• Non ci sono risultati.

Tolerance toward migrants among Italian adolescents and young adults: The role of civic and political participation

N/A
N/A
Protected

Academic year: 2021

Condividi "Tolerance toward migrants among Italian adolescents and young adults: The role of civic and political participation"

Copied!
20
0
0

Testo completo

(1)

7ROHUDQFHWRZDUGPLJUDQWVDPRQJ,WDOLDQDGROHVFHQWV

DQG\RXQJDGXOWV7KHUROHRIFLYLF

DQGSROLWLFDOSDUWLFLSDWLRQ



,DQD7]DQNRYD

$QWRQHOOD*XDULQR

'DYLGH0D]]RQL

















[Ricevuto il 1 febbraio 2019 Accettato per la stampa il 26 aprile 2019]



$EVWUDFW



7KLVSDSHUDLPVDWFODULI\LQJWKHUHODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQEHLQJLQYROYHGLQGLIIHUHQWIRUPV RI SDUWLFLSDWLRQ DQG WROHUDQFH WRZDUG PLJUDQWV LQ \RXQJ SHRSOH $OPRVW  SDUWLFLSDQWV IURPWZR(XURSHDQIXQGHGUHVHDUFKSURMHFWV±)3PIDOPDQG+CATCH-EyoU±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

5LDVVXQWRLa tolleranza di adolescenti e giovani adulti italiani verso i migranti: il ruolo della partecipazione civica e politica

 4XHVWRVWXGLRKDORVFRSRGLFKLDULUHODUHOD]LRQHWUDLOFRLQYROJLPHQWRLQGLYHUVHIRUPHGL SDUWHFLSD]LRQHHODWROOHUDQ]DYHUVRLPLJUDQWLWUDLJLRYDQL&LUFDDGROHVFHQWLHJLRYDQL FRQWDWWDWLQHOO¶DPELWRGLGXHSURJHWWLGLULFHUFD(XURSHL±)3PIDOPH+CATCH-EyoU ±KDQQRULVSRVWRDTXHVWLRQDULFKHPLVXUDYDQRYDULDELOLVRFLRGHPRJUDILFKHODGLPHQVLRQHGL JLXVWL]LDQHOODSHUFH]LRQHGHOFOLPDVFRODVWLFRGLYHUVHIRUPHGLSDUWHFLSD]LRQHFLYLFDHSROLWLFD HODWROOHUDQ]DYHUVRPLJUDQWLHULIXJLDWL,ULVXOWDWLVRQRFRHUHQWLWUDLGXHVWXGLGLPRVWUDQGRXQ  'LSDUWLPHQWRGL3VLFRORJLD8QLYHUVLWjGL%RORJQDLDQDW]DQNRYD#XQLERLWDQWRQHOOD JXDULQR#XQLERLW 'LSDUWLPHQWRGL3VLFRORJLD8QLYHUVLWjGL0LODQR%LFRFFDGDYLGHPD]]RQL#XQLPLELW 

(2)



HIIHWWR SRVLWLYR GHOOD SDUWHFLSD]LRQH FLYLFD VXOOD WROOHUDQ]D 8OWHULRUL IDWWRUL FKH ULVXOWDQR LQ FUHPHQWDUHODWROOHUDQ]DVRQRDYHUHXQ¶HWjPDJJLRUHHVVHUHGRQQHHQDWHLLQXQSDHVHHVWHUR DYHUHJHQLWRULFRQOLYHOORG¶LVWUX]LRQHSLDOWRHSHUFHSLUHXQFOLPDGLJLXVWL]LDDVFXROD  3DUROHFKLDYHWROOHUDQ]DPLJUDQWLDGROHVFHQWLJLRYDQLDGXOWLSDUWHFLSD]LRQHFLYLFDSDUWH FLSD]LRQHSROLWLFD   ,QWURGXFWLRQ



 

,Q WKH ODVW WZR GHFDGHV IROORZLQJ WKH JURZLQJ SROLWLFDO DQG VFKRODUO\ GHEDWHVDERXWLQWHUQDWLRQDOLPPLJUDWLRQVRFLDOVFLHQWLVWV¶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¶VHIIRUWVWRFRQWUROWKHLUQHJDWLYHSUHMXGLFHVDQGWROHUDWH RWKHUJURXSVDUHFUXFLDOWRVXVWDLQGHPRFUDWLFQRUPV )UHLWDJ 5DSS  )RUDOOWKHVHUHDVRQVWKHVWXG\RIWROHUDQFHDQGRIWKHIDFWRUVWKDWFDQSUR PRWH RU REVWDFOH LWV GHYHORSPHQW LQFUHDVLQJO\ EHFRPHV DQ LPSRUWDQW LVVXH IRUUHVHDUFKHUV &{Wp (ULFNVRQ*QLHZRV] 1RDFN 

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

9HU\ LPSRUWDQW LQVLJKWV DERXW WROHUDQFH FRPH IURP WKH H[WHQVLYH UH VHDUFKWKDWWKURXJKGLIIHUHQWDSSURDFKHVKDVIRFXVHGRQUHODWHGSKHQRPH QDVXFKDVQDWLRQDODQGUDFLDOSUHMXGLFH 5DDEH %HHOPDQQ +RZ HYHUWKHUHKDVEHHQDFRQVLVWHQWODFNRIV\VWHPDWLFDQGVSHFLILFLQWHUHVWLQ

(3)

LQWHUJURXSWROHUDQFHDQGSURVRFLDOEHKDYLRUVDVHPHUJHGIURPUHFHQWOLWHUD WXUH UHYLHZV RI VRFLDO SV\FKRORJ\ UHVHDUFK 9HUNX\WHQ  <RJHHVZDUDQ 9HUNX\WHQ 0RUHRYHUWKHSURFHVVHVWKURXJKZKLFKLQGLYLGX DOVGHYHORSWROHUDQFH RULQWROHUDQFH WRZDUGPLJUDQWVUHPDLQSDUWLDOO\XQ FOHDU VHHDOVR0D]]RQLet al. ,QWKLVPDQXVFULSWZHVXJJHVWWKDWWKH VWXG\RIWROHUDQFHLQDGROHVFHQFHDQG\RXQJDGXOWKRRGLQUHODWLRQWRSUDF WLFHVRIFLYLFDQGSROLWLFDOSDUWLFLSDWLRQDSSHDUVRISDUWLFXODULQWHUHVW  

1.1 Tolerance attitudes during adolescence and young adulthood 

6WXG\LQJ WROHUDQFH DQG LQWHUJURXS DWWLWXGHV VSHFLILFDOO\ WRZDUGV PL JUDQWV LV HVSHFLDOO\ UHOHYDQW LQ \RXQJ SHRSOH 3DUWLFXODUO\ GXULQJ DGROHV FHQFHLQGLYLGXDOVEHFRPHSDUWRIQHZQHWZRUNVDQGJUDGXDOO\JHWLQFRQ WDFW ZLWK D YDULHW\ RI RWKHUV ZKR DUH YHU\ GLIIHUHQW IURP WKHPVHOYHV DQG IURPWKHLUIDPLOLHV3HHUUHODWLRQVKLSVLQDGROHVFHQFHVHHPWRKDYHFUXFLDO LPSRUWDQFHLQWKHVRFLDOL]DWLRQRILQWHUJURXSDWWLWXGHVDQGEHKDYLRUV HJ %UHFKZDOG 3ULQVWHLQ9DQ=DONet al. DQGFRQWDFWZLWKPL JUDQWVDWWKLVDJHFDQKDYHDEHQHILFLDOLQIOXHQFH :|OIHUet al. )XU WKHUPRUHDGROHVFHQWVWHQGWRHQODUJHWKHLUVRFLDOKRUL]RQDQGLQFUHDVLQJO\ GHILQHWKHPVHOYHVDVPHPEHUVRIPXOWLSOHJURXSV HJ%HQLVK:HLVPDQet al. ,QGHHGLQWKLVSHULRGWKHGHYHORSPHQWRIVRFLDOLGHQWLW\XQGHU

