Search for CP violation in the phase space of D0 → π+π−π+π− decays

Contents lists available atScienceDirect

Physics

Letters

B

www.elsevier.com/locate/physletb

Search

for

CP violation

in

the

phase

space

of

D

0

→

π

+

π

−

π

+

π

−

decays

.

LHCb

Collaboration

a

r

t

i

c

l

e

i

n

f

o

a

b

s

t

r

a

c

t

Articlehistory:

Received15December2016

Receivedinrevisedform22March2017 Accepted27March2017

Availableonline4April2017 Editor:W.-D.Schlatter

A search for time-integrated CP violation in the Cabibbo-suppressed decay D0→

π

+

π

−

π

+

π

− is performed using an unbinned, model-independent technique known as the energy test. This is the first application of the energy test in four-body decays. The search is performed for P -evenCP asymmetries

and, for the first time, is extended to probe the P -odd case. Using proton–proton collision data

corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 3.0 fb−1 collected by the LHCb detector at centre-of-mass energies of √s₌7 TeV and 8 TeV, the world’s best sensitivity to CP violationin this decay is obtained. The data are found to be consistent with the hypothesis of CP symmetry with a p-value

of

(4.6 ±0.5)% in the P -even

case, and marginally consistent with a

p-value

of

(0.6 ±0.2)% in the P -odd

case, corresponding to a significance for CP non-conservation

of 2.7 standard deviations.

©2017 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Funded by SCOAP3_.

1. Introduction

The decay D0

_→

_π

+

_π

−

_π

+

_π

− _{(charge-conjugate decays are}

implied unless stated otherwise) proceeds via a singly Cabibbo-suppressedc

→

dud transitionwithanadmixture fromac

→

ug

gluonic-penguintransition.WithintheStandardModel(SM),these amplitudeshave different weak phases, and the interference be-tweenthemmaygiverisetoa violationofthecharge-parity(CP) symmetry in the decay. Anothernecessary condition for this di-rect CP violation to occur is interference of at least two ampli-tudes with different strong phases. The strong phase differences areknowntobe sizeableincharm decaysandcan enterthrough theresonances that abundantly contribute to the four-body final states. The sensitivity to CP violation is usually best for decays wherethestrongphasesbetweeninterferingresonanceshavelarge differences.A rich spectrumof resonancescontributes tothe de-cayD0

_→

_π

+

_π

−

_π

+

_π

−_{,whichaccordingtotheamplitudeanalysis}

performed by the FOCUS collaboration [1], is dominated by the amplitudesforD0

_→

_a

1

(

1260

)

+

π

−witha1

(

1260

)

+

→

ρ

0

(

770

)

π

+

andforD0

→

ρ

0

₍

₇₇₀

₎

_ρ

0

₍

₇₇₀

₎

_.

Inthe SM, violation of the CP symmetryin the charm sector isexpectedatorbelowthe

O

(10−3)level[2].Contributionsfrom particlesthat are proposed to exist inextensionsof theSM may participateinhigher-orderloop contributions (penguindiagrams) andenhancethe levelof CP violation. Multibodydecays, such as

D0

_→

_π

+

_π

−

_π

+

_π

−_{,allowtheCP asymmetriestobeprobedacross}

thephasespaceofthedecay,andtheselocalCP asymmetriesmay belargerthanglobalCP asymmetries.

The analysis of D0

_→

_π

+

_π

−

_π

+

_π

− _{is primarily sensitive to}

directCP violation.InadditiontothisdirectCP violation,the time-integrated CP asymmetry in D0

_→

_π

+

_π

−

_π

+

_π

− _{decays can also}

receiveanindirectcontributionarisingfromeither D0_–D0 _mixing

orinterferencebetweendirectdecaysanddecaysfollowingmixing. While directCP asymmetrydependsonthedecaymode, indirect

CP violationisexpectedtobe universalwithin theSM.The time-dependentmeasurementsofD0

→

π

−

π

+, K−K+decaysconstrain theindirectCP asymmetry belowthe

O

(10−3_{) level[3],whichis}

beyondthesensitivityofthisanalysis.

Previously, the most sensitive search for CP violation in the

D0

→

π

+

π

−

π

+

π

− decaywasperformedby theLHCb collabora-tionwithdatacollectedin2011[4].Abinned

χ

2 _{technique (S}

CP)

was used to exclude CP-violating effects at the 10% level. Four-body decays requirefiveindependent variables to fullyrepresent thephasespace. Consequently,binned analyseswillhavea trade-offbetweenminimisingthenumberofbins,inordertomaximise thenumberofeventsper bin,andretainingsensitivityto the in-terferencebetweenallcontributingresonances.Themeasurement presentedhereincludesdatacollected in2012,resultingina sig-nal sample that is aboutthree times larger than inthe previous LHCb analysis. The method exploitedhere, known as the energy test,isanunbinnedtechnique,whichisadvantageousinthe anal-ysisofmultibodydecays.

The energy test was applied for the first time to search for

CP violation in decays of D0

_→

_π

−

_π

+

_π

0 _{[5]; here we present}

its first applicationto four-body decays. The energy test is used toassessthe compatibilityofthe observeddatawithCP

symme-try.ItissensitivetolocalCP violationinthephasespaceandnot

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physletb.2017.03.062

0370-2693/©2017TheAuthor(s).PublishedbyElsevierB.V.ThisisanopenaccessarticleundertheCCBYlicense(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).Fundedby SCOAP3_.

to global asymmetries,which may also arise from different pro-duction cross-sectionsof D0 and D0 mesons at a proton–proton collider.The method identifies the phase space regions inwhich

CP violation is observed. Being model-independent, this method neither identifies which amplitudes contribute to the observed asymmetry nor measures the actual asymmetry. Consequently, a model-dependentamplitude analysisof D0 _{and D}0 _decayswould

berequiredifevidenceforanon-zeroCP asymmetryisobtained. Theanalysispresentedhereprobesseparatelyboth P -evenand

P -odd CP asymmetries. The P -even test is performed through the comparison of the distribution of events in the D0 _{and D}0

phasespaces,characterisedbysquaredinvariantmasses. Addition-allycharacterising the eventsusinga triple productof final-state particlemomenta[6–8]givessensitivityto P -oddamplitudes,and thusallowsthefirsttestforP -oddCP asymmetriesinanunbinned model-independenttechnique.

