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Give to Caesar What is Caesar`s. Or, Give to Launhardt What We are Used to Think Bertrand`s.

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(21)

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(22)

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ru|/ Dwodqwlf Hfrqrplf Mrxuqdo/ 59/ 4:5 071

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(23)

^84` Vkxeln/ P1 +4<8<,/ Vwudwhj| dqg Pdunhw Vwuxfwxuh/ Qhz \run/ Mrkq Zloh| ) Vrqv1

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^93` Wluroh/ M1 +4<;;,/ Wkh Wkhru| ri Lqgxvwuldo Rujdql}dwlrq/ Fdpeulgjh/ PD/ PLW Suhvv1

^94` Ylyhv/ [1 +4<;8,/ Rq wkh H!flhqf| ri Ehuwudqg dqg Frxuqrw Htxloleuld zlwk Surgxfw Glhuhqwldwlrq/ Mrxuqdo ri Hfrqrplf Wkhru|/ 48/ 4990:81 ^95` Zdoudv/ O1 +4;:7,/ Ìohphqwv gìfrqrplh srolwltxh/ Odxvdqqh1 Uhsulqwhg lq Hqjolvk wudqvodwlrq dv Hohphqwv ri Sxuh Hfrqrplfv/ Orqgrq/ Doohq dqg Xqzlq/ 4<871

^96` Zdoudv/ O1 +4;;6,/ Wkìrulh pdwkìpdwltxh gh od ulfkhvvh vrfldoh/ Odx0 vdqqh1

^97` Zhlqwudxe/ U1 +4<<5/ hg1/,/ Wrzdug d Klvwru| ri Jdph Wkhru|/ Klvwru| ri Srolwlfdo Hfrqrp|/ 57 +Vxssohphqw,1

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