1
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
First of all, I want to thank my external advisor, Prof. James P. Allen, for his infinite kindness, readiness and patience with me and my mistakes; without all he taught me about Pyramid Texts grammar and phonology, together with his numerous corrections to my first drafts, this thesis would not have been possible. I specially want to thank him for accepting me as his advisee, giving me the rewarding chance to work with him, an expert in this topic, and use the resources of the Brown University Library. A special acknowledgement goes too to the Brown Department of Egyptology and Assyriology for the kind reception and treatment they provided to me during my research attendance there.
Voglio anche ringraziare la mia relatrice all‟Università di Pisa, la Prof.ssa Marilina Betrò che in questi due anni mi ha istruito e aiutato a migliorare le mie conoscenze sulla lingua e scrittura Antico Egiziana. Voglio inoltre ringraziarla di aver accettato questa proposta di tesi, e di avermi sostenuto e seguito durante il mio periodo di ricerca all‟estero.
Y por supuesto, necesito agradecer a mis padres, Mercedes Villatoro Ruiz y Rafael Almansa Rodríguez, su inmensurable apoyo desde el primer momento en el que decidí convertirtme en Egiptóloga, siendo sólo una niña. No cabe lugar a duda que todo lo que he conseguido en mi vida, ha sido solo posible porque ellos han creído en mí, y nunca jamás intentaron alejarme del camino, que con todos sus riesgos, he decidido recorrer.
2 ABSTRACT
The present thesis deals with the problem of the passive voice in Ancient Egyptian Pyramid Texts. There are three apparently ways to form the passive in Old Egyptian: T passives with a –t or –tj suffix, which survives to Middle Egyptian as verbal forms with a –t or –tw suffix; geminated passives that reduplicate the last consonant of the verb root, which do not survive to Middle Egyptian and are as well almost absent outside Pyramid Texts and Coffin Texts; V passives are unmarked passives that look like the active sDm.f and are only recognizable through the context. The occasional presence of a –w or –y ending in apparently V passive forms will also be analyzed to contextualize it as one kind of passive rather than other.
The conclusions provided are based on the study of the list of data that will initially be broken down. Tables analyzing the amount of occurrences of a certain syntactic structure, and the number of instances of the same verb as other passive forms, will lead to the final results. A consideration of the number of occurrences of every passive form with their corresponding uses within the different corpora of texts (Sacerdotal and Personal Texts) is used to determine possible grammatical differences between both sources.
ABSTRACT
La presente tesi tratta il problema della voce passiva nei Testi delle Piramidi dell‟antico Egitto. Ad un primo esame sono tre i modi di costruire il passivo in Antico Egiziano: il passivo con un suffisso –t o –tj (T passive), che sopravvive in Medio Egiziano come una forma verbale che presenta un suffisso –t o –tw; il passivo geminato, che duplica l‟ultima consonante della radice verbale, non più attestato nel Medio Egiziano, e comunque quasi assente al di fuori dei Testi delle Piramidi e dei Testi dei Sarcofagi; i passivi senza alcun marchio morfologico (V passive), apparentemente simili alle comuni forme sDm.f attive, dunque riconoscibili solo dal contesto. L‟eventuale presenza di una –w o –y alla fine della parola in forme che sembrano V passive verrà a sua volta analizzata per cercare di contestualizzarla definitivamente all‟interno di un determinato tipo di passivo.
Le conclusioni fornite sono il risultato dello studio dell‟elenco di attestazioni inizialmente collazionate ed esaminate. Tabelle che analizzano la quantità di ricorrenze di una certa struttura sintattica e il numero di casi dello stesso verbo con altre forme di passivo, saranno utili all‟interpretazione dei risultati finali. Saranno inoltre forniti i risultati dell‟esame del numero di esempi di ogni forma passiva con i suoi usi corrispondenti all‟interno dei diversi corpora di testi (personali e sacerdotali) per determinare possibili differenze grammaticali tra i due tipi di fonti.
3 CONTENTS
1. Introduction………...4
2. Data and tables………..12
2.1 T passive occurrences in Pyramid Texts………..12
2.2 Geminated passive occurrences in Pyramid Texts………...29
2.3 V passive occurrences in Pyramid Texts………...35
3. Data analysis………95 3.1 T passives………...97 3.2 Geminated passives………103 3.3 V passives………...109 4. Conclusions………....120 Bibliographical references………..123
4
1. INTRODUCTION
The Pyramid Texts is a collection of spells recorded on the walls of the funerary monuments of certain Old Kingdom kings and queens. The oldest version is the one in the Pyramid of Unis, dated to 2353-2323 B.C., while the most recent version is to be found in the Pyramid of Ibi, with an attributed date of 2109-2107 B.C. The magic formulae are more than eight hundred and were first discovered by Gaston Maspero in 1880. The aim of the texts is that of achieving the Akh status for the king, who needs to reach the sky through ladders, roadways and doors. The first edition of the texts with a German translation was supplied by Kurt Sethe already in 1908.1
Gustav Jéquier‟s expedition took place between 1924 and 1936, and made a very important contribution to the study of the texts. The collection of spells belonging to the tomb of Pepi II was extensely increased,2 and the corpora of the pyramids of Wedjetebni,3 Neith, Iput,4 and Ibi,5 had their spells added to the general corpus of Pyramid Texts. Other discoveries have, since then, enhanced the knowledge and understanding of the Pyramid Texts, thanks to the findings of the French expeditions in the pyramids of Teti, Pepi I and Merenre, led by Jean-Philippe Lauer, Jean Sainte Fare Garnot and Jean Leclant beginning in 1958.6 La Mission archéologique française de Saqqâra (MAFS) continues to work on the Old Kingdom site; led by Philipe Collombert, it announced in 2010 the discovery of the tomb of the queen Behenu, with new Pyramid Texts, still unpublished.
A new concordance of the texts in six volumes, from the pyramids of Unis, Teti, Ankhenespepi II, Merenre, Pepi II, Neith, Iput and Wedjetebni was made available online in 2013 by James Allen,7 and it is the reference used for the texts in this work, as well as his latest translation.8 Transcriptions of texts used in this concordance have been scanned from photographs, published facsimiles, and the facsimile of Teti‟s Pyramid Texts that Élise Bène prepared for her PhD dissertation.
After Sethe‟s work, the main translations of the Pyramid Texts were the French translation of Louis Speleers;9 English versions of Samuel Mercer,10 Alexandre Piankoff,11 Raymond O. Faulkner,12 and the two provided by James Allen.13 The latest French translation has been edited by Claude Carrier.14
1 Sethe 1908-22 is a concordance in four volumes, with facsimiles of the texts of Unis, Teti, Pepi I, Merenre and Pepi II. 2 Work published in three volumes of Jéquier 1936-1938.
3 Jéquier 1928.
4 For the finding of Neith and Iput cf. Jéquier 1933. 5
Jéquier 1935.
6 The preliminary report of the expedition was published in Lauer and Garnot 1958. The final complete edition of the
pyramid of Pepi I is to be found in the two volumes of Leclant 2001.
7 https://www.dropbox.com/sh/0xo88uy04urnz0v/AACRIOH8nlTzYtdXsH8GqCHJa?dl=0 last time consulted on
12/03/2015 (Allen 2013b)
8 Allen 2015. Translations proposed in this thesis differ very slightly from the work of James Allen. The variances have
mainly to do with the proposed uses, advanced here, for the different passives.
9 Speleers 1923. 10
Mercer 1952.
11 Piankoff 1968. 12 Faulkner 1969.
13 The two editions Allen 2005, Allen 2015. The last one, apart from the differences in the translations due to a different
5
The language used in the Pyramid Texts is Old Egyptian, the first stage of the Ancient Egyptian language, which has been object of different grammars and publications such as the works of Elmar Edel15 and James Allen.16 The language is slightly different from what can be found everywhere else, and surely comes from different sources with an older date, giving a representation of earlier ritual and funerary practices.17 This situation is complicated by the great amount of hapax legomena that appear exclusively within the Pyramid Texts.
The large collection of spells, which makes of the Pyramid Texts the most extensive Old Kingdom religious texts,18 provides a unique opportunity to research the earliest phases of the Egyptian language, with a pure language almost devoid of neologisms, due to the interest in preserving the language closest to their original sources, to maintain the tradition that they represent, in a clear act of conservatism. It is possible to trace back verb forms uses and grammatical and lexical modifications by observing textual variations that occur from one pyramid to another.