2. Detectorandreconstruction

The LHCb detector [9,10] is a single-arm forward spectrome-tercoveringthepseudorapidity range2

<

η

<

5,designedforthe studyofparticlescontaining b orc quarks. Thedetectorincludes a high-precision trackingsystem consistingof a silicon-strip ver-tex detector surrounding the pp interaction region, a large-area silicon-stripdetectorlocatedupstream ofa dipolemagnetwitha bendingpower of about4 Tm, andthree stations ofsilicon-strip detectorsandstrawdrifttubesplaceddownstreamofthemagnet. Thetrackingsystemprovidesameasurementofmomentum, p,of chargedparticleswitharelativeuncertaintythat variesfrom0.5% atlowmomentumto1.0%at200 GeV

/

c.Theminimumdistanceof atracktoaprimarypp interactionvertex(PV),theimpact param-eter(IP),ismeasuredwitharesolutionof

(

15

+

29

/

pT

)

μ

m,where

pTisthecomponentofthemomentumtransversetothebeam,in

GeV

/

c.Differenttypesofchargedhadronsaredistinguishedusing informationfromtworing-imagingCherenkovdetectors.Photons, electronsandhadronsareidentifiedby acalorimetersystem con-sistingofscintillating-padandpreshowerdetectors,an electromag-neticcalorimeterandahadroniccalorimeter.Muonsareidentified byasystemcomposedofalternating layersofironandmultiwire proportionalchambers.

Thisanalysisusesthedatafrom pp collisionscollected bythe LHCbexperimentin2011and2012correspondingtointegrated lu-minositiesof,respectively,1 fb−1and2 fb−1atcentre-of-mass en-ergiesof7 TeV and8 TeV.Thepolarityofthedipolemagnetis re-versedperiodicallythroughoutdata-taking.Theconfigurationwith themagneticfieldpointingupwards(downwards),bendspositively (negatively)chargedparticles inthehorizontalplane towardsthe centre of the LHC. Similar amounts of data were recorded with eachpolarity,whichreducestheeffectofcharge-dependent detec-tion andreconstruction efficiencies on results obtained fromthe fulldatasample.

In the simulation, pp collisions are generated using Pythia 8[11]withaspecificLHCb configuration[12].Decaysofhadronic particles are described by EvtGen _{[13]. The interaction of the} generatedparticles withthedetectorandits responseare imple-mentedusingthe Geant4toolkit[14]asdescribedinRef.[15].

Theonlineeventselectionisperformedbyatrigger,which con-sists of a hardware stage, based on high-pT signatures fromthe

calorimeterandmuon systems, followed by a two-levelsoftware stage.Eventsarerequiredtopassbothhardwareandsoftware trig-gerlevels.Thesoftwaretriggeratitsfirstlevelappliespartialevent reconstruction. It requires atleast one good quality track associ-atedwithaparticlehavinghighpTandnotoriginatingfromaPV.

A second-level software trigger, optimised forfour-body had-ronic charmdecays,fully reconstructs D0

_→

_π

+

_π

−

_π

+

_π

−

candi-dates coming from D∗+

→

D0

_π

+

s decays. The charge ofthe soft

pion (

π

s) tags theflavour of the D mesons atproduction,which

is needed as

π

+

π

−

π

+

π

− is a self-conjugate final state acces-sible to both D0 _{and D}0 _{decays. The trigger selection ensures}

thesuppressionofcombinatorialbackgroundwhileminimisingthe distortion oftheacceptanceinthe phasespaceofthedecay. The triggerrequiresafour-tracksecondaryvertexwithalltracksbeing ofgoodquality andpassing minimummomentumandtransverse momentum requirements. The pions from the candidate D0

de-cay are required to have a large impact parameter significance (

χ

2

IP) withrespect to all PVs, where

χ

IP2 is definedas the

differ-enceinthevertex-fit

χ

2 _{ofaPVreconstructed withandwithout}

the considered track. A part of the data collected in 2011 was takenwitha differentsecond-leveltriggerselection.Inthis selec-tion only D0

_→

_π

+

_π

−

_π

+

_π

− _{candidates are reconstructed while}

the D∗+ reconstructionisperformedonlyduring theoffline selec-tion. For a part of the data collected in 2012, additional events were selected in the trigger from the partial reconstruction of

D0

→

π

+

π

−

π

+

π

− candidatesarisingfromD∗+

→

D0

π

_s+decays, usingonlyinformationfromone

π

+

π

−pairandasoftpion.

3. Offlineeventselection

Intheofflineselection,signalcandidatesarerequiredtobe as-sociated to candidates that passed the onlineselection described in theprevious section. In addition,the offlineselection imposes morestringentkinematiccriteriathanthoseappliedinthetrigger. The D∗+ and D0 candidates must have pT

>

500 MeV

/

c.All the

candidatepiontracks,those fromthe D0 _{decayproducts andthe}

π

smesons,arerequiredtohavepT

>

350 MeV

/

c andp

>

3 GeV

/

c

to reduce thecombinatorialbackground.The candidate D0 decay products must form a good quality vertex. As a consequence of the non-negligible D0 lifetime, the D0 decay vertexshould typ-ically be significantly displaced from the PV; this is ensured by applyingaselectiononthesignificanceofthe D0 _{candidateflight}

distance.Charmmesonsfromb hadrondecayshavelargerIPsdue tothecomparativelylongb hadronlifetimes.Thissecondarycharm contributionissuppressedby imposinganupperlimitonthe

χ

2 IP

oftheD0 candidate.BackgroundfromD0

→

K−

π

+

π

−

π

+decays, with a kaon misidentified as a pion, is reducedby placing tight requirementsonthe

π

±particleidentificationbasedonthe ring-imaging Cherenkov detectors. The contribution of the Cabibbo-favoured D0

_→

_K0

S

π

+

π

− decayisfoundtobe belowthepercent

level.As investigatedin Ref.[4],partiallyreconstructed or misre-constructedmultibodyD(s)decays(e.g.,decayswithamissingpion orakaonmisidentifiedaspion)donotgive risetopeaking back-groundsundertheD0

→

π

+

π

−

π

+

π

− signal.

Constraints on the decay kinematics are applied to improve massandmomentumresolutions.ThefourpionsfromtheD0

de-cayareconstrainedtocomefromacommonvertexandthedecay vertex of the D∗+ candidate is constrained to coincide with its PV[16].Theseconstraintsareappliedinthedeterminationofthe massdifference,



m,betweentheD0 andtheD∗+.TheD0is con-strainedtoitsnominalmassinthedeterminationofthe kinemat-icsinthe D0

→

π

+

π

−

π

+

π

− decay.Arequirementon fitquality for the D∗+ vertex fitsefficiently suppresses combinatorial back-ground. This requirement also suppresses the contribution from

D∗+ mesons originatingfrom long-lived b hadrons. The remain-ing componentintheanalysisfromthissourceisnot sensitiveto

CP asymmetries inb hadrons astheflavour tag isobtainedfrom thechargeofthe

π

sinthedecayoftheD∗+meson.

