A blue infrastructure: from hydraulic protection to landscape design. The case study of the village of Ballao in the Flumendosa river valley

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Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II

Scuola Politecnica e delle Scienze di Base

Smart City, Urban Planning for a Sustainable Future

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Carmela Gargiulo Corrado Zoppi

Editors

Planning, Nature and Ecosystem Services

INPUT aCAdemy 2019

Conference proceedings

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Planning, nature and ecosystem services / editors Carmela Gargiulo, Corrado Zoppi - Napoli: FedOAPress. 2019 - (Smart City, Urban Planning for a Sustainable Future. 5).

Web link:

http://www.tema.unina.it/index.php/tema/Monographs ISBN: 978-88-6887-054-6

DOI: 10.6093/978-88-6887-054-6

Editor

Rocco Papa, University of Naples Federico II, Italy Editorial Advisory Board

Mir Ali, University of Illinois, USA - Luca Bertolini, Universiteit van Amsterdam, Paesi Bassi - Luuk Boelens, Ghent University, Belgium - Dino Borri, Politecnico di Bari, Italia - Enrique Calderon, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Spagna - Roberto Camagni, Politecnico di Milano, Italia - Derrick De Kerckhove, University of Toronto, Canada - Mark Deakin, Edinburgh Napier University, Scotland - Aharon Kellerman, University of Haifa, Israel - Nicos Komninos, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Grecia - David Matthew Levinson, University of Sydney, Australia - Paolo Malanima, Magna Græcia University of Catanzaro, Italy - Agostino Nuzzolo, Università degli Studi di Roma Tor Vergata, Italia - Rocco Papa, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Italia - Serge Salat, Urban Morphology and Complex Systems Institute, France - Mattheos Santamouris, National Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece - Ali Soltani, Shiraz University, Iran

Selection and double blind review under responsibility of INPUT aCAdemy 2019 Conference Committee

Centro di Ateneo per le Biblioteche “Roberto Pettorino” Piazza Bellini 59-60 - 80138 Napoli, Italy

http://www.fedoapress.unina.it

Published in Italy

Gli E-Book di FedOAPress sono pubblicati con licenza Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Cover and graphic project: TeMALab

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This book collects the papers presented at INPUT aCAdemy 2019, a special edition of the INPUT Conference hosted by the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, and Architecture (DICAAR) of the University of Cagliari.

INPUT aCAdemy Conference will focus on contemporary planning issues with particular attention to ecosystem services, green and blue infrastructure and governance and management of Natura 2000 sites and coastal marine areas.

INPUT aCAdemy 2019 is organized within the GIREPAM Project (Integrated Management of Ecological Networks through Parks and Marine Areas), co-funded by the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) in relation to the 2014-2020 Interreg Italy – France (Maritime) Programme.

INPUT aCAdemy 2019 is supported by Società Italiana degli Urbanisti (SIU, the Italian Society of Spatial Planners), Istituto Nazionale di Urbanistica (INU, the Italian National Institute of Urban Planning), UrbIng Ricerca Scientifica (the Association of Spatial Planning Scholars of the Italian Schools of Engineering) and Ordine degli Ingegneri di Cagliari (OIC, Professional Association of Engineers of Cagliari).

SCIENTIFIC COMMITEE

Dino Borri - Politecnico di Bari Marta Bottero - Politecnico di Torino Domenico Camarda - Politecnico di Bari Arnaldo Cecchini - Università degli Studi di Sassari Donatella Cialdea - Università del Molise

Giovanni Colombo - ISMB Istituto Superiore Mario Boella Valerio Cutini - Università di Pisa

Andrea De Montis - Università degli Studi di Sassari Romano Fistola - Università degli Studi del Sannio Carmela Gargiulo - Università di Napoli “Federico II” Davide Geneletti - University of Trento

Roberto Gerundo - Università degli Studi di Salerno Paolo La Greca - University of Catania

Daniele La Rosa - University of Catania Giuseppe Las Casas - University of Basilicata Antonio Leone - Tuscia University

Sara Levi Sacerdotti - SITI

Giampiero Lombardini - Università degli Studi di Genova Stefania Mauro - SITI

Giulio Mondini - Politecnico di Torino Beniamino Murgante - University of Basilicata Silvie Occelli - IRES Piemonte

Rocco Papa - Università di Napoli “Federico II” Raffaele Pelorosso - Tuscia University

Alessandro Plaisant - Università degli Studi di Sassari Bernardino Romano - Università degli Studi dell'Aquila Francesco Scorza - University of Basilicata

Maurizio Tira - University of Brescia Angioletta Voghera - Politecnico di Torino

LOCAL COMMITEE

Ginevra Balletto - Università di Cagliari Ivan Blecic - Università di Cagliari Michele Campagna - Università di Cagliari Ignazio Cannas - Università di Cagliari Anna Maria Colavitti - Università di Cagliari Sebastiano Curreli - Università di Cagliari Maddalena Floris - Università di Cagliari Chiara Garau - Università di Cagliari Federico Isola Università di Cagliari

Sabrina Lai – Regione Autonoma della Sardegna Francesca Leccis - Università di Cagliari Federica Leone - Università di Cagliari Anania Mereu - Università di Cagliari Marianna Agostina Mossa – Regione Sardegna Salvatore Pinna - Università di Cagliari Cheti Pira - Università di Cagliari Daniela Ruggeri - Università di Cagliari Laura Santona – Regione Sardegna Corrado Zoppi - Università di Cagliari

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This book is the most recent scientific contribution of the “Smart City, Urban Planning for a Sustainable Future” Book Series, dedicated to the collection of research e-books, published by FedOAPress - Federico II Open Access University Press. The volume contains the scientific contributions presented at the INPUT aCAdemy 2019 Conference. In detail, this publication, including 92 papers grouped in 11 sessions, for a total of 1056 pages, has been edited by some members of the Editorial Staff of “TeMA Journal”, here listed in alphabetical order:

– Rosaria Battarra; – Gerardo Carpentieri; – Federica Gaglione; – Carmen Guida; – Rosa Morosini; – Floriana Zucaro.

