Arabic translations by
Hafed Walda, Mustafa Turjman, Abdulrhim Saad Sharif, Mazin A.S. Abdulgader el Mziene
Archaeological Mission of
Chieti University in Libya:
Reports 2006-2008
Oliva Menozzi
Archaeological Mission of
Chieti
University in Libya: R
eports 2
006-2
008
Oliva Menozzi
RES I
Reports, Excavations and Studies of the Archaeological Unit
of the University G. d’Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara
volume I
Reports, Excavations and Studies of the Archaeological Unit
of the University G. d’Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara
Arabic translations by
Hafed Walda, Mustafa Turjman, Abdulrhim Saad Sharif, Mazin A.S.
Abdulgader el Mziene
Appendixes by
Silvano Agostini, Sonia Antonelli, Luigi Capasso, Enzo Catani, Angela Cinalli, Vincenzo
d’Ercole, Maria Giorgia Di Antonio, Ruggero D’Anastasio, Eugenio Di Valerio, Stefano Faccini,
Domenico Fossataro, Catherine Dobias Lalou, Debora Lagatta, Maria Cristina Mancini, Alberta
Martellone, Oliva Menozzi, Fabio Pallotta, Diego Paltrinieri, Mariangela Schiazza, Maria Carla
Somma, Emanuela Stortoni, Stefano Struffolino, Clara Tamburrino, Marinella Urso, Gabriella
Vitullo.
Archaeopress Archaeology
Archaeological Mission of
Chieti University in Libya:
Reports 2006-2008
Summertown Oxford OX2 7LG www.archaeopress.com
ISBN 978-1-78969-446-8
© and Archaeopress 2020
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, or transmitted, in any form or by any means,
electronic, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the copyright owners. Printed in England by
Enzo Catani, Fabio Pallotta, Diego Paltrinieri, Emanuela Stortoni*
Coastal and archaeological sites of Libya:
Apollonia protection project
INTRODUCTION
Apollonia in Cyrenaic region, modern Libya (Figure 1), was founded by Greek colonists and became a significant commercial centre in the southern Mediterranean. It served as the harbour of Cyrene (Figure 2), 20 km (12 miles) to the southwest. The Greek geographer and mathematician Eratosthenes was born there. Apollonia was one of the five towns of the Libyan Pentapolis. Modern Marsa Sousa corresponds to the ancient port city. For these reasons the city represents a patrimony of the world and for his climate this site could have a great tourist development.
Actually, probably due to the sea rise level (‘Archeometrical
studies evolution of a stretch of coast at the northern part of “Jebel Akhdar” (Libia)’ Busdarghi P., Gessaroli O., Veneri F, Lisbon 6 – 10 April 2004) the piers of the ancient harbour of
Apollonia dating back to the Greek and Roman age, are submerged at about two meters under the sea level and a new harbour was made. Consequently also a regression of the beach line is a result of this phenomena. This is a problem for the forecasted development of tourism activities and a project for the stabilization of the harbour and the beach with new methods taking in account of the environmental conditions appears to be the only solution.
LYBYA: HISTORICAL AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL OVERVIEW
INTRODUCTION
Today’s Libyan territory is been a crucible of ancient civilizations : first inhabited by Libyi – autocton people divided in several tribes – then it was colonized by Phoenicians (Oea-Tripoli, Sabratha), and after by Greeks people, that founded blooming cities such as Cyrene, Tocra, Tolemaide, Euesperide, Apollonia. At the end the Roman people become the real owner of this territory and organized this vast region in two different provinces : Cyrenaica in the east side of Sirte gulf and Proconsolar Africa in the west side.
“Vandali and Bizantini” people left too their tracks before of ultimate Arab conquest dated around half of VII century d.c.
This is the historical reason for which this Libyc territory preserves again wide archaeological treasures of these millenarian stratifications of civilization – Roman and Greek period in particular – with stately urban settlements, destroyed along centuries and buried under sand piles.
The ancient buried cities as Sabratha, Leptis Magna, Euesperide, Tocra, Tolemaide, Apollonia and Cyrene (the so called “ Athen of Africa”), represent one of the most important and big archaeological layer of the mediterranean basin.
