EKATO ΧΡΟΝΙΑ ΕΡΕΥΝΑΣ
ΣΤΗΝ ΠΡΟΪΣΤΟΡΙΚΗ
ΜΑΚΕΔΟΝΙΑ
A CENTURY OF RESEARCH
IN PREHISTORIC
MACEDONIA
1912 2012
-ΠΡΑΚΤΙΚΑ
ΔΙΕΘΝΟΥΣ ΣΥΝΕΔΡΙΟΥ
Αρχαιολογικό Μουσείο Θεσσαλονίκης 22-24 Νοεμβρίου 2012INTERNATIONAL
CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS
Archaeological Museum of Thessaloniki 22-24 November 2012 ΕΠΙΜΕΛΕΙΑ Ευαγγελία Στεφανή Νίκος Μερούσης Αναστασία Δημουλά EDITORS Evangelia Stefani Nikos Merousis Anastasia Dimoula ΑΡΧΑΙΟΛΟΓΙΚΟ ΜΟΥΣΕΙΟ ΘΕΣΣΑΛΟΝΙΚΗΣ ARCHAEOLOGICAL MUSEUM OF THESSALONIKIΤο παρόν έργο πνευματικής ιδιοκτησίας προστατεύεται κατά τις διατάξεις του ελληνικού νόμου (Ν. 2121/1993 όπως έχει τροποποι-ηθεί και ισχύει σήμερα) και τις διεθνείς συμβάσεις περί πνευματικής ιδιοκτησίας. Απαγορεύεται απολύτως η άνευ γραπτής άδειας του εκδότη κατά οποιοδήποτε τρόπο ή μέσο αντιγραφή, φωτοανατύ-πωση και εν γένει αναπαραγωγή, εκμίσθωση ή δανεισμός, μετά-φραση, διασκευή, αναμετάδοση στο κοινό σε οποιαδήποτε μορφή (ηλεκτρονική, μηχανική ή άλλη) και η εν γένει εκμετάλλευση του συνόλου ή μέρους του έργου. ΙSBN 978-960-9621-14-4 Έκδοση Αρχαιολογικού Μουσείου Θεσσαλονίκης αρ. 22 © ΑΡΧΑΙΟΛΟΓΙΚΟ ΜΟΥΣΕΙΟ ΘΕΣΣΑΛΟΝΙΚΗΣ 2014 Γενικός συντονισμός διοργάνωσης Πολυξένη Αδάμ-Βελένη, Διευθύντρια ΑΜΘ Επιστημονική Επιτροπή Πολυξένη Αδάμ-Βελένη, Διευθύντρια ΑΜΘ Στέλιος Ανδρέου, Καθηγητής Προϊστορικής Αρχαιολογίας ΑΠΘ Νίκος Ευστρατίου, Καθηγητής Προϊστορικής Αρχαιολογίας ΑΠΘ Κώστας Κωτσάκης, Καθηγητής Προϊστορικής Αρχαιολογίας ΑΠΘ Αικατερίνη Παπαευθυμίου-Παπανθίμου, Ομότιμη Καθηγήτρια Προϊστορικής Αρχαιολογίας ΑΠΘ Ευαγγελία Στεφανή, Αρχαιολόγος ΑΜΘ Οργανωτική Επιτροπή Ευαγγελία Στεφανή, Αρχαιολόγος ΑΜΘ Αναστασία Δημουλά, Αρχαιολόγος Ουρανία Πάλλη, Αρχαιολόγος ΑΜΘ Αγνή Αποστολίδου, Αρχαιολόγος-Μουσειολόγος ΑΜΘ Αβραάμ Παναγιωτίδης, Πληροφορικός Επιμέλεια Ευαγγελία Στεφανή, Νίκος Μερούσης, Αναστασία Δημουλά Coordination
Polyxeni Adam-Veleni, Director AMTh Scientific Committee
Polyxeni Adam-Veleni, Director AMTh
Stelios Andreou, Professor of Prehistoric Archaeology AUTh Nikos Efstratiou, Professor of Prehistoric Archaeology AUTh Kostas Kotsakis, Professor of Prehistoric Archaeology AUTh Aikaterini Papaefthymiou-Papanthimou, Professor Emeritus of Prehistoric Archaeology AUTh
Evangelia Stefani, Archaeologist AMTh Organising Committee
Evangelia Stefani, Archaeologist AMTh Anastasia Dimoula, Archaeologist Ourania Palli, Archaeologist AMTh
Agni Apostolidou, Archeologist-Museologist AMTh Avraam Panagiotidis, IT Services
Editors
Evangelia Stefani, Nikos Merousis, Anastasia Dimoula
Παραγωγή |Production
w w w. z i t i . g r
ΧΟΡΗΓΟΙ ΕΚΔΟΣΗΣ |SPONSORS
Undertaken with the assistance of the Institute of Aegean Prehistory INSTAP
Περιεχόμενα
|
Contents
Πρόλογος |Foreword . . . .5 Σημείωμα των επιμελητών |Editors' note . . . .7 Στιγμιότυπα του συνεδρίου |Conference snapshots . . . .9 Συντομογραφίες |Abbreviations . . . .21 Οι αρχαιολογικές έρευνες στη Βόρεια Ελλάδα και το ιστορικό περιεχόμενο της Προϊστορίας Γιώργος Χ. Χουρμουζιάδης 23Archaeological research in Northern Greece and the historical content of Prehistory
Giorgos Ch. Chourmouziadis
Η ιστορία της προϊστορικής έρευνας στη Μακεδονία: ιστορικές και κριτικές προσεγγίσεις
The history of prehistoric research in Macedonia: historical and critical approaches
Οι αρχές της προϊστορικής έρευνας στη ΜακεδονίαΚατερίνα Ρωμιοπούλου
31
The beginnings of prehistoric research in Macedonia
Katerina Romiopoulou
Το Αριστοτέλειο Πανεπιστήμιο Θεσσαλονίκης και οι προϊστορικές σπουδές
Αικατερίνη Παπαευθυμίου-Παπανθίμου
37
The Aristotle University of Thessaloniki and the prehistoric studies
Aikaterini Papaefthymiou-Papanthimou
The contribution of the British School at Athens and its members to a century of prehistoric research in Macedonia
Ken Wardle
45