The most heartfelt thanks go to these young and more experienced colleagues for the hard work done in these months. A final word of thanks goes to Professor Roberto Delle Donne, Director of the CAB - Center for Libraries "Roberto Pettorino" of the University of Naples Federico II, for his active availability and the constant support also shown in this last publication.

Rocco Papa

Editor of the Smart City, Urban Planning for a Sustainable Future” Book Series Published by FedOAPress - Federico II Open Access University Press

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Sessione 1 - Ecosystem services and spatial planning

The Danube Riverside Development in the Iron Gates Gorge, Serbia, between Socio-economic needs and Protected Ecosystem

Branislav Antonić, Aleksandra Djukić, Milica Cvetanović

17

From a species-centred to an ecosystem-based management approach, a case study of the saltmarshes of Hyères (Provence, France)

Patrick Astruch, Charles-François, Boudouresque, Thomas Changeux et al.

29

Spatial evolutions between identity values and settlements changes. Territorial analyses oriented to the landscape regeneration

Donatella Cialdea

39

Analyzing senior tourism. The role of ecosystem services to improve sustainable tourism destinations

Romano Fistola, Rosa Anna La Rocca

52

Carbon sequestration and land-taking processes. A study concerninig Sardinia

Maddalena Floris, Corrado Zoppi 66

The impact of urbanization processes in landscape fragmentation. A comparison between coastal zones of Sardinia and Liguria

Giampiero Lombardini, Andrea De Montis, Vittorio Serra

80

Areas of considerable public interest, territorial common goods and ecosystem services: an application case for the city of Cagliari

Marzia Morittu, Alessandro Plaisant

86

A bottom up initiatives for biodiversity: ecologic representation for the inner areas of Sardinia

Giuseppe Roccasalva

98

The soil matter between eco-systemic performance and spatial planning in metropolitan areas

Saverio Santangelo, Paolo De Pascali, Annamaria Bagaini, Clara Musacchio, Francesca Perrone

111

Knowledge-building models for environmental planning: the case study of Bari

Stefania Santoro, Domenico Camarda, Pasquale Balena

120

From Ecosystems to Ecosystem Services. A spatial methodology applied to a case study in Sardinia

Matilde Schirru, Simona Canu, Laura Santona , Sabrina Lai, Andrea Motroni

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Table of contents

PLANNING, NATURE AND 8 ISBN: 978-88-6887-054-6

ECOSYSTEM SERVICES DOI: 10.6093/978-88-6887-054-6

Session: 2 - Integrated management of marine protected areas

and Natura 2000 sites

Organize the management of protected areas according to an optimal framework. Experimental case

Aicha Bouredji

142

A methodological approach to build a planning environmental assessment framework in the context of marine protected areas

Ignazio Cannas, Daniela Ruggeri

152

An experimental methodology for the management of marine protected areas

Maddalena Floris, Federica Isola, Cheti Pira 165

Marine Forests (Fucales, Ochrophyta) in a low impacted Mediterranean coastal area: current knowledge and future perspectives. A phycological review in Sinis Peninsula and the Gulf of Oristano (Sardinia Island, Italy)

Daniele Grech, Luca Fallati, Simone Farina, David Cabana, Ivan Guala

176

Assessing the potential Marine Natura 2000 sites to produce ecosystem-wide effects in rocky reefs: a case study from Sardinia Island (Italy)

Paolo Guidetti; Pierantonio Addis; Fabrizio Atzori et al.

185

Bottlenecks in fully implementing the Natura 2000 network in Italy. An analyisis of processes leading to the designation of Special Areas of Conservation

Sabrina Lai

201

Urban pressure scenario on the protected areas systems. The case study of Teatina adriatic coast

Alessandro Marucci, Lorena Fiorini, Carmen Ulisse

212

Posidonia banquettes on the Mediterranean beaches: To what extent do local administrators’ and users’ perceptions correspond?

Paolo Mossone, Ivan Guala, Simone Simeone

225

The ecosystem services cascade perspective in practice: a framework for cost-benefits analysis in Marine Protected Areas. The study case of Portofino Marine Protected Areas

Chiara Paoli, Paolo Povero, Giorgio Fanciulli et al.

235

The contribution of the assessment of policy consistency and coherence to the definition of the legistative provisions of marine protected areas. The examples of the regulations of “Tavolara-Punta Coda Cavallo” and “Isola dell’Asinara”

Salvatore Pinna, Francesca Leccis

251

Passive acoustics to monitor flagship species near boat traffic in the Unesco world heritage natural reserve of Scandola

Marion Poupard, Maxence Ferrari, Jan Schlüter et al.

260

Use of ecological indices to assess the health status of Posidonia oceanica meadows in the Eastern Liguria. Influence of ecological status on natural capital

Ilaria Rigo, Monica Montefalcone, Carla Morri et al.

271

Coastal governance and planning agreements for integrated management of marine protected areas in UE coasting project

Saverio Santangelo, Paolo De Pascali, Maria Teresa Cutrì et al.

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Table of contents

Innovative management tools to survey boat traffic and anchoring activities within a Marine Protected Area

Thomas Schohn, Patrick Astruch, Elodie Rouanet et al.

292

SHADES. Sustainable and holistic approaches to development in European seabords

Francesco Vita, Fortunato Cozzupoli

302

Session 3 - Rural development and conservation of nature and

natural resources

New local projects for disadvantged inner areas. From traditional model to bio-regional planning

Anna Maria Colavitti, Alessio Floris, Francesco Pes et al.

312

Inclusion of migrants for rural regeneration through cultural and natural heritage valorization

Elisa Conticelli, Claudia de Luca, Aitziber Egusquiza et al.

323

Environmental and social sustainability of the bioenergy supply chain

Sebastiano Curreli 333

Proposals on the Agricultural Land Use in According to the Features of the landscape: The case study of Sardinia (Italy)

Pasquale Mistretta, Giulia Desogus, Chiara Garau

345

Common land(scape): morphologies of a multifunctional rural landscape in the Isalle Valley, Sardinia

Roberto Sanna

356

SheepToShip LIFE: Integration of environmental strategies with rural development policies. Looking for an eco-sustainable sheep supply chain

Enrico Vagnoni, Alberto Atzori, Giovanni Molle et al.

