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Vedi Una pratica documentaria tra sovrabbondanze e silenzi: i Regolatori e le scritture d’ufficio a Firenze tra XIV e XV secolo

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Firenze University Press

Scritture e potere. Pratiche documentarie e forme di governo nell’Italia tardomedievale (XIV-XV secolo)

a cura di Isabella Lazzarini

Estratto da Reti Medievali Rivista, IX - 2008

<http://www.retimedievali.it>

Una pratica documentaria tra sovrabbondanze e silenzi:

i Regolatori e le scritture d’ufficio a Firenze

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ISSN 1593-2214 © 2008 Firenze University Press

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