Our knowledge of Middle Egyptian continues developing every year by striking new discoveries through the large amount of literary texts, religious corpora, and epigraphs, but in the meantime, Old Egyptian has not received the same consideration by the scholarly community. As Middle Egyptian, the classic stage of the Egyptian language, is still considered a work in progress, the same is even truer of Old Egyptian, which is nowadays approached through grammars dating back to the last century.
Old, Middle, and Late Egyptian have two voices: active and passive. Passive voice in Demotic and Coptic is rendered using an active form with a third masculine plural subject, called the dynamic passive.19 The loss of passivization is already perceptible since Middle Egyptian, where the sDm.f is increasingly limited in function,20 and even more noticeable in Late Egyptian, where the tw passive is limited to some verbs.21
The concept of passive means that the subject is not the one performing the action but is rather the one receiving it. The real agent of the action may be expressed by means of the particle jn introducting it. The notion can be complicated when the subject is not expressed, whether the form
personal spells that were edited from an original first person to third person were translated into English using the original first person.
14 Carrier 2009-2010. 15
Edel 1964 is the traditional reference grammar for Old Egyptian, even if needs a comprehensive update, due to its antiquity and the general advances in linguistic research.
16 Allen 1984 deals with the verb in the Pyramid Texts. It provides a deep analysis of every verbal form with their uses,
together with tables listing instances of the the different occurrences of each verbal form.
17
Allen 2015, 4.
18 Even if it is often referred to them as the earliest Egyptian religious texts, the concept is not accurate, since, as was
noted by Harold Hays, earlier religious texts are known, such as fragmentary temple blocks from Heliopolis from the period of Djoser (Urk I 154, 2-8) and a fragmentary XIII dynasty papyrus (pRamesseum E) that may date back to the III dynasty (Hays 2012, 1, note 3.)
19 For Demotic, cf. Johnson 2000, ¶34. For Coptic, cf. Layton 2004, §175; a quick reference is Layton 2007, §106. 20
Westendorf claims that in Middle Egyptian, examples of passive sDm.f with pronominal subject are not clear (Westendorf 1953, 29-38). The uncommon employment of passive sDm.f with pronominal subject is also accepted in Gardiner 1957, §420.
21 In addition, the passive sDm.f is restricted to a few verbs and mostly administrative texts (Allen 2013a, 160; Junge
6
is that of a tw passive or a passive sDm.f.22 In this case, the form is rather an active impersonal to be translated with the English subject “one.”
One of the main differences between Old Egyptian and Middle Egyptian is, indeed, passive forms. Unmarked passives and T passives are also present in Old Egyptian, although the T suffix is tj, where the weak ending is conserved, rather than tw. The passive sDmm.f is relatively common within the Pyramid Texts, as opposed to later. In fact, in Middle Egyptian texts the sDmm.f are restricted to some religious texts. Another apparent category of passives that occurs in Old Egyptian is the sDmw.f form. In Middle Egyptian there are examples of –w endings, but always before a nominal subject, which is not the case for the –y ending of some verbs (mostly last-weak radicals) that are very common with pronominal subject.23
The passive in the Pyramid Texts is the object of study of the present thesis. The main purpose is to analyze the different passive possibilities, with a grammatical analysis of the occurrences in the pyramids of Saqqara, pursuing the advance of new theories about their respective uses. Special attention is given to the context, the syntactic structure where they appear, and the kind of verbs preferred for each passive. Then, a deeper examination of each occurrence within the different categories of texts, sacerdotal or personal, is undertaken, to determine if different sources of text result in grammatical differences, either due to their antiquity or their linguistic formality.
Therefore, the second chapter displays three lists with all the examples of the different passive forms collected in every pyramid. One table includes a list of every passive form, containing grammatical and syntactic analysis of the different constructions that can be found in the data, showing the number of occurrences as well as the amount of occurrences of the verbal root in the other two passive possibilities. A second table shows the number of passive occurrences in every pyramid, displaying the spells where they appear, following the numbering system provided by James Allen in his last Pyramid Texts translation and his online concordance. The third chapter is devoted to analysis of the data provided in the second chapter. It is divided into three sections dedicated to each passive form. The work closes with a summary of the conclusions obtained by the observation of all data presented.
Before the collection of data and analysis, a brief overview of the different ideas, theories, and conclusions must be provided to answer the multiple problems concerning the passive voice in Earlier Egyptian. It will show how, at the moment, the question is far from being resolved.
The first issue to be faced when approaching the passive voice in the Pyramid Texts is to determine the number of passive possibilities. Even if this question seems basic and even trivial, the scholarly community does not always agree on the different passive formations that were used in Old Egyptian. The main problem in this topic is the classification of the form with a –w ending, sDmw.f. Elmar Edel was the first to identify the –w ending of a passive sDm.f that he calls w-Passiv.24 He argued that the –w ending may mutate into –y or even disappear completely.25 Allen interpreted
sDm.f and sDmw.f as two different entities, with the latter restricted to verb classes that do not 22 Gardiner 1957, §420. Allen 2010, 15.5. 23 Gardiner 1957, §420. 24 Edel 1955, 261-264. 25 Edel 1955, §554.
7
present a geminated passive. Final –y or –j are attested in strong and final weak verbs, limited to clause-initial instances with dual or plural nominal subjects.26 Reintges recognizes the –w ending as a high and back vowel /u/ associated with the second vocalic slot of a bisyllabic stem template of what he calls passive 1, which is the passive sDm.f.27 The same consideration of –w ending and
unmarked passives as a whole is defended by Wolfgang Schenkel, who claimed that –w endings appear with two-radical and final-weak verbs, while –y endings are exclusive to final-weak verbs, with a future or perfect meaning for this passive form.28 The last comprehensive study devoted to the passive voice in Old Egyptian is that of Andréas Stauder,29 who proposed the existence of two distinct forms of what he calls V passive in the Pyramid Texts: one is essentially future and displays more often than not a –w ending, while the other form, called perfective V-passive, is accomplished and endingless, except for third weak verbs, which occasionally display a –y ending.30
In this study the preferred terminology to define the different kinds of passives is the one adopted by Andréas Stauder in 2014. Therefore, an analysis of T passive, geminated passive, and V passive will be proposed here. Initially, the sDm.f with –w, –y and –j ending is included within the list of V passives in chapter 2.3, independent of what the research through the data might show; the results are presented in chapter 3.
The V passive was studied by Westendorf, who was the first to devote a general work to the Egyptian passive voice. He saw the origin of the passive sDm.f as a nominal sentence with adjectival predicate, using a passive participle: mr sn “the beloved is the brother”. He differentiates between a perfect and an imperfect with gemination, and an ulterior difference is made by means of the addition or omission of the agent. A more recent imperfect V passive form without agent is
sDm.tw.31
Edel thought that the V passive was tenseless and used in main and subordinate clauses. In main clauses this passive could be used as a perfect, and a general present use is recognized for the
sDmw.f, which Edel saw as a V passive.32 In subordinate sentences, Edel recognizes a V passive use in subject clauses, relative clauses and object clauses with and without introduction.33
26 Allen 1984, §488.
27 An introduction to the issue in Reintges 1997, 246. More detailed explanation in Reintges 1997, 256-7: he defines
passive 1 as an apophonic passive where the first vocalic position is related to the stem and immutable, while the second one is associated to the passive morpheme /u/. The example provided with the verb Xsf fits well the explanation, but the same does not work for other examples such as boHjw where the second vowel as final weak is present, and therefore the situation rather advocate for an encounter of two vowels. Furthermore, the case of ndsdsw is another contradiction to Reintges theory. Even if ndsds is a verb attested only in Pyramid Texts, it is a case of lexical gemination where the main stem is ds meaning “to cut” (Wb 5, 487.2) which does not survive to Coptic, and therefore a vowel reconstruction is not possible, but we can suppose a pattern nvdvsdvs. A vowel must be inserted between d and s in the original stem, and thus the passive morpheme must affects the vowel preceding the s and not following it. For the phonological
determination of high and back, see Hintze 1980, 50. For /u/ as a high and back vowel in Coptic and Egyptian see Allen 2013a, 15, 25.
28 Schenkel 2004-2005. Stauder accepts the employment of the –w ending in future and accomplished contexts, but
argues that in Pyramid Texts and Coffin Texts they can be found mostly in future situations, and occur with the inflectional classes that have a –w ending in the active prospective (Stauder 2014, 22.)
29
Stauder 2014.