366

Session 4 - Geodesign, planning and urban regeneration

The territorial planning of European funds as a tool for the enhancement and sustainable development of natural areas: the experience of the Strategic Relevance Areas of the ERDF OP 2014-2020

Stefania Aru, Sandro Sanna

375

The International Geodesign Collaboration: the Cagliari case study

Michele Campagna, Chiara Cocco, Elisabetta Anna Di Cesare

385

A geodesign collaboration for the mission valley project, San Diego, USA

Chiara Cocco, Bruce Appleyard, Piotr Jankowski

399

University and urban development: The role of services in the definition of integrated intervention policies

Mauro Francini, Sara Gaudio, Annunziata Palermo, Maria Francesca Viapiana

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Table of contents

Urban environment. An analysis of the Italian metropolitan cities

Giuseppe Mazzeo

419

Recycled aggregates. Mechanical properties and environmental sustainability

Luisa Pani, Lorena Francesconi, James Rombi et al.

431

Geodesign fast-workshops evidences. On field applications of collaborative design approach for strategic planning and urban renovation

Francesco Scorza

443

Session 5 - Green and blue infrastructure

Green infrastructure as a tool of urban regeneration, for an equitable and sustainable planning. An application case at l'Eixample, Barcelona Clara Alvau Morales, Tanja Congiu, Alessandro Plaisant

453

The value of water: ecosystem services trade-offs and synergies of urban lakes in Romania

Denisa Lavinia Badiu, Cristian Ioan IojĂ, Alina Constantina Hossu et al.

465

A blue infrastructure: from hydraulic protection to landscape design. The case study of the village of Ballao in the Flumendosa river valley

Giovanni Marco Chiri, Pino Frau, Elisabetta Sanna et al.

476

Municipal masterplans and green infrastructure. An assessment related to the Metropolitan Area of Cagliari, Italy

Sabrina Lai, Federica Leone, Corrado Zoppi

488

The Ombrone river contract: A regional design practice for empowering river communities and envisioning basin futures

Carlo Pisano, Valeria Lingua

502

Green infrastructures in the masterplan of Rome. Strategic components for an integrated urban strategy

Laura Ricci, Carmela Mariano, Irene Poli

513 Session 6 - Smart city planning

Smart City Governance for Child-friendly Cities: Impacts of Green and Blue Infrastructures on Children's Independent Activities

Alfonso Annunziata, Chiara Garau

524

Resilience, smartness and sustainability. Towards a new paradigm?

Sabrina Auci, Luigi Mundula

539

Energy autonomy in symbiosis with aesthetics of forms in architecture

Pietro Currò

549

Sharing governance and new technologies in smart city planning

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Table of contents

Smart Mapping Tools for the Balanced Planning of Open Public Spaces in the Tourist Town of Golubac, Serbia

Aleksandra Djukić, Branislav Antonić, Jugoslav Joković, Nikola Dinkić

573

Towards a model for urban planning control of the settlement efficiency

Isidoro Fasolino, Francesca Coppola, Michele Grimaldi

587

Somerville: Innovation City

Luna Kappler

595

Urban regeneration for smart communities.

Caterina Pietra, Elisabetta Maria Venco

605

Energy autonomy as a structural assumption for systemic development and circular economy

Manlio Venditelli

619 Session 7 - Water resources, ecosystem services and

nature-based solutions in spatial planning

Landscape and species integration for a nature-based planning of a Mediterranean functional urban area

Erika Bazzato, Michela Marignani

630

Tourism and natural disasters: integrating risk prevention methods into the Plan for tourism

Selena Candia, Francesca Pirlone

640

Integrated management of water resources. An operative tool to simplify, direct and measure the interventions

Vittoria Cugusi, Alessandro Plaisant

649

Application of NbS to the city plan of Segrate Municipality: spatial implications

Roberto De Lotto

660

Nature-Based Solutions impact assessment: a methodological framework to assess quality, functions and uses in urban areas

Claudia De Luca, Simona Tondelli

671

The recognition of the Aspromonte National Park ecosystem networks in the urban structure project of Metropolitan City of Reggio Calabria

Concetta Fallanca, Natalina Carrà, Antonio Taccone

679

Shaping the urban environment for breathable cities.

Michela Garau, Maria Grazia Badas, Giorgio Querzoli, Simone Ferrari, Alessandro Seoni, Luca Salvadori

692

Defense, adaptation and relocation: three strategies for urban planning of coastal areas at risk of flooding

Carmela Mariano, Marsia Marino

704

Thermal Urban Natural Environment Development

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Table of contents

A network approach for studying multilayer planning of urban green areas: a case study from the town of Sassary (Sardegna, Italy)

Maria Elena Palumbo, Sonia Palumbo, Salvatore Manca, Emmanuele Farris

723

Urban areas morphometric parameters and their sensitivity on the computation method

Luca Salvadori, Maria Grazia Badas, Michela Garau, Giorgio Querzoli, Simone Ferrari

734 Session 8 - Conservation and valorisation of architectural and

cultural heritage

Preservation and valorisation of small historic centers at risk

Maria Angela Bedini, Fabio Bronzini, Giovanni Marinelli 744

Material and immaterial cultural heritage: identification, documentation, promotion and valorization. The courtyards and hallways of merit in the Murattiano district of Bari

Antonia Valeria Dilauro, Remo Pavone, Francesco Severino

757

Planning of historic centers in Sardinia Region: conservation versus valorization of architectural and cultural heritage

Federica Isola, Federica Leone, Cheti Pira

767

Approach towards the "self-sustainability" of ancient villages

Francesca Pirlone, Ilenia Spadaro 776

Fostering architecture efficiency through urban quality. A project for via Milano site in Brescia

Michela Tiboni, Francesco Botticini

787

Session 9 - Accessibility, mobility and spatial planning

The role of community enterprises in spatial planning for low density territories

Cristian Cannaos, Giuseppe Onni

800

Measuring multimodal accessibility at urban services for the elderly. An application at primary health services in the city of Naples

Gerardo Carpentieri, Carmen Guida, Housmand Masoumi

810

Urban accessibility for connective and inclusive living environments. An operational model at support of urban planning and design practice

Tanja Congiu, Elisa Occhini, Alessandro Plaisant

826

Improving accessibility to urban services for over 65: a GIS-supported method

Carmela Gargiulo, Floriana Zucaro, Federica Gaglione, Luigi Faga

839

Cycle networks in Natura 2000 sites: the environmental assessment of the Regional Cycling Plan of Sardinia, Italy

Italo Meloni, Elisabetta Anna Di Cesare, Cristian Saba

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Table of contents

Improving regional accessibility through planning a comprehensive cycle network: the case of Sardinia (Italy)

Italo Meloni, Cristian Saba, Beatrice Scappini et al.

