] ^½,¾pè`soÈ]yIchX=Zf<îj? m5chî:poG?<chXIoo]ynA*oRE]X=wayAqwch: zhXI>GA*o]^fch:<=cY?E:=cFo`î5?Zfch:Iz"o]cqo]y=?ToG>GA*^f:=î:=zE]?NoBvdcF:=w?>]:=î:=z oGy=??Nû§?woG^}|h?:=?E@E7cFrlo]y=?AFm=mI>]cpAFway&î:<=?BAFZi^f:=z¢å"îoGyo]y=^fEëYî:=<cFrloG?E@oTE@?oBHpo]y=?ZfcYwBA*Zf^fôA*oGîch: E@oaAoG^fEºoGîwETAF>@?¢>@?mjch>@o]?<8^f:8xAFî§Ìsap9;E/?Nmj?wo]?<bHYoGy=?q?>@>]ch> zFX=>]?"^f:Iw>]?AFE]?EdA*E7wchV4m=AF>]?< oGc&oGy=? >@E@o¢?Nm5?>]îV4?:£o¢AF:I<o]y=?#AB|F?>GA*zh?|*AFZiX=?+waynAF:=zF?E"ru>]chV{g)ö : o Î : ¡÷ ÷ µ © :ø ] ^ÉcaZ½g_ ý oGcùg)ö : o Î : ß÷ ÷ µ © :ø h ^ÉcgaÇ½,ë)ÅY 9;E7AF:W?=A*V4m=Zi?FHpoGyI?¢>@^fE]ëV4AFm&ruch>/AE]AFV4mIZf?cFrbo]y=?"oG?EºodE@?oæ v ] [Áj ^ } ] [Áj ^Çp ÂÄ£èTîETE]y=c¬å": ^f:^fzIDæ<Î ] ^ÉcgaÇ½,¾¿µ&A*:=<@ì í Ó(î í Ó(î ^×µqa Ì _¥ëpè ^f:nA*ZfZi~FHjo]c?|*AFZiXnA*oG?oGy=?>@chî=X=EºoG:=?E]EcFrToGy=?m=>@chmjchE]?<LA*m=m=>]chAFwaybHA:=chîE@~ ?:p|Y^f>]cF:=V4?:po åAFE7wch:IE]^f<I?>]?<b/vdch>@>]X=mIo]?<6V8?BA*E]X=>@?V8?:pod<=A*oaA+åd?>]?;E@^fVXIZ[A*o]?<8î£~4AF<I<=^f:=zAF:4X=:=îrucF>]V

ÍAFXIE]E]^fAF:ý:=ch^fE@?o]cÝEº~:po]y=?o]^fwâ<nAoaAýïðqcFr;oGy=?oG?EºoWE@?oWX=E]?< ^f:öoGy=?

>]EºoW?Imj?>@^fV8?:poB

xy=?â>]^iE]ëöV4AFm=E4rucF>8o]y=?Dotå7c*oGAF>]zh?NoGE4wch: zhX=>GAoG^fcF: æuå"yI?>]? oGy=?òA*woGX=AFZ¢E@wBA*o@oG?>]?>@EAF>@?

