Transverse-Momentum and Pseudorapidity Distributions of Charged Hadrons
in
pp Collisions at
p
ffiffiffi
s
¼ 7 TeV
V. Khachatryan et al.* (CMS Collaboration)
(Received 18 May 2010; published 6 July 2010)
Charged-hadron transverse-momentum and pseudorapidity distributions in proton-proton collisions at ffiffiffi
s p
¼ 7 TeV are measured with the inner tracking system of the CMS detector at the LHC. The charged-hadron yield is obtained by counting the number of reconstructed hits, hit pairs, and fully reconstructed charged-particle tracks. The combination of the three methods gives a charged-particle multiplicity per unit of pseudorapidity dNch=djjj<0:5¼ 5:78 0:01ðstatÞ 0:23ðsystÞ for non-single-diffractive events,
higher than predicted by commonly used models. The relative increase in charged-particle multiplicity frompffiffiffis¼ 0:9 to 7 TeV is ½66:1 1:0ðstatÞ 4:2ðsystÞ%. The mean transverse momentum is measured to be0:545 0:005ðstatÞ 0:015ðsystÞ GeV=c. The results are compared with similar measurements at lower energies.
DOI:10.1103/PhysRevLett.105.022002 PACS numbers: 13.85.Ni
Introduction.—Measurements of particle yields and kin-ematic distributions are an essential first step in exploring a new energy regime of particle collisions. Such studies contribute to our understanding of the physics of hadron production, including the relative roles of soft and hard scattering contributions, and help construct a solid founda-tion for other investigafounda-tions. In the complicated environ-ment of LHC pp collisions [1], firm knowledge of the rates and distributions of inclusive particle production is needed to distinguish rare signal events from the much larger backgrounds of soft hadronic interactions. They will also serve as points of reference for the measurement of nuclear-medium effects in Pb-Pb collisions in the LHC heavy ion program.
The bulk of the particles produced in pp collisions arise from soft interactions, which are modeled only phenom-enologically. Experimental results provide the critical guidance for tuning these widely used models and event generators. Soft collisions are commonly classified as elas-tic scattering, inelaselas-tic single-diffractive (SD) dissociation, double-diffractive (DD) dissociation, and inelastic nondif-fractive (ND) scattering [2]. (Double-Pomeron exchange is treated as DD in this Letter.) All results presented here refer to inelastic non-single-diffractive (NSD) interactions, and are based on an event selection that retains a large fraction of the ND and DD events, while disfavoring SD events.
The measurements focus on transverse-momentum pT and pseudorapidity distributions. The pseudorapidity,
commonly used to characterize the direction of particle emission, is defined as ¼ ln tanð=2Þ, where is the polar angle of the direction of the particle with respect to the anticlockwise beam direction. The count of primary charged hadrons Nch is defined to include decay products of particles with proper lifetimes less than 1 cm. Products of secondary interactions are excluded, and a percent-level correction is applied for prompt leptons. The measure-ments reported here are of dNch=d and dNch=dpT in the pseudorapidity range jj < 2:4 and closely follow our previous analysis of minimum-bias data at lower center-of-mass energies of pffiffiffis¼ 0:9 and 2.36 TeV as re-ported in Ref. [3].
The data for this study are drawn from an integrated luminosity of1:1 b1recorded with the Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) experiment [4] on 30 March 2010, during the first hour of the LHC operation atpffiffiffis¼ 7 TeV. These results are the highest center-of-mass energy measure-ments of the dNch=d and dNch=dpT distributions con-ducted at a particle collider so far and complement the other recent measurements of the ALICE experiment at 7 TeV [5].
Experimental methods.—A detailed description of the CMS experiment can be found in Ref. [4]. The detectors used for the present analysis are the pixel and silicon-strip tracker, covering the region jj < 2:5 and immersed in a 3.8 T axial magnetic field. The pixel tracker consists of three barrel layers and two end-cap disks at each barrel end. The forward calorimeter (HF), which covers the re-gion 2:9 < jj < 5:2, was also used for event selection. The detailed Monte Carlo (MC) simulation of the CMS detector response is based onGEANT4[6].
The event selection and analysis methods in this Letter are identical to those used in Ref. [3], where more details can be found. The inelastic pp collision rate was about 50 Hz. At these rates, the fraction of events in the data,
*Full author list given at the end of the article.
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where two or more minimum-bias collisions occurred in the same bunch crossing, is estimated to be less than 0.3% and was neglected. Any hit in the beam scintillator coun-ters (BSC, 3:23 < jj < 4:65) coinciding with colliding proton bunches was used for triggering the data acquisi-tion. A sample mostly populated with NSD events was selected by requiring a primary vertex (PV) to be recon-structed with the tracker, together with at least one HF tower in each end with more than 3 GeV total energy. Beam-halo and other beam-background events were re-jected as described in Ref. [3]. The remaining fraction of background events in the data was found to be less than 2 105. The numbers of events satisfying the selection criteria are listed in TableI.
The event selection efficiency was estimated with simu-lated events using thePYTHIA[7,8] andPHOJET[9,10] event generators. The relative event fractions of SD, DD, and ND processes and their respective event selection efficiencies are listed in TableII. The fraction of diffractive events is predicted by the models to decrease as a function of collision energy, while the selection efficiency increases. At pffiffiffis¼ 7 TeV, the fraction of SD (DD) events in the selected data sample, estimated withPYTHIA andPHOJET, are 6.8% (5.8%) and 5.0% (3.8%), respectively, somewhat higher than atpffiffiffis¼ 0:9 and 2.36 TeV [3]. WithPYTHIA, the overall correction for the selection efficiency of NSD processes and for the fraction of SD events remaining in the data sample lowers the measured charged-particle multiplicity by 6% compared with the uncorrected distribution.
The dNch=d distributions were obtained, as in Ref. [3], with three methods, based on counting the following quan-tities: (i) reconstructed clusters in the barrel part of the
pixel detector; (ii) pixel tracklets composed of pairs of clusters in different pixel barrel layers; and (iii) tracks reconstructed in the full tracker volume. The third method also allows a measurement of the dNch=dpT distribution. All three methods rely on the reconstruction of a PV [11]. The PV reconstruction efficiency was found to be 98.3% (98.0%) in data (MC), evaluated after all other event se-lection cuts. In case of multiple PV candidates, the vertex with the largest track multiplicity was chosen. The three methods are sensitive to the measurement of particles down to pT values of about 30, 50, and 100 MeV=c, respectively. Only 0.5, 1.5, and 5% of all charged particles are estimated to be produced below these pT values, re-spectively, and these fractions were corrected for.
The measurements were corrected for the geometrical acceptance (2%), efficiency (5%–10%), fake (<1%) and duplicate tracks (<0:5%), low-pT particles curling in the axial magnetic field (<1%), decay products of long-lived hadrons (<2%) and photon conversions (<1%), and inelastic hadronic interactions in the detector material (1%–2%), where the size of the corrections in parenthe-ses refers to the tracking method. ThePYTHIAparameter set from Ref. [8] was chosen to determine the corrections, because it reproduces the dNch=d and charged-particle multiplicity distributions, as well as other control distribu-tions at 7 TeV, better than other available tuning parameter sets. Although the corrections do not depend significantly on the model used, it is indeed important that the simulated data set contains a sufficient number of high-multiplicity events to determine these corrections with the desired accuracy.
Results.—For the measurement of the dNch=dpT distri-bution, charged-particle tracks with pT in excess of 0:1 GeV=c were used in 12 different jj bins, from 0 to 2.4. The average charged-hadron yields in NSD events are shown in Fig. 1as a function of pT andjj. The Tsallis parametrization [12–14], Ed 3N ch dp3 ¼ 1 2pT E p d2Nch d dpT ¼ CdNch dy 1 þET nT n ; (1)
where y ¼ 0:5ln½ðE þ pzÞ=ðEpzÞ, ET¼
ffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi m2þp2T q
m, and m is the charged pion mass, was fitted to the data. The pTspectrum of charged hadrons,1=ð2pTÞd2Nch=d dpT, measured in the rangejj < 2:4, is shown in Fig.2for data
TABLE II. Fractions of SD, DD, ND, and NSD processes obtained from the PYTHIA and PHOJETevent generators before any selection, and the corresponding selection efficiencies determined from the MC simulation.
PYTHIA PHOJET
Fractions Selection efficiencies Fractions Selection efficiencies
SD 19.2% 26.7% 13.8% 30.7%
DD 12.9% 33.6% 6.6% 48.3%
ND 67.9% 96.4% 79.6% 97.1%
NSD 80.8% 86.3% 86.2% 93.4%
TABLE I. Numbers of events passing the selection cuts. The selection criteria are applied in sequence, i.e., each line includes the selection from the previous ones.