859

Vehicle routing problem and car-pooling to solve home-to-work transport problem in mountain areas

Antonio Pratelli, Massimiliano Petri

869 Session 10 - Tourism and sustainability in the Sulcis area

Wave, walk and bike tourism. The case of Sulcis (Sardinia -Italy)

Ginevra Balletto, Alessandra Milesi, Luigi Mundula, Giuseppe Borruso

881

Smart Community and landscape in progress. The case of the Santa Barbara walk (Sulcis, Sardinia)

Ginevra Balletto, Alessandra Milesi, Stefano Naitza et al.

893

A Blockchain approach for the sustainability in tourism management in the Sulcis area

Gavina Baralla, Andrea Pinna, Roberto Tonelli et al.

904

People and heritage in low urbanised settings: An ongoing study of accessibility to the Sulcis area (Italy)

Nađa Beretić, Tanja Congiu, Alessandro Plaisant

920

Place branding as a tool to improve heritage-led development strategies for a sustainable tourism in the Sulcis-Iglesiente region

Anna Maria Colavitti, Alessia Usai

928

Walkability as a tool for place-based regeneration: the case study of Iglesiente region in Sardinia (Italy)

Chiara Garau, Gianluca Melis

943

The use of recycled aggregates in the implementation of Municipal Masterplans and Coastal Land-Use Plans. A study concerning Sulcis (Sardinia, Italy)

Federica Leone, Anania Mereu

955

Relationships between conservation measures related to Natura 2000 sites and coastal land use plans: a study concerning Sulcis (Sardinia, Italy)

Federica Leone, Corrado Zoppi

971

A Smart Planning tools for the valorisation of the Carbonia's building heritage via an energy retrofitting based approach

Stefano Pili, Francesca Poggi, Eusebio Loria, Caterina Frau

983 Special session 1 - Ecological networks and landscape planning

Resilient ecological networks. A comparative approach

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Table of contents

A complex index of landscape fragmentation: an application to Italian regional planning

Andrea De Montis, Amedeo Ganciu, Vittorio Serra

1007

Measuring landscape fragmentation in Natura 2000 sites. A quantitative and comparative approach

Antonio Ledda, Andrea De Montis, Vittorio Serra

1017

Regional ecological networks: theoretical and practical issues

Giuseppe Modica, Salvatore Praticò, Luigi Laudari et al. 1028

Comparative ecological network analysis. Target and vector species and other naturalistic issues

Maurizio Mulas, Matteo Cabras, Andrea De Montis

1038

Measuring connectivity in Natura 2000 sites. An application in Sardinia

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ABSTRACT

of ’green/blue’ infrastructure (GI): ’an approach to ecosystem management that relies on constructing landscape features that function similarly to natural systems thereby increasing the functionality of built or urbanized ecosystems. GI systems use vegetation, soils, and natural processes to manage storm water and maintain ecosystem functions. GI systems are intended they are surface or underground streams, marine or inland waters. The synergy between green and blue infrastructures does not only produce strategic environmental value, but it also plays a the reduction of environmental temperature. Two aspects of green/blue parks are of notable by environmental critical phenomena, by limiting their impact and restoring rapidly their initial conditions with minimal damages. The second one consists in their dual value as infrastructures for the mitigation of hydraulic risk, designed to preserve communities that are vulnerable to that risk, and as a public space, exploitable in the time laps between the critical or disastrous events. The case study of Ballao (Sardinia) along the Flumendosa river offers the opportunity to test practically the approaches suggested by the international best practices.

KEYWORDS

Green Parks; Blue Parks; Flood; Resilient Landscape

How to cite item in APA format:

Chiri, G.M., Frau, P., Sanna, E. ... & Sechi, G.M. (2019). A Blue Infrastructure: from Hydraulic Protection to Landscape Design. In C. Gargiulo & C. Zoppi (Eds.), Planning, nature and ecosystem services (pp. 476-487). Naples: FedOAPress. ISBN: 978-88-6887-054-6, doi: 10.6093/978-88-6887-054-6

DICAAR, University of Cagliari, Italy e-mail: g.chiri@unica.it URL: http://people.unica.it/giovannimarcochiri/

A BLUE INFRASTRUCTURE:

FROM HYDRAULIC PROTECTION

TO LANDSCAPE DESIGN

THE CASE STUDY OF THE VILLAGE OF BALLAO IN THE FLUMENDOSA RIVER VALLEY *GIOVANNI MARCO CHIRI, PINO FRAU

ELISABETTA SANNA

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A Blue Infrastructure: from Hydraulic Protection to Landscape Design

1 INTRODUCTION

This study gave rise to and was developed alongside the PROTERINA-3Évolution project, an evolution of the work realized during the EU 2007-2013 program, with the PROTERINA-Due, RESMAR and PROTERINA-C projects. That is, therefore, a project conceived to enhance the attitude of institutions in preventing and managing, jointly, the risk of flood. The general aim of the project is to reinforce the response capacity of territories to the risk of flood through the ’construction’ of awareness among institutions and communities. The addressees -whether direct or indirect- are the competent authorities in the field of civic protection, soil conservation and cycle of waters, the agencies which are involved in forecasting and monitoring activities in regard to meteorological phenomena and the citizens actively engaged in the decisional processes. The specific aims of the PROTERINA-3Évolution project are:

to promote actions of prevention and protection: to enhance the effectiveness of preventive measures -both structural and not- against the risk of floods, through the transfrontalier and transregional involvement of institutions and communities that are willing to be actively engaged in a process of awareness-raising within their territories (OB.1);

to empower event forecasting and monitoring systems: to strengthen monitoring networks and integrate the acquired data with early-warning models, capitalizing the results of the former programs (OB.2);

to develop resilient communities: to increase the transfrontalier capacity of adaptation to climatic change through the deployment of resilient communities (OB.3).