SHORT STORY ABOUT ITALIAN INVOLVEMENT IN REDISCOVERING LIBYC ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES
Since for the first time of Libya’s militar occupation, it’s been very clear to the italian government, the archaeological value of the territory. Following this consideration, the italian government installed two archaeological superintendencies : the first in Tripolitania area and the second one in Cyrenaica. In few times it started wide and binding escavation works that allowed to find the big structures of the ancient cities of Leptis magna and Sabratha in Tripolitania and Cyrene and Tolemaide in Cyrenaica.
In the meantime, it was managed and realized wide and deep conservative restorations and re-constructing, works of the main monuments of these cities werw planned und realised.
To the discovery of other ancient cities in Cyrenaica – such as Apollonia, Tocra and Euesperide, started by italian mission – contributed also searchers and missions came from U.S.A. ( D. White ), Great Britain ( R. G. Goodchild; J. Vard Perkins; J. Reynolds; J. Lloid; Brker; etc. ) and France ( Chamoux; A. Laronde ).
After a short stop caused by the second world war, the Italian searchers are come back in 1957, studying again the Libyan archaeology : from that period several italian mission (Rome, Palermo, Chieti, Macerata, Urbino, Naples- S. M. Capua Vetere ), worked without interruption doing researches, escavations and restorations, that have permitted to Libyan archaeology to be in first line
* Team of Macerata University, working in 2007 in Libya and presenting the results at Chieti University for the Conference Mediterranea 2008.
about the world classical archaeology. This is in strong evidence looking the several and qualified scientific pubblications edited by italian University searchers as Gaspare Oliverio, Silvio Ferri, Carlo Anti, Gustavo Traversari, Enrico Paribeni, Giacomo Caputo, Salvatore Aurigemma, Luigi Pernier, Sandro Stucchi, Antonino di Vita, Nicola Bonacasa, Lidiano Bacchielli, Mario Luni, Valeria Purcaro, Annalia Ermeti, Oscar Mei, Gianfranco Paci, Silvia Maria Marengo, Emanuela Fabbricotti, Oliva Menozzi, Serena Ensoli, Enzo Catani, Emanuela Cozzoni, Emanuela Stortoni.
APOLLONIA CLIMATOLOGYCAL ASPECTS
The Apollonia area presents the peculiarity climatology common to the greatest part of Cyrenaic littoral. The medium climate of the zone is of Mediterranean-Steppic type with summers decidedly worm and totally dry but with terminal values mitigated by the sea breezes, mild intermediate seasons and absolutely sunny with occasional storms. The winter is mild with brief periods of rain.
From the point of view of the climatic data the climate is marked by seasonal variations influenced by both the Mediterranean Sea and the desert. Summers in the north of Cyrenaica range from 27 to 32°C (81-90°F) a range of temperature extremely appreciable regarding the other Libyan regions. In fact along the Tripolitanian coast, summer temperatures reach between 40 and 46°C (104-115°F); in the farther south, temperatures are even higher.
Rainfall varies from region to region. Rain falls generally in a short winter period and frequently causes floods. The Jabal Akhdar region of Cyrenaica receives a yearly average of 40 to 60 cm (16–24 in). Other regions have less than 20 cm (8 in), and the Sahara has less than 5 cm (2 in) a year.
These data evidence the great possibility that the climate can give to the tourists who can benefit from favourable conditions for the practice of recreational activities, archaeological visits, sea tourism for almost all the year. Besides, this type of climate permits to the tourists to visit the hinterland of Libyan territory too.
APOLLONIA HISTORICAL AND GEOGRAPHYCAL ASPECTS
Apollonia was founded for giving an outlet on the sea to the city of Cyrene - a colony of the Greeks of Thera founded in 632 BC. - and was one of the principal cities in the Hellenic world. Romanized in 74 BC, Cyrene remained a great city, with over one thousand years of rich history until the earthquake of 365. Cyrene, which was described by geographers from Herodotus to Synesius, and its praises were sung by Pindar and Callimachus, is not only one of the cities of the
Mediterranean around which myths, legends and stories have been woven over more than a thousand years, but it is also one of the most impressive complexes of ruins in the entire world.
This is a splendid site situated in an archaeological zone that shows all its fascination to the crystalline sea that bathes the sand. The region of Cyrenica has been neglected in the development of Libya for the past forty years because of its geographic location within the country. In this period, Cyrene has had a lot of resources for conservation or development in comparison to the relatively well-restored sites of Leptis Magna near Tripoli, Libya’s capital.