Η συμβολή της Βρετανικής Σχολής Αθηνών και των μελών της σε έναν αιώνα προϊστορικής έρευνας στη Μακεδονία
Ken Wardle
A century of research in Dikili Tash
René Treuil
57
Ένας αιώνας έρευνας στο Ντικιλί Τας
Η προϊστορική έρευνα στη Θάσο: 1922-2012
Στρατής Παπαδόπουλος • Νεραντζής Νεραντζής
67
Research on the Prehistory of Thasos: 1922-2012
Stratis Papadopoulos • Nerantzis Nerantzis
Eustratios Pelekidis and the British Salonika Force Museum
Aikaterini Kanatselou • Andrew Shapland
91 Ο Ευστράτιος Πελεκίδης και η συλλογή της Βρετανικής Δύναμης της Θεσσαλονίκης Αικατερίνη Κανατσέλου • Andrew Shapland Το έργο του W.A. Ηeurtley στη Μακεδονία μέσα από το αρχείο της Αρχαιολογικής Υπηρεσίας και της Βρετανικής Αρχαιολογικής Σχολής Μαρία Παππά 101
The work of W.A. Heurtley in Macedonia through the archives of the Greek Archaeological Service and the British School at Athens
Maria Pappa
Lithics in the Prehistory of Macedonia: historical and methodological approaches
Georgia Kourtessi-Philippakis 113 Τα λίθινα στην Προϊστορία της Μακεδονίας: ιστορική και μεθοδολογική προσέγγιση Γεωργία Κουρτέση-Φιλιππάκη Η παλαιολιθική έρευνα στη Μακεδονία: σε αναζήτηση της δυναμικής της Νίκος Ευστρατίου 125
Palaeolithic research in Macedonia: in search of its dynamics
Nikos Efstratiou
Εκατό χρόνια νεολιθικής έρευνας στη Μακεδονία: τάσεις και κατευθύνσεις
Κώστας Κωτσάκης
133
A hundred years of neolithic research in Macedonia: trends and directions
Kostas Kotsakis
Εκατό χρόνια έρευνας στην Εποχή του Χαλκού της Μακεδονίας: τι άλλαξε;
Στέλιος Ανδρέου
141
One hundred years of research in the Bronze Age of Macedonia. What changed?
Stelios Andreou
Επισκοπήσεις
H αρχαιολογική έρευνα στη Μακεδονία της Πρώιμης Εποχής του Σιδήρου. Απολογισμός και προοπτικές
Χάιδω Κουκούλη-Χρυσανθάκη
153
The archaeological research in Early Iron Age Macedonia. Review and perspectives
Chaido Koukouli-Chryssanthaki
Χρονολόγηση | Θέσεις και Εποχές
Chronology | Sites and Eras
Νεάντερνταλ στη ΜακεδονίαΝένα Γαλανίδου • Νίκος Ευστρατίου
181
Neanderthals in Macedonia
Nena Galanidou • Nikos Efstratiou
Αναζητώντας την ταυτότητα και τη σπουδαιότητα του σπηλαίου Πετραλώνων για την ελληνική και ευρωπαϊκή Προϊστορία
Ανδρέας Ι. Ντάρλας
195
In search of the identity of Petralona cave and its importance for the Greek and European Prehistory
Andreas I. Darlas
Χρονολόγηση με άνθρακα-14 των μεγάλων πολιτισμικών αλλαγών στην προϊστορική Μακεδονία: πρόσφατες εξελίξεις
Γιάννης Μανιάτης
205
Radiocarbon dating of the major cultural changes in prehistoric Macedonia: recent developments
Yannis Maniatis
Intensity of the Earth’s magnetic field in prehistoric Macedonia: a multidisciplinary approach for material selection
Despoina Kondopoulou • Christina Rathossi • Elina Aidona • Gregory Fanjat • Evdokia Tema • Konstantinos Efthimiadis
223 Ένταση του μαγνητικού πεδίου της γης στην προϊστορική Μακεδονία: μία διεπιστημονική προσέγγιση για την επιλογή του υλικού μελέτης Δέσποινα Κοντοπούλου • Χριστίνα Ράθωση • Ελίνα Αηδονά • Gregory Fanjat • Ευδοκία Τέμα • Κωνσταντίνος Ευθυμιάδης Περί προϊστορικών θέσεων στη δυτική Μακεδονία: νομοί Κοζάνης και Γρεβενών Γεωργία Καραμήτρου-Μεντεσίδη 233
About prehistoric sites in western Macedonia: prefectures of Kozani and Grevena
Γεωφυσική έρευνα και αρχαιολογική πραγματικότητα στον νεολιθικό οικισμό Προμαχών-Topolniča
Χάιδω Κουκούλη-Χρυσανθάκη • Henrieta Todorova • Ιωάννης Ασλάνης • Ivan Vajsov • Μάγδα Βάλλα
251
Geophysical investigation and archaeological reality in the neolithic settlement Promachon-Topolniča
Chaido Koukouli-Chryssanthaki • Henrieta Todorova • Ioannis Aslanis • Ivan Vajsov • Magda Valla
Η Πρώιμη Εποχή του Χαλκού στη Μακεδονία.
Μια συνθετική επαναπροσέγγιση των αρχαιολογικών δεδομένων
Ιωάννα Μαυροειδή
261
Early Bronze Age in Macedonia.