30 Stauder 2014, 25. More on the perfective v-passive in Stauder 2014, 310-314 31 Westendorf 1953, 6-9
32 Edel 1955, §559-§562 33
8
Allen identifies uses of the V passive in noun clauses, adverb clauses, independent clauses, and negations34. He admitted that the V passive appears after a preposition in the Pyramid Texts when the latter is n “because.”35 Even if he accepts the use of the V passive in balanced sentences, he does not see a conditional meaning in them, but rather balanced independent clauses.36 The use of the V passive as object of another verb, already identified by Edel, mostly after the verb rDj,37 is questioned by Allen, who translates them as active participles.38 He concludes that the V passive behaves like the passive counterpart of the sDm.n.f, and in clause-initial position as the independent aorist of intransitive verbs. In some instances it is the passive counterpart of the prospective active. Possible examples of subjunctive use occur as object of the verb rDj, even if Allen admits that the data are inconclusive.39
Schenkel recognizes a present perfect use for the V passive that displays a –y ending in the suffix pronoun conjugation of final-weak verbs.40 With nouns as subjects, the ending –w is used with the perfect either if the verb is 2-lit. or if the preposition n plus suffix pronoun follows the verb (mostly third-weak verbs). For future uses the ending –w often occurs with final-weak verbs. If the subject is a suffix pronoun, then both endings –w and –y occur in final-weak verbs either in perfect or future.41
Stauder states that V passives are mostly found in future and accomplished contexts. He admits that prospective V passive occurrences outside Pyramid Texts and Coffin Texts are rare and limited to complement clauses.42 A perfective use of the V passive referring to events yet to come is also observed by Stauder, although more often outside Pyramid Texts.43
The characteristic T passive suffix –tj or –tw is viewed by Westendorf as an original noun “person”/”body”, which works as the subject of an active form or passive form, with two possibilities: mr.tj sn “the person of the brother is beloved”; “one person loves the brother.”44 Edel, instead, sees it as an original sDm.f with an impersonal subject by means of the suffix pronoun –
tw.45
34 The sections devoted to these syntactic uses are respectively: Allen 1984, §490-§495; §496-§499; §500-§504;
§505-§509 35 Allen 1984, §492 36 Allen 1984, §493 37 Edel 1955, §564 38 Allen 1984, §494 39 Allen 1984, §510 40 Schenkel 2005, 41
41 Schenkel 2005, 52. For a table displaying all the data Schenkel 2005, 51. 42 Stauder 2014, 21-27
43 Stauder 2014, 31-33. Stauder also recognizes some rare cases of the V passive as future circumstance inside Pyramid
Texts, apart from the ones that are actually geminated forms without a repeated consonant (Allen 1984, §515b illustrates the example of wn in front of a dative n) in Stauder 2010, 33-36. The Stauder‟s example (ii) and (iii) are discussed in §3.2 in this work. (iii) Can be contradicted by the implication that T#z and snXw are not real V passives, but intransitive forms passive in meaning, which indeed looks very likely for snXw, as will be explained in §3.3.
44 Westendorf 1953, 80-81
45 Edel 1955, §462. Is followed by Gardiner 1957, §39 and Brose 2014, 58. Even if Edel, Gardiner and Brose admit
that the impersonal subject is only an original construction and the suffix pronoun following –tw is the real passive subject of the verb, otherwise a dependent pronoun should be expected.
9
Allen claims that T passives occur in noun clauses, adverb clauses, independent clauses and negations.46 In noun clases they have emphatic use; are object of the verbs wD and rDj, and passive counterparts of the active subjunctive. In adverb clauses they are used to indicate concomitant action.47
Reintges paid closed attention to the display of the –tj suffix in what he calls passive 2. He claimed that the high front vowel /i/ could cause palatalization, and therefore it was used in the phonological representation of the passive.48 He notes that Pyramid Texts variants such as /t‟i/ and /Ti/ do not occur in contemporary secular texts, due to the oral background of the Pyramid Texts.49 Suffixes –tj and –tw are a convention to represent a real change from */i/ to */u/, and Reintges uses the example of the second person stative suffix pronoun –kj in Old Egyptian and –kw in Middle Egyptian to illustrate this.50
Reintges also notes that Old Egyptian T passives can be introduced by the auxiliary wn and not with
jw, which is actually used to introduce Middle Egyptian T passives.51 However, the examples he provided are all from secular texts, and there is no evidence of the auxiliary wn introducing T passives in the Pyramid Texts, where the only particle used with them is jX. Reintges concludes that –tw suffix has a character more similar to a clitic, while –tj is closer to an affix, because the latter needs to modify a finite verb form.52
Stauder contradicts Reintges‟s ideas about the mutation from –tj into –tw. He argues that they are just different conventions to represent the same vowel.53 He observes a use of T passive as prospective, which alternates in textual variants with the geminated passive in the Coffin Texts. Inside the Pyramid Texts, Stauder recognizes only two instances.54
The geminated passive, which implies the reduplication of the last radical of the verb, has been the object of different interpretations. Westendorf initially saw it as an imperfective counterpart of the passive sDm.f without reduplication, giving it the name of mrr.f, even if there are no examples in the Pyramid Texts of a geminated passive of final-weak verbs such as mr(j).55 After Polotsky‟s work,56 Westendorf recognized an emphatic use for the geminated passive in Late Egyptian, Demotic, and Coptic, but was reluctant to accept it for Old and Middle Egyptian, at least in every geminated occurrence.57
Edel states that the geminated passive occurs only in certain verbal classes, and it is attested almost exclusively in the Pyramid Texts and Coffin Texts. He thought it could be in relation to the passive
46 Allen 1984, §540-§544; §545-§548; §549-§552; §553 47 Allen 1984, 378-376. 48 Reintges 1997, 269-270
49 It will be added here that the phonological changes in Sanskrit called sandhi, affect the Samhitapatha, a collection of
texts with an important oral tradition as well. The original form without sandhi phenomena can only be found in the didactic texts Padapatha, aimed to instruct apprentices (Flood 1996, 39).
50 Reintges 1997, 270 51 Reintges 1997, 274-275 52 Reintges 1997, 275 53 Stauder 2014, 12 54 Stauder 2014, 28-29 55 Westendorf 1953, 7-11 56 Polotsky 1944 57
10
participle, just like V passives are to be seen in connection with perfect passive participles and an original *sDmw.f form.58
Gardiner views the geminated passive as having an identical meaning to the V passive. Although he admits that there are good reasons to analyze it as a different form, he does not provide them.59 Allen considers the geminated passive and sDmw.f as complementary forms of a single marked passive. Examples are attested in noun clauses, independent clauses, negations, and uncertain adverbial uses.60 In noun clauses either the sDmw.f or the geminated passive occur with emphatic use, in the participial construction, and in balanced sentence with a future or prospective tense. In independent clauses they appear after particles and also in clause-initial position. The form with a –
w ending appears after the particle js, and it is to be related with the active prospective which is an
expression of the future after js.61 The geminated passive and sdmw.f can be negated with nj, and Allen collected only one example of a sDmw.f negated with nj Hm, with a passive use of the active prospective or subjunctive.62
Reintges defines the geminated passive as a reduplicative passive 3. He uses the Hebrew term binyanim to indicate the different stem formation to which passive gemination belongs, complementary to other reduplication phenomena such as the creation of the imperfective and intensive.63 He also noted that all verbs used as geminated passive may also occur as V passive, but not the opposite, since not all V passive verbs appear with gemination.64 This affirmation is contradicted by the data shown in table 3, where it can be observed that a considerable amount of stems that appear as geminated passive have no occurrences as V passive. Reintges claims that there is a restriction in the use of some verbs that undergo intensive/repetitive reduplication of their stems, such as the second geminated stem #m (Wb I, 10.17-21), which does not occur as a geminated passive but rather as V passive. The synonymous Xfo is instead preferred as a geminated passive. To illustrate his claims he provides an example from the Coffin Texts.65 However, since they appear as a simple geminated forms, is not possible to distinguish if they are unmarked passives, as Reintges stated, or geminated construction as proposed by Allen.66
Stauder writes that there are two kind of passives associated with partial reduplication: the finite sDmm.f, and one non-finite, the participle Ddd. The gemination has a grammatical function and does not affect the lexical meaning of the verb.67 Opposing Reintges,68 Schenkel,69 and Edel,70 Stauder views the geminated passive as a secondary formation, together with the passive participle Ddd, and
58 Edel 1955, §556
59
Gardiner 1957, §425-426
60 Allen 1984, §517-§521; §523-§525; §526-§528; §522.
61 Allen 1984, §524. For the active prospective after js cf. Allen 1984, §299. 62 Allen 1984, §528 63 Reintges 1997, 247. 64 Reintges 1997, 251-252 65 Reintges 1997, 252 66 Allen 1984, §515 67 Stauder 2014, 44 68 Reintges 1997, 241-242; 247-255; 278-279 69 Schenkel 1985, 490 70 Edel 1955, §556-§558
11
not an independent passive formation like T and V passives.71 According to Stauder, the geminated passive is always future in tense and alternates with the prospective T passive.