ZfcYwBA*o]?<kAFE^f:L^fz=4hèAF:I<Lruch>+<=^}û§?>]?:poE]îzh:nAFZ²oGct:=chîE]?>GA*o]^fchE8æ Ñ ÑèAF>@?&E]y=c¬å":Ûî: ^fz=ÌAFE/>]?m=>]?E]?:£oGA*oG^}|h??=A*V4m=Zi?EÌsodwAF:6îj?;chîIE]?>º|h?<6oGynA*oHYå"yI?: 4Ñ ý c À¹ú oGyI? ¹wcF:£oGAFV8^f:=?<8ôch:=?E$qAF>@?¢ó£X=^}oG?"wcF>]>]?wo]Zi~<=?NoG?woG?<6AF:I<WZfcYwBAoG?< æpÎ ] ÷ ÷ £ üû '¸ ê¿ýXþ ^ÅcgaÇ½,ë,½IH Î h ÷ ÷ £ û '¸ êýXþ ^·caÇµ)¾ ý A*:=<ÿÎ ] ÷ ÷ £ û h ýXþ ^·cgaÇ½,ë,çH]Î h ÷ ÷ £ û h ýXþ ^·caÇµ)¾µ£èN ê oGyI?>º å"^fE]?*H¬oGy=?mj?>ºruch>]V4AF:=w?ÌcFrYoGy=?TAFmIm=>]cpA*way>@?<=XIw?E7æpÎ ] ÷ ÷ £ û ] ýXþ ^ cgaÓÅ ý ¾IHÎ ] ÷ ÷ £ üû ] ýXþ ^

(17)

wch>@>]?E@m5cF:=<=?:Iw?+å"îoGyAF:I< wZfchE@?+o]coGy=?oaA*>]zh?No"m5chE@îo]^fch:=E 9;E¢rÙA*>¢A*E¢oGyI?m=>@?<=îwo]^fch:cFrÌo]y=?#?o]?:=E@^fch:DcFro]y=?#<nA*:=zh?>@chX=E¢ôch:=?E;îE¢wch:=w?>]:=?<bH§xÀFîb s]sE]yIcÑå"EoGynA*ooGyI?6?û5?wNoGî|F?:=?E]EcFrdoGy=?WAFm=m=>@cpAFwayç>]?<=X=w?E#å"^}oGyÝo]y=?Wî:=w>@?BAFE@^f:=z cFroGyI? Ñ Txy=^fEwAFX=E]?E;A*: c¬|h?>º?E@o]^fV4A*oG?c*rò]y=?+<nAF:=zh?>]chXIE¢A*>]?BA*E ^f:nA*ZfZi~FH*ruch>wchV8m=Zf?NoG?:I?E]EHYo]y=?">]?E]X=Z}oGE/cFrbA*:4?Iy=AFX=E@o]î|F?ÚAF:nA*Zi~YE]îEch:8o]y=?å"y=chZi?q<=A*oaA+E]?No AF>]?>@?mjch>@o]?<^f:oG?>]V8EcFrEºoaA*o]^fEºoG^fwAFZ§|*AFZiX=?EcFrRoGyI?ZicwAFZfîôBA*o]^fch:4?>@>]ch>æuxAFî§/sºè #d3 st:o]y=^fEdmnAFmj?>H=AwZ[A*E]E]^ wBAoG^fcF:AFm=m=>@cpAFwayruch>do]y=?>]?AFZ}eoGîV4?"E]XIîtE@X=>@rÙAFw?+E]?:IE]^f:Iz8c*r`V#X=Z} oG^fmIZf?8î=X=>]î?<ÝoGAF>]zF?oGEynAFEîj??:çm=>]cFm5chE@?<bò9 E]X=^}oaAFîIZf?£+CînAFE]?<çE@o]>GA*o]?zF~LynAFEîj??: <=?|F?ZfcFm5?< ruch>&<=?o]?>@V4î:=^f:=zñoGyI? m=>@chînAFîI^fZf^}ot~ÛcFrÚcwwX=>@>]?:Iw?Dc*rî=X=>@^f?<öoaA*>]zh?NoGE6A*:=<üo]c <=? :I?#A¹>@^fE@ëWV4AFm;cFrò]y=?+^f:p|h?E@o]^fzpA*o]^fch:<IchVWA*^f:b xy=?&?û5?wo]î|F?:=?E]EcFrToGy=?&AFmIm=>]cpA*wayLynA*Eî5??:ñm=>]?ZfîV4î:nAF>]îZi~A*E]E]?E]E@?<Ýîp~òwch:=E@^f<=?>]^f:IzA otådc*<=^fV8?:IE]^fcF:nAFZzF?chV8?o]>@~òA*:=<ñ:=ch^fE@?Zi?E]EAFEÚå7?ZiZTAFE+:=chîE@~âwch:=<=^}oGîch:=E#xy=?&chîIoaA*^f:=?< >]?E@X=Zio]Ewch: >@V4?<oGy=?dAFî=^fZiîot~c*rnoGy=?V8?o]y=cY<#^f:<=?o]?wNoG^f:Iz+AF:=<ZicwA*oGî:=z¢V#X=Zio]^fm=Zi?ÌoaAF>@zh?o]E AFEåd?ZfZ AFE"î:?E@o]^fV4A*oGî:=z#oGyI??YoG?:IE]^fcF: cFrRoGyI?<=AF:=zh?>]chX=EqôcF:=?E lXoGX=>@?å7ch>]ë£EH§wX=>@>]?:po+X=:I<=?>Ú<I?|h?ZfchmIV4?:£oH5å"îZfZî5?<=?|FcFoG?<òoGcWruX=ZiZi~?ImIZfch^}o¢o]y=?#ë*?~p ru?BA*o]X=>]?Eqc*rò]y=?AFm=m=>@cpAFway AF:=<oGc&<=?BA*Zbå"îoGyo]y=>]??Nt<I^fV8?:=E@^fch:nA*Z§E]w?:nA*>]^fcFE