A synthetic re-approach of the archaeological evidence
Ioanna Mavroeidi
Αρχοντικό Γιαννιτσών, ένας οικισμός της Πρώιμης Εποχής του Χαλκού στη Μακεδονία
Αικατερίνη Παπαευθυμίου-Παπανθίμου • Εύη Παπαδοπούλου
271
Archondiko Giannitson, an Early Bronze Age settlement in Macedonia
Aikaterini Papaefthymiou-Papanthimou • Evi Papadopoulou
Η στρωματογραφική ακολουθία του νότιου τομέα του προϊστορικού οικισμού του Αρχοντικού Γιαννιτσών
Δόμνα Ισαακίδου
281
The stratigraphic sequence of the south sector of the prehistoric settlement of Archontiko Giannitson
Domna Isaakidou
Η Μέση Εποχή Χαλκού στη Μακεδονία
Ιωάννης Ασλάνης
291
Middle Bronze Age in Macedonia
Ioannis Aslanis
Η προϊστορική Όλυνθος. Μια τούμπα της Εποχής του Χαλκού ανάμεσα στα Καρπάθια και στο Αιγαίο
Barbara Horejs • Reinhard Jung
299
Prehistoric Olynthus. Α Bronze Age mound between the Carpathians and the Aegean
Barbara Horejs • Reinhard Jung
Does time stand still in the Aegean? Early Iron Age chronology at Kastanas revisited
Stefanos Gimatzidis
303
Σταμάτησε ο χρόνος στο Αιγαίο; Αναθεώρηση της χρονολόγησης της Πρώιμης Εποχής του Σιδήρου στον Καστανά
Ο χώρος και οι νοηματοδοτήσεις του
Space and its meanings
Settlement and housing during the 6th millennium BC in western Thessaloniki and the adjacent Langadas province
Stavros Kotsos 315 Οικισμός και κατοικία κατά την έκτη χιλιετία π.Χ. στη δυτική Θεσσαλονίκη και στην επαρχία Λαγκαδά Σταύρος Κώτσος Ο οικισμός του Κλείτου Κοζάνης στο ευρύτερο φυσικό και ανθρωπογενές περιβάλλον της Νεότερης και Τελικής Νεολιθικής περιόδου Χριστίνα Ζιώτα 323
The settlement of Kleitos Kozanis in its wider natural
and anthropogenic environment during the Late and Final Neolithic periods
Christina Ziota
Αρχιτεκτονικές μορφές της Προϊστορίας στην κοιλάδα του μέσου ρου του Αλιάκμονα
Αρετή Χονδρογιάννη-Μετόκη
337
Architectural forms of Prehistory in the valley along the middle reaches of the Aliakmon river
Areti Hondrogianni-Metoki Ενσωματώνοντας το παρελθόν, προσδιορίζοντας το παρόν, νοηματοδοτώντας το μέλλον: αναγνώριση και ερμηνεία πρακτικών δομημένης (εν)απόθεσης στο νεολιθικό οικισμό Αυγής Καστοριάς στη Βόρεια Ελλάδα Γεωργία Στρατούλη • Νίκος Κατσικαρίδης • Τάσος Μπεκιάρης • Βασιλική Τζεβελεκίδη 349
Integrating the past, determining the present, establishing the future: identification and interpretation of structured deposition
at the neolithic settlement of Avgi in Kastoria, Northern Greece
Georgia Stratouli • Nikos Katsikaridis • Tasos Bekiaris • Vasiliki Tzevelekidi
Αναζητώντας κοινωνικές ταυτότητες: η συμβολή των θερμικών κατασκευών στην οργάνωση του χώρου στη νεολιθική Μακεδονία
Εβίτα Καλογηροπούλου
359
In search of social identities: the contribution of thermal structures in the organisation of space in neolithic Macedonia
Evita Kalogiropoulou
Περίκλειστος κόσμος. Μια συζήτηση για τους περιβόλους στην προϊστορική Μακεδονία με αφορμή το Δισπηλιό Καστοριάς
Σταμάτης Χατζητουλούσης • Τάσος Σιάνος • Γιάννης Σταυριδόπουλος • Κοσμάς Τουλούμης
373
Enclosed world: a discussion about enclosures in prehistoric Macedonia based on Dispilio, Kastoria
Κοινοτικά έργα και μνημειακότητα στους οικισμούς της Μακεδονίας κατά την Ύστερη Εποχή του Χαλκού
Ευαγγελία Στεφανή
381
Communal works and monumentality in the settlements of Macedonia during the Late Bronze Age
Evangelia Stefani
Μεταβολές στη βλάστηση της Μακεδονίας κατά το Μέσο Ολόκαινο: ανθρωπογενής επίδραση ή απόκριση στην κλιματική διακύμανση;
Κατερίνα Κούλη
401
Vegetation dynamics in Macedonia during the Middle Holocene: human impact versus climate change?
Katerina Kouli
Η φυσική βλάστηση και οι προϊστορικές κοινότητες της Μακεδονίας. Μια σύνθεση των πληροφοριών της ανθρακολογικής έρευνας
Μαρία Ντίνου
409
Natural vegetation and prehistoric communities in Macedonia, Greece. A synthesis of the results of wood charcoal analysis from prehistoric sites
Maria Ntinou
Φυτά και άνθρωποι στην προϊστορική Βόρεια Ελλάδα. Τα αρχαιοβοτανικά δεδομένα
Σουλτάνα-Μαρία Βαλαμώτη
419
Plants and people in prehistoric Northern Greece: the archaeobotanical evidence
Soultana-Maria Valamoti
Invitation to dinner. Practices of animal consumption and bone deposition at Makriyalos I (Pieria) and Toumba Kremastis Koiladas (Kozani)
Vasiliki Tzevelekidi • Paul Halstead • Valasia Isaakidou
425
Πρόσκληση σε γεύμα. Πρακτικές κατανάλωσης και απόθεσης οστών ζώων στον Μακρύγιαλο Πιερίας και στην Τούμπα Κρεμαστής Κοιλάδας Κοζάνης
Βασιλική Τζεβελεκίδη • Paul Halstead • Βαλασία Ισαακίδου
The vertebrate fauna from a Late Neolithic settlement in eastern Macedonia. Τhe case of Promachon sector - preliminary results
George Kazantzis 437 Η σπονδυλωτή πανίδα ενός οικισμού της Νεότερης Νεολιθικής περιόδου στην ανατολική Μακεδονία: η περίπτωση του ελληνικού τομέα του Προμαχώνα – αρχικά αποτελέσματα Καζαντζής Γιώργος
Παλαιοπεριβάλλον - Αρχαιοβοτανική - Ζωοαρχαιολογία | Φυσική Ανθρωπολογία
Οι αλιευτικές δραστηριότητες στην Προϊστορία της Βόρειας Ελλάδας: ένα πανόραμα των αρχαιοζωολογικών δεδομένων
Τατιάνα Θεοδωροπούλου
453
Fishing activities in the Prehistory of Northern Greece: a panorama of the archaeological evidence
Tatiana Theodoropoulou Όψεις της διατροφής και του υλικού πολιτισμού της Νεολιθικής και της Εποχής Χαλκού στην κεντρική Μακεδονία. Μια οστρεοαρχαιολογική προσέγγιση Ρένα Βεροπουλίδου 465
Aspects of Neolithic and Bronze Age diet and material culture in central Macedonia: the evidence from shell analyses
Rena Veropoulidou
Αρχαίο DNA: εφαρμογές, προοπτικές, περιορισμοί
Χριστίνα Παπαγεωργοπούλου
477
Ancient DNA: applications, perspectives, limitations
Christina Papageorgopoulou
Από τα αντικείμενα στις ιδέες: Τεχνολογίες - Τεχνουργήματα - Επικοινωνία
From objects to ideas: Technologies - Artefacts - Communication
Lete I. The pottery of a neolithic site in central Macedonia 100 years after
Anastasia Dimoula • Areti Pentedeka • Konstantinos Filis
491
Λητή I. Η κεραμική μίας νεολιθικής θέσης στη Μακεδονία 100 χρόνια μετά
Αναστασία Δημουλά • Αρετή Πεντεδέκα • Κωνσταντίνος Φίλης
Pottery and stylistic boundaries.