Stauder finally recognizes two remarkable features of the geminated passive: the fact that only Hausa exhibits a passive form created through gemination;72 and the differences between the inflected passives themselves, which, contrary to other languages with different passive forms, do not show variances in subject affectedness and dynamicity. Also particular is the fact that a certain passive form is differentiated by its tense.73
The goal of this work is not to prove or discredit any of these claims, but rather to provide an updated collection of data, and to propose a new objective analysis of them. Furthermore, the observation of possible grammatical variations through the different categories of sacerdotal and personal texts is an innovative method that has not been explored in the past. It must be noted that the language in the Pyramid Texts, and in religious corpora in general, represents a different world in itself, and is not necessarily representative of its contemporary grammar, but rather of an even earlier stage, and this fact is what makes of the texts a fruitful and highly interesting source of linguistic study.
71
Stauder 2014, 45
72 Noted by Keenan, Dryer 2006, 333. Vycichl 1957 saw it as a possible cognate for the participle Ddd. 73
12
2. DATA AND TABLES
2.1 T Passive occurrences in Pyramid Texts PT 32, 23 b. TP174
(Unis a‟, Unis a, Unis b‟, Unis c‟, Unis c, Unis d, Teti c, Pepi I b) m pr.tj n.k xrw (Pepi I e) mj pr.t n.k xrw
Come, you have been invoked.
Note 1: It is interesting that the version Pepi I e is the only one that shows a t suffix instead of tj. Is
also the only one that writes a j following the m for the imperative “come”, using also the forelegs determinative.
PT 219, 179a. TP2
(Unis) ms.n.t n(j) j.t Tn (Neith) ms.n.t n(j) j.t Tn
“Someone has born to me,” she said
PT 222, 204 b. TP3. TP4
(Unis) nj fX.tj n.k nj j#b.t n.k (Pepi II) nj fX.tj n.k nj j#b.tj n.k (Neith) nj fX.t n.k nj j#b.t n.k
Nothing is lost to you, nothing is wanting to you.
PT 222, 206 b. TP3. TP4
(Unis) nj Hm fX.tj n.k nj Hm [...] (Pepi I) nj Hm fX.t n.k nj Hm j#b.t n.k (Pepi II) nj Hm fX.t n.k nj Hm j#b.t n.k (Neith) nj Hpm fX.t n.k nj Hm j#b.t n.k
Nothing else is lost to you, nothing else is wanting to you.
Note 2: The p within Hm in Neith‟s version is probably due to the missreading of the Hm sign,
following its phonetic complement H, as a p.
PT 230, 234a. TP5. TP6 74
13
(Unis) Sn.t nTr Sp tp.f Sn.t.T Ds.T nn srqt
The god blind of his head is surrounded in his head. You, yourself, will be surrounded near him, scorpion.
PT 231, 235a. TP7
(Unis) qs.k qs qs.t.k
Your bone is boned, you are boned.
PT 239, 243 b. TP8
(Unis) om.n ns HDt wrt nj m#.tj ns
The white crown‟s tongue has swallowed the Great one, the tongue being unseen.
PT 254, 287 c. TP9
(Unis) jX mk.t wnjs jm jn m##w sw (Teti) jX mk.t ttj pn jm jn m##w sw
Therefore Unis (Var: this Teti) is protected by those who see him.
PT 257, 307a-b. TP10. TP11
(Unis) jT wnjs Hw jn.t n.f nHH
smn.t n.f sj# jr rdwy.f
(Teti) jT ttj pn Hw jn.t n.f nHH
smn.t sj# n ttj pn r rdwy.f
Unis (var: Teti) acquires Authoritative Utterance, eternity being brought for him Perception being set for him at his feet (var: for this Teti).
PT 262, 336 b. TP12
(Pepi II) Sd.t ppy nfr-k#-ro jn […] Pepi Neferkara has been taken by […]
Note 3: The other two versions show an active sDm.n.f instead. PT 263, 341 a-b. TP13
(Unis) D#.t D#t wnjs pn jr gs j#bt n #Xt
14
Let the transportation of this Unis be transported to the eastern side of the Akhet. Let the transportation of this Unis be transported to the eastern side of the sky.
PT 264, 344 a. TP 13. TP14
(Teti) D#.t D#wt ttj jm jr gs pf j#btj n pt (Pepi I) sD#.t sD#yt jt.j jm r #xt n pt
So that the ferrying of Teti may be ferried on them to that eastern side of the sky (Var: to the Akhet of the sky)
PT 264, 344b. TP15
(Teti, Pepi I) ms.t.f mswt jm He was reborn there.
PT 264, 346 a-b. TP16. TP17
(Teti) njs.t jr ttj jn ro
Dj.t n-f jxt n nHb k#.w Hrw js
(Pepi I) njs.t jr.k [jn ro]
Dj.t n.k xt jn nHb k#w Hrw js
Teti (Var: you) may be called for by the sun
And may be given a meal by Ka-Allocater as Horus
PT 266, 360 a. TP18
(Pepi I) D#.t ppy pn jm D#wt jr #Xt Xr Hrw #Xtj
The ferrying of this Pepi being ferried to the Akhet where Horus of the Akhet is.
PT 267, 365a. TP19
(Unis) sQ.t n-f t# rdw r pt
(Pepi I) sQ.t n ppy pn t# rdw [r pt] (Pepi II) sQ.t n.f t# rdw jr pt
A footpath to the sky has been laid down to him (Var: to Pepi).
PT 272, 392 b. TP20
15
(Teti) j.mj j.wn.t n.[f nw] (Pepi II) j.mj j.wn.t n ppy nw
Have this opened for him (Var: Pepi)
PT 273-4, 406 b. TP21
(Unis, Teti) Ssr.t n.f ktjwt m rdw nw Hjmwt.sn
Hearthstones being poked for him with the legs of their women.
PT 278, 419 c. TP22
(Unas) mk.tj wnjs Let Unas be protected
PT 360, 603 c. TP23
(Teti) nw Dj wn.tj nw n ttj (Pepi II) nw Dj wn.t n ppy
Nu, have this opened for Teti (var: Pepi)
PT 361, 604 c-d. TP26
(Teti) Dj.f j.wn.tj o#wj pt jpf n ttj (Pepi II) Dj wn.t n ppy pt jpf
Let him have yonder door of the sky opened to Teti (var: Pepi)
PT 442, 820d. TP24
(Pepi II) jwr.t ppy jn pt Hno soH
Pepi was conceived by the sky together with Orion.
Note 5: This case could also be a 2s stative with following vocative rather than a passive.
Note 6: The other two occurrences of this passage, from the pyramids of Merenre and Pepi I, show
a different version: jwr Tw pt Hno soH “The sky conceives you together with Orion”.
PT 461, 871a-b. TP25
(Merenra) xn.t.k m Hntj
You are rowed as one of the watercourse.
16 PT 469, 907 a-b. TP 26. TP27
(Pepi I) wn.t o#wj b# k# jmj qbHw n ppy pn
szn.t o#wj bj# jmj sHdw n ppy pn
(Pepi II) j.wn.t n ppy nfr-k#-ro o#wj k# b# jmj qbHw
szn.t n ppy nfr-k#-ro o#wj bj# jmj sHdw
The leopard-Ka Door in the cool waters being opened to this Pepi (Var: to Pepi Neferkara) The metal door in the starry sky being pulled open to this Pepi (Var: to Pepi Neferkara)
PT 473, 927 a. TP28
(Pepi I) sh#.t n ppy zxnwj pt jn monDt
The sky‟s two reedfloats are laid down for Pepi by the Nightboat.
Note 8: Merenra and Pepi II‟s variants show a V passive instead. However, in 933 a, there is a
repetition of this passage in the pyramids of Pepi I, Ankhenesenpepi II, Merenra and Pepi II. Merenra‟s 933 a version is identical to Pepi I 927 a with a verb + dative + subject construction;75 Pepi I, Ankhenesenpepi II, and Pepi II 933 a show a verb + subject + dative structure sh#.t sxnwj pt
n NN (pn) jn monDt. See also 933 c below. PT 473, 928 b. TP15
(Pepi I) ms.t ppy pn Hrw js (Ankhesenpepi II) ms.t ppy […] (Merenra) ms.t mr-n-ro Hrw js (Pepi II) ms.t ppy Hrw js
This Pepi (var: Merenra) was born as Horus.