Selection Number of events
Collidingbunches þ one BSC signal 68 512
Reconstructed PV 61 551
HF coincidence 55 113
Beam-halo rejection 55 104
at 0.9, 2.36, and 7 TeV. The high-pT reach of the data is limited by the increase of systematic uncertainties with pT. The fit to the data [Eq. (1)] is mainly used for extrapola-tions to pT ¼ 0, but is not expected to give a good descrip-tion of the data in all bins with only two parameters. The parameter T and the exponent n were found to be T ¼ 0:145 0:005ðsystÞ GeV and n ¼ 6:6 0:2ðsystÞ. The average pT, calculated from a combination of the measured data points and the low- and high-pT contributions as determined from the fit, is hpTi ¼ 0:545 0:005ðstatÞ 0:015ðsystÞ GeV=c.
Experimental uncertainties related to the trigger and event selection are common to all the analysis methods. The uncertainty related to the presence of SD (DD) events in the final sample was estimated to be 1.4% (1.1%), based on consistency checks between data and simulation for diffractive event candidates. The total event selection un-certainty, which also includes the selection efficiency of the BSC and HF, was found to be 3.5%. Based on studies similar to those presented in Ref. [3], additional 3% and 2% uncertainties were assigned to the tracklet and track reconstruction algorithm efficiencies, respectively. Corrections at the percent level were applied to the final results to extrapolate to pT ¼ 0. The uncertainty on these extrapolation corrections was found to be less than 1%. All other uncertainties are identical to those listed in Ref. [3]. The dNch=d measurements were repeated on a separate
data sample without any magnetic field, for which almost no pT extrapolation is needed, and gave results consistent within 1.5%. The final systematic uncertainties for the pixel counting, tracklet, and track methods were found to be 5.7%, 4.6%, and 4.3%, respectively, and are strongly correlated.
For the dNch=d measurements, the results for the three individual layers within the cluster-counting method were found to be consistent within 1.2% and were combined. The three layer pairs in the pixel-tracklet method provided results that agreed within 0.6% and were also combined. Finally, the results from the three different measurement methods, which agree with the combined result within 1% to 4% depending on , were averaged. The final dNch=d distributions are shown in Fig. 3 for pffiffiffis¼ 0:9, 2.36, and 7 TeV. The CMS results are compared with measurements made by other experiments. In the ATLAS Collaboration analysis [15], events and particles were selected in a differ-ent region of phase space, which makes a direct compari-son difficult. Their results are therefore not included in the figure.
The results can also be compared to earlier experiments as a function ofpffiffiffis. The energy dependence of the average charged hadron pT can be described by a quadratic func-tion oflns [16]. As shown in Fig.4, the present
[GeV/c]
Tp
0 0.5 1 1.5 2]
-1[(GeV/c)
Tdp
η
/ d
chN
2d
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 |=0.1 η | |=0.3 η | |=0.5 η | |=0.7 η | |=0.9 η | |=1.1 η | |=1.3 η | |=1.5 η | |=1.7 η | |=1.9 η | |=2.1 η | |=2.3 η | 7 TeV pp, NSD Tsallis fit CMSFIG. 1. Differential yield of charged hadrons in the range jj < 2:4 in 0.2-unit-wide bins of jj in NSD events. The solid curves represent fits of Eq. (1) to the data. The measurements with increasing are successively shifted by six units along the vertical axis.
[GeV/c]
Tp
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
]
-2[(GeV/c)
Tdp
η
/d
chN
2) d
Tp
π
1/(2
10
-5 -410
-310
-210
-110
1
10
7 TeV pp, NSD 2.36 TeV pp, NSD 0.9 TeV pp, NSD Tsallis fits CMSFIG. 2. Charged-hadron yield in the rangejj < 2:4 in NSD events as a function of pT; the systematic uncertainties are
smaller than the symbols. The measurements at pffiffiffis¼ 0:9 and 2.36 TeV [3] are also shown. The solid lines represent fits of Eq. (1) to the data.
ment follows this trend. The choice of thejj interval can influence the average pT value by a few percent.
Forjj < 0:5, the average charged multiplicity density is dNch=d ¼ 5:78 0:01ðstatÞ 0:23ðsystÞ for NSD events. The pffiffiffis dependence of the measured dNch= dj0 is shown in Fig. 5, which includes data from various other experiments. The dNch=d results reported here show a rather steep increase between 0.9 and 7 TeV, which is measured to be ½66:1 1:0ðstatÞ 4:2ðsystÞ%. Using a somewhat different event selection, the ALICE Collaboration has found a similar increase of ½57:6 0:4ðstatÞþ3:6
1:8ðsystÞ% [5]. The measured charged-particle multiplicity is accurate enough to distinguish among most sets of event-generator tuning parameter values and various models. The measured value at 7 TeV significantly exceeds the prediction of 4.57 fromPHOJET[9,10], and the predictions of 3.99, 4.18, and 4.34 from the DW [17], PROQ20 [18], and Perugia0 [19] tuning parameter values ofPYTHIA, respectively, while it is closer to the prediction of 5.48 from thePYTHIAparameter set from Ref. [8] and to the recent model predictions of 5.58 and 5.78 from Refs. [20,21]. The measured excess of the number of charged hadrons with respect to the event generators is independent of and concentrated in the pT< 1 GeV=c
η
-2 0 2η
/d
chdN
0 2 4 6 CMS NSD ALICE NSD UA5 NSD 0.9 TeV 2.36 TeV 7 TeV CMSFIG. 3. Distributions of dNch=d, averaged over the three
measurement methods and compared with data from UA5 [23] (p p, with statistical errors only) and ALICE [24] (with system-atic uncertainties). The shaded band shows systemsystem-atic uncer-tainties of the CMS data. The CMS and UA5 data are averaged over negative and positive values of .
[GeV]
s
10 102 103 104[GeV/c]
〉
Tp
〈
0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5 0.55 0.6 0.65 ISR inel. UA1 NSD E735 NSD CDF NSD CMS NSD s 2 + 0.00143 ln s 0.413 - 0.0171 ln CMSFIG. 4. Average pT of charged hadrons as a function of the
center-of-mass energy. The CMS measurements are for jj < 2:4. Also shown are measurements from the ISR [25] (pp), E735 [26] (p p), and CDF [27] (p p) for jj < 0:5, and from UA1 [16] (p p) for jj < 2:5. The solid line is a fit of the functional form hpTi ¼ 0:413 0:0171 lns þ 0:001 43ln2s to the data. The error
bars on the CMS data include the systematic uncertainties.
[GeV]
s
10 102 103 104 0 ≈η⏐η
/d
chdN
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 UA1 NSD STAR NSD UA5 NSD CDF NSD ALICE NSD CMS NSD NAL B.C. inel. ISR inel. UA5 inel. PHOBOS inel. ALICE inel. s 2 + 0.0267 ln s 2.716 - 0.307 ln s 2 + 0.0155 ln s 1.54 - 0.096 ln CMSFIG. 5. Average value of dNch=d in the central region as a
function of center-of-mass energy in pp and p p collisions. Also shown are NSD and inelastic measurements from the NAL Bubble Chamber [28] (p p), ISR [29] (pp), UA1 [16] (p p), UA5 [23] (p p), CDF [30] (p p), STAR [31] (pp), PHOBOS [32] (pp), and ALICE [24] (pp). The curves are second-order poly-nomial fits for the inelastic (solid) and NSD event selections (dashed). The error bars include systematic uncertainties, when available. Data points at 0.9 and 2.36 TeV are slightly displaced horizontally for visibility.
range. These differences indicate the need for a continued model development and simulation tuning. Work on up-dated event generators based on LHC data is currently under way.
Summary.—Charged-hadron transverse-momentum and pseudorapidity distributions have been measured in proton-proton collisions at pffiffiffis¼ 7 TeV. The numerical values of the data presented in this Letter can be found in the HEPDATA database [22]. The combined result for the central pseudorapidity density, from three mutually con-sistent methods of measurement, is dNch=djjj<0:5¼ 5:78 0:01ðstatÞ 0:23ðsystÞ for non-single-diffractive events. This value is higher than most predictions and provides new information to constrain ongoing improve-ments of soft particle production models and event gener-ators. The mean transverse momentum has been measured to be 0:545 0:005ðstatÞ 0:015ðsystÞ GeV=c. These studies are the first steps in the exploration of particle production at the new center-of-mass energy frontier, and contribute to the understanding of the dynamics in soft hadronic interactions.
We congratulate and express our gratitude to our col-leagues in the CERN accelerator departments for the ex-cellent performance of the LHC. We thank the technical and administrative staff at CERN and other CMS institutes, and acknowledge support from the following: FMSR (Austria); FNRS and FWO (Belgium); CNPq, CAPES, FAPERJ, and FAPESP (Brazil); MES (Bulgaria); CERN; CAS, MoST, and NSFC (China); COLCIENCIAS (Colombia); MSES (Croatia); RPF (Cyprus); Academy of Sciences and NICPB (Estonia); Academy of Finland, ME, and HIP (Finland); CEA and CNRS/IN2P3 (France); BMBF, DFG, and HGF (Germany); GSRT (Greece); OTKA and NKTH (Hungary); DAE and DST (India); IPM (Iran); SFI (Ireland); INFN (Italy); NRF and WCU (Korea); LAS (Lithuania); CINVESTAV, CONACYT, SEP, and UASLP-FAI (Mexico); PAEC (Pakistan); SCSR (Poland); FCT (Portugal); JINR (Armenia, Belarus, Georgia, Ukraine, Uzbekistan); MST and MAE (Russia); MSTDS (Serbia); MICINN and CPAN (Spain); Swiss Funding Agencies (Switzerland); NSC (Taipei); TUBITAK and TAEK (Turkey); STFC (U.K.); DOE and NSF (U.S.).