The

π

sisalow-momentumparticle,withtheconsequencethat

thelargedeflectioninthemagneticfieldleadstodifferent accep-tancesforthetwocharges.Consequently,thesoftpionisrestricted to the region where the detection asymmetry is small. This is

Fig. 1. Distributionofm withfitoverlaidfortheselectedD∗+ candidatesinthe 2012data.Thedatapointsandthecontributionsfromsignal,background,andtheir totalobtainedfromthefitareshown.

achievedthrough theapplicationoffiducialcutsonthesoftpion momentum,followingRef.[17].Asthekinematicsoftheslowpion are largely uncorrelatedwith the D0 phase space, the

π

s

detec-tionasymmetry wouldresultinaglobalasymmetrytowhichthis analysisisnotsensitive.Thereare,however,differencesinthe de-tectionefficienciesoftheD0andD0daughtersthatmayintroduce additionalasymmetrieslocalisedinthephasespaceofD0 _decays,

andwhicharediscussedindetailinSect.7.

ThesignalregionintheD0_{invariantmassisdefinedas1852}

_<

m

(

π

+

π

−

π

+

π

−

) <

1882 MeV

/

c2_{, corresponding to a full range}

of about four times the mass resolution. The signal yield is es-timated from the



m distribution, which is shown in Fig. 1 for the2012 data.These



m distributionsare modelled by thesum ofthreeGaussian functionsforsignalandasecond-order polyno-mialmultipliedbyathresholdfunction

√

1

−

mπ

/

m, wheremπ

isthe pion mass,describing combinatorial andrandom soft-pion backgrounds.Theselectedsamplescomprise320,000and720,000 signalcandidatesinthe2011and2012datawithpuritiesof97% and96%,respectively.Thefinalsignalsampleisselectedrequiring

|

m

−

145

.

44

|

<

0

.

45 MeV

/

c2_{, which corresponds to selecting a}

regionwithawidthroughlytwicetheeffective



m resolution.

4. Descriptionofthephasespace

Fivecoordinatesarerequiredforafulldescriptionofthephase spaceoffour-body decays [18]. Incontrast tothree-body decays, thereisnostandardorcommonlypreferredchoiceofcoordinates. Two-bodyandthree-body invariant masscombinationsofthe pi-onsareusedascoordinateshere.Theenergytestperformedhere isa statisticalmethodcomparing thedistributions of D0 _{and D}0

candidates in phase space (see Sect. 5). Therefore, it is sensitive to the position of an event in phase space and to the choice of coordinates spanning this phase space. The choice of coordi-nates influences the sensitivity of the analysis as it will change the distance between events in the phase space. Furthermore,

D0

_→

_π

+

_π

−

_π

+

_π

− _{decayscontaintwo}

_π

+ _andtwo

_π

− _mesons.

Thepionsofthesamechargecanbeinterchanged;asaresulteach decaycanbeplacedatfourpointsinphasespace.Theenergytest issensitivetosuchpioninterchange.Toobtainbothaunique out-putandoptimalsensitivityfromtheenergytest,anorderingofthe inputvariablesoftheenergytestisdefinedinthefollowing.

The order of the charges of the four pions in the D0 _decay

π1π2π3π4

is fixed to

π

+

π

−

π

+

π

−.1 There are four two-body

combinations in which resonances can be formed andthese are the

π

+

π

−pairs:

π

1π2,

π

1π4,

π

3π2,and

π

3π4.Likewise,thereare fourthree-bodycombinations:thetwoofpositivecharge,

π

1π2π3

and

π

1π3π4,andthetwoofnegativecharge,

π

1π2π4and

π

2π3π4. Theinvariantmassesofallpossible

π

+

π

−pairsarecalculatedand sorted foreach event. The

π

+

π

− pair withthe largestinvariant massisfixed tobe

π

3

π4

,whichfullydeterminestheorderofall

fourpions.Asonlyasmallfractionofthe

ρ(

770

)

resonance,either produceddirectlyfromtheD0 _{decayorthrougha}

1

(

1260

)

decays,

contributestothelargestm

(

π

+

π

−

)

,the

π

3π4 combinationis ex-cluded fromthecoordinates used.Whileanycombinationof five variables covers thefull phase space, the choicemade hereisto keep variables sensitive to the presence ofthe main resonances. Thetwo-bodyandthree-bodymasscombinationsthatdonot con-tain the

π

3π4 pairare used fortheenergytest coordinates. This results in five invariant masses,

π

1π2,

π

1π4,

π

2π3,

π

1π2π3 and

π1π2π4

,whichareexpectedtocovermostoftheintermediate

res-onancecontributions.

The choice of using only invariant masses has a limitation. Invariant masses are even under parity transformation, and a comparison of the D0 and D0 samples probes only P -even CP

asymmetries. In four-body decays, however, P -odd amplitudes can also be present. In D0

_→

_π

+

_π

−

_π

+

_π

− _{decays, there is}

only one significant P -odd amplitude, the perpendicular helic-ity ( A_⊥) of D0

→

ρ

0

₍

₇₇₀

₎

_ρ

0

₍

₇₇₀

₎

_{decays. Alternatively, in the}

partial-wave basis, it is the amplitude corresponding to the P-wave D0

_→

_ρ

0

₍

₇₇₀

₎

_ρ

0

₍

₇₇₀

₎

_{decays. Its contribution to the total}

D0

_→

_π

+

_π

−

_π

+

_π

− _{widthis about6% [19].The defaultapproach}

isextendedtomakeacomplementarytestofthe P -oddCP

asym-metry, which may arise from interference between P -odd and

P -evenamplitudes.ThisisdiscussedfurtherinRef.[8].

Tripleproducts,whicharebydefinition P -odd,canbe usedto probeP -oddCP violation[20].Theseasymmetriesareproportional tothecosineofthestrong-phasedifferencebetweenthe interfer-ing partial waves [6], and thus will be enhanced where P -even CP asymmetries,proportional tothe sineofthe strong-phase dif-ference, lack sensitivity. A triple product CT

= 

p1

· (

p2

× 

p3

)

is

constructedfor D0 _{decays,wherepionmomentaaremeasured in}

the D0 _{rest frame. Here}

_

_p

1,



p2 and



p3 are the vector momenta

of

π

1,

π

2 and

π

3 sortedasdescribed above(i.e.,

π

4 isexcluded).

Thecorrespondingtripleproductforthe D0 _{decaysisobtainedby}

applyingtheCP transformation,CP

(

CT

)

= −

C

(

CT

)

= −

CT.TheCT

observableisconstructedbychargeconjugatingthepionsentering

CT (i.e.,theexcludedpioninCT isthe

π

+inthelargestm

(

π

+

π

−

)

combination).Thetotalsampleisdividedintofoursubsamples ac-cordingtotheD0 _{flavourandthesignofthetripleproduct:}

[

I

]

D0

(

CT

>

0

),

[

II

]

D0

(

CT

<

0

),

[

III

]

D0

(

−

CT

>

0

),

[

IV

]

D0

(

−

CT

<

0

).