(18)

ï}ðç@C î:=?rÙAFwo]EH;vg ê CînAFE@?<8?:=wN~wZfchmj?<I^[A+cFr§wX=>]>@?:po/ådch>@Zf<eå"^f<=?V8^f:I?oG?wayI:=chZ} chzF~hHI¬hpæ_AB|*AF^fZfAFî=Zf?Ìru>@chV ê 9ÚIg æe ê ìsºvè9wó£X=îE]îo]^fch:§HphFF;g;?Nru?:=w?í`?:£oGAFzhch:§H ´ AFE@yb}Hlg#×v;5FFhI¹hFhpè ïÑð+s¹U/UTU xR>GAF:IEch:OÍ+?chE]w^f?:=w?4AF:=<q?V4c*oG?8?:=E]î:=z=H`mj?w^fAFZstE]E@X=?8ch:bçK q5U F aKa Ô IONN YP°aK Ô KNINYÆÖ Ô ½ÑN¡tKNM# »JiVYK>³¶Y Fj Ô }Fj5³ 7PV±aKaaNY »!#|FchZe hIH=:=cIlIHFX=:=?#Fhh ïþð57vAFch>]E@êHg/9¢:=zhX=^}oaAIHdU7\7?>]V4AF:=^_Hd97\7ch:=êHCL/g;ch:=?ZfZiêH7AF:=< 97CDAFE]E]AIH ¹9

wchV8mnAF>]A*oG^}|h?E@o]X=<I~öcFråóçóAF:=< £+CînAFE]?< ?Zf?wNoG>@chVWA*zh:=?o]^fw^i:£|F?>@E]?DE@wBA*o@oG?>]^f:Iz

AFm=m=>@cpAFway=?ETo]c+ch:tZi^f:=?7<=?o]?wNoG^fcF:8c*r5îIX=>]^i?<&chîYú@?woGEHV YPj5³V:°"¡[nKÆz³¶eK] VMmU

j ¡eF¡_Vj5³nS ³fK N¡_PVM8¬F§KN¡Ùa

Ô

V±NeKN¡½H=Ym5?w^[A*ZjstE@E]X=?;ch:KN P@5³KN¡VPÆz³¶]5U

¡_VI S ³fK N¡ÙPVM8¬F§KN¡_aNH;|FchZe BIH=:=c=nHnm=mb GhhH=FhhI

ïÿ*ð+saxq?ë*A*:=chEH¼tst:p|h?>@E]?E@wBA*o@oG?>@^f:=zDcFr"<=^f?Zf?woG>@^fw8w~YZfî:=<=?>]E#îp~LX=E]î:=zâ>]AF<=^[A*Z/î=AFE]îE