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E. Tuominen,25J. Tuominiemi,25E. Tuovinen,25D. Ungaro,25L. Wendland,25K. Banzuzi,26A. Korpela,26 T. Tuuva,26D. Sillou,27M. Besancon,28M. Dejardin,28D. Denegri,28J. Descamps,28B. Fabbro,28J. L. Faure,28 F. Ferri,28S. Ganjour,28F. X. Gentit,28A. Givernaud,28P. Gras,28G. Hamel de Monchenault,28P. Jarry,28E. Locci,28
J. Malcles,28M. Marionneau,28L. Millischer,28J. Rander,28A. Rosowsky,28D. Rousseau,28M. Titov,28 P. Verrecchia,28S. Baffioni,29L. Bianchini,29M. Bluj,29,dC. Broutin,29P. Busson,29C. Charlot,29L. Dobrzynski,29 S. Elgammal,29R. Granier de Cassagnac,29M. Haguenauer,29A. Kalinowski,29P. Mine´,29P. Paganini,29D. Sabes,29
Y. Sirois,29C. Thiebaux,29A. Zabi,29J.-L. Agram,30A. Besson,30D. Bloch,30D. Bodin,30J.-M. Brom,30 M. Cardaci,30E. Conte,30F. Drouhin,30C. Ferro,30J.-C. Fontaine,30D. Gele´,30U. Goerlach,30S. Greder,30 P. Juillot,30M. Karim,30A.-C. Le Bihan,30Y. Mikami,30J. Speck,30P. Van Hove,30F. Fassi,31D. Mercier,31 C. Baty,32N. Beaupere,32M. Bedjidian,32O. Bondu,32G. Boudoul,32D. Boumediene,32H. Brun,32N. Chanon,32
R. Chierici,32D. Contardo,32P. Depasse,32H. El Mamouni,32J. Fay,32S. Gascon,32B. Ille,32T. Kurca,32 T. Le Grand,32M. Lethuillier,32L. Mirabito,32S. Perries,32S. Tosi,32Y. Tschudi,32P. Verdier,32H. Xiao,32
V. Roinishvili,33G. Anagnostou,34M. Edelhoff,34L. Feld,34N. Heracleous,34O. Hindrichs,34R. Jussen,34 K. Klein,34J. Merz,34N. Mohr,34A. Ostapchuk,34A. Perieanu,34F. Raupach,34J. Sammet,34S. Schael,34 D. Sprenger,34H. Weber,34M. Weber,34B. Wittmer,34O. Actis,35M. Ata,35W. Bender,35P. Biallass,35 M. Erdmann,35J. Frangenheim,35T. Hebbeker,35A. Hinzmann,35K. Hoepfner,35C. Hof,35M. Kirsch,35 T. Klimkovich,35P. Kreuzer,35,bD. Lanske,35,aC. Magass,35M. Merschmeyer,35A. Meyer,35P. Papacz,35H. Pieta,35
H. Reithler,35S. A. Schmitz,35L. Sonnenschein,35M. Sowa,35J. Steggemann,35D. Teyssier,35C. Zeidler,35 M. Bontenackels,36M. Davids,36M. Duda,36G. Flu¨gge,36H. Geenen,36M. Giffels,36W. Haj Ahmad,36 D. Heydhausen,36T. Kress,36Y. Kuessel,36A. Linn,36A. Nowack,36L. Perchalla,36O. Pooth,36P. Sauerland,36
A. Stahl,36M. Thomas,36D. Tornier,36M. H. Zoeller,36M. Aldaya Martin,37W. Behrenhoff,37U. Behrens,37 M. Bergholz,37K. Borras,37A. Campbell,37E. Castro,37D. Dammann,37G. Eckerlin,37A. Flossdorf,37G. Flucke,37
A. Geiser,37J. Hauk,37H. Jung,37M. Kasemann,37I. Katkov,37C. Kleinwort,37H. Kluge,37A. Knutsson,37 E. Kuznetsova,37W. Lange,37W. Lohmann,37R. Mankel,37M. Marienfeld,37I.-A. Melzer-Pellmann,37
A. B. Meyer,37J. Mnich,37A. Mussgiller,37J. Olzem,37A. Parenti,37A. Raspereza,37R. Schmidt,37 T. Schoerner-Sadenius,37N. Sen,37M. Stein,37J. Tomaszewska,37D. Volyanskyy,37C. Wissing,37C. Autermann,38
J. Draeger,38D. Eckstein,38H. Enderle,38U. Gebbert,38K. Kaschube,38G. Kaussen,38R. Klanner,38B. Mura,38 S. Naumann-Emme,38F. Nowak,38C. Sander,38H. Schettler,38P. Schleper,38M. Schro¨der,38T. Schum,38 J. Schwandt,38H. Stadie,38G. Steinbru¨ck,38J. Thomsen,38R. Wolf,38J. Bauer,39V. Buege,39A. Cakir,39 T. Chwalek,39D. Daeuwel,39W. De Boer,39A. Dierlamm,39G. Dirkes,39M. Feindt,39J. Gruschke,39C. Hackstein,39
F. Hartmann,39M. Heinrich,39H. Held,39K. H. Hoffmann,39S. Honc,39T. Kuhr,39D. Martschei,39S. Mueller,39 Th. Mu¨ller,39M. Niegel,39O. Oberst,39A. Oehler,39J. Ott,39T. Peiffer,39D. Piparo,39G. Quast,39K. Rabbertz,39
F. Ratnikov,39M. Renz,39A. Sabellek,39C. Saout,39,bA. Scheurer,39P. Schieferdecker,39F.-P. Schilling,39 G. Schott,39H. J. Simonis,39F. M. Stober,39D. Troendle,39J. Wagner-Kuhr,39M. Zeise,39V. Zhukov,39,e E. B. Ziebarth,39G. Daskalakis,40T. Geralis,40A. Kyriakis,40D. Loukas,40I. Manolakos,40A. Markou,40 C. Markou,40C. Mavrommatis,40E. Petrakou,40L. Gouskos,41P. Katsas,41A. Panagiotou,41,bI. Evangelou,42 P. Kokkas,42N. Manthos,42I. Papadopoulos,42V. Patras,42F. A. Triantis,42A. Aranyi,43G. Bencze,43L. Boldizsar,43
G. Debreczeni,43C. Hajdu,43,bD. Horvath,43,fA. Kapusi,43K. Krajczar,43A. Laszlo,43F. Sikler,43 G. Vesztergombi,43N. Beni,44J. Molnar,44J. Palinkas,44Z. Szillasi,44,bV. Veszpremi,44P. Raics,45Z. L. Trocsanyi,45
B. Ujvari,45S. Bansal,46S. B. Beri,46V. Bhatnagar,46M. Jindal,46M. Kaur,46J. M. Kohli,46M. Z. Mehta,46 N. Nishu,46L. K. Saini,46A. Sharma,46R. Sharma,46A. P. Singh,46J. B. Singh,46S. P. Singh,46S. Ahuja,47 S. Bhattacharya,47,gS. Chauhan,47B. C. Choudhary,47P. Gupta,47S. Jain,47S. Jain,47A. Kumar,47K. Ranjan,47
R. K. Shivpuri,47R. K. Choudhury,48D. Dutta,48S. Kailas,48S. K. Kataria,48A. K. Mohanty,48L. M. Pant,48 P. Shukla,48P. Suggisetti,48T. Aziz,49M. Guchait,49,hA. Gurtu,49M. Maity,49D. Majumder,49G. Majumder,49
K. Mazumdar,49G. B. Mohanty,49A. Saha,49K. Sudhakar,49N. Wickramage,49S. Banerjee,50S. Dugad,50 N. K. Mondal,50H. Arfaei,51H. Bakhshiansohi,51A. Fahim,51A. Jafari,51M. Mohammadi Najafabadi,51 S. Paktinat Mehdiabadi,51B. Safarzadeh,51M. Zeinali,51M. Abbrescia,52a,52bL. Barbone,52aA. Colaleo,52a D. Creanza,52a,52cN. De Filippis,52aM. De Palma,52a,52bA. Dimitrov,52aF. Fedele,52aL. Fiore,52aG. Iaselli,52a,52c L. Lusito,52a,52b,bG. Maggi,52a,52cM. Maggi,52aN. Manna,52a,52bB. Marangelli,52a,52bS. My,52a,52cS. Nuzzo,52a,52b
G. A. Pierro,52aA. Pompili,52a,52bG. Pugliese,52a,52cF. Romano,52a,52cG. Roselli,52a,52bG. Selvaggi,52a,52b L. Silvestris,52aR. Trentadue,52aS. Tupputi,52a,52bG. Zito,52aG. Abbiendi,53aA. C. Benvenuti,53aD. Bonacorsi,53a
S. Braibant-Giacomelli,53a,53bA. Castro,53a,53bF. R. Cavallo,53aG. Codispoti,53a,53b G. M. Dallavalle,53a,b F. Fabbri,53aA. Fanfani,53a,53bD. Fasanella,53aP. Giacomelli,53aM. Giunta,53a,bC. Grandi,53aS. Marcellini,53a
G. Masetti,53a,53bA. Montanari,53aF. L. Navarria,53a,53bF. Odorici,53aA. Perrotta,53aA. M. Rossi,53a,53b T. Rovelli,53a,53bG. Siroli,53a,53bR. Travaglini,53a,53bS. Albergo,54a,54bG. Cappello,54a,54bM. Chiorboli,54a,54b S. Costa,54a,54bA. Tricomi,54a,54bC. Tuve,54aG. Barbagli,55aG. Broccolo,55a,55bV. Ciulli,55a,55bC. Civinini,55a
R. D’Alessandro,55a,55bE. Focardi,55a,55bS. Frosali,55a,55bE. Gallo,55aC. Genta,55a,55bP. Lenzi,55a,55b,b M. Meschini,55aS. Paoletti,55aG. Sguazzoni,55aA. Tropiano,55aL. Benussi,56S. Bianco,56S. Colafranceschi,56 F. Fabbri,56D. Piccolo,56P. Fabbricatore,57R. Musenich,57A. Benaglia,58a,58bG. B. Cerati,58a,58b,bF. De Guio,58a,58b
L. Di Matteo,58a,58bA. Ghezzi,58a,58b,bP. Govoni,58a,58bM. Malberti,58a,58b,bS. Malvezzi,58aA. Martelli,58a,58b,c A. Massironi,58a,58bD. Menasce,58aV. Miccio,58a,58bL. Moroni,58aP. Negri,58a,58bM. Paganoni,58a,58bD. Pedrini,58a
S. Ragazzi,58a,58bN. Redaelli,58aS. Sala,58aR. Salerno,58a,58bT. Tabarelli de Fatis,58a,58bV. Tancini,58a,58b S. Taroni,58a,58bS. Buontempo,59aA. Cimmino,59a,59bA. De Cosa,59a,59b,bM. De Gruttola,59a,59b,bF. Fabozzi,59a
