1876-6102 © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the International Scientific Conference “Environmental and Climate Technologies”. doi: 10.1016/j.egypro.2017.04.002 Energy Procedia 113 ( 2017 ) 1 – 8
ScienceDirect
,QWHUQDWLRQDO6FLHQWLILF&RQIHUHQFH³(QYLURQPHQWDODQG&OLPDWH7HFKQRORJLHV´&21(&7
±2FWREHU5LJD/DWYLD
([SHULPHQWDOFKDUDFWHUL]DWLRQDQGHQHUJ\SHUIRUPDQFHVRIPXOWLSOH
JOD]LQJXQLWVZLWKLQWHJUDWHGVKDGLQJGHYLFHV
0LFKHOH=LQ]L
D3DROR5XJJHUL
E)DELR3HURQ
E(PLOLDQR&DUQLHOR
F$OHVVDQGUR5LJKL
EaENEA, Via Anguillarese 301, Rome 00123, Italy bIUAV Universityof Venice, Santa Croce 191, Venezia 30135, Italy
cUniversity of Roma Tre, Via Ostiense 159, Roma 00154, Italy
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³(QYLURQPHQWDODQG &OLPDWH7HFKQRORJLHV Keywords:VKDGLQJGHYLFHVVRODUSURSHUWLHVPHDVXUHPHQWV8YDOXHPHDVXUHPHQWVHQHUJ\SHUIRUPDQFHRIEXLOGLQJV &RUUHVSRQGLQJDXWKRU7HOID[ E-mail address:PLFKHOH]LQ]L#HQHDLW
© 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the International Scientific Conference “Environmental and Climate Technologies”.
,QWURGXFWLRQ
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
6RODUDQGWKHUPDOSURSHUWLHVRIVHYHUDOVROXWLRQRIJOD]LQJXQLWVZLWKLQJDSVKDGLQJGHYLFHVZHUHPHDVXUHGZLWK DGYDQFHG H[SHULPHQWDO VHWXS WR EH FRPSDUHG ZLWK FRQYHQWLRQDO V\VWHPV 0RUHRYHU QXPHULFDO DQDO\VHV ZHUH SHUIRUPHGWRHVWLPDWHWKHLPSDFWRIWKLVWHFKQRORJ\RQWKHHQHUJ\SHUIRUPDQFHRIRIILFHEXLOGLQJV
0HWKRGVDQGVDPSOHV
6KDGLQJ V\VWHPV LQWHJUDWHG LQ WKH JDS RI PXOWLSOH JODVV XQLWV 0*8 FDQ LPSURYH WKH WKHUPDO UHVSRQVH RI WUDQVSDUHQWEXLOGLQJHQYHORSHEDVLFDOO\LQWZRZD\LWLQFUHDVHVWKHWKHUPDOUHVLVWDQFHRIWKHV\VWHPVWKXVLQFUHDVHV LWVLQVXODWLRQSRZHULWORZHUVWKHVRODUJDLQVWKURXJKWKH0*8ZLWKLQFUHDVHGVRODUFRQWUROSHUIRUPDQFHUHVSHFW WRWKH0*8ZLWKRXWVKDGLQJRUZLWKWKHODWWHUPRXQWHGLQVLGH