JRHV FUXFLDO FKDQJHV UHODWHG WR WKH H[SDQVLRQ RI VRFLDO FRJQLWLRQ )RU H[ DPSOHGXULQJWKLVSKDVHRIOLIHWKHUHLVDJURZLQJXQGHUVWDQGLQJRIJURXS QRUPV $EUDPV 5XWODQG EXWDOVRWKHGHYHORSPHQWRIPRUDOEH OLHIV 5XWODQG.LOOHQ $EUDPV DVZHOODVSROLWLFDODQGHWKQLFLGHQ WLWLHV (POHU  )UHQFK et al.   'XULQJ DGROHVFHQFH LQGLYLGXDOV FRQVROLGDWHDOVRWKHLUDEVWUDFWUHDVRQLQJDELOLWLHVZKLFKUHSUHVHQWDSUHUHT XLVLWHIRUXQGHUVWDQGLQJWROHUDQFHSULQFLSOHV +MHUP5\GJUHQ  $OORIWKHVHFRJQLWLYHDQGVRFLDOGHYHORSPHQWDOWUDQVIRUPDWLRQVPDNHDGR OHVFHQFH DQ HVSHFLDOO\ VHQVLWLYH SHULRG IRU DFTXLULQJ WROHUDQW DWWLWXGHV WR ZDUGPLJUDQWV

'XULQJWKHVXEVHTXHQWGHYHORSPHQWDOVWDJHRIWHQUHIHUUHGWRDV³HPHUJ LQJDGXOWKRRG´LQGLYLGXDOVDOVRJRWKURXJKPDQ\GLIIHUHQWWUDQVLWLRQV UH JDUGLQJIDPLO\RFFXSDWLRQKRXVLQJHWF ZKLFKDUHFKDUDFWHUL]HGE\LGHQ WLW\ H[SORUDWLRQ LQVWDELOLW\ DQG FRQFHUQ IRU WKH VHOI DFFRPSDQLHG E\ WKH DGRSWLRQRIQHZVRFLDOUROHV $UQHWW )RUH[DPSOHIURPWKHDJHRI LQPDQ\FRXQWULHVLWLVSRVVLEOHWRYRWHLQSROLWLFDOHOHFWLRQV7KLVGH WHUPLQHV DOVR QHZ UHVSRQVLELOLWLHV WRZDUG VRFLHW\ DQG PRUH RSSRUWXQLWLHV IRUWKHGHYHORSPHQWRIDSROLWLFDOLGHQWLW\WKURXJKH[SHULHQFHWKDQLQDGR OHVFHQFH (POHU 0RUHRYHULWKDVEHHQDUJXHGWKDW\RXQJDGXOWKRRG

(4)



DFTXLUHVSDUWLFXODULPSRUWDQFHIRUWKHGHYHORSPHQWRILQWHUFXOWXUDOPDWXUL W\ZKLFKLVFRQGXFLYHWRLQFUHDVLQJWROHUDQFHDQGRSHQQHVVWRZDUGVGLYHU VLW\ .LQJ  0DJROGD  .XEDO et al.   ,W KDV EHHQ VKRZQ IRU H[DPSOHWKDWGHYHORSPHQWDOJDLQVLQLGHQWLW\GHYHORSPHQWPRUDOUHDVRQ LQJ DQG HPSDWK\ LQ HPHUJLQJ DGXOWKRRG PDNH LW D FUXFLDO PRPHQW WR DG GUHVV WROHUDQFH DQG UHVSHFW IRU KXPDQ GLIIHUHQFHV *HUVRQ  1HLOVRQ   )RU WKHVH UHDVRQV WKH OHYHOV RI WROHUDQFH WKDW LQGLYLGXDOV GHPRQ VWUDWH LQ WKLV OLIH SHULRG PD\ KDYH LPSRUWDQW SUDFWLFDO DQG VRFLHWDO FRQVH TXHQFHV

5HFHQWUHVHDUFKKDVIRFXVHGRQDZLGHUDQJHRILQIOXHQFLQJIDFWRUVWKDW FDQEHSODFHGDFFRUGLQJWRDQHFRORJLFDODSSURDFKDFURVVLQGLYLGXDODQGVR FLDOHQYLURQPHQWDO OHYHOV RI H[SODQDWLRQ LH $VK\   0RUHRYHU LW LV DOVR UHDVRQDEOH WR DVVXPH WKDW WKH HIIHFW RI VRPH IDFWRUV LV QRW WKH VDPH DFURVVGHYHORSPHQWVWDJHV,QWKHQH[WSDUDJUDSKVZHSURYLGHVRPHLQVLJKWV DERXW WKH SURFHVV RI WROHUDQFH SURPRWLRQ VXJJHVWLQJ VRPH VSHFLILF IDFWRUV ZKLFKPD\EHSDUWLFXODUO\UHOHYDQWGXULQJDGROHVFHQFHDQG\RXQJDGXOWKRRG

1.2 Participation and tolerance toward migrants 

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p (ULFNVRQ5DSS )UHLWDJ (QJDJHPHQWRQFLYLFDQG SROLWLFDOLVVXHVJHQHUDOO\SXWVLQGLYLGXDOVLQDFROOHFWLYHFROODERUDWLYHVHW WLQJ ZKHUH WKHUH LV JURXS LQWHUDFWLRQ DQG FRRSHUDWLYH HIIRUWV 6XFK VLWXD WLRQVKRXOGSURPRWHWKHGHYHORSPHQWRIWUXVWLQRWKHUVDQGQRUPVRIUHFL SURFLW\DQGPRUHJHQHUDOO\DFFHSWDQFHDQGXQGHUVWDQGLQJRIVRFLHWDOGLYHU VLW\ 5DSS )UHLWDJ 6RPHSUHOLPLQDU\HPSLULFDOFRQILUPDWLRQGH

(5)

ULYHVIRUH[DPSOHIURPWKHUHVXOWVRIWKHVWXG\E\(VFDQGHOO  ZKR VKRZHGWKDWLQ6RXWKHUQ(XURSHWKHUHZDVDVWURQJVLJQLILFDQWDVVRFLDWLRQ EHWZHHQ WUXVW LQ LQVWLWXWLRQV VXFK DV 1*2V DQG YROXQWDU\ RUJDQL]DWLRQV  DQGGHFUHDVHGOHYHOVRIDQWLLPPLJUDQWVHQWLPHQWDQGLQWHUJURXSFRQIOLFW

+RZHYHULWLVVWLOOQRWFOHDUZKLFKNLQGRISDUWLFLSDWLRQFRXOGEHDVVRFL DWHG ZLWKGLIIHUHQW OHYHOV RIWROHUDQFH DQG LWLVUHDVRQDEOH WREHOLHYH WKDW GLIIHUHQWNLQGVRISDUWLFLSDWRU\DFWLYLWLHVFDQDOVRKDYHDSRVLWLYHQHJDWLYH RU QXOO LPSDFW &LYLF HQJDJHPHQW OLNH YROXQWHHULQJ IRU H[DPSOH FRXOG SURYLGH PRUH RSSRUWXQLWLHV WRXQGHUVWDQGDQG HQJDJH ZLWK LVVXHV LQ FRP PXQLWLHVGLIIHUHQWIURPRQH¶VRZQ3ROLWLFDODQGRQOLQHSDUWLFLSDWLRQKRZ HYHUPD\QRWEHQHFHVVDULO\UHODWHGWRFRQQHFWLQJZLWKGLYHUVHLVVXHVDQG SHRSOH DQG WKXV WKHLU UHODWLRQ WR WROHUDQFH SURPRWLRQ LV VWLOO QRW FOHDU 0RUHRYHULWKDVEHHQQRWHGWKDWSROLWLFDOLQYROYHPHQWLVJHQHUDOO\ORZHULQ DGROHVFHQFH 6FKXO]et al. ZKHQWKHUHDUHOHVVRSSRUWXQLWLHVIRUWKLV W\SHRIHQJDJHPHQWLQFRPSDULVRQWRYROXQWHHULQJDQGFRPPXQLW\DFWLYL WLHVVRLWFRXOGEHDOHVVUHOHYDQWIDFWRUIRUWKHSURPRWLRQRIWROHUDQFH

1.3 Other factors promoting tolerance toward migrants 

7KHOLWHUDWXUHVKRZHGWKDWVRPHEDFNJURXQGVRFLRGHPRJUDSKLFIDFWRUV PLJKW EH UHODWHG WR WKH GHYHORSPHQW RI WROHUDQFH ,Q SDUWLFXODU IHPDOHV VKRZHGPRUHWROHUDQWDWWLWXGHVWKDQPDOHV HJ7RUQH\3XUWDet al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¶ GHPRFUDWLF ZRUOGYLHZ +DKQ 