Early and middle neolithic pottery in Macedonia
Dushka Urem-Kotsou • Anna Papaioannou • Trisevgeni Papadakou • Niki Saridaki • Zoe Intze
505 Κεραμική και στυλιστικά όρια. Η κεραμική της Αρχαιότερης και της Μέσης Νεολιθικής στη Μακεδονία Ντούσκα Ούρεμ-Κώτσου • Άννα Παπαϊωάννου • Τρισεύγενη Παπαδάκου • Νίκη Σαριδάκη • Ζωή Ιντζέ Συνταγές υλικών και κεραμική παραγωγή των νεολιθικών οικισμών της ανατολικής Μακεδονίας Παρασκευή Γιούνη 519
Clay recipes and ceramic production
of the neolithic settlements in eastern Macedonia
Ταυτότητες ανθρώπων και διακοσμημένα κεραμικά σκεύη κατά τη Νεότερη Νεολιθική στη Βόρεια Ελλάδα:
παραδείγματα από την κεραμική παράδοση «μαύρο σε ερυθρό»
Δήμητρα Μαλαμίδου
527
Human identities and decorated clay pots during Late Neolithic in Northern Greece:
examples from the "black-on-red" pottery tradition
Dimitra Μalamidou
Συνέχειες και ασυνέχειες στην κεραμική των πρώιμων φάσεων του νεολιθικού Δισπηλιού
Μαρίνα Σωφρονίδου • Σαράντης Δημητριάδης
537
Continuity and discontinuity in the pottery of the early phases of neolithic Dispilio
Marina Sofronidou • Sarantis Dimitriadis
Εικόνες και αφηγήσεις από τα διακοσμημένα θραύσματα του Δισπηλιού
Ευαγγελία Βούλγαρη
549
Images and narratives from the decorated sherds of neolithic Dispilio
Evangelia Voulgari
Η κεραμική παράδοση των προχωρημένων φάσεων της Πρώιμης Εποχής Χαλκού στη Μακεδονία
Γιώργος Δελιόπουλος • Ιωάννης Παπαδιάς • Αικατερίνη Παπαευθυμίου-Παπανθίμου
561
The pottery tradition during the later phases of the Early Bronze Age in Macedonia
Giorgos Deliopoulos • Ioannis Papadias • Aikaterini Papaefthymiou-Papanthimou
Η κατανάλωση της κεραμικής και η ενδοκοινοτική οργάνωση στο τέλος της Ύστερης Εποχής του Χαλκού στη Μακεδονία:
παρατηρήσεις στη χειροποίητη κεραμική από την Τούμπα Θεσσαλονίκης
Ευαγγελία Βλιώρα • Ευαγγελία Κυριατζή • Στέλιος Ανδρέου
575
Pottery consumption and intra-site organisation in the end of the Late Bronze Age in Macedonia:
observations on the hand-made pottery from Toumba Thessaloniki
Evangelia Vliora • Evangelia Kiriatzi • Stelios Andreou
The Late Bronze Age pottery of Macedonia: comparisons with the plain of Korçë
Tobias Krapf
585
Κεραμική της Ύστερης Εποχής του Χαλκού από τη Μακεδονία: συγκρίσεις με την πεδιάδα της Κορυτσάς
In search of social networks during the Neolithic Period
in Macedonia (Νorthern Greece): the case of chipped stone industries
Odysseas Kakavakis 599 Αναζητώντας τα κοινωνικά δίκτυα της Νεολιθικής Εποχής στην περιοχή της Μακεδονίας: η περίπτωση του πελεκημένου λίθου Οδυσσέας Κακαβάκης Ο χαλαζίας ως πρώτη ύλη στις λιθοτεχνίες της προϊστορικής Μακεδονίας Ουρανία Πάλλη 607
Quartz as raw material in the chipped stone industries of prehistoric Macedonia
Ourania Palli
Η λιθοτεχνία του Ηλιότοπου, μιας προϊστορικής θέσης του ανατολικού Λαγκαδά
Σοφία Λύχνα • Μαρία Χάδου
615
The lithic industries from Iliotopos, a prehistoric site in eastern Langadas
Sofia Lychna • Maria Chadou
«Είμαστε μόνοι τριγυρισμένοι από νεκρές εικόνες».
Προβλήματα των νεολιθικών μαρμάρινων ανθρωπόμορφων ειδωλίων με αφορμή παραδείγματα απο την Ημαθία
Νίκος Μερούσης
625
"And we’re alone surrounded by dead images".
Problems of neolithic marble human figurines according to examples from Emathia
Nikos Merousis
Η αναπαράσταση των ανθρώπων στη νεολιθική Μακεδονία
Στράτος Νανόγλου
639
The representation of humans in neolithic Macedonia
Stratos Nanoglou
Ταξίδια του νεολιθικού Spondylus.
Αρχαιολογικές καταδύσεις στα βαθιά νερά της αιγαιακής Προϊστορίας
Μαριάννα Νικολαΐδου • Φώτης Υφαντίδης
645
The journeys of neolithic Spondylus: a chronicle of research in the prehistoric Aegean
Marianna Nikolaidou • Fotis Ifantidis
Η μουσική στις προϊστορικές κοινωνίες.
Η περίπτωση του νεολιθικού οικισμού του Δισπηλιού Καστοριάς
Χρύσα Τσαγκούλη
661
Music in prehistoric communities.
The example of the neolithic settlement at Dispilio of Kastoria
Θεωρητική αρχαιολογία και νέα μουσειολογία
Δημήτριος Β. Γραμμένος
673
Theoretical archaeology and new museology
Dimitrios Grammenos
Ευτυχώς, τα στεφάνια μας είναι ακάνθινα
Αναστασία Χουρμουζιάδη
677
Thank God, our wreaths bear thornes
Anastasia Chourmouziadi Οι αρχαιολόγοι και οι αρχαιο-«λόγοι». Οι ταυτότητες των ερευνητών, οι «λόγοι» και η αναπλαισίωσή τους στην προϊστορική αρχαιολογία της Μακεδονίας Κοσμάς Τουλούμης 685
The archaeologists and the archaeo-“logoi”.