A. O. M. Iorio,59aL. Lista,59aP. Noli,59a,59bP. Paolucci,59aP. Azzi,60aN. Bacchetta,60aP. Bellan,60a,60b,b M. Bellato,60aM. Biasotto,60aD. Bisello,60a,60bR. Carlin,60a,60bP. Checchia,60aM. De Mattia,60a,60bT. Dorigo,60a
F. Fanzago,60aF. Gasparini,60a,60bP. Giubilato,60a,60bA. Gresele,60a,60cS. Lacaprara,60aI. Lazzizzera,60a,60c M. Margoni,60a,60bG. Maron,60aA. T. Meneguzzo,60a,60bM. Nespolo,60aL. Perrozzi,60aN. Pozzobon,60a,60b P. Ronchese,60a,60bF. Simonetto,60a,60bE. Torassa,60aM. Tosi,60a,60bA. Triossi,60aS. Vanini,60a,60bG. Zumerle,60a,60b P. Baesso,61a,61bU. Berzano,61aC. Riccardi,61a,61bP. Torre,61a,61bP. Vitulo,61a,61bC. Viviani,61a,61bM. Biasini,62a,62b
G. M. Bilei,62aB. Caponeri,62a,62bL. Fano`,62aP. Lariccia,62a,62bA. Lucaroni,62a,62bG. Mantovani,62a,62b M. Menichelli,62aA. Nappi,62a,62bA. Santocchia,62a,62bL. Servoli,62aM. Valdata,62aR. Volpe,62a,62b,b P. Azzurri,63a,63cG. Bagliesi,63aJ. Bernardini,63a,63b,bT. Boccali,63aR. Castaldi,63aR. T. Dagnolo,63a,63c R. Dell’Orso,63aF. Fiori,63a,63bL. Foa`,63a,63cA. Giassi,63aA. Kraan,63aF. Ligabue,63a,63cT. Lomtadze,63a L. Martini,63aA. Messineo,63a,63bF. Palla,63aF. Palmonari,63aG. Segneri,63aA. T. Serban,63aP. Spagnolo,63a,b
R. Tenchini,63a,bG. Tonelli,63a,63b,bA. Venturi,63aP. G. Verdini,63aL. Barone,64a,64bF. Cavallari,64a,b D. Del Re,64a,64bE. Di Marco,64a,64bM. Diemoz,64aD. Franci,64a,64bM. Grassi,64aE. Longo,64a,64b G. Organtini,64a,64bA. Palma,64a,64bF. Pandolfi,64a,64bR. Paramatti,64a,bS. Rahatlou,64a,64b,bN. Amapane,65a,65b
R. Arcidiacono,65a,65bS. Argiro,65a,65bM. Arneodo,65a,65cC. Biino,65aC. Botta,65a,65bN. Cartiglia,65a R. Castello,65a,65bM. Costa,65a,65bN. Demaria,65aA. Graziano,65a,65bC. Mariotti,65aM. Marone,65a,65bS. Maselli,65a
E. Migliore,65a,65bG. Mila,65a,65bV. Monaco,65a,65bM. Musich,65a,65bM. M. Obertino,65a,65cN. Pastrone,65a M. Pelliccioni,65a,65b,bA. Romero,65a,65bM. Ruspa,65a,65cR. Sacchi,65a,65bA. Solano,65a,65bA. Staiano,65a D. Trocino,65a,65bA. Vilela Pereira,65a,65b,bF. Ambroglini,66a,66bS. Belforte,66aF. Cossutti,66aG. Della Ricca,66a,66b
B. Gobbo,66aD. Montanino,66aA. Penzo,66aS. Chang,67J. Chung,67D. H. Kim,67G. N. Kim,67J. E. Kim,67 D. J. Kong,67H. Park,67D. C. Son,67Zero Kim,68J. Y. Kim,68S. Song,68B. Hong,69H. Kim,69J. H. Kim,69 T. J. Kim,69K. S. Lee,69D. H. Moon,69S. K. Park,69H. B. Rhee,69K. S. Sim,69M. Choi,70S. Kang,70H. Kim,70 C. Park,70I. C. Park,70S. Park,70S. Choi,71Y. Choi,71Y. K. Choi,71J. Goh,71J. Lee,71S. Lee,71H. Seo,71I. Yu,71
M. Janulis,72D. Martisiute,72P. Petrov,72T. Sabonis,72H. Castilla Valdez,73,bE. De La Cruz Burelo,73 R. Lopez-Fernandez,73A. Sa´nchez Herna´ndez,73L. M. Villasen˜or-Cendejas,73S. Carrillo Moreno,74 H. A. Salazar Ibarguen,75E. Casimiro Linares,76A. Morelos Pineda,76M. A. Reyes-Santos,76P. Allfrey,77 D. Krofcheck,77J. Tam,77T. Aumeyr,78P. H. Butler,78T. Signal,78J. C. Williams,78M. Ahmad,79I. Ahmed,79 M. I. Asghar,79H. R. Hoorani,79W. A. Khan,79T. Khurshid,79S. Qazi,79M. Cwiok,80W. Dominik,80K. Doroba,80
M. Konecki,80J. Krolikowski,80T. Frueboes,81R. Gokieli,81M. Go´rski,81M. Kazana,81K. Nawrocki,81 M. Szleper,81G. Wrochna,81P. Zalewski,81N. Almeida,82A. David,82P. Faccioli,82P. G. Ferreira Parracho,82 M. Gallinaro,82G. Mini,82P. Musella,82A. Nayak,82L. Raposo,82P. Q. Ribeiro,82J. Seixas,82P. Silva,82D. Soares,82
J. Varela,82,bH. K. Wo¨hri,82I. Altsybeev,83I. Belotelov,83P. Bunin,83M. Finger,83M. Finger, Jr.,83I. Golutvin,83 A. Kamenev,83V. Karjavin,83G. Kozlov,83A. Lanev,83P. Moisenz,83V. Palichik,83V. Perelygin,83S. Shmatov,83 V. Smirnov,83A. Volodko,83A. Zarubin,83N. Bondar,84V. Golovtsov,84Y. Ivanov,84V. Kim,84P. Levchenko,84 I. Smirnov,84V. Sulimov,84L. Uvarov,84S. Vavilov,84A. Vorobyev,84Yu. Andreev,85S. Gninenko,85N. Golubev,85
M. Kirsanov,85N. Krasnikov,85V. Matveev,85A. Pashenkov,85A. Toropin,85S. Troitsky,85V. Epshteyn,86 V. Gavrilov,86N. Ilina,86V. Kaftanov,86,aM. Kossov,86,bA. Krokhotin,86S. Kuleshov,86A. Oulianov,86 G. Safronov,86S. Semenov,86I. Shreyber,86V. Stolin,86E. Vlasov,86A. Zhokin,86E. Boos,87M. Dubinin,87,i
L. Dudko,87A. Ershov,87A. Gribushin,87O. Kodolova,87I. Lokhtin,87S. Obraztsov,87S. Petrushanko,87 L. Sarycheva,87V. Savrin,87A. Snigirev,87V. Andreev,88I. Dremin,88M. Kirakosyan,88S. V. Rusakov,88 A. Vinogradov,88I. Azhgirey,89S. Bitioukov,89K. Datsko,89V. Grishin,89,bV. Kachanov,89D. Konstantinov,89
V. Krychkine,89V. Petrov,89R. Ryutin,89S. Slabospitsky,89A. Sobol,89A. Sytine,89L. Tourtchanovitch,89 S. Troshin,89N. Tyurin,89A. Uzunian,89A. Volkov,89P. Adzic,90M. Djordjevic,90D. Krpic,90D. Maletic,90 J. Milosevic,90J. Puzovic,90M. Aguilar-Benitez,91J. Alcaraz Maestre,91P. Arce,91C. Battilana,91E. Calvo,91
M. Cepeda,91M. Cerrada,91M. Chamizo Llatas,91N. Colino,91B. De La Cruz,91C. Diez Pardos,91 C. Fernandez Bedoya,91J. P. Ferna´ndez Ramos,91A. Ferrando,91J. Flix,91M. C. Fouz,91P. Garcia-Abia,91
O. Gonzalez Lopez,91S. Goy Lopez,91J. M. Hernandez,91M. I. Josa,91G. Merino,91J. Puerta Pelayo,91 I. Redondo,91L. Romero,91J. Santaolalla,91C. Willmott,91C. Albajar,92J. F. de Troco´niz,92J. Cuevas,93 J. Fernandez Menendez,93I. Gonzalez Caballero,93L. Lloret Iglesias,93J. M. Vizan Garcia,93I. J. Cabrillo,94 A. Calderon,94S. H. Chuang,94I. Diaz Merino,94C. Diez Gonzalez,94J. Duarte Campderros,94M. Fernandez,94
G. Gomez,94J. Gonzalez Sanchez,94R. Gonzalez Suarez,94C. Jorda,94P. Lobelle Pardo,94A. Lopez Virto,94 J. Marco,94R. Marco,94C. Martinez Rivero,94P. Martinez Ruiz del Arbol,94F. Matorras,94T. Rodrigo,94 A. Ruiz Jimeno,94L. Scodellaro,94M. Sobron Sanudo,94I. Vila,94R. Vilar Cortabitarte,94D. Abbaneo,95 E. Auffray,95P. Baillon,95A. H. Ball,95D. Barney,95F. Beaudette,95,cA. J. Bell,95R. Bellan,95D. Benedetti,95 C. Bernet,95,cW. Bialas,95P. Bloch,95A. Bocci,95S. Bolognesi,95H. Breuker,95G. Brona,95K. Bunkowski,95 T. Camporesi,95E. Cano,95A. Cattai,95G. Cerminara,95T. Christiansen,95J. A. Coarasa Perez,95R. Covarelli,95
B. Cure´,95T. Dahms,95A. De Roeck,95A. Elliott-Peisert,95W. Funk,95A. Gaddi,95S. Gennai,95H. Gerwig,95 D. Gigi,95K. Gill,95D. Giordano,95F. Glege,95R. Gomez-Reino Garrido,95S. Gowdy,95L. Guiducci,95M. Hansen,95
C. Hartl,95J. Harvey,95B. Hegner,95C. Henderson,95H. F. Hoffmann,95A. Honma,95V. Innocente,95P. Janot,95 P. Lecoq,95C. Leonidopoulos,95C. Lourenc¸o,95A. Macpherson,95T. Ma¨ki,95L. Malgeri,95M. Mannelli,95 L. Masetti,95G. Mavromanolakis,95F. Meijers,95S. Mersi,95E. Meschi,95R. Moser,95M. U. Mozer,95M. Mulders,95 E. Nesvold,95,bL. Orsini,95E. Perez,95A. Petrilli,95A. Pfeiffer,95M. Pierini,95M. Pimia¨,95A. Racz,95G. Rolandi,95