(1)

SamplesI andIII arerelatedbythe CP transformation,andso areII andIV.TheyieldsofthesefoursamplesarelistedinTable 1. ThetestforthepresenceofP -evenCP asymmetryisperformedby comparingthecombinedsampleI

+

II withthecombinedsample III

+

IV.ThiscorrespondstotheintegrationoverCT andisthe

de-faulttest,inwhichD0_andD0 _{samplesarecomparedinthephase}

space spannedwith invariant massesonly. Similarly, the test for a P -oddCP asymmetryisperformedbycomparing thecombined sample I

+

IV withthecombinedsample II

+

III.Thiscomparison

1 _InaD0_{decaytheorderofπ}

1π2π3π4ischarge-conjugated,π−π+π−π+,with respecttothatoftheD0_decay.

Table 1

Theyieldsofsignaleventsinthefoursamplesthatobtainedfromfitstothem

distribution.

Sample I II III IV

Yields 256 466±629 246 629±519 258 274±574 246 986±607

isperformed inthe samephase spaceasthe default P -even ap-proachandallowstheP -oddcontributiontotheCP asymmetryto be probed, since the P -even contribution cancels [8]. No triple-product asymmetry measurements exist for D0

→

π

+

π

−

π

+

π

−

decays and the previous LHCb study [4] was performed in the phasespacebasedontheinvariantmassesonly.Consequently,this isthefirsttime a P -oddCP asymmetryisinvestigatedinthis de-caymode.

5. Energytest

Model-independentsearchesforlocalCP violationaretypically carried out using a binned

χ

2 _{approach to compare the}

rela-tive density in a binof phase space of a decay withthat of its

CP-conjugate.Thismethodwas usedinaprevious studyof D0

_→

π

+

π

−

π

+

π

−decays[4].Asdiscussedintheprevioussection,five coordinates are required to describe four-body decays. A model-independent unbinned statistical method called the energy test was introduced in Refs. [21,22].The potential for increased sen-sitivity of this method over binned

χ

2 _{analyses in Dalitz plot}

analyseswas showninRefs.[8,23] anditwas firstapplied to ex-perimentaldatainRef.[5].

This Letter introduces the first application of the energy test technique to four-body decays, where it isused to compare two eventsamplesintestsofbothP -evenandP -oddtypeCP violation.

The P -evenenergytestseparateseventsaccordingtotheirflavour, andthencompares these D0 and D0 samples.The P -odd energy testseparateseventsusingboththeirflavourandsignofthetriple product,asdescribedintheprevioussection.

Ateststatistic, T ,isused tocomparetheaveragedistances of eventsinphasespace.ThevariableT isbasedonafunction

ψ

i j

≡

ψ(

di j

)

whichdependsonthedistancedi j betweeneventsi and j.

Itisdefinedas T

=

n



i,j>i

ψ

i j n

(

n

−

1

)

+

n



i,j>i

ψ

i j n

(

n

−

1

)

−

n,n



i,j

ψ

i j nn

,

(2)

where the first and second terms correspond to an average weighteddistancebetweeneventswithinthen eventsofthefirst sample andbetween then events of the second sample, respec-tively. The third term measures the average weighted distance betweeneventsinthefirstsample andeventsinthesecond sam-ple.Ifthedistributionsofeventsinbothsamplesare identical,T

willrandomlyfluctuatearoundavalueclosetozero.

Thenormalisationfactors inthedenominatorsoftheterms of Eq.(2)removetheimpactofglobalasymmetriesbetweenD0 and

D0 _{samples. In the P -odd test, subsamples of both D}0 _{and D}0

samples are combined. Consequently, any global asymmetries in these could result in local asymmetries in the samples used for theP -oddtest.Therefore,forthe P -oddtesttheglobalasymmetry between D0 and D0 is removed by randomly rejecting some of the D0 _{candidatesto equalisethesize ofthesamples ofthetwo}

flavoursbeforecombiningtheeventsintothetwosamplesthatare compared.

The function

ψ

should decrease with increasing distance di j

betweenevents i and j,inordertoincreasethesensitivityto lo-calasymmetries.AGaussianfunctionischosen,

ψ(

di j

)

=

e−d

2

i j/2δ2_,

withatuneableparameter

δ

(seeSect.6)thatdescribesthe effec-tiveradiusinphasespacewithinwhichalocalasymmetryis mea-sured.Thus,thisparametershouldbelargerthantheresolutionof

di j butsmallenoughnottodilutelocallyvaryingasymmetries.The

distancebetweentwopointsisobtainedusingthefivesquared in-variantmassesdiscussedintheprevioussectionandcalculatedas

d2_{i j}

= (

m2₁₂,j

−

m2₁₂,i

)

2

+ (

m₁₄2,j

−

m2₁₄,i

)

2

+ (

m2₂₃,j

−

m2₂₃,i

)

2

+ (

m2₁₂₃,j

−

m2₁₂₃,i

)

2

+ (

m2₁₂₄,j

−

m2₁₂₄,i

)

2

.

(3)

In the caseof CP violation, the average distances entering in the third termofEq.(2)are larger than inthe other terms.Due to the characteristics of the

ψ

function, this leads to a reduced magnitudeofthisthirdtermrelativetotheotherterms.Therefore, largerCP asymmetriesleadtolargervaluesofT .Thisistranslated into a p-valueunderthehypothesis of CP symmetryby compar-ing the T value observed in data to a distribution of T values

obtainedfrompermutationsamples.Thepermutationsamplesare constructedbyrandomlyassigningeventstoeitherofthesamples, thus simulatinga situation withoutCP violation. The p-valuefor the no-CP-violationhypothesis isobtainedasthe fractionof per-mutationT valuesgreaterthantheobservedT value.

Forscenarios wheretheobserved T valuelieswellwithin the range ofpermutation T values,the p-valuecan be calculatedby simply countinghowmanypermutation T valuesarelarger than the observed one. Iflarge CP violation isobserved, the observed

T value is likely to lie outside the range of permutation T

val-ues.Inthiscasethepermutation T distributioncanbefittedwith a generalised-extreme-value (GEV) function, as demonstrated in Refs. [21,22] andused inRef. [5]. The p-valuefrom the fitted T

distribution can be calculated as the fraction of the integral of the functionabove the observed T value.The uncertaintyon the

p-value is obtained by randomly resampling the fit parameters within their uncertainties, taking into account their correlations, andby extractinga p-valueforeachofthesegenerated T

distri-butions.Thespreadoftheresultingp-valuedistributionisusedto set68%confidenceintervals.A90%confidence-levelupperlimitis quoted where no significantly non-zero p-value can be obtained fromthefit.