The identities of the scholars, the “discourses” and their re-contextualization in the prehistoric archaeology of Macedonia
Kosmas Touloumis
Από τη «Θεά της Παλαιάς Ευρώπης» στην αρχαιολογία του φύλου: η κληρονομιά της Marija Gimbutas
Δήμητρα Κοκκινίδου • Μαριάννα Νικολαΐδου
695
From the “Goddess of Old Europe” to gender archaeology: the legacy of Marija Gimbutas
Dimitra Kokkinidou • Marianna Nikolaidou
Επίλογος: πού είμαστε τώρα, πού θα είμαστε αύριο
Κώστας Κωτσάκης
707
Epilogue: where we stand now, where we will be tomorrow
Kostas Kotsakis
Κατάλογος συμμετεχόντων . . . 713
List of contributors . . . 716
Μουσειολογία | Κοινωνική Αρχαιολογία
ΑΑΑ Αρχαιολογικά Ανάλεκτα εξ Αθηνών, Αθήνα ΑΔ Αρχαιολογικόν Δελτίον, Αθήνα ΑΕ Αρχαιολογική Εφημερίς, Αθήνα ΑΕΜΘ Το αρχαιολογικό έργο στη Μακεδονία και στη Θράκη, Θεσσαλονίκη ΑΕΜΘ 20 χρόνια Π. Αδάμ-Βελένη & Κ. Τζαναβάρη (επιμ.), 2009. Επετειακός τόμος, Το αρχαιολογικό έργο στη Μακεδονία και στη Θράκη 20 χρόνια, Θεσσαλονίκη Αρχαία Μακεδονία ΙΙΙ Ανακοινώσεις κατά το Γ’ διεθνές συμπόσιο, Θεσσαλονίκη 21-25 Σεπτεμβρίου 1977, Θεσσαλονίκη 1983 Αρχαία Μακεδονία IV Ανακοινώσεις κατά το Δ’ διεθνές συμπόσιο, Θεσσαλονίκη 21-25 Σεπτεμβρίου 1983, Θεσσαλονίκη 1986 Αρχαία Μακεδονία V Ανακοινώσεις κατά το Ε΄ διεθνές συμπόσιο, Θεσσαλονίκη 10-15 Οκτωβρίου 1989, Θεσσαλονίκη 1993 Αρχαία Μακεδονία VI Ανακοινώσεις κατά το ΣΤ΄ διεθνές συμπόσιο, Θεσσαλονίκη 15-19 Οκτωβρίου 1996, Θεσσαλονίκη 1999 Αρχαία Μακεδονία VII Ανακοινώσεις κατά το Ζ΄ διεθνές συμπόσιο, Θεσσαλονίκη 14-18 Οκτωβρίου 2002, Θεσσαλονίκη 2007 ΠΑΕ Πρακτικά της εν Αθήναις Αρχαιολογικής Εταιρείας, Αθήνα
AJA American Journal of Archaeology, Cambridge, Mass BAM Beiträge zur ur- und frühgeschichtlichen Archäologie
des Mittelmeer-Kulturraumes, Bonn BAR British Archaeological Reports, Oxford
BSA The Annual of the British School at Athens, London BCH Bulletin de Correspodance Helénique, Paris JAS Journal of Archaeological Science, Amsterdam PPS Proceedings of Prehistoric Society, Cambridge
Despoina Kondopoulou • Christina Rathossi • Elina Aidona
• Gregory Fanjat • Evdokia Tema • Konstantinos Efthimiadis
Intensity of the Earth’s magnetic field
in prehistoric Macedonia:
a multidisciplinary approach for material selection
Introduction
Archaeomagnetism is a branch of Geosciences which combines geophysical methods with archaeology for the determination of the geomagnetic field elements (Inclination, Declination, Intensity). This technique is based on two fundamental principles:
1. Several archaeological features (usually clay prod-ucts) contain small quantities of magnetic minerals which can record the direction and the strength of the geomagnetic field under certain circumstances: The material has to be heated up to at least 600°C and during the cooling procedure it can record a remanence magnetization which is oriented parallel to the Earth’s magnetic field at that time and place. 2. The direction and the strength of the geomagnetic field
are not stable but change through time and place. By comparing the direction and the intensity of a studied feature with well-established reference curves (Secular variation curves-SVC) for the same area, it is possible to determine the age of the studied structure. By the inverse procedure, well dated by independent meth-ods, artefacts can be used for the construction of the reference curves for an area. Basic structures that can be used for an archaeomagnetic investigation are kilns, bricks, tiles, ceramics and generally all clay structures that have been heated in antiquity at high temperatures (at least up to 600-700°C) and subsequently cooled.
Systematic archaeomagnetic studies in Greece were initiated around 1980 and provided abundant ar-chaeointensity and fewer directional data1. However, the quality of some of the Greek archaeointensity re-sults has often been disputable. In their compilation
1. Aitken et al. 1989. De Marco et al. 2008 and references therein. Spatharas et al. 2011. Aidona & Kondopoulou 2012. Tema et al. 2012. Fanjat et al. 2013. De Marco et al. 2014.
with all available intensity data from Greece until that date, De Marco et al.2 noticed a large dispersion during the first millennium BC as well as several gaps mostly in the prehistoric period (fig. 1).
In a recent study, Tema & Kondopoulou have moni-tored the secular variation of the geomagnetic field in the southern Balkan Peninsula and they also observed a large scatter in the intensity dataset3 (fig. 2). Though the recent Balkan SVC cover in a satisfactory way the pre-historic periods, it is of extreme importance to obtain a better coverage for the Greek SVC if accurate datings are expected at the country scale.
The basic approach for the present study is the bet-ter exploitation of the available archaeological mabet-terial for the improvement of the SVC for prehistoric Greece which presents a broad uncertainty due to the lack of data. As far as the directional curves are concerned, this gap is difficult to fill since in situ structures are scarce or damaged. On the contrary, the rich ceramic and pot-tery collections are abundant, often well-studied and can provide intensity values which would drastically im-prove the corresponding curves. As the intensity vari-ations through time are very frequent, their reference curves can be a sensitive dating tool4. As mentioned above, the SVC for the prehistoric period in Bulgaria are very accurate, but Bulgarian scientists have avoided the use of pottery for their studies, thus their rich database is established from burnt structures only5.