PT 473, 933 c. TP28
(Ankhenesenpepi II) sh#.t n ppy zXnwj pt jn msktt (Merenra) sh#.t n mr-n-ro zXnwj pt jn msktt (Pepi II) sh#.t zhnwj pt n ppy jn msktt
The sky‟s two reedfloats were laid down for Pepi (Var: Merenra) by the Dayboat.
Note 9: Here Pepi II‟s version is the only one that retains the verb + subject + dative construction.
75 The fact that this construction presents a nominal dative before its nominal subject may be due to a editing of the
17 PT 473, 934 b. TP29
(Pepi I) ms.n.t ppy pn Hrw js
(Ankhenesenpepi II) ms.n.t onx-n-s-ppy Hrw js (Merenra) ms.jn.tj mr-n-ro Hrw js
(Pepi II) ms.n.t ppy Hrw js This Pepi was born as Horus.
PT 477, 958 b. TP30
(Pepi, Merenra, Pepi II) nHm.tj sxm.k n Hrw Your control was taken away for Horus
PT 478, 975 a. TP31
(Merenra) jmj swt dj.t n [ontj-m-s#-]f mr-n-ro m#qt [nTr] (Pepi II) dj swt dj.t n ppy m#qt nTr dj.t n ppy m#qt stS
Have the god‟s ladder given to Pepi (Var: Antyemsaf Merenra), Seth‟s ladder given to Pepi.
PT 483, 1012 c. TP32
(Pepi I, Merenra, Pepi II) jr.t n-k tpw Festival days being made for you
PT 485, 1026 b. TP33
(Pepi I) rXs.t n-f k#w stpp n.f XpSw
After bulls have been slaughtered for him, forelegs will be selected for him.
PT 486, 1041 b-c. TP34
(Pepi I, II) j.tmjw jTjw n nswt Sd.tj.sn n srw
Who are not arrested for the king, being taken to officials
PT 493, 1061 c. TP35
(Pepi II) Dj.t j# n ppy nfr-k#-ro [wrr ppy nfr-k#-ro Hr b#w.f] (Neith) Dj.t j# n nt wrr nt Hr b#w.s
Praise being given to Pepi Neferkara (Var: to Neith), Pepi Neferkara (var: Neith) may become great because of his (var: her) impressiveness.
18 PT 511, 1161 b. TP36
(Pepi I) j.nD.tj.f (Pepi II) j.nD.t ppy (Neith) j.nD.t.j
After Pepi (Var: him, me) will be tended.
PT 525, 1245 c. TP37
(Pepi I) wob.tj ppy pn jn Smsww-Hrw
This Pepi was cleansed by Horus‟s followers
Note 10: The variant in the pyramids of Merenra and Pepi II is wob Tw Smsww-Hrw. PT 528, 1250 f. TP38
(Pepi I) xn.t ppy pn im.f (Merenra) xn.t mr-n-ro im.f (Pepi II) xn.t ppy im.f
This Pepi (Var: Merenra) being rowed in it
PT 530, 1253 d. TP39
(Pepi I, Merenra, Pepi II) Szp.t o-f jr sXt Htp His arm being received to the Field of Rest.
PT 534, 1269 b, 1271 b. TP40
(Pepi I) j.Dd.t n-f rn-f
Let there be said to him his identity
PT 534, 1272 b, 1273 b. TP40
(Pepi I) Dd.t n-s rn-s
Let there be said to her her identity
PT 534, 1274 b. TP 40
(Pepi I) j.Dd.t n-s rn-s
19 PT 534, 1277 c. TP41
(Pepi I) Snn.t mr pn Hwt-nTr tn n ppy n k#-f
That this pyramid and this god‟s compound may be restricted to Pepy for his ka
Note 10: Snnt could also be a relative form rather than a passive “all that this pyramid and god‟s
compound enclose”
PT 539, 1326 b. TP32
(Pepi I) jr.t n-f nmtt
A bowl being made for him
PT 553, 1353 c. TP42
(Pepi I) Dsr.t jrw Sw Hno tfnt m Hwt Htmwt ppy (Pepi II) Dsr.t jrw Sw […]
(Wedjebtni a) Dsr.t jrw Sw […] (Wedjebtni b) Dsr.t jrw Sw Hno […]
Those against Shu and Tefnut shall be swept from the destroyed compound.
PT 553, 1361 b. TP26
(Pepi I) wn.t n-k o#wj H#t
The mastaba‟s door may be opened to you
PT 561 a, 1398 a. TP43
(Pepi I) Szp.t o.k jn jmyw wrt
Your arm being received by those in the Great Place
PT 565, 1423 a. TP44
(Pepi I) [ppy] pw no.tj jr pt jm
(Merenre) mr-n-ro pw wob no.tj mr-n-ro […] (Pepi II b) ppy pw wob no.tj ppy jr pt jm
Pepi is clean after being transported to the sky.
PT 570, 1452 a-b. TP45
20
(Merenra) Hn.t.j
This Pepi shall be served (Var: I shall be served)
Note 11: In 1452 c-d these two T passives appear repeated, with a single difference: Pepi I 1452 c-d
uses the tj suffix instead of t, proving that they are the same suffix that can be used randomly.
PT 570, 1455 b. TP36
(Pepi I) j.nD.tj ppy (Merenra) j.nD.tj.f
That Pepi (Var: I) may be tended
PT 573, 1480 a. TP26
(Pepi I) j.wn.t n ppy pn o#wj pt szn.t n ppy pn o#wj qbHw (Merenra) j.wn.t n mr-n-ro o#wj pt szn.t n.f o#wj qbHw (Pepi II) j.wn.t n ppy o#wj pt snS.t n ppy o#wj qbHw
The sky‟s door being opened to this Pepi (Var: Merenra), the Cool Waters‟s door being pull opened to this Pepi (Var: to him)
PT 573, 1481 b. TP 46
(Pepi I) Dj-s wX#.t st n ppy pn (Merenra) Dj-s wX#.t st n mr-n-ro (Pepi II) Dj-s wX#.t st n ppy
To have a place cleared for this Pepi (Var: Merenra)
PT 584, 1575 a-b. TP26
(Pepi I) [wn.t n ppy o#wj b#-k# jmj qbHw
zn.t n ppy o#wj] bj# jmj sHdw.T
The leopard-Ka door in the Cool Waters being opened to Pepi, the metal door in the starry sky being pulled open to Pepi.
PT 599, 1651 a. TP48
(Pepi I) […] Dj.t n sn […] […] Will be given to them […]
21 PT 609, 1704 d. TP15
(Merenra) ms.t.k jm Hno.sn You were born there with them
PT 619, 1749 b. TP49
(Merenra) sQ.tj t# rd jr pt (Pepi II) sQ.t t# rd jr pt
A stairway to the sky was laid down
PT 667 A, 1947 a-b. TP50
(Neith a) Dj.t n.k nnbtyw76 Hr nmt wsjr (Neith b) Dj.t n.k Sbtyw Hr nmt wsjr
Ribs being given to you from Osiris‟s butcher‟s block.
PT 669, 1966 a. TP51
(Pepi II) jn.k#.t bj# pw r-f [jmj H#t Hnw]
The metal in the prow of the Sokar-boat being fetched to him.
PT 673, 1990 a-b. TP52
(Pepi I, Pepi II,) No.t.k qbHw js
You will be conveyed as one of the Cool Waters.
PT 676, 2012 b-c. TP54
(Pepi II) wD.n jnpw xnt zH-nTr wob.t.k (Neith) wDw n jnpw xnt zH-nTr wob.t.T
Anubis at the fore of the gods‟s booth has commanded that you be cleaned
PT 677, 2019 c. TP55
(Pepi II) nD.t Hr-f jn z#-f Hrw m #xt Greeted by Horus in the Akhet
PT 681, 2038 a. TP56
(Pepi II) Sms.t ppy jn oftjw
76 The two n in the beginning of the word are likely a mistake made by the craftsman while trying to draw the layout of
22
As Pepi was being followed by those yonder.
PT 685, 2065 a. TP57
(Pepi II) j.sn.tj rdwj.f jn mw wobw
May his feet be kissed by the clean waters
PT 685, 2067 b. TP58
(Pepi II) wdH.t qbHw jr rwt ppy nfr-k#-ro pn
Cool water being poured at this Pepi Neferkara‟s gateway
PT 685, 2070 b. TP59
(Pepi II) Hnk.t ppy nfr-k#-ro pn jm n Dt
This Pepi Neferkara has been endowed with them for the body.