(6)



1.4 Aims 

7KH SUHVHQW ZRUN ZDV DLPHG DW YHULI\LQJ WKH UHODWLRQVKLS EHWZHHQ HQ JDJHPHQWLQGLIIHUHQWIRUPVRISDUWLFLSDWLRQGXULQJDGROHVFHQFHDQG\RXQJ DGXOWKRRGDQGWROHUDQFHWRZDUGPLJUDQWV)RUWKLVSXUSRVHZHVHWXSWZR VWXGLHVEDVHGRQWZRGLIIHUHQWVHWVRI,WDOLDQGDWDFROOHFWHGDVSDUWRIWKH (XURSHDQIXQGHG UHVHDUFK SURMHFWV )3 PIDOP Processes Influencing

Democratic Ownership and Participation  DQG + CATCH-EyoU

Constructing Active Citizenship with European Youth 

:HK\SRWKHVL]HGWKDWEHLQJLQYROYHGLQGLIIHUHQWSDUWLFLSDWRU\FRQWH[WV ZRXOGUHSUHVHQWDQRSSRUWXQLW\IRUGHYHORSLQJWROHUDQWDWWLWXGHV +  :HDOVRFRQWUROOHGIRUWKHLPSDFWRIVFKRROFOLPDWH IDLUQHVV DQGRIGLI IHUHQWVRFLRGHPRJUDSKLFYDULDEOHV,QGHHGLQDFFRUGDQFHZLWK*QLHZRV]  1RDFN  ZHH[SHFWHGWKDWSHUFHLYHGIDLUQHVVDWVFKRROZDVDVVRFLDWHG ZLWKKLJKHUOHYHOVRIWROHUDQFH + 0RUHRYHUDFFRUGLQJWRWKHOLWHUDWXUH ZHH[SHFWHGWKDWIHPDOHVKDGPRUHSRVLWLYHDWWLWXGHVWKDQPDOHVDQGWKDW VLPLODUUHVXOWVDUHIRXQGDOVRIRUWROHUDQFH HJ7RUQH\3XUWDet al.  + 0LJUDQWSDUWLFLSDQWVDVEHORQJLQJWRWKHVDPHLQJURXSVKRXOGKDYH PRUH SRVLWLYH DWWLWXGHV DQG WKXV PRUH WROHUDQFH HJ 7DMIHO  7XUQHU   +  )LQDOO\ LQ OLQH ZLWK D SUHYLRXV VWXG\ *QLHZRV]  1RDFN  ZHH[SHFWHGWKDWVWXGHQWVZLWKKLJKHUHGXFDWHGSDUHQWVZRXOGUHSRUW PRUHWROHUDQWYLHZVWRZDUGVIRUHLJQHUV +    6WXG\



2.1 Method 

,Q 6WXG\ ZHLQYHVWLJDWHG WKH UHODWLRQVKLS EHWZHHQ GLIIHUHQW IRUPVRI FLYLFDQGSROLWLFDOSDUWLFLSDWLRQDQGWROHUDQFHWRZDUGPLJUDQWV7KHVDPSOH FRQVLVWHGRI,WDOLDQDGROHVFHQWVDQG\RXQJDGXOWV3DUWLFLSDQWVFRP

SOHWHG D SDSHU TXHVWLRQQDLUH DQG WKH IROORZLQJ YDULDEOHV ZHUH FRQVLGHUHG IRU WKH DQDO\VHV DJH JHQGHU PLJUDQW VWDWXV SDUHQWV¶ HGXFDWLRQ GLIIHUHQW IRUPV RI SDUWLFLSDWLRQ DQG WROHUDQFH WRZDUG PLJUDQWV 7KH VWXG\ ZDV DS SURYHGE\WKH%LRHWKLF%RDUGRIWKH8QLYHUVLW\RI%RORJQD

)HPDOHVZHUHDQGWKHPHDQDJHZDV\HDUV PLQPD[   0RUH VSHFLILFDOO\ WKH DJH RI DGROHVFHQWV n     UDQJHG IURPWR\HDUVROG7KHDJHRI\RXQJDGXOWV  UDQJHGIURP



7KHUHVHDUFKUHSRUWHGLQ6WXG\ZDVVXSSRUWHGE\DJUDQWUHFHLYHGE\WKH(XURSHDQ

&RPPLVVLRQ¶V WK )UDPHZRUN 3URJUDPPH )366+ *UDQW $JUHHPHQW 1  Processes Influencing Democratic Ownership and Participation (PIDOP) (2009-2012).

(7)

WR\HDUVROG0LJUDQWVWDWXVZDVDVVHVVHGDVNLQJLISDUWLFLSDQWVZHUH ERUQLQWKHVDPHFRXQWU\LQZKLFKGDWDZHUHFROOHFWHG  RULQDQRWK HUFRXQWU\  7KHOHYHOVRIPRWKHU¶VDQGIDWKHU¶VHGXFDWLRQZDVDV VHVVHGFRQVLGHULQJLIWKH\UHDFKHGDEDFKHORUPDVWHUGHJUHH RIERWK PRWKHUVDQGIDWKHUV RUDORZHUORZHGGHJUHH    )RUWKHSXUSRVHVRIWKLVVWXG\participation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³QHYHU´ WR ³YHU\RIWHQ´ 5HVXOWVRIWKHURWDWHGIDFWRUDQDO\VLV DUHUHSRUWHGLQ7DEOH(DFKLWHPVKRZHGDORDGLQJIDFWRUKLJKHUWKDQ RQDVLQJOHIDFWRU DQGORZHUWKDQLQWKHRWKHUV 



Tab. 1 – Study 1 items assessing participation: Rotated factor matrix

 Factor  1 Online 2 Political (unconventional) 3 Civic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ote)DFWRUORDGLQJVDUHQRWVKRZQ  7KHDOSKDRIWKHLWHPVDVVHVVLQJRQOLQHSDUWLFLSDWLRQZDVDFFHSWDEOH Į  DQGDPHDQLQGH[ZDVXVHGLQWKHDQDO\VLV M SD  $ VLPLODUSURFHGXUHZDVIROORZHGDOVRIRULWHPVDVVHVVLQJSROLWLFDOXQFRQYHQ

(8)



WLRQDO Į M SD  DQGFLYLFSDUWLFLSDWLRQ Į M  SD  7KHYDOXHVRIWKH&URQEDFK¶VĮRIFLYLFSDUWLFLSDWLRQDS SHDUHG TXLWH ORZ +RZHYHU Į PHDVXUHV QRW RQO\ WKH KRPRJHQHLW\ RI WKH LWHPVEXWDOVRWKHKRPRJHQHLW\RIZKDWLVEHLQJDVVHVVHG 6WUHLQHU  HYHQ VHHPLQJO\ XQLGLPHQVLRQDO FRQVWUXFWV SDUWLFLSDWLRQ EHKDYLRUV FDQ EH FRQFHSWXDOL]HGKDYLQJDQXPEHURIGLIIHUHQWDVSHFWV0RUHRYHUWKHORZDO SKD FRXOG EH DIIHFWHG E\ WKH VPDOO OHQJWK RI WKH VFDOH &RUWLQD  6WUHLQHU   )RU DOO WKHVH UHDVRQV DQG DOVR IRU FRPSDULVRQ SXUSRVHV ZLWK6WXG\ZHGHFLGHGWRNHHSWKHVHWKUHHLWHPVVXEVFDOHDVDPHDVXUHRI FLYLFSDUWLFLSDWLRQ