The study presented here aims to the improvement of the SVC for the intensity of the Earth’s magnetic field through the rich ceramic and pottery collections from
pre-2. De Marco et al. 2008. 3. Tema & Kondopoulou 2011. 4. For an overview see Gallet et al. 2009.
to be in situ, a requirement which is not necessary in the case of the intensity (fig. 3a, 3b).
The first prehistoric site studied archeomagnetical-ly in the area was the one in Sitagroi, near the city of Drama6. The sampling of pottery was extensive, spread within ten meters of stratified deposits which covered 4000 yrs of continuous occupation. Ages were provided
6. Thomas 1981. historic Macedonia in order to provide the archaeological
community with a sensitive and low-cost dating tool.
Methodology
The archaeomagnetic method consists in the definition of the three elements of the geomagnetic field (Decli-nation, Inclination and Intensity-F). In order to define the direction of the field (D, I) the studied material has
Fig. 1. Intensity SVC from Greece. All data have been relocated to
Athens (De Marco et al. 2008). Dots correspond to new data obtained after 2008.
Fig. 2. Balkan SVC for the three elements of the geomagnetic field
(Tema & Kondopoulou 2011).
Fig. 3. Examples of sampled materials for the archaeomagnetic study: a. Neolithic oven from Sossandra, b. Neolithic pottery sherds from
Dikili-Tash.
a.
• Thermomagnetic analyses to monitor the magnetic susceptibility variation with temperature. They detect mineralogical transformations during heating. • Acquisition of Isothermal Remanent Magnetization
(IRM-it detects the main magnetic mineral carrying the magnetization by imparting increasing magnetic fields until saturation).
• Hysteresis loops (it detects the possible presence of several magnetic phases in the material).
Examples of such experiments are given below (fig. 5a, 5b). In these, the thermomagnetic curve is reversible. Reversible curves would correspond to ceramics baked in open fires and oxygen rich atmosphere9. The satura-tion is reached quickly, implying magnetite as the domi-nant magnetic mineral. Both parameters indicate a sat-isfactory quality of the material for this study. Detailed examples of hysteresis analysis will be given below. In spite of all these experiments which have been ap-plied, at least in the last decade, and allowed a careful material selection, in several cases this would not lead to successful intensity calculations. To a large extent this failure was connected to ceramic or pottery products. The question arose: “What additional factors could af-fect the archaeointensity experiments?”.
Specific characteristics of ceramic products
Besides standard archaeointensity determinations and related experiments, their relationship with other pa-rameters such as magnetic properties of the clay raw material, the maximum temperatures reached during the firing process and the thermal distribution inside the kilns are still poorly known. As a consequence, their ceramic products would probably reflect these uncer-tainties. Important features for the ceramic and pottery
9. Costanzo-Alvarez et al. 2006. by 25 14C datings and accurate measurements were
ap-plied. Nevertheless, the obtained results are not in full agreement with the corresponding ones from Bulgaria7. The limited number of samples per level, often only one, could account for this discrepancy.
In the present study we focus to ceramics from sever-al prehistoric sites in Northern Greece (fig. 4) for which the study of archaeointensity was possible. Intensity re-sults have been obtained in the area from burnt struc-tures also (Avgi, Vassili, fig. 1). Our problematic devel-oped is explained here only for the use of ceramics for such an experiment. The method mostly used for this scope is the Thellier method or its variants. According to this method the ancient field intensity Fa is determined from the simple formula: Fa =b x Flab, where Flab is a given intensity in the laboratory and b is the slope of the line formed by plotting experimentally obtained de-creasing values of Natural Remanent Magnetization-NRM- against increasing values of laboratory induced Thermoremanent Magnetization-TRM8. The method implies repeated heatings thus the reliability of the ar-chaeointensity results is depending on several criteria detecting the mineralogical stability of the samples up-on heating. In order to define the magnetic carriers and to investigate the suitability of the material several rock magnetic experiments have to be performed, according to up-to-now worldwide established criteria.
Classical tests for material selection
The experimental procedures needed for obtaining ac-curate intensity values are also very time-consuming. The severe selection of the material is a prerequisite and several protocols are applied in the archaeomagnetic laboratories worldwide. These include:
7. Tema & Kondopoulou 2011. 8. Thellier & Thellier 1959.
Fig. 4.
Sampled locations for the present study: Avgi, in situ structures, Vassili and Sossandra in situ structures and pottery sherds, Arhontiko, Skala Sotiros and Dikili-Tash, pottery sherds.
approach was tested on an important set of samples, spanning in different archaeological periods and from various environments. The results for the above pre-historic sites can be summarized in the following fig. 6 and tables 1 and 2.
The neolithic Vassili sherds (BSc) display a wide range of firing temperature between 600ºC (preservation of primary calcite and clay minerals) and 900ºC (new high-T minerals formed i.e. gehlenite, diopside), however even the highly fired samples do not seem to be fired in a complete firing cycle. The short firing time, the prevailing reducing kiln atmosphere and the cooling procedure in air, all these conditions, are depicted in the different colour layers observed across the ceramic body. Regarding the presence of magnetic minerals, their content was sufficient for good intensity results, nonetheless the incomplete firing cycle led to the failure of the intensity experiments. Better firing conditions are observed in Dikili-Tash sherds (DTc) where firing tem-perature ranged from 750ºC (almost complete decom-position of calcite) to 850ºC (the crystallization of new high T-minerals has been started) with slow soaking time. In two out of three samples the presence of hema-tite and spinel gave successful intensity results. From the two Sossandra samples only the sample SOS-5 seem to be fired at low T≈600-650ºC whereas sherd SOS was detected to be unfired.
Concerning the sherds from Bronze age sites, their mineralogical composition shows that both low, T≈600ºC (clay minerals preserved) and very high firing, T≈1100ºC (new-formed minerals i.e. diopside, mullite) were prevailing in Skala-Sotiros samples (SKS, SKO). For Archontiko samples, their firing temperatures were es-timated from 550 up to 800ºC while in Apsalos sherds temperature reached up to 700ºC (circa ≈500-700ºC). Firing atmosphere was assessed to be either oxidizing or reducing even within the same site (Skala-Sotiros, Archontiko). Nevertheless cooling in air, incomplete firing cycle and organic matters in the clay paste were also observed in Skala-Sotiros samples. The proportion of magnetic minerals in sherds from all sites did not exceed 2 wt %. Failed intensity results were obtained where the magnetic minerals are absent or below <1 wt % and/or the firing cycle was incomplete and or-ganic matters occurred in the clay paste. With up to now mineralogical data, it is deduced that sherds SKO are not suitable for archaeointenisty experiments since the absence of hematite and magnetite, the low spinel content (<1.5%), the short soaking time and the pres-ence of organic matters in their raw materials reinforce the failure of experiments. On the contrary, successful intensity results can be drawn for Apsalos samples. products are the firing temperatures, the atmosphere
and the exposure time and the possible mineralogical transformations due to burial conditions. Potters usually mix several varieties of clays for preparing the ceramic paste, thus different colors and degrees of plasticity are present in a production. This feature should also be carefully examined.