PT 688, 2080 a. TP60
(Pepi II) nDr.t xtw.s jn Ss#
Its wood being carved by Experienced.
PT 690, 2100 c. TP52
(Pepi I, Neith, Pepi II) no.t.k jm That you might be conveyed in it
PT 692 D. TP53
(Pepi II) S##.t r.k tr nTr smsw
Shall the senior god be thwarted from you
PT 694 A, 2146 a. TP61
(Pepi I) rDj.t n.k wrrt jn jt.k tm
The crown being given to you by your father Atum
PT 694 A, 2146 c. TP62
(Pepi I) jr.t rnpw.k Your year being made
PT 697, 2173 a. TP38
23
(Pepi II) xn.t ppy jn j.xmw-wrd Being rowed by the unwearying ones
PT 697, 2173 c. TP38
(Pepi I) xn.t.k m Hntj (Pepi II) xn.t ppy m Hntj Being rowed in the limit
PT 703, 2205. TP63
(Pepi II) nj nDrw.t ppy nfr-k#-ro jn [ #krw]
May Pepi Neferkara not be seized by the horizons
PT *716. TP26. TP64. TP65. TP60
(Pepi II) j.wn.tj n.k o#wj pt
xbs.t n.k t# sQ.t n.k wdnt nDr.t xfo.f jn j#xw
(Iput)[...] sQ.tj n.k [...]
The sky‟s door being opened to you
The earth being plowed for you, an offering being laid down for you Your grasp being taken by the sunlight
PT *730. TP66
(Pepi I) wr.t wnwn.f m Xnw Htpw.Tn nTrw (Pepi II) wr.tj wnwn.k m Xnw Htpw.Tn nTrw
Your (var: his) movements to the content of your offerings, gods, became great.
PT *733. TP67
(Pepi I) jn.t n.k jrt tw nt Hrw
The eye of Horus being brought for you
PT *737. TP68
(Pepi I) Szp.t [owj.f jn ro]
24 PT *737. TP69
(Pepi I) wn.t n.(j) o#wy msktt
The door of the Nightboat being opened to me
PT *740. TP70
(Pepi I) nj xb.n.tj ppy pn This Pepi was not found guilty
PT *742. TP35
(Pepi I) Dj.t j# dpj owj ppy m xnw w#t
Let praise be given before Pepi within the path
PT *756. TP70
(Pepi I) nj Xb.n.t ppy pn r pt xr nTrw
Pepi was not found guilty in the sky among the gods
PT *757. TP67
(Pepi I) jn.t n.T bj# pw
Being brought for you that metal
PT *765. TP71
(Pepi I) Dj.k Dj.t m#qt tw n ppy
May you have given to Pepi the ladder
PT *769. TP1
(Pepi I) pr.tj n.k Xrw wnm.k p#Q
After you have been invoked, eat a wafer.
TABLE 1 Instances Number of occurrences Same verb in geminated passive Same verb in V passive 1. pr.tj n.k Xrw/pr.t n.k Hrw: 3-inf. Verb + dative + masculine sing. Noun.
10 0 0
2. ms.n.t n.(j): 3-inf. Verb + dative + omitted subject.
25
3. nj (Hm) fX.tj n.k/nj (Hm) fX.t n.k: negative + 2-lit Verb + dative + omitted subject.
7 0 0
4. nj (Hm) j#b.tj n.k/nj (Hm) j#b.t n.k: negative + 3-lit Verb + dative + omitted subject.
6 0 0
5. Sn.t nTr Sp tp.f: 3 inf. Verb + masculine sing. noun and complement
1 0 21
6. Sn.t.T: 3-inf. Verb + suffix pronoun 2 fem. sing.
1 0 21
7. Qs.t.k: Nominal 2-lit verb + suffix pronoun 2 masc. Sing.
1 0 0
8. nj m#.tj ns: negative + 2 gem verb + masculine sing. Noun
1 0 3
9. jX mk.t NN: particle + 2-lit verb + proper name
2 0 0
10. jn.t n.f nHH: 3-inf. Verb + dative + masculine sing. Noun
2 0 3
11. smn.t n.f sj#/smn.t sj# n ttj: 3-lit Verb + dative + masculine sing. noun.
2 0 5
12. Sd.t ppy nfr-k#-ro: 3 inf. Verb + proper name
1 0 1
13. D#.t D#t/D#.t D#wt: 3 inf. Verb + fem. Sing. Noun
3 0 7
14. sD#.t sD#yt: Caus 3 inf. Verb + fem. Sing. Noun
1 0 0
15. ms.t.f/k: 3 inf. Verb + suffix pronoun 3/2 masc. sing. suffix pronoun
7 0 30
16. njs.t ttj/njs.t jr.k: 3-lit Verb + masculine proper name/prep and suffix pronoun. Jn + agent.
2 0 0
17. Dj.t n.k jxt/Dj.t n.f xt: Anom. Verb + dative + fem sing. Noun
2 0 114
18. D#.t ppy pn jm D#wt: 3 inf. Verb + direct genitive
1 0 7
19. sQ.t n.f t# rdw r pt: 3-lit Verb + dative + direct genitive and complement.
3 0 23
20. j.wn.tj n.f nw/j.wn.t n ppy nw: 2-lit Verb + dative + demostrative pronoun
3 4 91
21. Ssr.t n.f ktjwt: 3-lit Verb + dative + fem. Sing. Noun
2 0 0
22. mk.tj wnjs: 2-lit Verb + proper name 1 0 0
23. wn.t n ppy/wn.tj nw n ttj: 2-lit Verb + dative/2-lit Verb + demostrative pronoun + dative
2 4 91
24. jwr.t ppy: 3-lit Verb + proper name 1 0 24
25. xn.t.k/xn.t ppy: 3 inf. Verb + 2 sing. masc. suffix pronoun/proper name
5 0 2
26. wn.t o#wj b# k# jmj qbHw n ppy/j.wn.t n ppy nfr-k#-ro o#wj b# k# jmj qbHw/ wn.t
26
k o#wj H#t/ j.wn.tj o#wj pt jpf/j.wn.t o#wj pt jpf: 2-lit Verb + dual noun and complement + dative/2-lit verb + dative + dual noun and complement.
27. szn.t o#wj bj# jmj sHdw n ppy pn/szn.t n ppy nfr-k#-ro o#wj bj# jmj sHdw: Caus 2-lit Verb + dual noun and complement + dative/Caus 2-lit Verb + dative + dual masculine noun and complement.
5 0 5
28. sh#.t n NN zxnwj pt/sh#.t sxnwj pt n NN: Caus 3 inf. Verb + dative + dual masculine noun/ Caus 3 inf. Verb + dual masculine noun + dative
8 0 6
29. ms.n.t NN/ms.jn.t NN: 3 inf. Verb + Proper name
4 0 30
30. nHm.tj sxm.k: 3-lit Verb + Masc. Sing. noun and suffix pronoun.
3 4 4
31. dj.t n NN m#qt nTr/stS: Anom. Verb + dative + direct genitive
3 0 114
32. jr.t n-k tpw/nmtt: 3 inf. Verb + dative + plural masc. noun
4 0 14
33. rXs.t n-f k#w: 3-lit Verb + dative + plural masc. noun
1 0 0
34. Sd.tj.sn n srw: 3 inf. Verb + plural masculine 3 suffix pronoun + dative
2 0 1
35. Dj.t j# n NN: anom. Verb + sing. masc. Noun + dative
3 0 114
36. j.nD.tj.f/j.nD.t NN/j.nD.tj.j: 2-lit Verb + 3/1 masc. Sing. Suffix. Pron.
5 0 0
37. wob.tj ppy pn: 3-lit verb + proper name. Jn + agent.