C. Rovelli,95,jM. Rovere,95V. Ryjov,95H. Sakulin,95C. Scha¨fer,95C. Schwick,95I. Segoni,95A. Sharma,95 P. Siegrist,95M. Simon,95P. Sphicas,95,kD. Spiga,95M. Spiropulu,95,iF. Sto¨ckli,95P. Traczyk,95P. Tropea,95 A. Tsirou,95G. I. Veres,95P. Vichoudis,95M. Voutilainen,95W. D. Zeuner,95W. Bertl,96K. Deiters,96W. Erdmann,96
K. Gabathuler,96R. Horisberger,96Q. Ingram,96H. C. Kaestli,96S. Ko¨nig,96D. Kotlinski,96U. Langenegger,96 F. Meier,96D. Renker,96T. Rohe,96J. Sibille,96,lA. Starodumov,96,mL. Caminada,97,nZ. Chen,97S. Cittolin,97 G. Dissertori,97M. Dittmar,97J. Eugster,97K. Freudenreich,97C. Grab,97A. Herve´,97W. Hintz,97P. Lecomte,97 W. Lustermann,97C. Marchica,97,nP. Meridiani,97P. Milenovic,97,oF. Moortgat,97A. Nardulli,97F. Nessi-Tedaldi,97 L. Pape,97F. Pauss,97T. Punz,97A. Rizzi,97F. J. Ronga,97L. Sala,97A. K. Sanchez,97M.-C. Sawley,97D. Schinzel,97
V. Sordini,97B. Stieger,97L. Tauscher,97,aA. Thea,97K. Theofilatos,97D. Treille,97M. Weber,97L. Wehrli,97 J. Weng,97C. Amsler,98V. Chiochia,98S. De Visscher,98M. Ivova Rikova,98B. Millan Mejias,98C. Regenfus,98
P. Robmann,98T. Rommerskirchen,98A. Schmidt,98D. Tsirigkas,98L. Wilke,98Y. H. Chang,99K. H. Chen,99 W. T. Chen,99A. Go,99C. M. Kuo,99S. W. Li,99W. Lin,99M. H. Liu,99Y. J. Lu,99J. H. Wu,99S. S. Yu,99 P. Bartalini,100P. Chang,100Y. H. Chang,100Y. W. Chang,100Y. Chao,100K. F. Chen,100W.-S. Hou,100Y. Hsiung,100
K. Y. Kao,100Y. J. Lei,100S. W. Lin,100R.-S. Lu,100J. G. Shiu,100Y. M. Tzeng,100K. Ueno,100C. C. Wang,100 M. Wang,100J. T. Wei,100A. Adiguzel,101A. Ayhan,101M. N. Bakirci,101S. Cerci,101Z. Demir,101C. Dozen,101 I. Dumanoglu,101E. Eskut,101S. Girgis,101G. Go¨kbulut,101Y. Gu¨ler,101E. Gurpinar,101I. Hos,101E. E. Kangal,101
T. Karaman,101A. Kayis Topaksu,101A. Nart,101G. O¨ nengu¨t,101K. Ozdemir,101S. Ozturk,101A. Polato¨z,101 O. Sahin,101O. Sengul,101K. Sogut,101B. Tali,101H. Topakli,101D. Uzun,101L. N. Vergili,101M. Vergili,101
C. Zorbilmez,101I. V. Akin,102T. Aliev,102S. Bilmis,102M. Deniz,102H. Gamsizkan,102A. M. Guler,102 K. Ocalan,102A. Ozpineci,102M. Serin,102R. Sever,102U. E. Surat,102M. Zeyrek,102M. Deliomeroglu,103 D. Demir,103E. Gu¨lmez,103A. Halu,103B. Isildak,103M. Kaya,103O. Kaya,103M. O¨ zbek,103S. Ozkorucuklu,103 N. Sonmez,103L. Levchuk,104P. Bell,105F. Bostock,105J. J. Brooke,105T. L. Cheng,105D. Cussans,105R. Frazier,105
J. Goldstein,105M. Hansen,105G. P. Heath,105H. F. Heath,105C. Hill,105B. Huckvale,105J. Jackson,105 L. Kreczko,105C. K. Mackay,105S. Metson,105D. M. Newbold,105,pK. Nirunpong,105V. J. Smith,105S. Ward,105
L. Basso,106K. W. Bell,106A. Belyaev,106C. Brew,106R. M. Brown,106B. Camanzi,106D. J. A. Cockerill,106 J. A. Coughlan,106K. Harder,106S. Harper,106B. W. Kennedy,106E. Olaiya,106B. C. Radburn-Smith,106 C. H. Shepherd-Themistocleous,106I. R. Tomalin,106W. J. Womersley,106S. D. Worm,106R. Bainbridge,107 G. Ball,107J. Ballin,107R. Beuselinck,107O. Buchmuller,107D. Colling,107N. Cripps,107M. Cutajar,107G. Davies,107
M. Della Negra,107C. Foudas,107J. Fulcher,107D. Futyan,107A. Guneratne Bryer,107G. Hall,107Z. Hatherell,107 J. Hays,107G. Iles,107G. Karapostoli,107L. Lyons,107A.-M. Magnan,107J. Marrouche,107R. Nandi,107J. Nash,107
A. Nikitenko,107,mA. Papageorgiou,107M. Pesaresi,107K. Petridis,107M. Pioppi,107,qD. M. Raymond,107 N. Rompotis,107A. Rose,107M. J. Ryan,107C. Seez,107P. Sharp,107A. Sparrow,107M. Stoye,107A. Tapper,107 S. Tourneur,107M. Vazquez Acosta,107T. Virdee,107,bS. Wakefield,107D. Wardrope,107T. Whyntie,107M. Barrett,108
M. Chadwick,108J. E. Cole,108P. R. Hobson,108A. Khan,108P. Kyberd,108D. Leslie,108I. D. Reid,108 L. Teodorescu,108T. Bose,109A. Clough,109A. Heister,109J. St. John,109P. Lawson,109D. Lazic,109J. Rohlf,109 L. Sulak,109J. Andrea,110A. Avetisyan,110S. Bhattacharya,110J. P. Chou,110D. Cutts,110S. Esen,110U. Heintz,110
S. Jabeen,110G. Kukartsev,110G. Landsberg,110M. Narain,110D. Nguyen,110T. Speer,110K. V. Tsang,110 M. A. Borgia,111R. Breedon,111M. Calderon De La Barca Sanchez,111D. Cebra,111M. Chertok,111J. Conway,111
P. T. Cox,111J. Dolen,111R. Erbacher,111E. Friis,111W. Ko,111A. Kopecky,111R. Lander,111H. Liu,111 S. Maruyama,111T. Miceli,111M. Nikolic,111D. Pellett,111J. Robles,111T. Schwarz,111M. Searle,111J. Smith,111
M. Squires,111M. Tripathi,111R. Vasquez Sierra,111C. Veelken,111V. Andreev,112K. Arisaka,112D. Cline,112 R. Cousins,112A. Deisher,112S. Erhan,112,bC. Farrell,112M. Felcini,112J. Hauser,112M. Ignatenko,112C. Jarvis,112
C. Plager,112G. Rakness,112P. Schlein,112,aJ. Tucker,112V. Valuev,112R. Wallny,112J. Babb,113R. Clare,113 J. Ellison,113J. W. Gary,113G. Hanson,113G. Y. Jeng,113S. C. Kao,113F. Liu,113H. Liu,113A. Luthra,113 H. Nguyen,113G. Pasztor,113,rA. Satpathy,113B. C. Shen,113,aR. Stringer,113J. Sturdy,113S. Sumowidagdo,113
R. Wilken,113S. Wimpenny,113W. Andrews,114J. G. Branson,114E. Dusinberre,114D. Evans,114F. Golf,114 A. Holzner,114R. Kelley,114M. Lebourgeois,114J. Letts,114B. Mangano,114J. Muelmenstaedt,114S. Padhi,114 C. Palmer,114G. Petrucciani,114H. Pi,114M. Pieri,114R. Ranieri,114M. Sani,114V. Sharma,114,bS. Simon,114Y. Tu,114
A. Vartak,114F. Wu¨rthwein,114A. Yagil,114D. Barge,115M. Blume,115C. Campagnari,115M. D’Alfonso,115 T. Danielson,115J. Garberson,115J. Incandela,115C. Justus,115P. Kalavase,115S. A. Koay,115D. Kovalskyi,115 V. Krutelyov,115J. Lamb,115S. Lowette,115V. Pavlunin,115F. Rebassoo,115J. Ribnik,115J. Richman,115R. Rossin,115 D. Stuart,115W. To,115J. R. Vlimant,115M. Witherell,115A. Bornheim,116J. Bunn,116M. Gataullin,116D. Kcira,116 V. Litvine,116Y. Ma,116H. B. Newman,116C. Rogan,116K. Shin,116V. Timciuc,116J. Veverka,116R. Wilkinson,116 Y. Yang,116R. Y. Zhu,116B. Akgun,117R. Carroll,117T. Ferguson,117D. W. Jang,117S. Y. Jun,117M. Paulini,117
J. Russ,117N. Terentyev,117H. Vogel,117I. Vorobiev,117J. P. Cumalat,118M. E. Dinardo,118B. R. Drell,118 W. T. Ford,118B. Heyburn,118E. Luiggi Lopez,118U. Nauenberg,118J. G. Smith,118K. Stenson,118K. A. Ulmer,118
S. R. Wagner,118S. L. Zang,118L. Agostino,119J. Alexander,119F. Blekman,119A. Chatterjee,119S. Das,119 N. Eggert,119L. J. Fields,119L. K. Gibbons,119B. Heltsley,119W. Hopkins,119A. Khukhunaishvili,119B. Kreis,119
V. Kuznetsov,119G. Nicolas Kaufman,119J. R. Patterson,119D. Puigh,119D. Riley,119A. Ryd,119X. Shi,119 W. Sun,119W. D. Teo,119J. Thom,119J. Thompson,119J. Vaughan,119Y. Weng,119P. Wittich,119A. Biselli,120