The number of permutations is constrained by the available computingtime.Thedefaultp-valueextraction,definedbefore ob-tainingtheresultfromthedata,usesthecountingmethodaslong asatleastthreepermutationT valuesarefoundtobelargerthan theobservedT value.Otherwise,thep-valueisdeterminedby in-tegratingthefittedGEVfunction.The p-valuespresentedhereare basedonover 1000permutationsforthedefaultdataresultsand on100permutationsforthesensitivitystudies(seeSect.6).

Avisualisation ofregions ofsignificantasymmetry isobtained byassigning anasymmetrysignificancetoeachevent.The contri-butions ofasingle eventinone sample, Ti,andasingleeventin

theothersample,Ti,tothetotalT valuearegivenby Ti

=

1 2n

(

n

−

1

)

n



j=i

ψ

i j

−

1 2nn n



j

ψ

i j

,

(4) Ti

=

1 2n



n

−

1



n



j=i

ψ

i j

−

1 2nn n



j

ψ

i j

.

(5)

Having obtainedthe Ti and Ti values for all events,the

per-mutation method is also used here to define the significance of eachevent.Foragiveneventi theexpectedTi distributioninthe

caseofCP symmetryisobtainedbyusingthepermutationmethod. The distributions ofthe smallestnegative andlargest positive Ti

valuesofeachpermutation,T_iminandT_imax,areusedtoassign sig-nificancesofnegativeandpositiveasymmetries,respectively.Iffor

Table 2

OverviewofsensitivitiestovariousCP-violationscenariosin sim-ulation.A andφdenote, respectively,therelativechangein magnitudeandthechangeinphaseoftheamplitudeofthe res-onance R.TheP-wave ρ0

(770)ρ0

(770)is a P -oddcomponent. The phase changein this resonanceis tested with the P -odd CP-violationtest.Resultsforallotherscenariosaregivenwiththe standardP -eventest.

R (partial wave) (A,φ) p-value (fit) a1→ρ0π(S) (5%,0◦) 2.6+₋31..47×10−4 a1→ρ0π(S) (0%,3◦) 1.2+₋31..62×10− 6 ρ0_ρ0_{(D) (5%,0}◦_{) 3.8}+2.9 −1.9×10−3 ρ0_ρ0_{(D) (0%,4}◦_{) 9.6}+24 −7.2×10−6 ρ0_ρ0_{(P) (4%} ,0◦) 3.0+1.2 −0.9×10− 3 ρ0_ρ0_{(P) (0%} ,3◦) 9.8+4.4 −3.8×10− 4

realdatatheTivaluefallsintheright(left)tailofthedistribution

of T_imax (T_imin) containing 32%, 5% or0.3% of thevalues itis as-signedapositive(negative)significanceof1,2or3

σ

,respectively. Thesameprocedureisappliedtothe Ti distribution,leadingtoa

phasespacewithan invertedasymmetry pattern. Thismethodis illustratedinSect.6.

The practical limitation of this method is that the number of mathematical operations scales quadratically with the sample size.Furthermore,asignificantnumberofpermutationsisrequired to get a sufficient precision on the p-value. In this analysis, the methodisimplementedusingparallelcomputingongraphics pro-cessingunits(GPUs)[24].

6. Sensitivitystudies

Tointerprettheresults,astudyofthesensitivityofthepresent datasampletodifferenttypesofCP violationisrequired.The sen-sitivityisexaminedbasedonsimplifiedsimulationsamples gener-atedaccordingtoa preliminaryversion ofthe modelinRef. [25] basedonCLEO-c measurements.The generationis performed us-ingMINT,asoftwarepackageforamplitude analysisofmultibody decays that has also been used by the CLEO collaboration [26]. Giventhe highpurity obtainedin theselection, backgrounds are neglectedinthesesensitivitystudies.

The variation ofthe selection efficiency across phase spaceis takenintoaccountinthesestudies.Thisefficiencyismeasured us-ingasampleofeventsbasedonthefullLHCb detectorsimulation. Theefficiencyvariesmainlyasafunctionofthemomentumofthe lowestmomentumpionintheeventinthe D0_{restframe,andthis}

efficiencyvariationisparameterised. However,thedependenceof theefficiency on thisparametrisation is relatively weak. For fur-therstudies the efficiency, based on theparametrisation, is then appliedtothesimplifiedsimulateddatasets.

Various CP asymmetries are introduced by modifying, for a chosen D0 _{flavour, either the magnitude or the phase of the}

dominant amplitude contributions: a1

(

1260

)

+

→

ρ

0

(

770

)

π

+ (in

S-wave)and

ρ

0

₍

₇₇₀

₎

_ρ

0

₍

₇₇₀

₎

_{(both P-waveandD-wave). The}

re-sultingsensitivitiesare shownin Table 2.The p-values,including their statisticaluncertainties,are obtainedfromfits ofGEV func-tions.

The asymmetry significances for each simulated event are shown in Fig. 2 for P -even and P -odd CP-violation tests and projected onto invariant masses of the selected three-pion and two-pion subsystems. The CP violation is introduced as a phase differenceineitherthea1

(

1260

)

+ orP-wave

ρ

0

(

770

)

ρ

0

(

770

)

am-plitudes(see Sect.6). The shapesof the regions with significant asymmetry thatare visiblein theone-dimensional projectionsin Fig. 2 cannot be easily interpreted in terms of the amplitudes

and phase differences of the contributing resonances; the two-dimensional spectra are not easy to understand either. However, repeating thisexercise fordifferent scenarios ofCP violation, the observed features are found to be sufficiently distinguishable to helpidentifytheoriginofanyCP asymmetryinthedata.

Thesensitivityofthemethodalsodependsonthechoiceofthe effectradius

δ

.Studiesindicategoodstabilityofthemeasured sen-sitivityforvaluesof

δ

from0

.

3 to1 GeV2

/

c4_{,whicharewellabove}

the resolution of the di j and small compared to the size of the

phasespace. Thevalue

δ

=

0

.

5 GeV2

/

c4 yieldsthebestsensitivity tomostoftheCP-violationscenariosstudiedandwaschosen,prior to thedata unblinding,asthe defaultvalue. The optimal

δ

value mayvarywithdifferentCP-violationscenarios.Hence,thefinal re-sultsarealsoquotedforvaluesof0

.

3 GeV2

/

c4and0

.

7 GeV2

/

c4.

7. Systematiceffects

There are two main sources of asymmetry that maydegrade or bias the energy test. One is an asymmetry that may arise from background andthe other is dueto detectionand produc-tion asymmetries that could vary across phase space. The effect of theseasymmetries is studied for both the P -even and P -odd CP-violationmeasurements.