Tolerance ZDV DVVHVVHG WKURXJK IRXU LWHPV PHDVXULQJ WKH VXSSRUW IRU

VRPHPLJUDQWV¶ULJKWVWRPDLQWDLQWKHLUWUDGLWLRQVDQGFXOWXUDOKHULWDJHWR SUHVHUYHWKHLURZQODQJXDJHVWRHDUQWKHVDPHZDJHZKHQGRLQJWKHVDPH MREDVDQ\RWKHUSHUVRQDQGWREHJUDQWHGZLWKWKHVDPHULJKWVDVDQ\RWKHU SHUVRQ$QVZHUVZHUHSURYLGHGRQDSRLQWVFDOHUDQJLQJIURP ³VWURQJ O\GLVDJUHH´ WR ³VWURQJO\DJUHH´ $PHDQLQGH[ZDVXVHGLQWKHDQDO\VLV Į M SD   7KHDQDO\VHVZHUHFRQGXFWHGVHSDUDWHO\DPRQJDGROHVFHQWVDQG\RXQJ DGXOWVXVLQJWKHVRIWZDUH63667KHYDOXHVRIVNHZQHVVDQGNXUWRVLVRI WROHUDQFHRQOLQHDQGFLYLFSDUWLFLSDWLRQZHUHORZHUWKDQ2QO\WKHYDO XHRINXUWRVLVRISROLWLFDOXQFRQYHQWLRQDO SDUWLFLSDWLRQZDVVOLJKWO\KLJKHU WKDQ :HVW )LQFK DQG &XUUDQ   $IWHU FRUUHODWLRQV WROHUDQFH WRZDUG PLJUDQWVZDVUHJUHVVHGWKURXJK8QLYDULDWH*/0SURFHGXUHRQWKHIROORZ LQJYDULDEOHVDJHJHQGHUPLJUDQWVWDWXVSDUHQWV¶HGXFDWLRQDQGWKHWKUHH IRUPVRISDUWLFLSDWLRQ

2.2 Results



7DEOH  SUHVHQWV WKH FRUUHODWLRQV EHWZHHQ GLIIHUHQW IRUPV RI SDUWLFLSD WLRQ RQOLQHXQFRQYHQWLRQDODQGFLYLF DQGWROHUDQFHWRZDUGPLJUDQWV

7DEOH SUHVHQWVWKHUHVXOWV RIWKH UHJUHVVLRQ DQDO\VLV &LYLFSDUWLFLSD WLRQVKRZHGDVLJQLILFDQWHIIHFWRQWROHUDQFHWRZDUGPLJUDQWVLQERWKVXE VDPSOHV DGROHVFHQWVDQG\RXQJDGXOWV ZKLOHRQOLQHSDUWLFLSDWLRQVKRZHG DVLJQLILFDQWHIIHFWRQO\DPRQJ\RXQJDGXOWV2WKHUUHVXOWVDERXWIDLUQHVV DWVFKRRODQGVRFLRGHPRJUDSKLFVZLOOEHFRPPHQWHGLQGHWDLOLQWKHJHQ HUDOGLVFXVVLRQ

(9)

Tab. 2 – Correlations between participation and tolerance among adolescents and young adults: Study 1  1. 2. 3. 4. 7ROHUDQFHWRZDUGPLJUDQWV        2QOLQHSDUWLFLSDWLRQ       8QFRQYHQWLRQDOSDUWLFLSD WLRQ        &LYLFSDUWLFLSDWLRQ        Notes3HDUVRQ¶VFRUUHODWLRQVDUHUHSRUWHG p  p &RUUHODWLRQVIRU\RXQJDGXOWVDUHSUHVHQWHGDERYHWKHGLDJRQDODQGFRUUHODWLRQVIRU DGROHVFHQWVDUHSUHVHQWHGEHORZWKHGLDJRQDO 

Tab. 3 – Multilinear regression results: Study 1. Dependent variable: Tolerance toward mi-grants

 Adolescents Young adults

9DULDEOHV ) p ) p      0LJUDQWVWDWXV     *HQGHU )      0RWKHUV¶HGXFDWLRQ     )DWKHU¶VHGXFDWLRQ     2QOLQHSDUWLFLSDWLRQ     8QFRQYHQWLRQDO SDUWLF LSDWLRQ     &LYLFSDUWLFLSDWLRQ          5     $GMXVWHG5       6WXG\



 3.1 Method 

,Q6WXG\ZHLQYHVWLJDWHG WKHUHODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQ GLIIHUHQWIRUPV RI SDUWLFLSDWLRQ VFKRRO FOLPDWH DQG WROHUDQFH WRZDUG PLJUDQWV DQG UHIXJHHV 7KHUHFUXLWPHQWVWUDWHJ\ZDVWDUJHWHGDW\RXQJSHRSOHEHWZHHQDQG \HDUVROG$IWHUUHFHLYLQJDQLQYLWDWLRQIURPWKHUHVHDUFKHUVDQGDSUHVHQWD WLRQRIWKHDLPVRIWKHVWXG\SDUWLFLSDQWVGHFLGHGWRWDNHSDUWLQWKHVWXG\

(10)

 RQDYROXQWDU\EDVLV7KHVWXG\ZDVDSSURYHGE\WKH%LRHWKLF%RDUGRIWKH 8QLYHUVLW\RI%RORJQD 7KHVDPSOHFRQVLVWHGRI,WDOLDQDGROHVFHQWVDQG\RXQJDGXOWV$V LQ6WXG\WKHIROORZLQJVRFLRGHPRJUDSKLFYDULDEOHVZHUHFRQVLGHUHGIRU WKHDQDO\VHVRIWKHSUHVHQWVWXG\DJHJHQGHUPLJUDQWVWDWXVDQGSDUHQWV¶ HGXFDWLRQ 0RUHRYHU LQ DFFRUGDQFH ZLWK RXU VHFRQG K\SRWKHVLV +  DQG *QLHZRV] DQG1RDFN  ZHDVVHVVHGDOVRIDLUQHVV DWVFKRRO)XUWKHU PRUHZLWKUHVSHFWWR6WXG\FRQVLGHULQJWKHUHFHQWUHIXJHHFULVLV %DQ VDN+DLQPXHOOHU +DQJDUWQHU ZHGHFLGHGWRLQWURGXFHDOVRDQDV VHVVPHQWRIWROHUDQFHWRZDUGUHIXJHHV )HPDOHVZHUHRIWKHVDPSOHDQGPHDQDJHZDV\HDUV PLQ PD[ 0RUHVSHFLILFDOO\WKHDJHRI³DGROHVFHQWV´ n   UDQJHG IURP  WR  \HDUV ROG 7KH DJH RI ³\RXQJ DGXOWV´ n    UDQJHGIURPWR\HDUVROG0LJUDQWVWDWXVZDVDVVHVVHGDVLQ 6WXG\DVNLQJLISDUWLFLSDQWVZHUHERUQLQWKHVDPHFRXQWU\LQZKLFKGDWD ZHUH FROOHFWHG   RU LQ DQRWKHU FRXQWU\   $V LQ 6WXG\  WKH OHYHOVRIPRWKHU¶VDQGIDWKHU¶VHGXFDWLRQZDVDVVHVVHGFRQVLGHULQJLIWKH\ UHDFKHGDEDFKHORUPDVWHU¶VGHJUHH IDWKHUVPRWKHUV RUD ORZHUGHJUHH



7KH PHDVXUH RI school climate ZDV DVVHVVHG RQO\ LQ WKH DGROHVFHQWV¶ JURXSDQGIRFXVHGRQSHUFHLYHGfairness HJ³RXUWHDFKHUVWUHDWXVIDLUO\´ ³WKHUXOHVLQRXUVFKRRODUHIDLU´ ´7KHFRUUHODWLRQEHWZHHQWKHWZRLWHPV ZDVTXLWHKLJK r p DQGDPHDQLQGH[ZDVXVHGLQWKHDQDO\ VLV M SD  

ParticipationZDVDVVHVVHGDVNLQJLILQWKHODVW\HDUWKH\WRRNSDUWLQD

OLVW RI DFWLYLWLHV ZKLFK SDUWLDOO\ GLIIHUHG IURP VWXG\ RQH DVVHVVLQJ IRXU W\SHVRISDUWLFLSDWLRQRQOLQHFLYLFFRQYHQWLRQDOSROLWLFDODQGSURWHVW5H VXOWVRIWKHURWDWHGIDFWRUPDWUL[ZKLFKDUHUHSRUWHGLQ7DEOHVKRZHGD IRXUIDFWRUVVWUXFWXUH(DFKLWHPVKRZHGDORDGLQJIDFWRUKLJKHUWKDQLQ DVLQJOHIDFWRU DQGORZHUWKDQLQWKHRWKHUV Online participation FLY LFDQGSROLWLFDO LQFOXGHVLWHPVVLPLODUWR6WXG\$PHDQLQGH[ZDVWKXV XVHGIRUWKHDQDO\VHV Į M SD  Civic participation ZDVPHDVXUHGWKURXJKLWHPVVLPLODUO\WR6WXG\ZLWKHYHQKLJKHUYDO XHVRI&URQEDFK¶VĮ Į  $PHDQLQGH[ZDVWKXVXVHGIRUWKHDQDO\VHV