G. Cirino,120D. Winn,120S. Abdullin,121M. Albrow,121J. Anderson,121G. Apollinari,121M. Atac,121 J. A. Bakken,121S. Banerjee,121L. A. T. Bauerdick,121A. Beretvas,121J. Berryhill,121P. C. Bhat,121I. Bloch,121 F. Borcherding,121K. Burkett,121J. N. Butler,121V. Chetluru,121H. W. K. Cheung,121F. Chlebana,121S. Cihangir,121 M. Demarteau,121D. P. Eartly,121V. D. Elvira,121I. Fisk,121J. Freeman,121Y. Gao,121E. Gottschalk,121D. Green,121 O. Gutsche,121A. Hahn,121J. Hanlon,121R. M. Harris,121E. James,121H. Jensen,121M. Johnson,121U. Joshi,121
R. Khatiwada,121B. Kilminster,121B. Klima,121K. Kousouris,121S. Kunori,121S. Kwan,121P. Limon,121 R. Lipton,121J. Lykken,121K. Maeshima,121J. M. Marraffino,121D. Mason,121P. McBride,121T. McCauley,121 T. Miao,121K. Mishra,121S. Mrenna,121Y. Musienko,121,sC. Newman-Holmes,121V. O’Dell,121S. Popescu,121 R. Pordes,121O. Prokofyev,121N. Saoulidou,121E. Sexton-Kennedy,121S. Sharma,121R. P. Smith,121,aA. Soha,121
W. J. Spalding,121L. Spiegel,121P. Tan,121L. Taylor,121S. Tkaczyk,121L. Uplegger,121E. W. Vaandering,121 R. Vidal,121J. Whitmore,121W. Wu,121F. Yumiceva,121J. C. Yun,121D. Acosta,122P. Avery,122D. Bourilkov,122
M. Chen,122G. P. Di Giovanni,122D. Dobur,122A. Drozdetskiy,122R. D. Field,122Y. Fu,122I. K. Furic,122 J. Gartner,122B. Kim,122S. Klimenko,122J. Konigsberg,122A. Korytov,122K. Kotov,122A. Kropivnitskaya,122
T. Kypreos,122K. Matchev,122G. Mitselmakher,122Y. Pakhotin,122J. Piedra Gomez,122C. Prescott,122 R. Remington,122M. Schmitt,122B. Scurlock,122P. Sellers,122D. Wang,122J. Yelton,122M. Zakaria,122C. Ceron,123
V. Gaultney,123L. Kramer,123L. M. Lebolo,123S. Linn,123P. Markowitz,123G. Martinez,123D. Mesa,123 J. L. Rodriguez,123T. Adams,124A. Askew,124J. Chen,124B. Diamond,124S. V. Gleyzer,124J. Haas,124 S. Hagopian,124V. Hagopian,124M. Jenkins,124K. F. Johnson,124H. Prosper,124S. Sekmen,124V. Veeraraghavan,124
M. M. Baarmand,125S. Guragain,125M. Hohlmann,125H. Kalakhety,125H. Mermerkaya,125R. Ralich,125 I. Vodopiyanov,125M. R. Adams,126I. M. Anghel,126L. Apanasevich,126V. E. Bazterra,126R. R. Betts,126 J. Callner,126R. Cavanaugh,126C. Dragoiu,126E. J. Garcia-Solis,126C. E. Gerber,126D. J. Hofman,126 S. Khalatian,126F. Lacroix,126E. Shabalina,126A. Smoron,126D. Strom,126N. Varelas,126U. Akgun,127 E. A. Albayrak,127B. Bilki,127K. Cankocak,127W. Clarida,127F. Duru,127C. K. Lae,127E. McCliment,127 J.-P. Merlo,127A. Mestvirishvili,127A. Moeller,127J. Nachtman,127C. R. Newsom,127E. Norbeck,127J. Olson,127
Y. Onel,127F. Ozok,127S. Sen,127J. Wetzel,127T. Yetkin,127K. Yi,127B. A. Barnett,128B. Blumenfeld,128 A. Bonato,128C. Eskew,128D. Fehling,128G. Giurgiu,128A. V. Gritsan,128Z. J. Guo,128G. Hu,128P. Maksimovic,128
S. Rappoccio,128M. Swartz,128N. V. Tran,128A. Whitbeck,128P. Baringer,129A. Bean,129G. Benelli,129 O. Grachov,129M. Murray,129V. Radicci,129S. Sanders,129J. S. Wood,129V. Zhukova,129D. Bandurin,130 T. Bolton,130I. Chakaberia,130A. Ivanov,130K. Kaadze,130Y. Maravin,130S. Shrestha,130I. Svintradze,130Z. Wan,130
J. Gronberg,131D. Lange,131D. Wright,131D. Baden,132M. Boutemeur,132S. C. Eno,132D. Ferencek,132 N. J. Hadley,132R. G. Kellogg,132M. Kirn,132A. Mignerey,132K. Rossato,132P. Rumerio,132F. Santanastasio,132 A. Skuja,132J. Temple,132M. B. Tonjes,132S. C. Tonwar,132E. Twedt,132B. Alver,133G. Bauer,133J. Bendavid,133
W. Busza,133E. Butz,133I. A. Cali,133M. Chan,133D. D’Enterria,133P. Everaerts,133G. Gomez Ceballos,133 M. Goncharov,133K. A. Hahn,133P. Harris,133Y. Kim,133M. Klute,133Y.-J. Lee,133W. Li,133C. Loizides,133 P. D. Luckey,133T. Ma,133S. Nahn,133C. Paus,133C. Roland,133G. Roland,133M. Rudolph,133G. S. F. Stephans,133 K. Sumorok,133K. Sung,133E. A. Wenger,133B. Wyslouch,133S. Xie,133Y. Yilmaz,133A. S. Yoon,133M. Zanetti,133 P. Cole,134S. I. Cooper,134P. Cushman,134B. Dahmes,134A. De Benedetti,134P. R. Dudero,134G. Franzoni,134 J. Haupt,134K. Klapoetke,134Y. Kubota,134J. Mans,134D. Petyt,134V. Rekovic,134R. Rusack,134M. Sasseville,134
A. Singovsky,134L. M. Cremaldi,135R. Godang,135R. Kroeger,135L. Perera,135R. Rahmat,135D. A. Sanders,135 P. Sonnek,135D. Summers,135K. Bloom,136S. Bose,136J. Butt,136D. R. Claes,136A. Dominguez,136M. Eads,136 J. Keller,136T. Kelly,136I. Kravchenko,136J. Lazo-Flores,136C. Lundstedt,136H. Malbouisson,136S. Malik,136 G. R. Snow,136U. Baur,137I. Iashvili,137A. Kharchilava,137A. Kumar,137K. Smith,137M. Strang,137J. Zennamo,137 G. Alverson,138E. Barberis,138D. Baumgartel,138O. Boeriu,138S. Reucroft,138J. Swain,138D. Wood,138J. Zhang,138 A. Anastassov,139A. Kubik,139R. A. Ofierzynski,139A. Pozdnyakov,139M. Schmitt,139S. Stoynev,139M. Velasco,139 S. Won,139L. Antonelli,140D. Berry,140M. Hildreth,140C. Jessop,140D. J. Karmgard,140J. Kolb,140T. Kolberg,140
K. Lannon,140S. Lynch,140N. Marinelli,140D. M. Morse,140R. Ruchti,140J. Slaunwhite,140N. Valls,140 J. Warchol,140M. Wayne,140J. Ziegler,140B. Bylsma,141L. S. Durkin,141J. Gu,141P. Killewald,141T. Y. Ling,141
G. Williams,141N. Adam,142E. Berry,142P. Elmer,142D. Gerbaudo,142V. Halyo,142A. Hunt,142J. Jones,142 E. Laird,142D. Lopes Pegna,142D. Marlow,142T. Medvedeva,142M. Mooney,142J. Olsen,142P. Piroue´,142 D. Stickland,142C. Tully,142J. S. Werner,142A. Zuranski,142J. G. Acosta,143X. T. Huang,143A. Lopez,143 H. Mendez,143S. Oliveros,143J. E. Ramirez Vargas,143A. Zatzerklyaniy,143E. Alagoz,144V. E. Barnes,144 G. Bolla,144L. Borrello,144D. Bortoletto,144A. Everett,144A. F. Garfinkel,144Z. Gecse,144L. Gutay,144M. Jones,144
O. Koybasi,144A. T. Laasanen,144N. Leonardo,144C. Liu,144V. Maroussov,144P. Merkel,144D. H. Miller,144 N. Neumeister,144K. Potamianos,144I. Shipsey,144D. Silvers,144H. D. Yoo,144J. Zablocki,144Y. Zheng,144
P. Jindal,145N. Parashar,145V. Cuplov,146K. M. Ecklund,146F. J. M. Geurts,146J. H. Liu,146J. Morales,146 B. P. Padley,146R. Redjimi,146J. Roberts,146B. Betchart,147A. Bodek,147Y. S. Chung,147P. de Barbaro,147 R. Demina,147H. Flacher,147A. Garcia-Bellido,147Y. Gotra,147J. Han,147A. Harel,147D. C. Miner,147D. Orbaker,147 G. Petrillo,147D. Vishnevskiy,147M. Zielinski,147A. Bhatti,148L. Demortier,148K. Goulianos,148K. Hatakeyama,148
G. Lungu,148C. Mesropian,148M. Yan,148O. Atramentov,149Y. Gershtein,149R. Gray,149E. Halkiadakis,149 D. Hidas,149D. Hits,149A. Lath,149K. Rose,149S. Schnetzer,149S. Somalwar,149R. Stone,149S. Thomas,149
G. Cerizza,150M. Hollingsworth,150S. Spanier,150Z. C. Yang,150A. York,150J. Asaadi,151R. Eusebi,151 J. Gilmore,151A. Gurrola,151T. Kamon,151V. Khotilovich,151R. Montalvo,151C. N. Nguyen,151J. Pivarski,151
A. Safonov,151S. Sengupta,151D. Toback,151M. Weinberger,151N. Akchurin,152C. Bardak,152J. Damgov,152 C. Jeong,152K. Kovitanggoon,152S. W. Lee,152P. Mane,152Y. Roh,152A. Sill,152I. Volobouev,152R. Wigmans,152