Backgroundasymmetriesaretestedbyapplyingtheenergytest toeventsinthesidebandssurroundingthesignalregioninthe



m

vs. m

(

π

+

π

−

π

+

π

−

)

plane. These events are randomly split into 11subsamplescontainingthesamenumberofbackgroundevents asexpectedtocontributeunderthesignalpeak.The p-values ob-tainedare compatiblewithauniformdistribution andno signifi-cantasymmetryisfound; p-valuesrangebetween2% and96% (4% and 91%) for P -even ( P -odd). As the background present in the signalregionisfoundtobeCP symmetric,nocorrectionisapplied inthe T valuecalculationdiscussedinSect.5.

Positivelyandnegativelychargedpionsinteractdifferentlywith matter;thedifferencesintheinelasticcross-sectionsare momen-tumdependent andsignificant forlow-momentumparticles [19]. Thepresenceofthe

π

+

π

−pairsinthefinalstatemakesthe detec-tionasymmetriescanceltofirstorder.Residual localasymmetries mayremainincertain regions ofthephasespacewhere

π

+ and

π

− havedifferentkinematicdistributions.Theseeffectsaretested using the Cabibbo-favoured decay D0

→

K−

π

+

π

−

π

+ as a con-trolmode.Thischannelisaffectedbykaondetectionasymmetries, whichareknowntobelargerthanpiondetectionasymmetriesand thus should serve as a conservative test. The data sample is ob-tainedwiththesamekinematicselectioncriteriaasforthesignal channelandimposingrequirementsonthecandidateK±particles identifiedusinginformationfromthering-imagingCherenkov de-tectors.Thecontrolsampleissplitintotensubsets,eachofwhich contains approximately the same amount of data as the signal sample. Theenergytest yields resultscompatiblewitha uniform distributionof p-valueswithvaluesbetween3% and87% (8% and 74%)forP -even( P -odd),whichisconsistentwiththeassumption thatthissourceofasymmetry isbelowthecurrentlevelof sensi-tivity.

Asymmetriesinthesoftpiondetection,althoughlargely uncor-relatedwith the D0 _{phase space, arereduced usingfiducial cuts}

(see Sect.3). Charmmesons produced inthe pp interactions ex-hibit a production asymmetry up to the percent level, which is slightly dependent on the meson kinematics [27,28]. More D∗−

particles areobserved than D∗+, givingriseto aglobal asymme-try,towhichtheappliedmethodisinsensitivebyconstruction.No significantlocalCP asymmetryisexpectedowingtothesmall ob-servedcorrelationoftheD∗momentumandtheD0 _phasespace.

Fig. 2. (a,b)DistributionofpermutationT -valuesfittedwithaGEVfunctionforthesimulatedsampleandshowingthemeasuredT -valueasaverticalline,and(c,d,e, f) local asymmetrysignificances.LeftcolumnplotsareforaP -evenCP-violationtestwitha3◦phaseCP violationintroducedinthea1(1260)+resonance(seetext),projectedonto the(c)m(π1π2π3)and(e)m(π1π2)axes.Rightcolumnplotsarefor a P -oddCP-violationtest with3◦ phaseCP violationintroducedintheP-waveρ0(770)ρ0(770) resonanceprojectedontothesameaxes.Inplots(c,d,e,f) thegreyareacorrespondstocandidateswithacontributiontotheT -valueoflessthanone standarddeviation. Thepink(blue)areacorrespondstocandidateswithapositive(negative)contributiontotheT -value.Light,mediumordarkshadesofpinkandbluecorrespondtobetween oneandtwo,twoandthree,andmorethanthreestandard-deviationcontributions,respectively.(Forinterpretationofthereferencestocolourinthisfigurelegend,the readerisreferredtothewebversionofthisarticle.)

8. Resultsandconclusions

The application of the energy test to all selected D0

_→

π

+

π

−

π

+

π

− candidates using an effective radius of

δ

=

0

.

5 GeV2

/

c4 _{yields T}

₌

₁

_.

₁₀

_×

₁₀−6 _{in the P -even CP-violation}

test and T

=

2

.

11

×

10−6 _{in the P -odd CP-violation test. The}

permutation T value distributions are shown in Fig. 3 (a, b). By counting the fraction of permutationswith a T value above the nominalT valueinthedata,a p-valueof

(

4

.

6

±

0

.

5

)

% isobtained in the P -even CP-violation test and

(

0

.

6

±

0

.

2

)

% in the P -odd CP-violationtest.ThecentralvalueoftheP -oddresultwould cor-respondto beingatleast 2.7standard deviations fromthe mean

of a normal distribution. The significance levels of the Ti values

are shown in Fig. 3 (c, e) projected onto the m

(

π1π2π3

)

axis, and Fig. 3(d, f) projected onto them

(

π1π2

)

axis.In the P -even

test, a small phase space region contains candidates with a lo-cal negative asymmetry exceeding 1

σ

significance. Furthermore, inthe P -oddtest,candidateswithalocalpositiveasymmetry ex-ceeding 2

σ

significance are seen in a small phase-space region dominatedbythe

ρ

0 _{resonance,whichcanbecomparedwiththe}

corresponding plotsin Fig. 2.Varying the effectiveradius results inthe p-valueslistedinTable 3.Thecentralvaluesofthe P -odd

results for

δ

=

0

.

3 GeV2

/

c4 correspond to morethan three stan-dard deviations fromthe mean of a normal distribution but the

Fig. 3. (a,b)DistributionofpermutationT -valuesfittedwithaGEVfunctionandshowingtheT -valueofthedatatestsasaverticalline,and(c,d, e, f) localasymmetry significances.Leftcolumnplotsareforthe P -evenCP-violationtest, projectedontothe(c)m(π1π2π3)and (e)m(π1π2)axes.Rightcolumn plotsarefor the P -odd

CP-violationtestprojectedontothesameaxes.Inplots(c,d,e,f)thegreyareacorrespondtocandidateswithacontributiontothe T -valueoflessthanone standard deviation.IntheP -evenCP violationtestthepositive(negative)asymmetrysignificanceissetfortheD0_{candidateshavingpositive(negative)contributiontothemeasured}

T value.Inthe P -oddCP violationtestthepositive(negative)asymmetrysignificanceissetforsampleI+IV havingpositive(negative)contributiontothemeasuredT

value(seeSect.5).Thepink(blue)areacorrespondstocandidateswithapositive(negative)contributiontotheT -value.Light,mediumordarkshadesofpinkandblue correspondtobetweenoneandtwo,twoandthree,andmorethanthreestandarddeviationcontributions,respectively.(Forinterpretationofthereferencestocolourinthis figurelegend,thereaderisreferredtothewebversionofthisarticle.)