ruX=:=wo]^fch::=?X=>GA*Z :=?otå7ch>]ë£EHpFV

Ô

NeKN aKNH|FchZe=hIH=:=cIjH=m=mbl*=¹*pIHn*hIh

ïÑðU"§\d?>@VWA*:=êHj9#§\dch:=^_H 5bvAFch>]E@êH§AF:=<â9 CDAFE@EGAIH ¹9;:òî:=:=c¬|*A*oG^}|h?>]?BA*Z}o]^fV8?oG?wayY

:=^fó£X=?ñruch>î=X=>@^f?< chîYú@?wo <=?o]?wNoG^fcF:LQaSTSTS =P@FI¯V¢K V¬±NeKN aKkFj"KNMV¡tK

Ô

KNINYFHI|hchZ_==hHI:=c===HnmImblphÑthIhHIFhFI

ïþðvdybvdy=>@^fEºoGcY<=chX=ZichXÛAF:I<öCL}Í?cF>]zh^ichm5cFX=ZfchEÆz³¶]F¡_VwV:°KN YP@5³KN¡ VP¬W

(19)

å"îoGyDAWë£:=c¬å"Zf?<=zh?NînAFE@?<òAFmIm=>]cpA*wayb"AWwBA*E]?#EºoGX=<~Dî:D^f:po]?:=E@î|h?wBAF>@?#V8ch:=^}oGch>@^f:=z"H

dPV±ñV:°¡[nK¬Õ%$¡[WQNn¡e& V°VDJò Y§K('K]FPNnYFH=C stx í>]?E]EiH¬hFI

ïþð\;jway*)hZiëFchmrAF:=<9jV4cFZ[AI'RK]FPnY+¡[-,KNP§K>³NH=xy=?#C stxøíT>@?E@EH5FhpY ïþð¡ó"vd>@^fE@o]^[AF:I^f:=^qAF:=<.IynABåd?txÀB~Zich>/;ùQn¡_PVF N¡_V ¡:V Ô &ÆVP¡10jK N¡VPJò5U Y§KaNlvAFVî=>@^f<=zF?FH { :=î|F?>]E@îot~í>@?E]EH5FhhI ï}¬ðzól/AFm=:=îël2ãnK3F¡Ù PGK{V:° Ô

¡eF¡ÙfN¡_]5³4'K]FPnYãnK VP>½±»FchyI: ´ ^fZi?~65 Ych:=EH

ó¢?å.7/ch>]ëlHb¬FhI ï}hð8ITíTZfA*o]oHÏºlAFE@oo]>GAFî:=^f:IzòcFr;E@X=m=mjch>@o&|F?wo]ch>8VWAFwayI^f:=?EX=E]î:=zLE@?ó£X=?:£o]^[AFZ"V8^f:=îVWA*Z chmIoGîV4îôBA*o]^fch:§H4^f:9q¿F aKa,KNP§K>³dMWKN¡[VU Ô &ÆVP¡:0jK N¡:VP;'RK]FPnYFHT\; way=chZiëFchmIr¹Hjv;<Ijv;l\7X=>]zh?EHlAF:I< 9<IlV8chZ[AæÙUT<IEèNH5C stx í>@?E]EH¬hhI ï}ÑÑð 1&¬C X=ZfZi?>HFjC ^fëAIHÍ=¢AoGE]way§H,1¬xÈ@X=<nAIH*AF:=<\;way>)hZfë*chmIr¹H¹9;:^f:po]>]cY<=X=wo]^fch:

oGc21?>]:=?Z}¹\dAFE]?<x ?BAF>@:=^f:Iz49¢Zfzhch>@^io]y=V4EHQaSTSTS?=P@FIñV@KN YP@5³KN¡VP ¬NHn|FchZe