The activity of the DICAAR research group within the PROTERINA-3Évolution project is specifically aimed at the development of guidelines on the construction of blue infrastructure consisting of urban parks serving the scope of flood peak reduction, the drafting of guidelines on flood-proofing operations, consisting of micro-scale actions on public buildings such as state schools, libraries and social centres, with the purpose of mitigating flood risk and identifying safe spots and, finally, the exchange of expertise with the river basin authorities of the other regions taking part in the PROTERINA project (for Italy the river basin authorities of Liguria and Tuscany, and for French partners their competent authorities). In this context, an extremely relevant role is given to the analysis of the risk of flooding in the territory of the municipality of Ballao, which even for events having low return periods shows large areas, even urbanized, affected by flooding phenomena from the Flumendosa river, which overflows its banks. The development of a bi-dimensional hydraulic model will be shown below. It will be used, firstly, to analyse the hydraulic risk in the current state of the territory and, secondly,

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G. Chiri, P. Frau, E. Sanna et al.

as a support for the definition of actions which can enable the mitigation of river flooding, thus preventing it from affecting urbanized areas, as far as possible. Such actions have the dual purpose of serving as systems for the prevention and protection from hydraulic risk during disastrous events and as public spaces open to the collective use, for leisure and play time, during the rest of the year.

Designing a blue infrastructure entails a reflection on its dual nature of tool for the mitigation of hydraulic risk -which constitutes the main reason for its construction- and as a landscape design tool for the correct fruition of spaces throughout periods with no critical events. If, on one hand, measures concerning the ban on building in areas at hydraulic risk may sometimes be sufficient to limit the risks and the vulnerability of communities, on the other hand, such measures often preclude the collective use of large areas of the territory. Furthermore, this kind of approach has a tendency to marginalize these places that are rapidly subject to decay. For this reason, it is necessary to consider their dual use: these areas must be considered, on one side, as part of an hydraulic infrastructure, namely spaces destined to the protection and safeguarding of the built space and, on the other side, they act -in the longer run- as public spaces open to collective use.

2 METHODOLOGY

Through the study of best practices in the field of blue park design, once again intended as public recreational spaces designed to be flooded during heavy rains and inundations, it was possible to identify four common measures to mitigate the risk, the application of which we deem to be essential for the success of the project.

The authors in line with the premise have defined the following methodology: the creation of expansion basins: flow-storage reservoirs and retarding basins; the creation of embankments and the modelling of topography;

the establishment of paths on higher ground and safe spots; the restoration of riparian vegetation.

2.1 THE CREATION OF EXPANSION BASINS: FLOW-STORAGE RESERVOIRS

AND RETARDING BASINS

The analysed case studies highlighted that the management and control of water flows play a crucial role within the park, not only from a merely functional point of view in relation to the mitigation of the risk, but most importantly in terms of quality of the landscape and the public space open to citizens.

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Best practices highlight, in particular, that the introduction of expansion basins as flooding areas along riverbanks may represent an effective measure for the mitigation of floods, being at the same time an opportunity to create new habitats or new public spaces. Expansion basins are areas designated for the temporary or permanent conservation of water flows during rain and flood events. These are generally designed in two forms: flow-storage reservoirs and retarding basins. The formers, typically retain water only during storms, releasing it lately at a controlled rate, until they are completely empty, or they reach a reserved volume. The latter, located along the river, have typically the possibility to receive amounts of water exceeding the river flow capacity, independently from heavy rainfall events. On a perspective strictly inherent to the design of blue parks, expansion basins as flooding areas along riverbanks are preferable, because they not only have a limited impact on a territorial scale, but they also may create the opportunity to use a multidisciplinary approach to the project, which may aim at multiple tasks: hydraulic risk mitigation, environmental restoration, management of water resources and public space. The retention of even modest quantities of water allows for the creation of a moist environment in which birdlife can thrive together with vegetation that can tolerate short periods underwater. On the other hand, expansion areas along river banks allow to create wetlands that not only contribute to the valorisation of ecological corridors and to the creation of new habitats in support of biodiversity, but also represent an opportunity to enhance the perception of the landscape, making it more attractive.

2.2 THE CREATION OF EMBANKMENTS AND THE MODELING OF TOPOGRAPHY

Embankments are infrastructures that allow for a passive protection of the territory. They prevent the overflowing of watercourses and hamper every connection between the river and the surrounding territory. They are normally constituted by soil barriers that may be located at a minimum distance from the riverbed or, where possible, they are located at a long distance from the riverbed (setback levee). The distance of the riverbank form the watercourse has a significant impact on the dynamics of the river, inasmuch as it will be consequently more or less free to invade the floodplain during flood events. The more the barrier is distant from the river, the more its freedom of movement increases, thus leading to a reduction of the hydric level and, consequently, to a slowdown of its flow. The enhancement of the flow capacity of the riverbed through the setback of embankments is not always possible, because often the river is located near urban areas or farmlands. From the point of view of landscape architecture, best practices show us that embankments can be imagined not only as defensive systems, but also as elements, which define the public space. Barriers, if modelled on the surrounding territory following the height required by the various hydric

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levels provided for critical events having different return periods, allow for the establishment of a network of pathways which can be used even during flooding’s.

2.3 THE ESTABLISHMENT OF PATHS ON HIGHER GROUND AND SAFE SPOTS

As best practices show, in the design of blue parks the definition of paths based on expected water levels has a central importance. The connective systems within the park must be designed, in fact, at a higher altitude than the one required for the maximum expected level, so that in any condition a way out is guaranteed in case of flood. Paths on higher ground, as well as safe spots located over critical levels, can be further preserved from floating materials and soil transported by water through vertical protection systems.