The city of Apollonia, last from the Greek dominion to that of Romans until that Byzantine conserves very little rests of the Greek civilization, also because of two catastrophic earthquakes. Of this civilization, its splendid Theatre, sited in a particularly picturesque location by the set in front of the sea, is the only remained building, even if it has been partially reconstructed in part during the roman period.
Between the other visible ruins there are the rests of the central Basilica ( figure 4 ) and those of three Byzantine basilicas (Figure 5), of which the splendid marble columns remain still intact, and the rests of the palace of the Dux, the governor of the old province of the Libya Superior.
The zone in which Apollonia is situated (Figure 6) has not yet been still dug and all other wonders wait to be discovered.
APOLLONIA GEOLOGICAL AND GEOMORPHOLOGICAL ASPECTS
The Apollonia area (Figure 7) belongs to a wide coasting plateau, extended in WE direction, which represents the most highest point of Cyrenaica region, owing this to its 882 m above the sea level. Its eastern and southern sides degrade easily toward the Mediaterranean sea coast; in the northern and in the western parts, differently, the relief degrades roughly toward the sea for the presence of a fault plan with steep rocky slopes, broken off by wide terraces. The lower slope is further articulate at least six sea-terraces, characterised by the presence of coasting deposits. The first one is always at six meters above the s.w.l., the package of others reaches almost 200 m. sbove the s.w.l.. The highest point of the plateau is constituted by the Tertiary terms that cover an asymmetrical anticline consisting of cretaceous terrains, until the Cenomanian; these are the domes of Gerdes El Abid, Mghiabir and Gessari. The origin of this territory is the result of a gradual subsidence of the Sirtie basin, begun from the Cretaceous and particularly active during the Eocene and Oligocene. In the slopes of
E. Catani, F. Pallotta, D. Paltrinieri, E. Stortoni Coastal and archaeological sites of Libya: Apollonia protection project Jebel Akhdar (Figure 8), Eocene is well represented and
it covers in outcrop wide surfaces. It is here represented by the Darnah Formation of the Luctioan – Probonian period, that altogether forms in the North of Cyrenaica an unit of about 270 m thick ok massive limestones, sometimes into cliff’s facies where man can find Nummtilites gizehensi , into places of big dimensions, molluscs and, into different levels, manganese’s oxides. They are constituted by wackstones, intercalate, packstones of yellowish colour, compact. The Oligocene rocks are represented in the lower part by the Al Baydà Formation, constituted by mudstone and packstones of yellowish colour, with scarcely assorted fossils, sub-angular, with a good roundness. The thickness changes in Jebel’s territory from 0 to 70. On the upper part the Al Abraq Formation follows, characterising the middle and upper portions constitued by limestones of white colour, yellowish and grey-whitish, with manifest fossils, represented by macroforaminifers. The thickness is about 20 m. The Oligocene finishes with the limestone of Faidia, which then characterises all Lower Miocene thickness included between 10 and 130 m; these are yellow or greyish limestone, with a brown patina, sometimes massive and compact, and with a regular stratification.
The Fossils, which are numerous above all the above and in the upper part of the unity, are represented by Lamellibrach, Echiridi, Forammifers between whom “Eleupidina” and “Nummulites intermedius”. As regards the covering’ deposit, the alluvial history of this sector of Libya, successively to the last interglacial transgression, is similar to the other territories of Mediterranean area, being characterised by two main phases of aggradation, the first referable ti the middle Paleolitic period and the second determined during the Middle-Age. A particularly the stratigraphic rocky unities of Cyrenaica are the deposit of Kuf and Bel Ghadir, respectively for the most ancient and the younger materials. In particularly considering the examined sector, the wadies of Jebel Akhdar have two alluvial deposits. The most ancient of them, the “superior gravels” constituted of stones in matrix of red soils, is found at an altitude of about 20 m above the wadi-bed and it forms alluvial fans at the foot of the coasting slope; it locally dominate some deposits of calcareous tufa and marls, that in wadi Derna, gets a maximum thickness of about 30 m and they proceed sideways in the stratum cemented detritus. The coasting slope at the East of Tolmeita is partially covered with grave cements by calcareous concretions, of an age not established. The second terrace, placed at a lower altitude on the gorges is dominated by stratified debris and it shows thickness inferior to 6 m and often presents a bigger condensation and a more fine composition than the “younger gravel”. The tufa, the alluvial deposit and the stratum detritus are
chronologically subsequent to the inferior sea terrace, placed at the altitude of 6 m, which probably dates back to the last interglacial Period; the deposits of “younger gravels” formed themselves during a following period of sea-level low stand.