1 0 26
38. xn.t NN/xn.t.j/xn.t.j: 3 inf. Verb + proper name
3 0 2
39. Szp.t o-f: 3-lit Verb + sing. masc. noun and 3 masc sing. suffix pronoun
3 0 10
40. j.Dd.t n.f rn.f/n.s rn.s: 2-lit Verb + dative + sing. masc. noun and 3 masc/fem. Sing. suffix pronoun
3 0 0
41. Snn.t mr pn Hwt-nTr tn: 3-lit Verb + noun and direct genitive
1 0 21
42. Dsr.t jrw Sw Hno tfnt: 3-lit Verb + active plural masc. participle and complement.
4 0 1
43. Szp.t o.k: 3-lit Verb + sing. masc. noun and 2 masc. sing. suffix pronoun
1 0 10
44. no.tj: 3 inf. Verb 3 0 0
45. Hn.t NN/Hn.t.j: 2-lit Verb + proper name/1 com. suffix pronoun
4 0 0
27
Noun + dative. Object of a prospective 47. zn.t n ppy o#wj bj#: 2-lit verb + dative +
direct genitive
1 0 1
48. Dj.t n.sn: Anomalous verb + dative 1 0 114
49. sQ.tj/t t# rd jr pt: 3-lit Verb + direct genitive and complement
2 0 23
50. Dj.t n.k nnbtyw: Anom. verb + dative + Plural masc. noun
2 0 114
51. jn.k#.t bj#: 3 inf. Verb + Sing. Masc. Noun
1 0 3
52. No.t.k: 3 inf. Verb + 2 sing. Masc. Suffix pronoun
5 0 0
53. S##.t r.k tr nTr: 3 inf. Verb + dative + singular masculine noun
1 0 0
54. wob.t.k/T: 3-lit Verb + 2 sing. Masc/fem. Suffix pronoun. Object of a sDm.n.f
2 0 26
55. nD.t Hr-f : 2-lit Verb + sing. Masc. Noun and suffix pronoun. Jn + agent.
1 0 0
56. Sms.t ppy: 3-lit Verb + proper name. Jn + agent.
1 0 0
57. j.sn.tj rdwj.f: 2-lit Verb + dual masc. Noun and suffix pronoun.
1 0 0
58. wdH.t qbHw: 3-lit Verb + plural masc. noun
1 0 0
59. Hnk.t ppy nfr-k#-ro pn: 3-lit Verb + proper name
1 0 0
60. nDr.t xtw.s/ xfo.f: 4-inf. Verb + plural masc. Noun and suffix pronoun. Jn + agent.
2 1 5
61. rDj.t n.k wrrt: Anom. Verb + dative + sing. Fem. Noun
1 0 114
62. jr.t rnpw.k: 3 inf. Verb + sing. Masc. Noun and suffix pronoun
1 0 14
63. nj nDrw.t ppy: neg + 3-lit Verb + proper name. Jn + agent.
1 1 5
64. Xbs.t n.k t#: 3-lit Verb + dative + sing. Masc. Noun.
1 6 7
65. sQ.t n.k wdnt: 3-lit Verb + dative + sing. Fem. Noun
2 0 23
66. wr.t/tj wnwn.f: 2 gem Verb + sing. Masc. Noun and suffix pronoun.
2 0 0
67. jn.t n.k jrt tw nt Hrw/ jn.t n.T bj# pw: 3
inf. Verb + dative + indirect genitive/ sing. masc. noun and demostrative pronoun
2 0 3
68. Szp.t [owj.f]: 3-lit Verb + dual masc. Noun and suffix pronoun. Jn + agent.
1 0 10
69. Wn.t n.(j) o#wy msktt: 2-lit verb + dative + direct genitive
28
70. nj Xb.n.t/tj ppy pn: neg + 3 inf. Verb + proper name
2 0 0
71. Dj.t m#qt tw n ppy: anom. Verb + sing. fem. Noun and demostrative pronoun + dative
1 0 114
TABLE 2
Pyramid Number of t and tj occurrences Number of only tj occurrences Spells Unis 23 8 32, 219, 222, 230, 231, 239, 254, 257, 263, 267, 272, 274, 278. Teti 12 1 32, 219, 254, 257, 264, 272, 274, 360, 361. Pepi I 58 5 32, 222, 264, 344, 264, 266, 267, 469, 473, 477, 483, 485, 486, 511, 525, 528, 530, 534, 539, 553, 561, 565, 570, 573, 584, 599, 673, 690, 694, 697, *730, *733, *740, *742, *756, *757, *765, *769. Pepi II 50 6 222, 262, 267, 272, 360, 361, 442, 469, 473, 477, 478, 483, 486, 493, 511, 528, 530, 553, 565, 573, 619, 669, 673, 676, 677, 681, 685, 688, 690, 692 D, 697, 703, *716, *730. Merenre 19 2 461, 473, 477, 478, 483, 528, 530, 565, 570, 573, 609, 619. Ankhenesenpepi II 4 0 473. Wedjetebni 2 0 553. Neith 10 0 219, 222, 476, 493, 511, 667, 676, 690. Iput 1 1 *716. TOTAL 178 23
29 2.2 Geminated passive occurrences in Pyramid Texts PT 268, 373 c. GP1
(Unis, Neith) Jrw n.f orrwt T#zz n.f Hm#TT
As long as the portals will be made for him, the (Red Crown‟s) coil will be tied for him.
Note 12: This is the first sentence where a passive form with a –w ending and geminated passive
occur together. It describes what is made for the deceased. They both seem to have the same meaning.
PT 274, 411 c. GP2
(Unis) nj nHmm soHw wnjs m o.f (Teti) nj nHmm soHw nw ttj m o.f
Unis‟s (var: Teti‟s) privileges will never be taken from him
PT 310, 492 b. GP3
(Unis) Sntt wnjs Sntt tm
(Ankhenesenpepi II) Sntt onx-n-s-ppy Sntt tm (Merenra) Sntt mr-n-ro Sntt tm
Should Unis (var: Ankhenesenpepi II, Merenra) be reviled, should Atum be reviled.
PT 310, 492 d. GP4
(Unis) Xsbb wnjs m w#t tn Xsbb tm (Pepi I) Xsbb ppy pn m w#t tn xsbb tm
(Ankhenespepi II) Xsbb [ppy onX n.s] m w#t tn Xsbb […] (Merenra) Xsbb mr-n-ro m w#t Xsbb tm
(Neith) Xsbb ppy nfr-k#-ro m w#t tn Xsbb tm
Should Unis (Var: Pepi, Merenra, Pepi-Neferkara) be driven away from the path, should Atum be driven away from the path.
PT 374, 658 d-e. GP5. GP6
(Teti) nj nDrr.k jn #krw nj Xsff.k jn sHdw
30 PT 408, 716 c. GP7
(Pepi I a‟, Pepi I a) rXss […] sbnwt […] (Pepi I b) rXss sbnwt m w#g
Nursing cows will always be slaughtered on the Supply festival
Note 13: Teti‟s version is rXs sbnwt n ttj m w#g but it is more likely that the verb form is also
geminated, maybe a craftman‟s mistake, due to the close presence of the second s.
PT 412, 722 c. GP8. GP9
(Teti, Pepi II, Neith b) nj sw## rd.k nj S#ss nmt.k
As long as your foot will not be bypassed, your stride will not be traversed
PT 419, 743 d. GP10. GP 11
(Teti, Merenra) #bXX n.k owj rww n.k rdwj
When arms will be shaken for you, feet will be danced for you.
PT 419, 746 a. GP 12. GP 13
(Teti, Merenra) Hsqq n.k smn npDD n.k Trp
When a Nile goose will be decapitated for you, a white goose will be butchered for you
PT 419, 748 d. GP14
(Teti) nj nHmm H#t.f (Merenra) nj nHmm H#t.k
His (var: your) heart will never be taken away.
PT 478, 978 c. GP15
(Pepi I) nj Xbss n.f t# nj sQ n.f wdnt (Pepi II) nj Xbss n.f t# nj sQ n.f wdnt
If the earth will not be hacked up for him, a deposited offering will not be laid down for him.
Note 14: The apparently germination of sQj in Pepi I‟s version is actually a mistaken interpretation
of the determinative Aa7
PT 485, 1026 b. GP16
(Pepi I) stpp n.f XpSw
31 PT 502 G. GP17
(Pepi I, Pepi II) tmm.(j) tmm t#
tmm TpHwt tmm jmt.sn
Should I be closed, the earth will be closed,
The caverns will be closed, and what is in them will be closed.
PT 510, 1138 a. GP18
(Pepi I) Xbss n.f t# sQ n.f wdnt
(Merenra) Xbss n mr-n-ro t# sQ n.f wdnt
If the earth will be hacked up for him, a deposited offering will be laid down for him.
Note 15: This passage is parallel with 978 c, but in this case, all versions show a V passive with sQ. PT 539, 1323 c. GP18
(Pepi I) nj Xbss n.f t# nj sQy n.f wdnt
If the earth will not be hacked up for him, a deposited offering will not be laid down for him.
Note 16: In this case, sQ shows a –y ending. PT 539, 1326 a. GP18
(Pepi I) Xbss n.f t# sQ n.f wdnt
If the earth will be hacked up for him, a deposited offering will be laid down for him.
PT 558, 1390 b. GP19
(Pepi I, Merenra) sS## n.k sS## km wr (Pepi II) sS## n.k s […]
The beaching of the Great Black Bull will be beached for you.