Ceramic technology spread in Greece in the Early Ne-olithic, before the rest of Europe10. In early stages, the pottery kilns presented a rather simple scheme which nevertheless allowed temperatures up to 850-900ºC to be reached. At a later stage circular or cylindrical kilns, with a unique firing chamber and a roof have been used11. In spite of the impressive achievements of the early potters, it is clear that the conditions within the kiln were initially very primitive, progressing im-pressively until the more elaborated features of the Bronze Age. This could possibly affect the quality of the products, as far as their magnetic properties are concerned.
In order to gather additional information from lab-oratory measurements, other than the already men-tioned, we used mineralogy, petrography and magnetic properties to obtain the maximum information about samples which were already subjected to intensity ex-periments. The purpose was to compare their failure or success with the parameters provided first by optical methods, then by more specific magnetic measure-ments.
A. Contribution of mineralogy
Representative ceramic samples from the archaeologi-cal sites of Vasili (BSc), Dikili Tash (DTc), Skala Sotiros (SKS, SKO), Archontiko (ARH) and Sossandra (SOS) spaning the Neolithic and Bronze age periods, have been selected and subjected to mineralogical inves-tigation using X-ray powder diffraction analysis. The purpose was the assessment of the firing conditions after the elucidation of mineral phases in their ceramic bodies. The presence or absence of specific mineral as-semblages determines the degree of thermal transfor-mation which has occurred in the clay paste of ceramics during the firing procedure and as a consequence esti-mates the firing temperatures during the operation of kilns12. In addition, the mineralogical analysis provides information about the possible alteration phenomena which could occur during the burial processes13. This
10. Andreou et al. 1996.
11. Prevost-Dermarkar 2002 and references therein. 12. Rathossi 2005.
examined two sherds from Vassili as follows: One virgin, that is not used for Thellier, named BSc and a second one, BSc24, after it was heated several times during a Thellier experiment. Sherd BSc, has been crushed until a fine powder was obtained and three separate por-tions of the powder were measured. From the shape of the hysteresis curves it is clear that the material in B. Contribution of magnetic measurements
In order to find additional information about the mag-netic behaviour of the samples which were preselected for a Thellier experiment and failed, we tried a set of measurements (full magnetization loops at room tem-perature) in the Vibrating Sample Magnetometer of the Physics Department of AUTh. In this experiment we have
Fig. 5. Magnetic experiments for material preselection: a. thermomagnetic curves, b. acquisition of isothermal remanent magnetization.
Fig. 6. X-ray powder diffraction patterns which show the mineralogical composition of representative sherds.
Abbreviations: Qtz=quartz; Pl=plagioclase; Kf=k-feldspar; Mi=mica; Ch=chlorite; Tc=talc; ML=mixed layer clay minerals; Sm=dehydrated smectite; Hr=hornblende; Di=diopside (clinopyroxene); Gh=gehlenite (melilite); Mu=mullite; He=hematite; Mgt=magnetite; Sp=spinel; TMgt=titanomagnetite.
Samples Bronze Age sites
Intensity
(Thellier) He Mgt Sp
Estimated firing conditions (T °C, atm)
Colour of ceramic body (Munsell Soil Colour Chart)
Sample description SKALA SOTIROS
SKS 1 failed n.d. n.d. n.d. 750-800 °C, ox atm
short firing duration-organic matters
rims: 2.5 Y 5/2 weak red core: 2.5 Y 5/1 reddish gray
pottery SKS 2 failed n.d. < 1 n.d. 750-800 °C, rd atm 7.5YR 5/6 strong brown pottery SKS 3 successful < 1 1.81 1.94 1050-1100 °C, rd atm 2.5Y 7/3 pale yellow pottery SKS 5 failed n.d. < 1 n.d. 600-650 °C, rd atm
short firing duration
rims: 7.5YR 4/6 strong brown core: 10YR 4/1 dark gray
pottery
SKS 7 failed n.d. <1 n.d. 750-800 °C, rd atm 7.5YR 5/4 brown pottery
SKO 5 — <1 <1 1.32 700-750 °C, ox atm 10YR 6/4 light yellowish brown pottery SKO 9 — 1.58 n.d. 1.30 700-750 °C, ox atm
short firing duration- organic matters
rims: 10R 5/6 red & 7.5 YR 6/4 light brown core: 5YR 5/3 reddish brown
pottery SKO 14 — n.d. n.d. 1.44 700-750 °C, ox/rd atm layers: 7.5 YR 6/6 reddish brown
& 6/4 light brown, 7.5YR 5/4 brown, 2.5Y 5/2 grayish brown
pottery
SKO 21 — n.d. n.d. <1 600-650 °C, ox atm
short firing duration-organic matters
rims: 10 YR 6/4 light yellow & 7.5YR 5/6 strong brown core: 2.5 Y 6/1 gray
pottery
ARCHONTIKO
ARH 1 1/3 succ. 1.07 n.d. n.d. 750-800 °C, ox atm 6/4 light brown 7.5 YR pottery ARH 3 1/3 succ. n.d. 1.01 n.d. 750-800 °C, rd atm
short firing duration- cooling in air
rims: 7.5YR 6/4 light brown core: 7.5YR 5/1 gray
pottery ARH 4 2/4 succ. < 1 1.06 n.d. 600-650 °C, rd atm 5YR 5/6 yellowish red pottery ARH 5 3/4 succ. 1.25 < 1 n.d. 600-650 °C, ox atm 7.5YR 6/6 reddish yellow pottery ARH 6 1/4 succ. 1.98 n.d. n.d. 550-600 °C, ox atm 7.5YR 5/4 brown pottery APSALOS
APP 1 — 1.89 n.d. n.d. 500-550 °C, ox atm 2.5 YR 4/6 red pottery
APK 8 — 1.34 <1 n.d. 650-700 °C, ox atm 2.5 YR 5/6 red pottery
Samples Neolithic sites
Intensity (Thellier)
He Mgt Sp Estimated firing conditions (T °C, atm)
Colour of ceramic body (Munsell soil colour chart)
Sample description DIKILI TASH
DTc 1_4 successful nd <1 7.60 800-850 °C, rd atm 2.5Y 5/2 grayish brown pottery
DTc 2_9 successful 1.55 <1 nd 750-800 °C, rd atm 10YR 5/3 brown pottery
DTc 4_2 failed <1 nd nd 750-800 °C, rd atm 7.5YR 6/4 light brown pottery SOSSANDRA Intensity (Triaxe)
SOS-5* successful n.d. 1.52 n.d. 600-650 °C, rd atm 7.5YR 5/6 strong brown pottery
SOS** failed n.d. 2.35 n.d. Unfired 5YR 5/8 yellowish red raw clay
VASSILI
BSc 2a_2 failed < 1 2.09 4.38 850-900 °C, rd atm
short firing duration-cooling in air
rims: 2.5YR 6/6 light red core: 10YR 4/1 dark gray
pottery BSc12_2 failed 1.06 < 1 n.d. 750-800 °C, ox atm