2.4 THE RESTORATION OF RIPARIAN VEGETATION

Riparian vegetation represents an important and delicate interface between water streams and the surrounding territory. The root system performs, in fact, a strong stabilizing action both with respect to soil erosion and to hydrodynamic stress. It is nonetheless necessary to consider also the flow resistance of vegetation. Equilibrium is reached when vegetation has a diversified structure, composed by shrubs capable of a certain degree of flexibility and capable of reducing the action of resistance to the water flow, while allowing for mitigation of erosion, and by an arboreal system composed of young trees having a balanced diameter/height ratio. As a matter of principle, the diameter should in any case be progressively lower while approaching the riverbed and when the width of the river decreases. Thus, during floodings, riparian wood performs an important flow modulation function, delaying the reaching of the maximum level by amplifying the retarding action of expansion basins. For this reason, the choice of vegetation types in expansion basins has an important role: in conjunction with the morphology of the territory, it can amplify the beneficial effects of lowering the level of water. Clearly, the collateral effect is the containment of the stream speed: the water that leaves the riverbed flows in the riparian wood where, thanks to the increased roughness determined by vegetation, it suffers a significant slowdown.

Starting from these intuitive elements concerning cause-effect relationships, rather than defining abstract lines of principle we chose to investigate a case study through a pilot project and, from this, we derived methodological statements as generalizable as possible. Through this methodological approach, the following project attempts to find a difficult balance between a hydraulic infrastructure project for risk mitigation and a landscape design project made by conceiving the design action as the most delicate act of modification, capable of integrating itself moderately among the topographic and orographic signs.

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3 THE CASE STUDY

The case study of the municipality of Ballao (Sardinia) shows a series of particularly significant phenomena related to the risk of flood, but at the same time it shows considerable opportunities in terms of hydraulic infrastructure design and public space, integrated in a landscape system. The area is located between the ’RiuBintinoi’ stream and the corresponding riverfront, the Flumendosariver in the North and Via Roma in the East. This area is occupied by a series of residential buildings, located between the urban streets ’Via PeppinoMereu’, ’Via Raimondo Piras’, ‘Via BenvenutoLobina’, ‘Via Aldo Moro’ and other streets accessible from ‘Via Sassari’. The closing element of this urban system consists of an aggregation of neglected buildings, formerly the town’s abattoir and a depot, still used by the municipality. The last fragment of urban continuum is represented by a parking lot -accessible from the ‘RiuBintinoi’ side-, at a height of 83 meters above the sea level. Globally, the area covers 4 ha, of which only 1.5 not urbanized. As mentioned above, the aim was to realize an embankment which may serve the function of defining an area for the controlled flooding, located on the right bank of the Flumendosa river, as shown in the previous images, that may be open to recreational and sports uses for the community of Ballao and of Sarrabus/Gerrei.

From a landscape point of view, the hypothesis of constructing a hydraulic bank widely oriented along the riverbed was rapidly excluded due to the clear impact on the environment that this would have generated. This would have constituted a physical and visual barrier between the town and the river and, furthermore, this approach would not have been consistent with the principles of blue park design previously described. For this reason, we decided to focus on a barrier for the protection of the urban area consisting of component in bulk materials over the bank. The total height would be lower than 2.2 meters, with a length of 125 meters starting from the intersection with via Roma and following parallel to the riverbed to reach via Sassari, thus extremely distant from the river (setback levee). The planimetric position of the hydraulic protection intervention is synthetically shown in Fig. 1. The intervention can be built in two phases with reference to events with a return period from 10 to 50 years. The embankment is sized for the containment of the 10 years return period flood, and its peak is in fact at the same height of the parking lot, 83 m above the sea level. In a second phase, for the protection of the 50 years return period flood we designed a series of precast concrete barriers, conveniently shaped and waterproofed to raise the elevation above the parking lot located in front of the old abattoir.

The track of the new topographic sign was chosen in such a way as to create a direct connection -currently only potential- with the opposite bank of the RiuBintinoi. In fact, in the northern boundary of the village is already operating the ’Parco intervacua’s’, which even though it is easily accessible through the secondary roads of the town, at the moment does

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not have any relationship with the area on which this study is focused. The two parts may, on the contrary, be easily connected through a walking/cycling bridge on the RiuBintinoi stream, thus operating a whole large river park along points of contact between the Flumendosa river and the town of Ballao. This system, which may be further investigated in a specific forthcoming study, may constitute a greater green/blue infrastructure within a territorial scale, not only capable of reorganizing the elements of the landscape in an harmonious continuum, but also capable of providing physical support for the attraction of events, activities and demonstrations of public interest to the benefit of the local community. On the top of the newly built embankment, new cycling and walking paths will be traced. These will allow for the closing of a circuit along the river and the edge of the village. The plan design of the hydraulic infrastructure has, therefore, a double reason. On one hand, it constitutes the necessary barrier for the protection of the urban area from floodings of the Flumendosa river and, on the other hand, the new topographic sign joins existing lines and elements of the landscape in order to constitute an organic system, even though it is made of different parts, investing it with meaning and public function. The main development of the embankment is parallel to the riverbed, but it bends at about two-thirds of its length to reach via Garibaldi. Here the track of the new embankment crosses the rural area defining an average height of 2.2 meters. In the point of junction between its two lines, the embankment bifurcates and, in that point, a narrow corridor consisting of a wooden pier extends itself towards the centre of the flooding area and descends to the lower point, with the purpose of measuring the terrain from the water level of the 10 years return period flood to the ground below. There, a stair and a wooden hut mark the end of the path. The stair will allow to descend to the ground when it is not flooded, whilst the hut will offer protection from the sun and the rain, allowing visitors to stay and enjoy the landscape. The width of embankments varies accordingly to ground altitude, but they have approximately the same section all along the river. The sides of the embankment will be covered with grass and shrubs having mostly superficial roots. The paths will be paved with stone chunks or self-locking blocks which may offer a safe support to the pedestrian and cycling traffic. As mentioned above, in the second phase, a series of precast concrete barriers -properly sized and waterproofed-will be installed on the top of the embankment in order to create a protection from the 50 years return period flood. Indeed, the desired height of the embankment, sized for the 50 years return period, is equal to 2.5 meters from the lowest point of the area object of this study. Through the concrete barrier, the height of the embankment is increased by 0.8 meters reaching a total of 3 meters from the lowest point and thus leaving 0.5 meters free on the 50 years return period.