PT 569, 1441 b. GP20. GP21
(Pepi I a) nj Xsff mry-ro pn (Pepi I b, Merenra) nj Xsff.(i) (Pepi II) nj Xsf[f?] ppy nfr-k#-ro
32 PT 570, 1460 b, c. GP22
(Pepi I a) mry-ro pw jrt Hrw nj wg.s bSS.s
Nj wgw.f bSS.f
(Merenra) Wgjw.f bSS.f
This Meryra (var: Merenra) is the eye of Horus, as long as it will never be chewed up or spat out, he will never be chewed up or spat out.
PT 572, 1474 c. GP23
(Pepi I) wnn o#wy pt n ppy pn
The sky‟s door will always be opened for this Pepi.
Note 17: Following this sentence, Pepi I‟s version use the V passive form of the verb jzn, instead of wn, to state that the starry door is opened. In Merenra‟s version of this passage, the sentence reads wn n.k #wy sHdw “the starry door is opened for you”. Was this an attempt to imitate Pepi I‟s version
starting with the verb wn, but using then the subject of the verb jzn instead? In this case, the verb wn shows a V passive, just as verb jzn. Was this an artisan‟s mistake?
PT 599, 1651 c, d. GP24
(Merenra, Pepi II) Jntjsn stpp n.sn stpwt.sn
They are the ones for whom will always be selected their select cuts
PT 610, 1720 a. GP25
(Merenra, Pepi II) wnn n.k sb# pt jr #Xt
The sky‟s gate to the Akhet will be opened for you
Note 18: It could also be a V passive, as the n following the M 42 sign, could also be a phonetic
complement.
PT 664 d, 1892 a. GP26
(Pepi II) dbHH.f m o.k m rDj.k sw
Should it be demanded from you, do not give it
PT 668, 1960 b. GP27
(Pepi II) jwrr ppy nfr-k#-ro jm msjw ppy nfr-k#-ro jm
33 PT 684, 2059 a. GP28
(Pepi II) zXnn ppy gmw ppy r.sn
As long as Pepi will be searched with respect to them, he will be found with respect to them.
PT *737. GP29
(Pepi I) [sp]dDD Xt mjwt.f nwt
The belly of his mother Nut will ever be made ready.
PT *760. GP30
(Pepi I) hrr.k r.k Hr.s
You will always be prepared from it
PT *764. GP25
(Pepi I) wnn n.k o#wj fnXw
The Fenekhu‟s door will always be opened to you
TABLE 3 Instances Number of occurrences Same verb in T passive Same verb in V passive
1. T#zz n.f Hm#TT: 3-lit verb + dative + singular masculine noun
2 0 27
2. nHmm sohw: 3-lit verb + plural noun 2 3 4
3. Sntt NN: 3-lit verb + masculine proper name
6 0 0
4. Xsbb NN: 3-lit verb + masculine proper name
10 0 0
5. nj nDrr.k: negative + 3-lit verb + masculine 2 sing. Suffix pronoun. Jn + agent.
1 2 5
6. Nj Xsff.k jn sHdw: negative + 3-lit verb + masculine 2 sing. Suffix pronoun. Jn + agent.
1 0 15
7. rXss sbnwt: 3-lit verb + plural feminine noun
3 1 0
8. nj sw## rd.k: negative + 4-inf. Verb + singular masculine noun + suffix pronoun
3 0 0
9. nj S#ss nmt.k: negative + 3-lit Verb + singular masculine noun + suffix
34
pronoum
10. #bXX n.k owj: 3-lit Verb + dative + dual masculine noun
2 0 0
11. rww n.k rdwj: 3-inf Verb + dative + dual masculine noun
2 0 0
12. HsQQ n.k smn: 3-lit Verb + dative + singular masculine noun
2 0 1
13. npDD n.k Trp: 3-lit Verb + dative + singular masculine noun
2 0 0
14. nj nHmm H#t.f/k: negative + 3-lit Verb + singular feminine noun + suffix pronoun
2 3 4
15. nj Xbss n.f t#: negative + 3-lit Verb + dative + singular masculine noun
3 1 7
16. stpp n.f XpSw: 3-lit + dative + plural masculine noun
1 0 0
17. tmm.(j)/t#/ TpHwt/jm.sn: 2-lit verb + common 1 sing. Suffix pronoun/ singular feminine noun/ prepositional nisbe + suffix pronoun
4 0 0
18. Xbss n.f t#/Xbss n mr-n-ro t#: 3-lit Verb + dative + masculine singular noun
3 1 7
19. sS## n.k sS## km wr: 3-lit Verb + dative + direct genitive
3 0 1
20. nj Xsff NN: negative + 3-lit Verb + proper name
2 0 15
21. nj Xsff.n.j: negative + 3-lit Verb + n + common 1 sing. Suffix pronoun. sDm.n.f form.
2 0 15
22. bSS.f/s: 3-inf verb + singular masculine/feminine suffix pronoun
3 0 0
23. wnn o#wy pt: 2-lit Verb + direct genitive + dative
1 2 91
24. stpp n.sn stpwt.sn: 3-lit Verb + dative + singular feminine noun + suffix pronoun
2 0 0
25. wnn n.k sb# pt jr #Xt/ o#wj fnXw: 2-lit Verb + dative + direct genitive + complement
3 2 91
26. dbHH.f: 3-lit Verb + masculine 3 sing. Suffix pronoun
1 0 0
27. jwrr ppy nfr-k#-ro jm: 3-lit Verb + proper name + complement
1 1 27
28. zXnn ppy: 3-lit Verb + proper name 1 0 0
29. spdDD Xt mjwt.f: Causative 3-lit Verb + direct genitive
1 0 2
30. hrr.k r.k Hr.s: 2-lit Verb + preposition + suffix pronoun + preposition + suffix pronoun
35 TABLE 4
Pyramid Number of geminated
passive occurrences Spells Unis 6 268, 274, 310 Teti 10 274, 374, 412, 419 Pepi I 23 310, 408, 478, 485, 502 G, 510, 539, 558, 569, 570, 572, *737, *760, *764 Pepi II 14 412, 478, 502 G, 558, 569, 599, 610, 664 d, 668, 684 Merenre 15 310, 419, 510, 558, 569, 570, 599, 610 Ankhenesenpepi II 4 310 Wedjetebni 0 Neith 3 268, 412 Iput 0 TOTAL 75
2.3 V Passive occurrences in the Pyramid Texts. PT 13, 9 b. VP1. VP2
(Pepi II) d n.k dp.k smn n.k dp.k jr Qsw
Your head is placed for you. Your head is set to the bones for you.
Note 19: Questionable. It could be an active sDm.n.f with an omitted singular first person suffix
pronoun.
PT 21, 13 b, c. VP3
(Pepi II) Wp n.k r.k wp n.k jrtj.k
Wp n.k r.k m nw# msXntjw bj# wp r n nTrw
Your mouth is parted for you, your eyes are parted for you.
Your mouth is parted for you with Anubis‟s adze, the metal striker that parted the mouth of the gods.
Note 20: Questionable. It could be an active sDm.n.f with an omitted singular first person suffix
36 PT 22. VP4
(Pepi II) jn.n.(j) n.k z#.k mrrw.k wp r.k
I have fetched you your son whom you love, and your mouth has been parted.
Note 21: Questionable. It could be an active sDm.n.f with an omitted singular first person suffix
pronoun.
PT 64, 45 a. VP5
(Neith) Jsjr nt Dsr.k Hr.f
Osiris Neith, you have been swept from him.
PT 66, 46 a. VP6
(Neith) Jsjr nt snXt n.k jrt Hrw Xr.k
Osiris Neith, Horus‟s eye has been made forceful with you.
PT 67, 46 b-c. VP7
(Pepi II, Neith) ndsdsw.sn n.k
They will be hacked to pieces for you
PT 79, 54 c. VP8
(Unis, Pepi II, Neith) sdm n.k jrt Hrw wD#t jr Hr.k
Horus‟s eye has been painted sound for you on your face
Note 22: Questionable. It could be an active sDm.n.f with an omitted singular first person suffix
pronoun.
PT 142, 87 a. VP9
(Unis, Teti, Pepi I, Pepi II, Neith) nj So.s jr.k It cannot be cut away from you.
PT 157, 94 a. VP10
(Unis, Teti, Pepi II, Neith) Nj snw.s jr.k It will not be released from you.
PT 172, 101 c. VP11
(Teti, Pepi II) Dj n.k Hnkt nbt w#Ht nbt mrt.k