ÑH=:=cIjH=m=mb BIº*IhHnC AF>]wayDFhIF ï}¬ðæÍ& ´ AFîIînAIH ºX=m=mjch>@o|h?wNoGch>V4AFway=î:=?EHh>]?m=>]cY<=X=w^f:=zë*?>@:=?Zny=îZfîj?>ºoE@mnAFw?E/AF:=<oGyI? >GAF:=<IchV4îô?<õÍ+9qv7#Hd^f:;q¿F aKa+,KNP§K>³MWKN¡VHU Ô &ÆVP¡A0jK N¡VP&'RK]FPnYFH \;jway=chZiëFchmr¹Hjv;<Ijv;l\dX=>]zF?EHlA*:=< 9IjV8chZ[AæÙU<=EèNHjC stx íT>@?E@EH¬hh

ï}B*ð+xõ;AFEºoGî? AF:=<B+6x^fî=E@y=^f>]AF:=^_H@vdZfAFE]E@^ wA*oGîch: îp~ mnAFî>@å"îE]? wchX=m=Zi^f:=zG&x`?way

:=^fwAFZC"?mjch>ºoBH YoaAF:ruch>]< { :=^i|F?>@E]^iot~ AF:I< { :=^}|h?>@E]^}ot~ c*r x`ch>@ch:poGc=H ¬hF

(20)

>]?zFX=Z[AF>@^fô?<òZf^iëF?Zf^fyIccY<DV8?o]y=c<IEH&^f:Dq¿F aKa'bFP_YKJòFP_FY³}aN²KNPGNHb9#

IjV4cFZ[AIHIí`n\A*>@oGZi?o@oBHn\;jYway=chZfë*chmIr¹Hlg#jYwayYXIX=>]V4AF:=E#æ_U<=E×èHjC stx í>]?E]EH¬FhI

ï}¬ðg#b9;:IzhX=îoGAIH54qî<=?ZiZ[AIH5dE"î|Y^f?ww^fc=H§AF:=<1+F§X=:=î:=c=Hz¹õq~Ym5?>]mnA*>GAFV8?o]?>g;?E]îzh:

vd>]^io]?>@^[AWruch>XIm=m5cF>@o+T?wNoGch>CDAFwayI^f:=?EHGKN YP V± VMçj Y¡ÙYFHb|hchZ_RhH m=mbBhaBF=H

FhhI

ï}ÑÑð5jvAFch>@E]^ AF:I<DCk¢A*û5?o@oGc=HÆºíR?>@ru?wo]Zi~6V4A*o]way=?<Z[AB~h?>ruch>do]y=?oG>]XI:=wBA*o]^fch:c*r :I^ioG?

?Zf?V4?:poWV4AFE]yI?E8^f: ZfAB~h?>@?<üynAFZir[E]mnA*w?zh?chV8?o]>]^i?E8AF:=< AFm=m=Zi^fwBAoG^fcF:=EoGck?Zi?wo]>]c*

VWAFzF:=?o]^fwqE]wBAo]oG?>]^i:=zîp~WîIX=>]^i?<6chî£ú@?wo]EHJDNPV/¿FKIH¼j¡e25K Y V ³}J'KN¡_¡efH|FchZej¬IH

(21)