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Fig. 1 General plan of the blue park and components of the landscape project

This element, which will be investigated in a separate detailed study, may be modelled in order to provide seats, bicycle racks, parapets and support for path lights. If the 10 years return period flood is taken into account, the area subject to critical events in case of flood consists of a depression comprised between the beginning of the embankment and the parking lot near the abattoir. Via Bintinoi is not subject to the 10 years return period flood. If we consider an event having 50 years return period, instead, the area subject to flood comprises all the area near the new embankment, the parking lot, and a portion of via Bintinoi until it reaches via Peppino Mereu. Finally, we must consider that, in order to complete the works of protection from 50 years return time period events, the current Hi4 -the maximum hydraulic hazard zone- could be redefined, allowing for the relocation of the old abattoir to public uses: this operation may constitute the last part of the project, allowing for the complete regeneration of the area comprised between the urban margins and the Flumendosa river.

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4 CONCLUSION

Drawing on a series of international best practices, the application of the methodology described above has allowed for the development of the project of a hydraulic protection system in close proximity to an urban settlement alongside two general goals: the first one consists in its potential in enhancing the resilience of territories affected by environmental critical phenomena (such as floods) by limiting their impact and restoring rapidly their initial conditions with minimal damages.

Fig. 2 Cross-section of the embankment

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The second one consists in their dual value as infrastructures for the mitigation of hydraulic risk, designed to preserve communities that are vulnerable to that risk, and as a public space, exploitable in the time laps between the critical or disastrous events. The project for the Flumendosa valley in the town of Ballao (Sardinia), shows that the two aspects, strictly connected to the liveability and environmental quality of the territory, are not conflicting. Rather, in order for the project to have a positive impact on the environment and on the landscape, they should be combined and be designed to operate as hydraulic devices during disastrous events and as rural public spaces in the time between them.

REFERENCES

Angrilli Massimo. Infrastrutture Verdi e Blu p.1-16. https://www.urbanisticainformazioni.it/IMG/pdf/-05_v_sessione.pdf

Giovanni Bello, Dimensione Ecologica. Una ricerca sui nuovi materiali del progetto urbano. Le infrastrutture verdi, p. 57. Le infrastrutture blu, p.6. http://www.fedoa.unina.it/10301/1/Bello_Gio-vanni.pdf

APAT Agenzia Per la protezione dell’Ambiente e per I Servizi tecnici, (27/2013). Atlante delle opere di sistemazione fluviale. p. 23,37

C. Zanetti, J. Macia, N. Liency, M. Vennetier, P. Mériaux, et al.. (2016). Roles of the riparian vegetation: the antagonism between flooding risk and the protection of environment. 3rd European Conference on Flood Risk Management FLOOD risk 2016, Oct 2016, Lyon, France. E3S Web of Conferences, 7, pp.13015, 2016, <10.1051/e3sconf/20160713015 >. <hal-01427431>doi https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01427431

D. Watson, FAIA, M. Adams, P.E. (2011). Design for flooding. Architecture, landscape and urban design for resilience to climate change,John Wiley & Sons Inc.

WEB SITES

http://www.turenscape.com http://www.landezine.com/index.php/2014/01/qunli-national-urban-wetland-by-turenscape/ https://jmddesign.com.au/projects/minto-integrated-housing/ http://www.landezine.com/index.php/2018/10/lower-factory-pond-by-beglinger-bryan-landschaftsarchitektur/ http://www.landezine.com/index.php/2016/11/water-retention-boulevard-luxembourg-by-elyps-landscape-urban-design/ http://www.landezine.com/index.php/2015/02/thalie-park-by-urbicus/ http://www.aldayjover.com/es/component/articulo/?idcategoria=17&idarticulo=431

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AUTHORS’ PROFILES

Giovanni Marco Chiri is Associate Professor of Architecture and Urban Design (ICAR14). He was member of groups involved in programs such as the PRIN program and coordinator of several international workshops. He was lecturer at the feasibility study for the Museum of Nuragic and Contemporary Art (Independent Region of Sardinia), the Pre-feasibility study for urban regeneration of the District of Sant’Elia in Cagliari (Independent Region of Sardinia), the Preliminary Design for the EEUR2012 campus in Cagliari (regional office for the right to education in Cagliari) and designer of the Plan of La Maddalena with Enrico Corti (Municipality of La Maddalena). He was also consultant for the work of urban design of the Zhaoqing planning & urban design Bureau (Guangdong-PRC) and winner of the competition to redevelop the commemorative Arch Square and the lakefront in Zhaoqing (Guangdong-PRC). In 2009, he turned to the study and assessment of microclimate efficiency in the urban fabric and the testing of methodologies and interdisciplinary processes of urban design. He is involved in projects of international cooperation in Kenya, in the rehabilitation of the Eduardo Mondlane University Campus in Maputo (Mozambique), in the Plan of Urban Rehabilitation of the Hospital area, Botanical Gardens and Amphitheatre in Cagliari, and he is also providing scientific support to the Independent Region of Sardinia in the Iscol@ Project. He is currently a member of the UNICA scientific board-Ministry of Defense for the rehabilitation of the coastal forts of La Maddalena.http://people.uni-ca.it/giovannimarcochiri/

Elisabetta Sanna is a fully qualified architect, with a postgraduate Master in Landscape Architecture, attended at the UniversitatPolitècnica de Catalunya in Barcelona. She has been operating for about four years in the field of landscape and territorial design, joining national and international competitions concerning the redevelopment of public spaces, the design of parks and playground areas. She worked in Berlin at internationally renowned offices, such as Topotek 1, Man Made Land and Lavaland with which she worked as Project Leader for competitions and projects such as the‘AspernSeestadtNordpromenade’ in Vienna.