Table 3

Resultsforthe P -evenandP -oddCP-violationtestsforthreedifferentvaluesoftheeffectiveradiusδ. Thep-valuesobtainedwithboththecountingandGEVfittingmethodsaregiven(seetext).The count-ingmethodisthedefaultmethod.

δ[GeV2

/c4_{] p-value P -even p-value P -odd}

Counting GEV fit Counting GEV fit

0.3 (0.88±0.26)% (0.78±0.10)% (0.24±0.14)% (0.28±0.04)% 0.5 (4.6±0.5)% (4.8±0.3)% (0.63±0.20)% (0.34±0.05)% 0.7 (16±2)% (17±2)% (0.83±0.48)% (0.52±0.16)%

significance falls below this level when considering their uncer-tainties.

In summary, a search for time-integrated CP violation in the Cabibbo-suppresseddecayD0

→

π

+

π

−

π

+

π

− isperformedusing a novel unbinned model-independent technique. This is the first applicationoftheenergytesttofour-bodydecaysandextendsthe approach toallow P -odd CP violation searches. Thisanalysis has thebestsensitivityfroma singleexperimentto P -even CP

viola-tionandisthe firsttestfor P -oddCP violationinthisdecay.The dataarefoundtobemarginallyconsistent withthehypothesisof

CP symmetryatthecurrentlevelofprecision.

Acknowledgements

We express our gratitude to our colleagues in the CERN ac-celerator departments forthe excellent performance of the LHC. We thank the technical and administrative staff atthe LHCb in-stitutes. We acknowledge support from CERN and from the na-tional agencies: CAPES, CNPq, FAPERJ and FINEP (Brazil); NSFC (China); CNRS/IN2P3 (France); BMBF, DFG and MPG (Germany); INFN (Italy);FOMandNWO (TheNetherlands);MNiSW andNCN (Poland);MEN/IFA (Romania);MinES andFASO (Russia);MINECO (Spain);SNSFandSER(Switzerland);NASU(Ukraine);STFC(United Kingdom); NSF (USA). We acknowledge the computing resources that are provided by CERN, IN2P3 (France), KIT and DESY (Ger-many), INFN (Italy), SURF (The Netherlands), PIC (Spain), GridPP (UnitedKingdom), RRCKIandYandexLLC(Russia), CSCS (Switzer-land),IFIN-HH(Romania),CBPF(Brazil),PL-GRID(Poland)andOSC (USA).This workwas supported inpartby an allocation of com-puting time fromtheUniversity ofManchester andtheOhio Su-percomputerCenter.We areindebted tothecommunities behind the multiple open source software packages on which we de-pend.Individual groupsor members have received support from AvHFoundation(Germany),EPLANET,MarieSkłodowska-Curie Ac-tionsandERC(EuropeanUnion),ConseilGénéraldeHaute-Savoie, LabexENIGMASSandOCEVU,RégionAuvergne(France),RFBRand YandexLLC (Russia),GVA, XuntaGalandGENCAT(Spain), Herchel SmithFund, The RoyalSociety, RoyalCommission forthe Exhibi-tionof1851andtheLeverhulmeTrust(UnitedKingdom).