7KHUHVHDUFKSUHVHQWHGLQ6WXG\LVEDVHGRQGDWDFROOHFWHGXQGHUCATCH-EyoUSUR

MHFW IXQGHG E\ (XURSHDQ 8QLRQ +RUL]RQ  3URJUDPPH Constructing AcTive Citizen-sHip with European Youth: Policies, Practices, Challenges, and Solutions   ZZZFDWFKH\RXHX >*UDQW$JUHHPHQW1R@7KHGDWDEDVHXVHGIRUWKLVDUWLFOHLVDF FHVVLEOHDWWKHIROORZLQJOLQNKWWSDPVDFWDXQLERLWLGHSULQW

(11)

M SD  Conventional political participation OLNHZRUNLQJIRU D SROLWLFDOSDUW\ RUIRU DSROLWLFDO FDQGLGDWH  LQFOXGHV  LWHPVDQG DOVR LQ WKLVFDVHDPHDQLQGH[ZDVFDOFXODWHG Į M SD

 Pro-test ZDV PHDVXUHG WKURXJK  LWHPV DVVHVVLQJ GLIIHUHQW SURWHVW EHKDYLRUV

HJWDNLQJSDUWLQDSROLWLFDOHYHQWZKHUHWKHUHZDVDSK\VLFDOFRQIURQWD WLRQZLWKRSSRQHQWVWDNLQJSDUWLQDQRFFXSDWLRQRIDEXLOGLQJRUDSXEOLF VSDFH DQGDPHDQLQGH[ZDVXVHGLQWKHDQDO\VLV Į M SD   



Tab. 4 – Study 2 items assessing participation: Rotated factor matrix

 Factor  1 Online 2 Political (conventional) 3 Civic 4 Protest 'LVFXVVHGVRFLDORUSROLWLFDOLVVXHVRQ WKHLQWHUQHW     6KDUHGQHZVRUPXVLFRUYLGHRVZLWK VRFLDORUSROLWLFDOFRQWHQWZLWKSHRSOHLQ P\VRFLDOQHWZRUNV HJLQ)DFHERRN 7ZLWWHUHWF      -RLQHGVRFLDORUSROLWLFDOJURXSRQ)D FHERRN RURWKHUVRFLDOQHWZRUNV      :RUNHGIRUDSROLWLFDOSDUW\RUDSROLWL FDOFDQGLGDWH     &RQWDFWHGDSROLWLFLDQRUSXEOLFRIILFLDO IRUH[DPSOHYLDHPDLO      &UHDWHGSROLWLFDOFRQWHQWRQOLQH HJ YLGHRZHESDJHSRVWLQDEORJ      3DUWLFLSDWHGLQDFRQFHUWRUDFKDULW\ HYHQWIRUDVRFLDORUSROLWLFDOFDXVH     9ROXQWHHUHGRUZRUNHGIRUDVRFLDO FDXVH FKLOGUHQWKHHOGHU O\UHIXJHHVRWKHUSHRSOHLQQHHG\RXWK RUJDQL]DWLRQ      'RQDWHGPRQH\WRDVRFLDOFDXVH     7DNHQSDUWLQDQRFFXSDWLRQRIDEXLOG LQJRUDSXEOLFVSDFH     7DNHQSDUWLQDSROLWLFDOHYHQWZKHUH WKHUHZDVDSK\VLFDOFRQIURQWDWLRQZLWK SROLWLFDORSSRQHQWVRUZLWKWKHSROLFH     3DLQWHGRUVWXFNSROLWLFDOPHVVDJHVRU JUDIILWLRQZDOOV     Note)DFWRUORDGLQJVDUHQRWVKRZQ

Tolerance toward migrantsZDVDVVHVVHGWKURXJKWKUHHLWHPV ³PLJUDQWV

VKRXOG KDYH WKH ULJKW WR PDLQWDLQ WKHLU WUDGLWLRQV DQG FXOWXUDO KHULWDJH´ ³PLJUDQWVVKRXOGKDYHWKHULJKWWRSUHVHUYHWKHLURZQODQJXDJH´³PLJUDQWV

(12)



KDYH D WHQGHQF\ WR WDNH MRE RSSRUWXQLWLHV IURP ORFDO SHRSOH´ ௅ UHYHUVHG LWHP  7KH SRVVLEOH DQVZHUV UDQJHG IURP  ³VWURQJO\ GLVDJUHH´  WR  ³VWURQJO\ DJUHH´  7KH DOSKD RI WKH LWHPV DVVHVVLQJ WROHUDQFHWRZDUG PL JUDQWVZDVDFFHSWDEOHDQGDPHDQLQGH[ZDVWKXVXVHGLQWKHDQDO\VLV Į  M SD  

Tolerance toward refugeesZDVDVVHVVHGWKURXJKWKUHHLWHPV ³,IHHOWKDW

UHIXJHHVVKRXOGKDYHWKHULJKWWRPDLQWDLQWKHLUWUDGLWLRQVDQGFXOWXUDOKHU LWDJH´³,IHHOWKDWRXUJRYHUQPHQWGRHVQRWGRHQRXJKWRKHOSUHIXJHHV´³, IHHO WKDW RXU FRXQWU\ KDV HQRXJK HFRQRPLF SUREOHPV DQG WKDW LV ZK\ ZH FDQQRWDIIRUGWRKHOSUHIXJHHV´±UHYHUVHGLWHP )RUWKHVHLWHPVWKHSRVVL EOH DQVZHUV UDQJHG IURP  ³VWURQJO\ GLVDJUHH´  WR  ³VWURQJO\ DJUHH´  7KHDOSKDRIWKHLWHPVDVVHVVLQJWROHUDQFHWRZDUGPLJUDQWVZDVDFFHSWDEOH DQGDPHDQLQGH[ZDVWKXVXVHGLQWKHDQDO\VLV Į M = SD   

7KHDQDO\VHVZHUHFRQGXFWHGVHSDUDWHO\DPRQJDGROHVFHQWVDQG\RXQJ DGXOWVXVLQJWKHVRIWZDUH6366,QWKHPDLQDQDO\VHVWROHUDQFHWRZDUG PLJUDQWV DQG WROHUDQFH WRZDUG UHIXJHHV ZHUH UHJUHVVHG RQ WKH IROORZLQJ YDULDEOHVDJHJHQGHUPLJUDQWVWDWXVSDUHQWV¶HGXFDWLRQVFKRROHGXFDWLRQ DQGWKHIRXUIRUPVRISDUWLFLSDWLRQ

3.2 Results



7DEOH  SUHVHQWV WKH FRUUHODWLRQV EHWZHHQ GLIIHUHQW IRUPV RI SDUWLFLSD WLRQ±FLYLFRQOLQHFRQYHQWLRQDOSROLWLFDODQGSURWHVW±DPRQJDGROHVFHQWV DQG\RXQJDGXOWV



Tab. 5 – Correlations between participation and tolerance among adolescents and young adults: Study 2  1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7ROHUDQFHWRZDUGPL JUDQWV          7ROHUDQFHWRZDUGUHIX JHHV           2QOLQHSDUWLFLSDWLRQ          3ROLWLFDOSDUWLFLSDWLRQ FRQYHQWLRQDO           &LYLFSDUWLFLSDWLRQ            3URWHVW          Notes3HDUVRQ¶VFRUUHODWLRQVDUHUHSRUWHG p  p &RUUHODWLRQVIRU\RXQJDGXOWVDUHSUHVHQWHGDERYHWKHGLDJRQDODQGFRUUHODWLRQVIRU DGROHVFHQWVDUHSUHVHQWHGEHORZWKHGLDJRQDO 

(13)

,Q 7DEOH  DQG  ZH SUHVHQW WKH UHVXOWV RI WKH UHJUHVVLRQ DQDO\VHV DPRQJDGROHVFHQWDQG\RXQJDGXOWV$PRQJDGROHVFHQWVZHSUHVHQWWKHUH VXOWV RI WKH ILQDO PRGHOV LQFOXGLQJ DOVR VFKRRO FOLPDWH ± IDLUQHVV EXW ZH PXVWQRWHWKDWWKHRWKHUVLJQLILFDQWYDULDEOHVUHPDLQVLJQLILFDQWDOVRLQWKH DOWHUQDWLYHPRGHO ZLWKRXWVFKRROFOLPDWH 