Ó ^fzFX=>]?Ú7í>]cFî=Zf?V zh?cFV4?NoG>@~F Ó ^fzFX=>]?";¼ó¢cF^fE]?Zf?E]ET<nA*oGAI!"^fE]ëVWA*m&rucF>ÌoGy=?"otådcoaA*>]zh?NoGETE]w?:nAF>@^fc4æ]æ v ] [Áj ^ÇpêÄH } ] [Áj ^Â h èAF:I<Ýæ v h [Áj ^ } h [Áj ^ÉêÄ5è@èN Ó ^fzFX=>]?";Ïó¢chîE]?Zf?E@ET<nA*oaA!qîE]ëVWAFm&ruch>Ìo]y=?qo]y=>]??NeoaAF>@zh?o]E/E@w?:nAF>]îc6æ@æ v ] [Áj ^Îp ÂÄIH } ] [Áj ^ÇpêÄ 5èHæ v h [Áj ^ÂÄ H } h [Áj ^ÇpêÄ 5èHnAF:=<Ýæ v ¸: [Áj ^Â h H } ¸: [Áj ^¹pêÄ 5è@èN Ó ^fzFX=>]?/¢ãó¢chîE]?Zi?E@EÌ<nA*oGAIK"^fE@ë+VWAFmruch>Ro]y=?E@^f:=zhZi?NeoaAF>@zh?oRE]w?:nA*>]^fcæ v ] [Áj ^ } ] [Áj ^ pÂÄpè Ó ^fzFX=>]?#8<óqch^fEº~ <=A*oaAI"^fE@ëVWAFmIE;ruch>¢o]y=?#otå7c*oGAF>]zF?oGE;E]w?:nAF>@^fckæ]æ v ] [Áj ^·p êÄ H } ] [Áj ^Â h èAF:I<Ýæ v h [Áj ^ } h [Áj ^êÄ 5è@è7å"y=?:Ýæ]Yè 4Ñ ^×½)Å}À úWHæ]OÑè 4Ñ ^ ý c À úWH AF:=<Læ Bè 4Ñ ^Î_±c À úW

(22)

Ó xA*î=Zf?ks4ó¢X=V8?>@^fwBA*ZUmj?>]îV4?:poxóqc= h-YoGA*oGîE@oGîwEcFro]y=?Ý<=AF:=zh?>]chX=E¹¹AF>@?BA ZfcYwBAFZi^fôA*oGîch:4?>]>@ch>HÎ* Ó xA*î=Zf?s@s"¦óqX=V4?>]îwBAFZUmj?>]îV4?:po¬óqc=&I+UE@o]^fV4A*oG?c*r7o]y=?&?>]>@ch>^f:ñ?N|FA*ZfXnA*o]^f:=z oGy=?AF>@?BAcFrRoGy=?+<nA*:=zh?>@chX=E"ôcF:=?F

(23)

h = h

_t

_r

L

DI

O

y

h

x

l

(x , y )

_r

(x , y )

_m

(x , y )

_t

ε , σ

_r1

₁

ε , σ

_r2

₂

M/NO<PQRTS6U8VXWKY[Z*\]\^Z9_a`Ibcedgf t9vdZ[AFE@E]^ wBA*o]^fch:9¢m=m=>]chAFwayL}}

(24)

v0º h i<j k l mn i j k

Actual

Scatterers

cgaZÅ ÄÀgE«Ü^Ç_gÈ ´ µ cga*c

(25)

Actual

Scatterers

(26)

Actual

Scatterer

(27)

v0º h i j k l mn i j k

Actual

Scatterers

sgt u cgaÇ½ ÄÀq«Ü^Ç_gÈ ´ µ cga*c p_ba*c v0º _ba*c h i j k l mn i j k

Actual

Scatterers

sv u cgaÇ½ ÄÀq«Ü^Ç_gÈ´ µ cga*c

(28)

v0º h i<j k l mn i<j k

Actual

Scatterers

sg u cga ý ÄÀq«Ü^Ç_gÈ´ µ cga*c M/NgOJPQwRpxyz=z|U8VXWY~Z\]\Z9_a`Ibc dgf ¹9vdZfAFE]E@^ wA*oG^ich:9;m=mI>]cpAFwayk}i

(29)

w ¡ ¡ ¢ £ £ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¢¤ ¥ £ ¦ ¥ ¦¥ ¤ ¢ ¦ ¦ ¡ ¥ ¦ £ ¦ ¦

(30)

« ¬w ®¯ ° ®¯ ° £¡ £ £ ¬w ®± ° ®± ° ¦ £¡ ¦¥ £ ¦ §