E. Yazgan,152E. Appelt,153E. Brownson,153D. Engh,153C. Florez,153W. Gabella,153W. Johns,153P. Kurt,153 C. Maguire,153A. Melo,153P. Sheldon,153J. Velkovska,153M. W. Arenton,154M. Balazs,154M. Buehler,154 S. Conetti,154B. Cox,154R. Hirosky,154A. Ledovskoy,154C. Neu,154R. Yohay,154S. Gollapinni,155K. Gunthoti,155
R. Harr,155P. E. Karchin,155M. Mattson,155C. Milste`ne,155A. Sakharov,155M. Anderson,156M. Bachtis,156 J. N. Bellinger,156D. Carlsmith,156S. Dasu,156S. Dutta,156J. Efron,156L. Gray,156K. S. Grogg,156M. Grothe,156
R. Hall-Wilton,156,bM. Herndon,156P. Klabbers,156J. Klukas,156A. Lanaro,156C. Lazaridis,156J. Leonard,156 D. Lomidze,156R. Loveless,156A. Mohapatra,156G. Polese,156D. Reeder,156A. Savin,156W. H. Smith,156
J. Swanson,156and M. Weinberg156
(CMS Collaboration) 1
Yerevan Physics Institute, Yerevan, Armenia
2Institut fu¨r Hochenergiephysik der OeAW, Wien, Austria 3National Centre for Particle and High Energy Physics, Minsk, Belarus
4Universiteit Antwerpen, Antwerpen, Belgium 5Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussel, Belgium 6Universite´ Libre de Bruxelles, Bruxelles, Belgium
7Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
8Universite´ Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium 9Universite´ de Mons, Mons, Belgium
10Centro Brasileiro de Pesquisas Fisicas, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 11Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 12Instituto de Fisica Teorica, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Sao Paulo, Brazil
13Institute for Nuclear Research and Nuclear Energy, Sofia, Bulgaria 14University of Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria
15Institute of High Energy Physics, Beijing, China
16State Key Laboratory of Nuclear Physics and Technology, Peking University, Beijing, China 17
Universidad de Los Andes, Bogota, Colombia
18Technical University of Split, Split, Croatia 19University of Split, Split, Croatia 20Institute Rudjer Boskovic, Zagreb, Croatia
21University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
22Academy of Scientific Research and Technology of the Arab Republic of Egypt, Egyptian Network of High Energy Physics,
Cairo, Egypt
23National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics, Tallinn, Estonia 24Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
25Helsinki Institute of Physics, Helsinki, Finland 26Lappeenranta University of Technology, Lappeenranta, Finland
27Laboratoire d’Annecy-le-Vieux de Physique des Particules, IN2P3-CNRS, Annecy-le-Vieux, France 28DSM/IRFU, CEA/Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
29Laboratoire Leprince-Ringuet, Ecole Polytechnique, IN2P3-CNRS, Palaiseau, France
30Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien, Universite´ de Strasbourg, Universite´ de Haute Alsace Mulhouse, CNRS/IN2P3,
Strasbourg, France
31Centre de Calcul de l’Institut National de Physique Nucleaire et de Physique des Particules (IN2P3), Villeurbanne, France 32
Universite´ de Lyon, Universite´ Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS-IN2P3, Institut de Physique Nucle´aire de Lyon, Villeurbanne, France
33E. Andronikashvili Institute of Physics, Academy of Science, Tbilisi, Georgia 34RWTH Aachen University, I. Physikalisches Institut, Aachen, Germany 35RWTH Aachen University, III. Physikalisches Institut A, Aachen, Germany 36RWTH Aachen University, III. Physikalisches Institut B, Aachen, Germany
37Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, Hamburg, Germany 38University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany 39Institut fu¨r Experimentelle Kernphysik, Karlsruhe, Germany 40Institute of Nuclear Physics ‘‘Demokritos,’’ Aghia Paraskevi, Greece
41University of Athens, Athens, Greece 42University of Ioa´nnina, Ioa´nnina, Greece
43KFKI Research Institute for Particle and Nuclear Physics, Budapest, Hungary 44Institute of Nuclear Research ATOMKI, Debrecen, Hungary
45University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary 46Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
47University of Delhi, Delhi, India 48
Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, India
49Tata Institute of Fundamental Research–EHEP, Mumbai, India 50Tata Institute of Fundamental Research–HECR, Mumbai, India 51Institute for Studies in Theoretical Physics & Mathematics (IPM), Tehran, Iran
52aINFN Sezione di Bari, Bari, Italy 52bUniversita` di Bari, Bari, Italy 52cPolitecnico di Bari, Bari, Italy 53aINFN Sezione di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
53bUniversita` di Bologna, Bologna, Italy 54aINFN Sezione di Catania, Catania, Italy
54bUniversita` di Catania, Catania, Italy 55aINFN Sezione di Firenze, Firenze, Italy
55bUniversita` di Firenze, Firenze, Italy
56INFN Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, Frascati, Italy 57INFN Sezione di Genova, Genova, Italy 58aINFN Sezione di Milano-Biccoca, Milano, Italy
58bUniversita` di Milano-Bicocca, Milano, Italy 59aINFN Sezione di Napoli, Napoli, Italy 59bUniversita` di Napoli ‘‘Federico II,’’ Napoli, Italy
60aINFN Sezione di Padova, Padova, Italy 60bIUniversita` di Padova, Padova, Italy 60cUniversita` di Trento (Trento), Padova, Italy
61aINFN Sezione di Pavia, Pavia, Italy 61b
Universita` di Pavia, Pavia, Italy
62aINFN Sezione di Perugia, Perugia, Italy 62bUniversita` di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
63aINFN Sezione di Pisa, Pisa, Italy 63bUniversita` di Pisa, Pisa, Italy 63cScuola Normale Superiore di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
64aINFN Sezione di Roma, Roma, Italy 64bUniversita` di Roma ‘‘La Sapienza,’’, Roma, Italy
65aINFN Sezione di Torino, Torino, Italy 65b
Universita` di Torino, Torino, Italy
65cUniversita` del Piemonte Orientale (Novara), Torino, Italy 66aINFN Sezione di Trieste, Trieste, Italy
66bUniversita` di Trieste, Trieste, Italy 67Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
68Chonnam National University, Institute for Universe and Elementary Particles, Kwangju, Korea 69Korea University, Seoul, Korea
70University of Seoul, Seoul, Korea 71Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea
72Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
73Centro de Investigacion y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Mexico City, Mexico 74Universidad Iberoamericana, Mexico City, Mexico
75Benemerita Universidad Autonoma de Puebla, Puebla, Mexico 76
Universidad Auto´noma de San Luis Potosı´, San Luis Potosı´, Mexico
77University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand 78University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