Tab. 6 – Multilinear regression results: Study 2. Dependent variable: Tolerance toward mi-grants

 Adolescents Young adults

9DULDEOHV ) p ) p      0LJUDQWVWDWXV     *HQGHU )      0RWKHUV¶HGXFDWLRQ     )DWKHUVHGXFDWLRQ     6FKRROFOLPDWH±IDLUQHVV     2QOLQHSDUWLFLSDWLRQ     3ROLWLFDOSDUWLFLSDWLRQ FRQYHQWLRQDO      &LYLFSDUWLFLSDWLRQ     3URWHVW          5     $GMXVWHG5     

Tab. 7 – Multilinear regression results: Study 2. Dependent variable: Tolerance toward ref-ugees

 Adolescents Young adults

9DULDEOHV ) p ) p      0LJUDQWVWDWXV     *HQGHU )      0RWKHUV¶HGXFDWLRQ     )DWKHUVHGXFDWLRQ     6FKRROFOLPDWH±IDLUQHVV     2QOLQHSDUWLFLSDWLRQ     3ROLWLFDOSDUWLFLSDWLRQ FRQYHQWLRQDO      &LYLFSDUWLFLSDWLRQ     3URWHVW          5     $GMXVWHG5       

(14)



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± EHLQJ IHPDOH PLJUDQW DQG ZLWK KLJKHUHGXFDWHGSDUHQWV±ZHUHSRVLWLYHO\DVVRFLDWHGZLWKKLJKHUWROHUDQFH WRZDUGPLJUDQWV0RUHVSHFLILFDOO\LQDFFRUGDQFHZLWKRXUK\SRWKHVLV+ DQGWKHH[LVWLQJOLWHUDWXUH HJ7RUQH\3XUWDet al. LQPRVWRIRXU VXEVDPSOHVH[FHSWIRU\RXQJDGXOWVLQ6WXG\EHLQJIHPDOHZDVDVVRFLDW HGZLWKKLJKHUOHYHOVRIUHSRUWHGWROHUDQFH6LPLODUO\LQPRVWRIRXUVXE VDPSOHVH[FHSWIRU\RXQJDGXOWVLQ6WXG\EHLQJERUQLQDQRWKHUFRXQWU\ ZDVDVVRFLDWHGZLWKKLJKHUOHYHOVRIWROHUDQFHFRQVLVWHQWO\ZLWK+0RWK HU¶VDQGIDWKHU¶VHGXFDWLRQZDVDVVRFLDWHGZLWKKLJKHUOHYHOVRIWROHUDQFHLQ VRPHRIRXUVXEVDPSOHVZLWKDQXQFOHDUSDWWHUQ,QDOOFDVHVWKHHIIHFWZDV PRGHVWVXJJHVWLQJWKDWSDUHQWV¶HGXFDWLRQKDVVRPHLPSRUWDQFH DFFRUGLQJ WR +  HYHQLILWLVQRW WKH PRVW UHOHYDQWIDFWRU $OWRJHWKHU WKHVH UHVXOWV VXJJHVW WKDW EDFNJURXQG FKDUDFWHULVWLFV SDUWLFXODUO\ JHQGHU DQG PLJUDQW EDFNJURXQGLPSDFWWKHOHYHORIWROHUDQFHH[KLELWHGWRZDUGVPLJUDQWV

+RZHYHU WKH UHVXOWV IURP RXU WZR VWXGLHV HPSKDVL]HG DOVR WKH LP SRUWDQFHRIIDFWRUVWKDWDUHPRUHHDVLO\SURQHWRFKDQJH,QGHHGDFFRUGLQJWR RXU PDLQ K\SRWKHVLV+ GLIIHUHQWIRUPVRIFLYLF DQG SROLWLFDOSDUWLFLSDWLRQ GHPRQVWUDWHGDVLJQLILFDQWHIIHFWRQWROHUDQFHERWKWRZDUGPLJUDQWVDQGUHI XJHHV0RUHVSHFLILFDOO\ZHIRXQGWKDWFLYLFIRUPVRISDUWLFLSDWLRQZHUHWKH PRVWSUHGLFWLYHRIWROHUDQFHVXJJHVWLQJWKDWWKHVHIRUPVRISDUWLFLSDWLRQSUR YLGH PRUH RSSRUWXQLWLHV IRU FRQWDFW ZLWK ³GLIIHUHQWLDWHG RWKHUV´ LQ D GHPR FUDWLF HQYLURQPHQW )RU DGROHVFHQWV LQ SDUWLFXODU FLYLF HQJDJHPHQW ZDV PRVWFRQVLVWHQWO\OLQNHGWRKLJKHUWROHUDQFHWRZDUGPLJUDQWVDQGUHIXJHHVLQ FRQFRUGDQFHWRREVHUYDWLRQVRIWKHSUHIHUHQFHIRUWKLVIRUPRISDUWLFLSDWLRQLQ DGROHVFHQFH 6FKXO]et al. ,QWKLVVHQVHFLYLFHQJDJHPHQWLQWKHIRUP RI YROXQWHHULQJ PHPEHUVKLS LQ RUJDQL]DWLRQV ZRUNLQJ RQ D VRFLDO FDXVH

(15)

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³UHIXJHHVFULVLV´ 

2QOLQH SDUWLFLSDWLRQ ZDV DOVR DVVRFLDWHG ZLWK PRUH WROHUDQFH RQO\ DPRQJ\RXQJDGXOWVSUREDEO\EHFDXVHRIWKHGLIIHUHQWXVHRI,QWHUQHWEH WZHHQDGROHVFHQWV WRFRPPXQLFDWHZLWKWKHLURZQSHHUV¶JURXS DQG\RXQJ DGXOWV WRLQWHUDFWZLWKDKLJKHUQXPEHURIGLVWDQWSHRSOH 

7KHVH ILQGLQJV VXJJHVW WKDW PRUH UHVHDUFK LV QHHGHG RQ WKH SURFHVVHV DQGPHFKDQLVPVWKURXJKZKLFKGLYHUVHIRUPVRISDUWLFLSDWLRQPD\LPSDFW WROHUDQFHDWWLWXGHV)RUH[DPSOHZHIRXQGWKDWWKHVDPHW\SHRIDFWLYLWLHV± RQOLQH SDUWLFLSDWLRQ ± PD\ KDYH GLIIHUHQW LPSDFW RQ WROHUDQFH LQ GLIIHUHQW DJH JURXSV :H DOVR QRWHG WKDW SUHYLRXVO\ OHVV FRQVLGHUHG IRUPV VXFK DV SROLWLFDOSDUWLFLSDWLRQPLJKWDOVREHUHOHYDQW³VFKRROVIRUWROHUDQFH´7KHVH HIIHFWV ZRXOG QHHG IXUWKHU H[DPLQDWLRQ LQ WHUPV RI WKH FKDUDFWHULVWLFV RI HQJDJLQJ H[SHULHQFHV WKDW SURPRWH WROHUDQFH DQG WKH FRQGLWLRQV LQ ZKLFK HDFKW\SHRISDUWLFLSDWLYHRSSRUWXQLW\KDVDQLPSDFW 6RPHOLPLWVRIWKLVDUWLFOHPXVWEHUHFRJQL]HG)LUVWRIDOOWKHFRUUHOD WLRQDOQDWXUHRIWKHVWXG\GHVLJQGRHVQRWWRDOORZHVWDEOLVKLQJDFDXVDOUH ODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQYDULDEOHV6HFRQGWKHPHDVXUHRIWROHUDQFHZDVSURED EO\DEOHWRDVVHVVWKHUHVSRQGHQWV¶VXSSRUWIRUPLJUDQWV¶ULJKWVEXWLWZDV SUREDEO\QRWDEOHWRSHUIHFWO\DVVHVVWKHFRPSOH[LW\RIWKHWROHUDQFHFRQ VWUXFW WKDW VKRXOG LPSO\ WKH VXSSRUW IRU WKH LQFOXVLRQ RI PLJUDQWV GHVSLWH

(16)



DSSDUHQW QHJDWLYH DWWLWXGHV )HLWDJ  5DSS   )XUWKHU UHVHDUFK ZLWK ORQJLWXGLQDOGHVLJQVDQGPRUHFRPSOH[PHDVXUHVRIWROHUDQFHDQGSDUWLFL SDWLRQZLOOKHOSLQRYHUFRPLQJWKHVHOLPLWV