Pino Frau gained a First Class Honors Degree in Civil Engineering at the University of Cagliari, with a thesis entitled: ‘Comparison of One-dimensional and Two-Dimensional modeling of flood events by using HEC-RAS - Application in the Posada river valley area”. After graduating, he started his collaboration with the Civil and Environmental Engineering and Architecture Department (DICAAR) at the University of Cagliari. The internship focused on the use of Two-Dimensional modeling in the areas affected by river flooding as a consequence of flood events. During that internship, his areas of expertise included the application of the HEC-RAS modeling in both rural and urban areas in order to develop evacuation plans for the population, the valuation effects, in fluvial hydrodynamic, of the attribution of the roughness value based on the soil and the vegetative covering used. He won two research grants at the University of Cagliari entitled ‘Analysis and Application of Two-Dimensional Models for the Assessment of Flood Risk and the Preparation of Emergency Plans downstream through large dams.’ After winning two research grants at the University of Cagliari, he is currently collaborating with the Sarrabus Municipality Consortium and the Sardinian Regional Agency of Hydrographic District. Davide Pisu is a practicing architect, PhD student and lecturer of Architectural and Urban Composition at the University of Cagliari and, previously, he was a visiting lecturer and PhD student at the University of Hertfordshire. His professional activity is focused on housing, public buildings and public spaces, and he has a long-standing professional relationship with the architectural practice C+C04 Studio. His research focus comprises architecture for information and knowledge and the relationship between architecture and normativity. His works are published on Autoportret, C3 Korea and 'backtobasics' a series of books on fundamental architectural themes. He is currently completing a dissertation entitled ‘Norm and form: Perverse effect of architectural regulations.’ As a part of his PhD research, he is investigating the normative sphere of the architectural domain.

Francesco Marras Ph.D. Architect of the Faculty of Engineering and Architecture of Cagliari, hefocuses on the themes of architectural and landscape design. His research fields are: recovery and redevelopment of hydrogeological risk areas, new forms of settlement and habitat for rural landscapes,

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modern reclamation architecture, management of water in public spaces. He is a post-doc researcher of the DICAARand he is performing a research on the regional rural landscape. He is responsible for the optional course ‘Water Module. Ecologies, Techniques and design’, which focuses on the role of water management in projecting architecture. He performs architectural research and he also participates in competitions, achieving important results, such as the first prize in the European 13 competition, held in the site of Saint Polten in Austria, and in the Agrarian High School of Muravera and the Kindergarten of Villaspeciosa in Italy. In 2018 he founded TZH studio, a group of architects who work in the field of architecture in rural landscapes.

Giovanni Maria Sechi is an Associate Professor of Hydraulic Constructions (ICAR/02). In February 1983 he was appointed university researcher at the same University and from October 2000 he has been Associate Professor of Hydraulic Construction Engineering. Winner of a research grant from the CNR -the Italian National Research Council- in 1984-85 he was a visiting researcher at the Civil Engineering Dept. of the Colorado State University. He is currently working at the DICAAR – UNICA - Hydraulic Engineering Section. From November 2004 to 2010 he was Director of the CINSA, the Interdepartmental Center for Environmental Science and Technology of UNICA.He is a member of the IAHR, International Association of Hydraulic Engineering and Research, of the EWRA, European Water Resources Association, the Italian Hydro-technical Association, the AIRO, Italian Association of Operations Research, and of the CSSA, Italian Center for Water Supply Systems.In September 2005 he was assigned to the Executive Committee of the EWRA, the European Water Resources Association.His research activity was focused in particular on the development of efficient algorithms for the optimization of large-sized water resource systems, also taking into account conditions of uncertainty and the use of non-conventional resources. He has also worked on probabilistic modelling of extreme hydrological events. He was coordinator of the research unit of the University of Cagliari in the VAPI project by GNDCI-CNR (Italian National Research Council).

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ISBN:978-88-6887-054-6 DOI:10.6093/978-88-6887-054-6

Carmela Gargiulo is full professor of Urban Planning Techniques at the University of Naples Federico II. Since 1987 she has been involved in studies on the management of urban and territorial transformations. Since 2004, she has been Member of the Researcher Doctorate in Hydraulic, Transport and Territorial Systems Engineering of the University of Naples “Federico II”. She is Member of the Committee of the Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering Department of the University of Naples “Federico II”. Her research interests focus on the processes of urban requalification, on relationships between urban tr

transformations and mobility, and on the estate exploitation produced by urban transformations. On these subjects she has co-ordinated research teams within National Project such as Progetto Finalizzato Edilizia - Sottoprogetto “Processi e procedure” (Targeted Project on Building – Subproject “Processes and procedures), from 1992 to 1994; Progetto Strategico Aree Metropolitane e Ambiente, (Strategic Project Metropolitan Areas and Environment) from 1994 to 1995; PRIN project on the “Impacts of mobility policies on urban transformability, environment and property market” from 2011 to 2013. Principal iinvestigator of the Project Smart Energy Master for the energy management of territory financed by PON 04A2_00120 R&C Axis II, from 2012 to 2015. Scientific Responsible Unit Dicea Project by Fondazione Cariplo “MOBILAGE. Mobility and aging: daily life and welfare supportive networks at the neighborhood level” 2018-2020. Scientific Responsible Unit TeMALab Dicea ERASMUS+ Key Action2: Project “Development of a Master Programme in the Management of Industrial Entrepreneurship for Transition Countries” (MIETC), partners: University of Santiago de Compostela (leading organization), University of Ljubljana, Academy of SScience of Turkmenistan, Karaganda Economic University of Kazpotrebsouz (2020-2022). Author of more than 130 publications. Since 2008 Associate Editor of TeMA Journal of Land Use, Mobility and Environment.

Corrado Zoppi, Civil engineer, is Doctor of Philosophy in Economics (Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States, 1997), Doctor of Research in Territorial Planning (University of Reggio Calabria, 1992), and Master of Science in Economic Policy and Planning (Northeastern University, 1990). Since October I 2015 he is Professor (Full Professor, Scientific Disciplinary Sector ICAR/20 Urban and Regional Technique and Planning)) at the Department of Civil, Environmental Engineering and Architecture. In the past, he taught at the Faculty of Engineering of the University of Cagliari, and at the Faculties of Architecture of

of the Universities of Rome “La Sapienza” and Sassari-Alghero. He is presently the Official Professor of the Module of Strategic Planning of the Integrated Course of Strategic Environmental Planning and of the Course of Regional and Urban Planning at the Faculty of Engineering of the University of Cagliari, and the Coordinator of the Undergraduate and Magisterial Degree Programs at the Faculty of Engineering and Architecture of the University of Cagliari. He was the Coordinator of the Panel for the Assessment and Evaluation of Public Investments of the Sardinian Regional Administration in the period 2007-2013. He was the Coordinator of the G

of the Graduate Committee of Environmental and Territorial Engineering of the University of Cagliari in the period 2012-2015. He is the President of the Faculty Committee of Engineering and Architecture of the University of Cagliari.