79National Centre for Physics, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan 80Institute of Experimental Physics, Warsaw, Poland
81Soltan Institute for Nuclear Studies, Warsaw, Poland
82Laborato´rio de Instrumentac¸a˜o e Fı´sica Experimental de Partı´culas, Lisboa, Portugal 83Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna, Russia
84Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute, Gatchina (St. Petersburg), Russia 85Institute for Nuclear Research, Moscow, Russia
86Institute for Theoretical and Experimental Physics, Moscow, Russia 87Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
88P. N. Lebedev Physical Institute, Moscow, Russia
89State Research Center of Russian Federation, Institute for High Energy Physics, Protvino, Russia 90Vinca Institute of Nuclear Sciences, Belgrade, Serbia
91Centro de Investigaciones Energe´ticas Medioambientales y Tecnolo´gicas (CIEMAT), Madrid, Spain 92
Universidad Auto´noma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
93Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
94Instituto de Fı´sica de Cantabria (IFCA), CSIC-Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, Spain 95CERN, European Organization for Nuclear Research, Geneva, Switzerland
96Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen, Switzerland
97Institute for Particle Physics, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland 98Universita¨t Zu¨rich, Zurich, Switzerland
99National Central University, Chung-Li, Taiwan 100National Taiwan University (NTU), Taipei, Taiwan
101Cukurova University, Adana, Turkey
102Physics Department, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey 103Department of Physics, Bogazic¸i University, Istanbul, Turkey
104National Scientific Center, Kharkov Institute of Physics and Technology, Kharkov, Ukraine 105University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
106Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, United Kingdom 107Imperial College, University of London, London, United Kingdom
108Brunel University, Uxbridge, United Kingdom 109Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA 110Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, USA 111University of California, Davis, Davis, California 95616, USA 112University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
113University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, USA 114University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA 115
University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
116California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA 117Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA 118University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
119Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853-5001, USA 120Fairfield University, Fairfield, Connecticut 06824, USA
121Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois 60510-0500, USA 122University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611-8440, USA 123Florida International University, Miami, Florida 33199, USA 124
Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306-4350, USA
125Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, Florida 32901, USA 126University of Illinois at Chicago (UIC), Chicago, Illinois 60607-7059, USA
127The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242-1479, USA 128Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA
129The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, USA 130Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA
131Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94720, USA 132University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA 133Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
134University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA 135University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, USA 136University of Nebraska–Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588-0111, USA 137
State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14260-1500, USA
138Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA 139Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3112, USA
140University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA 141The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA 142Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544-0708, USA
143University of Puerto Rico, Mayaguez, Puerto Rico 00680 144Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-1396, USA
145Purdue University Calumet, Hammond, Indiana 46323, USA 146Rice University, Houston, Texas 77251-1892, USA 147University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627-0171, USA 148The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10021-6399, USA
149Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854-8019, USA 150University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996-1200, USA
151Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-4242, USA 152Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409-1051, USA
153
Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, USA
154University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22901, USA 155Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, USA 156University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
aDeceased.
bAlso at CERN, European Organization for Nuclear Research, Geneva, Switzerland.
cAlso at Laboratoire Leprince-Ringuet, Ecole Polytechnique, IN2P3-CNRS, Palaiseau, France. d
Also at Soltan Institute for Nuclear Studies, Warsaw, Poland.
eAlso at Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia.
fAlso at Institute of Nuclear Research ATOMKI, Debrecen, Hungary. gAlso at University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA. hAlso at Tata Institute of Fundamental Research–HECR, Mumbai, India.
iAlso at California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA.
jAlso at INFN Sezione di Roma, Universita` di Roma ‘‘La Sapienza,’’ Roma, Italy. kAlso at University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
lAlso at The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA.
mAlso at Institute for Theoretical and Experimental Physics, Moscow, Russia. nAlso at Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen, Switzerland.
oAlso at Vinca Institute of Nuclear Sciences, Belgrade, Serbia. pAlso at Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, United Kingdom. qAlso at INFN Sezione di Perugia, Universita` di Perugia, Perugia, Italy.
rAlso at KFKI Research Institute for Particle and Nuclear Physics, Budapest, Hungary. s