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¶V*OREDO(GXFDWLRQ)LUVW,Q LWLDWLYH *(), LQZKLFKPDGHIRVWHULQJJOREDOFLWL]HQVKLSRQHRILWV WKUHH HGXFDWLRQ SULRULWLHV 81(6&2   ,Q WKLV IUDPH WROHUDQFH LV RQHNH\OHDUQLQJREMHFWLYHWKDWVKRXOGEHUHDFKHGWRJHWKHUZLWKRWKHUYDO XHVDQGVNLOOVWKDWHQDEOHSHRSOHWROLYHWRJHWKHUSHDFHIXOO\2QD(XURSH DQ OHYHO WRR HGXFDWLRQ RQ FRPSHWHQFHV UHTXLUHG IRU LQWHUFXOWXUDO GLD ORJXH LV FUXFLDOIRUSURPRWLQJWROHUDQFH PXWXDO UHVSHFW DQGXQGHUVWDQG LQJ SUHYHQWLQJ FRQIOLFWV DQG DFKLHYLQJ VRFLDO FRKHVLRQ &RXQFLO RI (X URSH(XURSHDQ8QLRQ 

2YHUDOORXUILQGLQJVHPSKDVL]HWKHVSHFLILFDQGLPSRUWDQWUROHWKDWFLY LF DQG SROLWLFDO SDUWLFLSDWLRQ FRXOG SOD\ DV D ³VFKRRO IRU GHPRFUDF\´ LQ ZKLFK\RXQJSHRSOHPD\OHDUQDUDQJHRIFLYLFVNLOOVDQGHQKDQFHWKHLUWRO HUDQFHWRZDUGPLJUDQWV7KLVPD\KDSSHQWKURXJKGLIIHUHQWSURFHVVHVIRU H[DPSOHSURYLGLQJDFRQWH[WIRULQWHUJURXSFRQWDFWRIIHULQJSHRSOHIURP GLIIHUHQW EDFNJURXQGV WKH RSSRUWXQLW\ WR LQWHUDFW VKDULQJ FRPPRQ JRDOV DQG OHDUQLQJ GHPRFUDWLF YDOXHV ³LQ SUDFWLFH´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¶SDUWLFLSDWLRQLVDVVRFLDWHGZLWKDKLJKHUVHQVH

(17)

RI FRPPXQLW\ WR WKH ORFDO FRPPXQLW\ DQG ZLWK KLJKHU VRFLDO ZHOOEHLQJ %DUELHUL =DQL ,QGHHGHYHQLIDFRPSOHWH LHZLWKRXWDQ\NLQG RIUHMHFWLRQ DFFHSWDQFHZRXOGEHGHVLUDEOHWROHUDQFHDSSHDUVDPRUHUHDO LVWLFJRDOWKDWKHOSVFLYLOVRFLHWLHVDQGFRPPXQLWLHVWRFRSHZLWKULVLQJOHY HOVRIGLYHUVLW\VWHPPLQJIURPLPPLJUDWLRQDQGLQGLYLGXDOLVP   $FNQRZOHGJPHQWV

7KH UHVHDUFK SUHVHQWHG LQ 6WXG\  LV EDVHG RQ GDWD FROOHFWHG XQGHU &$7&+ (\R8SURMHFWIXQGHGE\(XURSHDQ8QLRQ+RUL]RQ3URJUDPPH&RQVWUXFWLQJ $F7LYH&LWL]HQV+LSZLWK(XURSHDQ<RXWK3ROLFLHV3UDFWLFHV&KDOOHQJHVDQG6R OXWLRQV   ZZZFDWFKH\RXHX >*UDQW$JUHHPHQW1R@   5HIHUHQFHV





$EUDPV' 5XWODQG$  7KHGHYHORSPHQWRIVXEMHFWLYHJURXSG\QDP LFV ,Q 6 5 /HY\  0 .LOOHQ (GV  Intergroup attitudes and relations in

childhood through adulthood SS   1HZ <RUN 1< 2[IRUG 8QLYHUVLW\

3UHVV

$UQHWW --   Emerging adulthood: The winding road from the late teens

through the twenties1HZ<RUN2[IRUG8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV

%DQVDN.+DLQPXHOOHU- +DQJDUWQHU'  +RZHFRQRPLFKXPDQLWDUL DQ DQG UHOLJLRXV FRQFHUQV VKDSH (XURSHDQ DWWLWXGHV WRZDUG DV\OXP VHHNHUV

Science6HSGRLVFLHQFHDDJ

%DUELHUL, =DQL%  0XOWLSOH6HQVHRI&RPPXQLW\LGHQWLW\DQGZHOO EHLQJLQDFRQWH[WRIPXOWLFXOWXUH$PHGLDWLRQPRGHOCommunity Psychology

in Global Perspective, 1  GRLLYLS

%HQLVK:HLVPDQ0'DQLHO(6FKLHIHU'0|OOHULQJ$ .QDIR1RDP$  0XOWLSOHVRFLDOLGHQWLILFDWLRQVDQGDGROHVFHQWV¶VHOIHVWHHPJournal of

Adolescence, 44GRLMDGROHVFHQFH

%UHFKZDOG:$ 3ULQVWHLQ0-  %H\RQGKRPRSKLO\$GHFDGHRIDG YDQFHVLQXQGHUVWDQGLQJSHHULQIOXHQFHSURFHVVHVJournal of Research on

Ado-lescence21GRLM[

&LFRJQDQL ( 1RDFN 3  0DFHN 3  &$7&+(\R83URFHVVHV LQ <RXWK¶V &RQVWUXFWLRQ RI $FWLYH (8 &LWL]HQVKLS ,WDOLDQ :DYH  4XHVWLRQ QDLUHV(;75$&7 7ROHUDQFH DQG 3ROLWLFDO 3DUWLFLSDWLRQ 8QLYHUVLW\ RI %ROR JQDKWWSGRLRUJXQLERDPVDFWD>'DWDVHW@

&RUWLQD-0  :KDWLVFRHIILFLHQWDOSKD"$QH[DPLQDWLRQRIWKHRU\DQGDS SOLFDWLRQV Journal of Applied Psychology, 78    GRL  

&{Wp55 (ULFNVRQ%+  8QWDQJOLQJWKHURRWVRIWROHUDQFH+RZIRUPV

(18)



&RXQFLORI(XURSH  White Paper on intercultural dialogue “Living together

as equals in dignity”6WUDVERXUJ&RPPLWWHHRI0LQLVWHUV&RXQFLORI(XURSH

5HWULHYHGIURPKWWSZZZFRHLQW

'HZH\-  Democracy and education: An introduction to the philosophy of

education1HZ<RUN1<0DFPLOODQ3XEOLVKLQJ

(POHU 1  )UD]HU (   Politics: The education effect. Oxford Review of

Education25  GRL

(POHU1  /LIHFRXUVHWUDQVLWLRQVDQGVRFLDOLGHQWLW\FKDQJHAdvances in

Life Course Research10GRL6  

(VFDQGHOO;  7KHLPSDFWRISROLWLFDOHQJDJHPHQWRQVRFLDODQGSROLWLFDOWROHU DQFHWRZDUGLPPLJUDQWVLQ6RXWKHUQ(XURSH8&6DQ'LHJR&HQWHUIRU&RPSDUD WLYH,PPLJUDWLRQ6WXGLHV7UDWWRGDKWWSVHVFKRODUVKLSRUJXFLWHPF (XURSHDQ8QLRQ  How culture and the arts can promote intercultural

dia-logue in the context of the migratory and refugee crisis. Report with case stud-ies, by the working group of EU Member States’ experts on intercultural dia-logue in the context of the migratory and refugee crisis under the open method of coordination /X[HPERXUJ 3XEOLFDWLRQ RIILFH RI WKH (XURSHDQ 8QLRQ GRL



)ODQDJDQ& /HYLQH3  &LYLFHQJDJHPHQWDQGWKHWUDQVLWLRQWRDGXOW KRRGThe Future of Children20  KWWSVILOHVHULFHGJRYIXOOWH[W (-SGI

)UHLWDJ0 5DSS&  7KHSHUVRQDOIRXQGDWLRQVRISROLWLFDOWROHUDQFHWR ZDUGVLPPLJUDQWVJournal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 41GRL ;