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40

,

B. Adeva

39

,

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48

,

Z. Ajaltouni

5

,

S. Akar

6

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J. Albrecht

10

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F. Alessio

40

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53

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43

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G. Alkhazov

31

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P. Alvarez Cartelle

55

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A.A. Alves Jr

59

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S. Amato

2

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S. Amerio

23

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Y. Amhis

7

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41

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L. Anderlini

18

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G. Andreassi

41

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M. Andreotti

17

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g

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J.E. Andrews

60

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R.B. Appleby

56

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F. Archilli

43

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P. d’Argent

12

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J. Arnau Romeu

6

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A. Artamonov

37

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M. Artuso

61

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6

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G. Auriemma

26

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M. Baalouch

5

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56

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12

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J.J. Back

50

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62

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20

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R. Cenci

24

,

t

,

D. Chamont

7

,

M. Charles

8

,

Ph. Charpentier

40

,

G. Chatzikonstantinidis

47

,

M. Chefdeville

4

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S. Chen

56

,

∗

,

S.-F. Cheung

57

,

V. Chobanova

39

,

M. Chrzaszcz

42

,

27

,

X. Cid Vidal

39

,

G. Ciezarek

43

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P.E.L. Clarke

52

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M. Clemencic

40

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H.V. Cliff

49

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J. Closier

40

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V. Coco

59

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J. Cogan

6

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E. Cogneras

5

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V. Cogoni

16

,

40

,

f

,

L. Cojocariu

30

,

G. Collazuol

23

,

o

,

P. Collins

40

,

A. Comerma-Montells

12

,

A. Contu

40

,

A. Cook

48

,

G. Coombs

40

,

S. Coquereau

38

,

G. Corti

40

,

M. Corvo

17

,

g

,

C.M. Costa Sobral

50

,

B. Couturier

40

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G.A. Cowan

52

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D.C. Craik

52

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A. Crocombe

50

,

M. Cruz Torres

62

,

S. Cunliffe

55

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R. Currie

55

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C. D’Ambrosio

40

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F. Da Cunha Marinho

2

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E. Dall’Occo

43

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J. Dalseno

48

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P.N.Y. David

43

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A. Davis

59

,

O. De Aguiar Francisco

2

,

K. De Bruyn

6

,

S. De Capua

56

,

M. De Cian

12

,

J.M. De Miranda

1

,

L. De Paula

2

,

M. De Serio

14

,

d

,

P. De Simone

19

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C.-T. Dean

53

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D. Decamp

4

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M. Deckenhoff

10

,

L. Del Buono

8

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M. Demmer

10

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A. Dendek

28

,

D. Derkach

35

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O. Deschamps

5

,

F. Dettori

40

,

B. Dey

22

,

A. Di Canto

40

,

H. Dijkstra

40

,

F. Dordei

40

,

M. Dorigo

41

,

A. Dosil Suárez

39

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A. Dovbnya

45

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K. Dreimanis

54

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L. Dufour

43

,

G. Dujany

56

,

K. Dungs

40

,

P. Durante

40

,

R. Dzhelyadin

37

,

A. Dziurda

40

,

A. Dzyuba

31

,

N. Déléage

4

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S. Easo

51

,

M. Ebert

52

,

U. Egede

55

,

V. Egorychev

32

,

S. Eidelman

36

,

w

,

S. Eisenhardt

52

,

U. Eitschberger

10

,

R. Ekelhof

10

,

L. Eklund

53

,

S. Ely

61

,

S. Esen

12

,

H.M. Evans

49

,

T. Evans

57

,

A. Falabella

15

,

N. Farley

47

,

S. Farry

54

,

R. Fay

54

,

D. Fazzini

21

,

i

,

D. Ferguson

52

,

A. Fernandez Prieto

39

,

F. Ferrari

15

,

40

,

F. Ferreira Rodrigues

2

,

M. Ferro-Luzzi

40

,

S. Filippov

34

,

R.A. Fini

14

,

M. Fiore

17

,

g

,

M. Fiorini

17

,

g

,

M. Firlej

28

,

C. Fitzpatrick

41

,

T. Fiutowski

28

,

F. Fleuret

7

,

b

,

K. Fohl

40

,

M. Fontana

16

,

40

,

F. Fontanelli

20

,

h

,

D.C. Forshaw

61

,

R. Forty

40

,

V. Franco Lima

54

,

M. Frank

40

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C. Frei

40

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J. Fu

22

,

q

,

E. Furfaro

25

,

j

,

C. Färber

40

,

A. Gallas Torreira

39

,

D. Galli

15

,

e

,

S. Gallorini

23

,

S. Gambetta

52

,

M. Gandelman

2

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P. Gandini

57

,

Y. Gao

3

,

L.M. Garcia Martin

69

,

J. García Pardiñas

39

,

J. Garra Tico

49

,

L. Garrido

38

,

P.J. Garsed

49

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D. Gascon

38

,

C. Gaspar

40

,

L. Gavardi

10

,

G. Gazzoni

5

,

D. Gerick

12

,

E. Gersabeck

12

,

M. Gersabeck

56

,

T. Gershon

50

,

Ph. Ghez

4

,

S. Gianì

41

,

V. Gibson

49

,

O.G. Girard

41

,

L. Giubega

30

,

K. Gizdov

52

,

V.V. Gligorov

8

,

D. Golubkov

32

,

A. Golutvin

55

,

40

,

A. Gomes

1

,

a

,

I.V. Gorelov

33

,

C. Gotti

21

,

i

,

M. Grabalosa Gándara

5

,

R. Graciani Diaz

38

,

L.A. Granado Cardoso

40

,

E. Graugés

38

,

E. Graverini

42

,

G. Graziani

18

,

A. Grecu

30

,

P. Griffith

47

,

L. Grillo

21

,

40

,

i

,

B.R. Gruberg Cazon

57

,

O. Grünberg

67

,

E. Gushchin

34

,

Yu. Guz

37

,

T. Gys

40

,

C. Göbel

62

,

T. Hadavizadeh

57

,

C. Hadjivasiliou

5

,

G. Haefeli

41

,

C. Haen

40

,

S.C. Haines

49

,

S. Hall

55

,

B. Hamilton

60

,

X. Han

12

,

S. Hansmann-Menzemer

12

,

N. Harnew

57

,

S.T. Harnew

48

,

J. Harrison

56

,

M. Hatch

40

,

J. He

63

,

T. Head

41

,

A. Heister

9

,

K. Hennessy

54

,

P. Henrard

5

,

L. Henry

8

,

J.A. Hernando Morata

39

,

E. van Herwijnen

40

,

M. Heß

67

,

A. Hicheur

2

,

D. Hill

57

,

C. Hombach

56

,

H. Hopchev

41

,

W. Hulsbergen

43

,

T. Humair

55

,

M. Hushchyn

35

,

N. Hussain

57

,

D. Hutchcroft

54

,

M. Idzik

28

,

P. Ilten

58

,

R. Jacobsson

40

,

A. Jaeger

12

,

J. Jalocha

57

,

E. Jans

43

,

A. Jawahery

60

,

F. Jiang

3

,

M. John

57

,

D. Johnson

40

,

C.R. Jones

49

,

C. Joram

40

,

B. Jost

40

,

N. Jurik

61

,

S. Kandybei

45

,

W. Kanso

6

,

M. Karacson

40

,

J.M. Kariuki

48

,

S. Karodia

53

,

M. Kecke

12

,

M. Kelsey

61

,

I.R. Kenyon

47

,

M. Kenzie

49

,

T. Ketel

44

,

E. Khairullin

35

,

B. Khanji

12

,

C. Khurewathanakul

41

,

T. Kirn

9

,

S. Klaver

56

,

K. Klimaszewski

29

,

S. Koliiev

46

,

M. Kolpin

12

,

I. Komarov

41

,

R.F. Koopman

44

,

P. Koppenburg

43

,

A. Kosmyntseva

32

,

A. Kozachuk

33

,

M. Kozeiha

5

,

L. Kravchuk

34

,

K. Kreplin

12

,

M. Kreps

50

,

P. Krokovny

36

,

w

,

F. Kruse

10

,

W. Krzemien

29

,

W. Kucewicz

27

,

l

,

M. Kucharczyk

27

,

V. Kudryavtsev

36

,

w

,

A.K. Kuonen

41

,

K. Kurek

29

,

T. Kvaratskheliya

32

,

40

,

D. Lacarrere

40

,

G. Lafferty

56

,

A. Lai

16

,

G. Lanfranchi

19

,

C. Langenbruch

9

,

T. Latham

50

,

C. Lazzeroni

47

,

R. Le Gac

6

,

J. van Leerdam

43

,

J.-P. Lees

4

,

A. Leflat

33

,

40

,

J. Lefrançois

7

,

R. Lefèvre

5

,

F. Lemaitre

40

,

E. Lemos Cid

39

,

O. Leroy

6

,

T. Lesiak

27

,

B. Leverington

12

,

Y. Li

7

,

T. Likhomanenko

35

,

68

,

R. Lindner

40

,

C. Linn

40

,

F. Lionetto

42

,

B. Liu

16

,

X. Liu

3

,

D. Loh

50

,

I. Longstaff

53

,

J.H. Lopes

2

,

D. Lucchesi

23

,

o

,

M. Lucio Martinez

39

,

H. Luo

52

,

A. Lupato

23

,

E. Luppi

17

,

g

,

O. Lupton

57

,

A. Lusiani

24

,

X. Lyu

63

,

F. Machefert

7

,

F. Maciuc

30

,

O. Maev

31

,

K. Maguire

56

,

S. Malde

57

,

A. Malinin

68

,

T. Maltsev

36

,

G. Manca

7

,

G. Mancinelli

6

,

P. Manning

61

,

J. Maratas

5

,

v

,

J.F. Marchand

4

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U. Marconi

15

,

C. Marin Benito

38

,

P. Marino

24

,

t

,

J. Marks

12

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G. Martellotti

26

,

M. Martin

6

,

M. Martinelli

41

,

D. Martinez Santos

39

,

F. Martinez Vidal

69

,

D. Martins Tostes

2

,

L.M. Massacrier

7

,