short firing duration-organic matters
rims: 7.5YR 6/6 reddish yellow core: 10YR 5/3 brown
pottery BSc 12_5 failed < 1 1.12 n.d. 600-650 °C, rd atm
short firing duration-cooling in air
rims: 5YR 4/4 reddish brown core: 10YR 5/2 grayish brown
pottery BSc 15_4 failed <1 1.85 n.d. 600-650 °C, rd atm 5YR 4/4 reddish brown pottery BSc 25_4 failed 1.91 3.02 6.48 800-850 °C, rd atm
short firing duration-cooling in air
rims: 2.5YR 6/6 light red core: 10YR 5/1 gray
pottery
Table 1. Archaeointensity and archaeometric results (i.e. Rietveld-based quantification analysis, in wt %, of the Fe-bearing minerals, estimation
of firing conditions, macroscopic observation of ceramic body color) of sherds from the three Neolithic sites (Dikili Tash, Sossandra, Vassili). Abbreviations: He=hematite; Mgt=magnetite; Sp=spinel (MgAl2O4, FeAl2O4); n.d.=no detected (no existing or quantity less than 3 wt %); ox=oxidizing atmosphere; rd=reducing atmosphere. Sossandra’ s sherds=* titanomagnetite, ** maghemite.
firing and also the same pottery can exist. In their ex-tensive study, Morales et al. (2011) demonstrate that even in modern kilns important thermal gradients, up to 300°C, exist in vertical dimension and moderate ones, up to 100°C, radially. Consequently, defining the firing temperature on a pottery sherd cannot be representa-tive for the firing conditions of the whole collection! This leads to significant differences in intensity determina-tions and also its dependence on the baking products position within the kiln.
Potential for the improvement of the intensity
secular variation curves for Greece
• The first pre-requisite will always be the use of mate-rial as accurately dated as possible.
• The classical material pre-selection protocols, already established, should be followed but completed, on the basis of the above observations and experiments, as follows:
A. By selecting the candidates for study clay products with severe criteria, already in the field or the stor-age rooms through a macroscopic examination of texture, color, and possible layering.
B. By exploiting the wide possibilities of other disci-plines –mineralogy, petrography– in order to as-sess, at an early stage, the suitability of the material –firing, alteration– with a first-order screening. C. By adding magnetic measurements, when a
Thel-lier experiment is planned, in order to avoid a loss of time. These should start from hysteresis pa-rameters: the instrumentation is largely available, simple, and a small amount of powered material is sufficient.
not homogeneous since the same magnetic mineral is present but in different portions (fig. 7a).
In sherd BSc24 we have sampled three different sub-specimens, at a distance of 5 mm each and all three were subjected to the same measurement: the three curves are similar, with a clear enhancement of magnetic content (fig. 7b). This is probably due to the repeated heatings and subsequent creation of new magnetic minerals, a factor likely to affect the success of Thellier.
Comments and additional difficulties
From close observation of the previous experiments some features appear clearly:
• Specimens obtained from the same sherd, may be-have differently during the intensity experiment, e.g. Archontiko-ARH (Table 1) where variable success of the specimens from the five studied sherds can be seen.
• Sub-specimens –cut from different layers– from the same specimen can show different magnetic proper-ties, e.g. Vassili-BSc (fig. 7a, 7b).
• It is clear that this discrepancy is related to clay prop-erties (i.e. organic matters, inhomogeneity), specific firing conditions (i.e. incomplete firing cycle) and the absence or very low content, < 1 wt %, of magnetic minerals.
Several studies on clay properties related to firings have been or are currently performed in various Physics labo-ratories worldwide14. Their basic suggestion is that an enormous range of thermal variations within the same 14. Coey et al. 1979. Gosselain 1992. Prevost-Dermarkar 2002. Morales et al. 2011. Carrancho & Villalain 2011.
Fig. 7. Hysteresis loops for two sherds from Vassili. a. Virgin sample, b. sample heated during the Thellier experiment. Colors correspond to different
layers as follows: Black from the surface to first 5 mm. Dark gray between 5-10 mm. Light gray from 10-15 mm.
• Additional applications of advanced magnetic ex-periments could further develop, with the existing infrastructure, in order to offer to archaeologists a non-destructive alternative for classifying pottery sherds and contribute to unravel provenance and manufacturing techniques.
Acknowledgements
During almost twenty years of efforts in order to develop archaeomagnetism in Greece, we have been guided and advised by several people whose valuable contribution is sincerely acknowledged. As the list is long, we simply mention here the archaeologists/excavators who assist-ed us to the above presentassist-ed prehistoric sites: Drs. Ch. Koukouli and Z. Tsirtsoni (Skala Sotiros and Dikili Tash respectively), Dr. A. Georgiadou (Apsalos and Sossan-dra), Dr. G. Stratouli (Avgi), G. Deliopoulos (Archontiko) and G. Toufexis (Vassili). They are all warmly thanked! • When all the above would have been taken into
ac-count, then we can hope for an optimum pre-selec-tion of the material candidate for intensity studies which will reduce the failure rate.
Final conclusions
• Fired clay products constitute a source of informa-tion about the Earth’s magnetic field which can lead to an accurate and low-cost dating tool, if reliable reference-SVC– are available for an area.
• A systematic effort is provided by the team of the Aristotle University and collaborators in Greece and abroad, in order to improve these curves for the broader area.
• A condition “sine-qua-non” for successful experi-ments is the combination of optical and magnetic methods before any archaeomagnetic measurement is attempted.
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