)UHQFK6(6HLGPDQ($OOHQ/ $EHU-/  7KHGHYHORSPHQWRIHWK QLF LGHQWLW\ GXULQJ DGROHVFHQFH Developmental Psychology  GRL



*HUVRQ 0:  1LHOVRQ /   7KH LPSRUWDQFH RI LGHQWLW\ GHYHORSPHQW SULQFLSOHGPRUDOUHDVRQLQJDQGHPSDWK\DVSUHGLFWRUVRIRSHQQHVVWRGLYHUVLW\ LQ HPHUJLQJ DGXOWV SAGE Open 2FWREHU'LFHPEHU   GRL 

*QLHZRV]% 1RDFN3  &ODVVURRPFOLPDWHLQGLFDWRUVDQGDWWLWXGHVWR ZDUGV IRUHLJQHUV Journal of Adolescence, 31  GRL  MDGROHVFHQFH

+DKQ&/  &LWL]HQVKLSHGXFDWLRQDQHPSLULFDOVWXG\RISROLF\SUDFWLFHV DQG RXWFRPHV Oxford Review of Education, 25    GRL  

+MHUP 0   3UHMXGLFH WRZDUG LPPLJUDQWV DQG FURVVPXQLFLSDO YDULDWLRQ LQ WKH SURSRUWLRQ RI LPPLJUDQWV Acta Sociologica, 52  GRL  

/DQJHUDN (   3OXUDOLVP WROHUDQFH DQG GLVDJUHHPHQW Rhetoric Society

Quarterly, 24GRL

.LQJ30 %D[WHU0DJROGD0%  $GHYHORSPHQWDOPRGHORILQWHUFXO WXUDO PDWXULW\ Journal of College Student Development 46  GRL FVG

(19)

.XEDO76WRQH570H\OHU' 0DXQH\77  7HDFKLQJGLYHUVLW\DQG OHDUQLQJRXWFRPHV%ULQJLQJOLYHGH[SHULHQFHLQWRWKHFODVVURRPTeaching

So-ciology31KWWSVZZZMVWRURUJVWDEOH

0D]]RQL ' &LFRJQDQL ( 7]DQNRYD , *XDULQR $ $OEDQHVL &  =DQL % LQ SUHVV &LYLFSDUWLFLSDWLRQDQGRWKHULQWHUYHQWLRQVWKDWSURPRWHFKLOGUHQ¶V WROHUDQFHRILPPLJUDQWV,Q1%DOYLQ '&ULVLWLH (GV Children and Peace:

From Research to Action6SULQJHU

5DDEH 7  %HHOPDQQ $   'HYHORSPHQW RI HWKQLF UDFLDO DQG QDWLRQDO SUHMXGLFHLQFKLOGKRRGDQGDGROHVFHQFH$PXOWLQDWLRQDOPHWDDQDO\VLVRIDJH GLIIHUHQFHV Child Development 82    GRL M [

5DPEHUJ,  Committed to making a difference. Racism, antisemitism,

xen-ophobia, and intolerance and their impact on young people in Europe+XQJD

U\&RXQFLORI(XURSH

5DSS&  6KDSLQJWROHUDQWDWWLWXGHVWRZDUGVLPPLJUDQWV7KHUROHRIZHO IDUH VWDWH H[SHQGLWXUHV Journal of European Social Policy, 27  GRL 

5DSS& )UHLWDJ0  7HDFKLQJWROHUDQFH"$VVRFLDWLRQDOGLYHUVLW\DQGWROHU DQFHIRUPDWLRQPolitical Studies63GRL 6FKXO]:$LQOH\-)UDLOORQ-.HUU' /RVLWR%  ICCS 2009

inter-national report: Civic knowledge, attitudes, and engagement among lower-secondary school students in 38 countries$PVWHUGDP ,QWHUQDWLRQDO $VVRFLD

WLRQIRUWKH(YDOXDWLRQRI(GXFDWLRQDO$FKLHYHPHQW ,($ 

6WUHLQHU'/  6WDUWLQJDWWKHEHJLQQLQJ$QLQWURGXFWLRQWRFRHIILFLHQW$O SKDDQGLQWHUQDOFRQVLVWHQF\Journal of Personality Assessment, 80   GRL6-3$B

7RUQH\3XUWD-/HKPDQQ52VZDOG+ 6FKXO]:  Citizenship and

education in twenty-eight countries: Civic knowledge and engagement at age fourteen $PVWHUGDP ,QWHUQDWLRQDO $VVRFLDWLRQ IRU WKH (YDOXDWLRQ RI (GXFD

WLRQDO$FKLHYHPHQW

81(6&2   'HFODUDWLRQ RI SULQFLSOHV RQ WROHUDQFH  1RYHPEHU   7UDWWRGDKWWSSRUWDOXQHVFRRUJ

81(6&2  Defining tolerance7UDWWRGDKWWSXQHVGRFXQHVFRRUJ

81(6&2   Global Citizenship Education: Topics and learning objectives 3DULV8QLWHG1DWLRQV(GXFDWLRQDO6FLHQWLILFDQG&XOWXUDO2UJDQL]DWLRQ7UDWWR GDKWWSXQHVGRFXQHVFRRUJ

9DQ=DON0+ .HUU0  'HYHORSPHQWDOWUDMHFWRULHVRISUHMXGLFHDQG WROHUDQFHWRZDUGLPPLJUDQWVIURPHDUO\WRODWHDGROHVFHQFHJournal Youth

Ad-olescence, 43GRLV

9DQ=DON0+:9DQ=DON1.HUU0 6WDWWLQ+  ;HQRSKRELDDQG WROHUDQFHWRZDUGLPPLJUDQWVLQDGROHVFHQFH&URVVLQIOXHQFHSURFHVVHVZLWKLQ IULHQGVKLSV. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 41  GRL V

9HUNX\WHQ0  7KHEHQHILWVRIVWXG\LQJLPPLJUDWLRQIRUVRFLDOSV\FKRORJ\

(20)



9HUNX\WHQ 0  <RJHHVZDUDQ .   7KH VRFLDO SV\FKRORJ\ RI LQWHUJURXS WROHUDWLRQ$URDGPDSIRUWKHRU\DQGUHVHDUFKPersonality and Social

Psychol-ogy Review, 21  GRL

:DWWV 5  )ODQDJDQ &   3XVKLQJ WKH HQYHORSH RQ \RXWK FLYLF HQJDJH PHQW $ GHYHORSPHQWDO DQG OLEHUDWLRQ SV\FKRORJ\ SHUVSHFWLYH Journal of

Community Psychology, 35GRLMFRS

:HVW 6* )LQFK -)  &XUUDQ 3-   6WUXFWXUDO HTXDWLRQ PRGHOV ZLWK QRQQRUPDO YDULDEOHV SUREOHPV DQG UHPHGLHV ,Q 5+ +R\OH (G  Structural

equation modeling: Concepts, issues and applications SS   1HZEHU\

3DUN&$6DJH

:LVH -  'ULVNHOO 5   7ROHUDQFHZLWKLQ FRPPXQLW\ 'RHV VRFLDO FDSLWDO DIIHFW WROHUDQFH" Social Indicator Research, 134  GRL V

Riferimenti

Documenti correlati

Informal networks and social capital provided by civic associations is an important factor moulding young adults’ political beliefs and practices... 766

The Flood Resilience Community Pathfinder scheme was intended to enable and stimulate communities at significant or greater risk of flooding to work with key partners to

Apremilast, an oral phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) inhibitor, in patients with moderate to severe plaque psoriasis: Results of a phase III, randomized, controlled trial (Efficacy

Nel secondo biennio Elio Giovannini, che su questo terreno è stato seguito da molti, ha sostenuto che al centro del movimento ci sono stati gli operai meccanici, e più in

Veneziani e Genovesi paiono ignorarsi vicendevolmente per tutto il se- colo XII. Venezia e/o i Veneziani non sono mai citati dal primo annalista Caffaro 4 né dai suoi

Si hemos de contrastar estos dos modos de hacer poesía impro- visada se hace necesario recalcar el carácter formalizado y canónico de la Gara, sus partes estructurales inalterables

The analyses were conducted separately for adolescents and young adults using SPSS. In the main analyses, tolerance toward migrants and toler- ance toward refugees were regressed

The frequency with which the disease arises in men in Italy is fairly similar to the rest of Europe and the United States, with figures of around 41 new cases every 100,000