COASTA EROSION IN APOLLONIA: ACTUAL SITUATION
Actually for the problems due to the sinking of the ground and the sea rise level showed above, the coastal area of Apollonia has the real necessity to be protected to stabilize the zone to avoid that the sea puts in danger the historical area.
In the below figures (Figures 8 and 9) it is quite clear to perspect the costant material ( calcareous sandstone) degradation of the rest of the monuments and the progressive and inflexible worsening of the coastal erosion.
The general technical proposal for the protection has to be planned taking into account all the environmental and archaeological aspects of this beautiful site.
COASTAL AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE PROTECTION : PROPOSAL
In order to protect the harbour, for its natural geomorphology conformation, the ideal solution approach is a beach nourishment protected by a series of submerged geotubes or other underwater systems with a low enviromental impact. The sand needs to realize the beach nourishment can be taken in land or sea sources, not to far to Apollonia and the sand filling of the interested coastal area will happen using special vessels for nourishment.
This situation can be applied - of course after a pevious escavation and recovery of archaeological founds - and it is optimal because doesn’t permit a longshore transport of the sediments. In fact the harbour area is in the esatern zone demarcated by a submerged quay and in the western by the emerged quay.
Adding in front of the nourishment a geo-system (a geosyntetic cylinder filled with sand), laid down in the east-west direction, this supply a defence for the nourishment and the previous beach line too (Figures 10). The geo-system solution added with the nourisment are soft solutions and permits to modulate the work in several steps and permits to well organize the maintenaince in the future ( figures 11 and 12 ). This technical approach permits to reach two important results : it can ensure in the meantime the stabilisation of coastal line and in this way it can protect the important archaeological treasures of Apollonia.
The same technical approach – adapted to local situation – can be applied in the other important Libian coastal archaeological sites.
ITALIAN – LIBYAN WORKING GROUP: PROPOSAL
Considering the above description and the very delicate and important issue represented by libian
archaeological coastal sites, we propose to define a two-sided technical group – that involves, of course, by italian and libyan governative people – that can work starting from this draft, on writing a detailed technical report, aimed to protect the libyan coastline and its important archaeological heritage.
Figure 1. map of Libya and location of Cyrene Figure 2. the Image Map of Cyrene (Shahhat)
Figure 3 a. Greek theatre. September 2005 Figure 3 b. Greek Theatre. September 2006
E. Catani, F. Pallotta, D. Paltrinieri, E. Stortoni Coastal and archaeological sites of Libya: Apollonia protection project
figure 5. Byzantine Church in Apollonia and Latrun (ancient Erythron)
Figure 6. The Map of Apollonia
Figure 8. Apollonia : archaeological coastal site in erosion
(foto Stortoni) Figure 9. Apollonia : archaeological coastal site in erosion (foto Catani)
Figure 10. layout scheme of archaeological coastal site
protection Figure 11. scheme section of beach nourishment
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ABBREVIATIONS
CIG : J. Franz, Corpus Inscriptionum Graecarum III, Berlin 1853.
IGCyr : C. Dobias-Lalou, Inscriptions of Greek Cyrenaica, in collaboration with A. Bencivenni, H. Berthelot, with help from S. Antolini, S.M. Marengo, E. Rosamilia, Bologna (CRR-MM, Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna), 2017, https://igcyr.unibo. it/.
LGPN : P.M. Fraser, E. Matthews et al., A Lexicon of Greek
Personal Names, I (1987) – V B (2014), dont la base de
données est consultable sur le site du LGPN Online, http://www.lgpn.ox.ac.uk/index.html
SECir : †G. Oliverio, G. Pugliese Carratelli, D. Morelli, « Supplemento Epigrafico Cirenaico », ASAA 39-40 (1961-1963), p. 219-375.
SEG : Supplementum epigraphicum graecum 1-25 (1923-1971), Leiden ; 26- (Alphen aan den Rijn, puis Amsterdam).
CJZC : Lüderitz, G. with Reynolds, J. M. (1983) Corpus
