133
7 C
ONCLUSION
High‐impedance surfaces have been thoroughly analyzed both from a theoretical and
applicative point of view.
First, frequency selective surfaces, that represent the key element of a high‐
impedance surface, have been analyzed through a semi‐analytical model. The
proposed model is based on a preliminary simulation of the FSS to derive the lumped
parameters representing a specific FSS element. Once created a database of shapes,
the method allows to analyze the selective structures with generic design parameters.
The influence of the repetition period of the unit cell, the angle of incidence of the
impinging wave and the properties of the supporting dielectric layer on the values of
the computed FSS inductances and capacitances are accurately approximated by
simple relations. Differently from other approaches, the circuit model here proposed
is valid for every kind of FSS element and even in presence of thin supporting
dielectrics. Remarkably, the circuital analysis, unlike full‐wave simulations, provides
good physical insights on the design properties of the frequency selective surfaces.
High‐impedance surfaces have been then introduced presenting simple and
accurate models of the structure. The averaged approach, which represents a well
established technique for studying HIS structures, has been revised and used to
introduce the phenomenon of the plasmonic resonance. This additional resonance in
high‐impedance surface is visible at oblique incidence for TM polarized waves. The
134 Chapter 7 – Conclusion
limitations of the averaged approach, that mainly regard the limited variety of FSS
elements, have been overcome by the semi‐analytical approach used for analyzing
frequency selective surfaces. The semi‐analytical approach is described and it is used
for analyze the bandwidth of the structure. It has been demonstrated that the
averaged approach that describes the high‐impedance surface as a parallel connection
between the inductance given by the grounded dielectric substrate and the
capacitance of the FSS may induce inaccurate results in the determination of the
operating bandwidth of the structure. Indeed, in order to derive a reliable estimation
of the operating bandwidth it is also necessary to introduce the series inductance of
the FSS. The explicit expression for defining the bandwidth of a high‐impedance
surface has been presented. In addition it has been demonstrated that the increase of
the series inductance implies a reduction of the fractional bandwidth and that the
patch FSS element with a small gap between adjacent patches, even if strongly
capacitive, is the best choice for designing a wideband HIS in correspondence of a
fixed frequency. The properties of the HIS structure in supporting the propagation of
surface waves have been also discussed and revised.
The application of high‐impedance surface regards many brunches of the
electromagnetic engineering but the thesis has treated the application of HIS
structures in thin electromagnetic absorbers and antennas.
The use of high‐impedance surfaces in electromagnetic absorbers has allowed
in the last years to improve the performances of classical absorbers both in term of
thickness and band. In the thesis an absorbing structure consisting of a resistive
frequency selective surface placed above a thin grounded dielectric slab has been
described and employed for synthesis of both narrowband and wideband absorbers.
The structures, that strongly outperform the conventional Salisbury and Jaumann
configurations, provide also a dramatically simpler and lightweight configuration with
respect to the recently designs including a large number of lumped resistors. By
means of a lumped equivalent circuit, simple rules for choosing the optimal surface
resistance of the FSS have been determined. It has been shown that its optimal value
depends on the FSS shape and on the substrate parameters. The working principles of
thin narrowband and wideband absorbers have been addressed by the same model.
7 Conclusion 135
Computational and experimental results have been presented to verify the two
analyzed configurations. Based on the plasmonic resonance principle described in the
thesis, it has been shown that the absorption band can be enlarged and the absorption
enhanced for the oblique TM polarization by using metallic vias to connect the
metallic patches of the high‐impedance surface to the ground plane. Finally the
behavior of conventional λ/4 absorbers backed by a reactive impedance surfaces has
been analyzed. The HIS surface, employed as a ground plane in place of an electrical
ground plane, allows one to create an additional resonant absorption peak in a
conventional panel leading to a very low cost configuration. This additional resonance
in the low frequency range is added without significantly modifying the overall
thickness (around λ/10 thickness in the resonant low frequency range).
The use of high‐impedance surfaces in antenna applications regards both the
design of low‐profile antennas composed by a dipole in close proximity of HIS and the
design of the so called Fabry‐Perot or Leaky wave antennas.
The former structure has been thoroughly analyzed bringing important
improvement to the present state of art of this device. It has been demonstrated that
in the TM surface wave frequency range (before of the HIS resonance), there exists a
correlation between the finite dimension of the screen and the non‐monotonic
behaviour of the front to back ratio. The optimal front to back ratio has been found for
a dimension of the screen around 0.7‐0.8
λ
0. The employment of printed FSS on the
top of the grounded dielectric substrate has been found useful to guarantee the
matching of a non‐resonant antenna placed on the HIS but it has resulted negligible
with respect to the level of FBR. Moreover, the use of vias has proven to be ineffective
in improving the FBR for HIS smaller than one wavelength. The antenna structure has
been also analyzed after the HIS resonance with emphasis on the additional
resonances of high‐impedance surfaces that are caused by propagation of TE surface
waves. It has been shown that these resonances can be used favorably in antenna
design for broadening the bandwidth of the antenna. The phenomenon has been also
rigorously described and modeled studying the HIS structure as a waveguide
resonator. The design principles have been then summarized in an experimental
136 Chapter 7 – Conclusion
prototype that verify the mentioned findings. Once highlighted the crucial importance
of the HIS size on the radiating properties of the antenna, different homogenization
models have been analyzed for the modeling of the finite structure. It has been
demonstrated that, as soon as the TE surfaces wave resonances turn out, it is
necessary to take into account the spatially dispersive properties of high‐impedance
surfaces, and the commonly used methods for analyzing high‐impedance surface
based antennas fail in predicting the additional resonance modes. Finally an active
experimental design of the low‐profile structure able to operate as a tunable antenna
has been presented. The structure is based on an active HIS in place of a passive one.
In last part of the thesis the theory of Fabry‐Perot antennas has been
introduced. A recently presented configuration with a subwavelenght profile that
contains a HIS structure in place of an electric ground plane has been considered. A
transmission line model for analyzing the high‐gain antenna, in partucular when the
high‐impedance surface is loaded with active elements, has been described. The
tuning and the steering properties of the active low‐profile design have been analyzed
through the mentioned TL model.
137
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