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x '*8B$7KHFRPSRVLWLRQLVWKHIROORZLQJH[WHUQDOPPODPLQDWHGJODVVPPDUJRQDQGDLUJDS LQWHUQDOPPORZHPLVVLYLW\ODPLQDWHGJODVV7KH'*8KDVDORZHPLVVLYLW\EODFNRXWUROOHUEOLQGLQJDS x '*8B%7KHFRPSRVLWLRQLVWKHIROORZLQJH[WHUQDOPPODPLQDWHGJODVVPPDUJRQDQGDLU JDSLQWHUQDOPPORZHPLVVLYLW\ODPLQDWHGJODVV7KH'*8KDVDKRQH\FRPEUROOHUEOLQGLQJDS7KH WHVWZDVFDUULHGRXWDOVRLQYHUWLQJWKHOD\HUVHTXHQFHLHWKHLQWHUQDOJODVVZDVPRYHGWRWKHH[WHUQDOVLGH x '*8B&7KHFRPSRVLWLRQLVWKHIROORZLQJH[WHUQDOPPORZHPLVVLYLW\ODPLQDWHGJODVVPP DUJRQDQGDLUJDSLQWHUQDOPPODPLQDWHGJODVV,QWKLVFDVHWKHORZHFRDWHGJODVVZDVSODFHG DVH[WHUQDOOD\HUWRWHVWLWVSHUIRUPDQFHDVVRODUILOWHUXQLW7KH'*8KDVSOHDWHGORZHPLVVLYLW\YHQHWLDQ EOLQGVLQJDS7KHODPHOODHDUHORZHFRDWHGRQWKHFRQYH[VLGH 1RVSHFWUDOGDWDZHUHSURYLGHGIRUWKHVLQJOHJODVVHVDQGEOLQGV6HYHUDOFRQILJXUDWLRQVZHUHWHVWHGIRUWKHRSWLFDO FKDUDFWHULVDWLRQGHWDLOVDERXWWKHWHVWFRQILJXUDWLRQVDUHSURYLGHGLQWKH5HVXOWVVHFWLRQ
([SHULPHQWDO 3.1. Optical 7KHRSWLFDOFKDUDFWHUL]DWLRQRIWKHVHOHFWHGVDPSOHVZDVFDUULHGRXWXVLQJDEXLOWLQVSHFWURSKRWRPHWHUVZLWKODUJH GLDPHWHULQWHJUDWLQJVSKHUHQHHGHGWRDFFXUDWHO\FKDUDFWHUL]HJHRPHWULFDOO\FRPSOH[DQGVFDWWHULQJJOD]LQJXQLWVIXOO GHVFULSWLRQFDQEHIRXQGLQ>@7KHH[SHULPHQWDOIDFLOLW\FRQVLVWVRIWKHIROORZLQJUHOHYDQWSDUWV x 7ZROLJKWVRXUFHVZHUHXVHGD:[HQRQDUFODPSDQGDWXQJVWHQKDORJHQODPSZLWKDGMXVWDEOHSRZHUUDQJLQJ IURP XS WR : 7KH VL]H RI WKH FROOLPDWHG EHDP FDQ EH PRGXODWHG WKURXJK D V\VWHP RI OHQVHV DQG GLDSKUDJPVDFFRUGLQJWRWKHPHDVXUHPHQWUHTXLUHPHQWV7KHOLJKWEHDPGLDPHWHUZDVVHWWRPPVRWKDWDOOWKH UDGLDWLRQWUDQVPLWWHGE\WKHVDPSOHHQWHUVLQWRWKHLQWHJUDWLQJVSKHUH x 7KHOLJKWVRXUFHLQWUDQVPLWWDQFHLVSODFHGRQDURWDWLQJKROGHUVRWKDWLWLVSRVVLEOHWRVHWWKHDQJOHRIWKHLQFLGHQW UDGLDWLRQDQGSHUIRUPRIIQRUPDOPHDVXUHPHQWVW\SLFDOO\IURPWRLQFLGHQFHDQJOH x 7KHVSHFWURSKRWRPHWHULVFRXSOHGWRDQLQWHJUDWLQJVSKHUHZLWKDFPGLDPHWHU7KHVSKHUHKDVWKHLQWHUQDOVXUIDFH PDGHRI6SHFWUDORQDPDWHULDOZLWKUHIOHFWLYLW\JUHDWHUWKDQLQWKHZKROHVRODUUDQJH±QP7KHFDQ EHDGMXVWHGWRSHUIRUPWUDQVPLWWDQFHUHIOHFWDQFHDQGDEVRUSWDQFHPHDVXUHPHQWV x 7KHGHWHFWLRQV\VWHPFRQVLVWVRIWKUHHDUUD\VSHFWURPHWHUVDQGWKUHHGHWHFWRUVWRH[SORUHGLIIHUHQWVSHFWUDOEDQGV 1026 IRU WKH ±QP UDQJH GLVSHUVLRQQPSL[HO ,Q*D$VIRU WKH ±QP UDQJH GLVSHUVLRQ QPSL[HO([W,Q*D$VIRUWKH±QPUDQJHGLVSHUVLRQQPSL[HO
6LQFHWKHPHDVXUHPHQWSURFHGXUHLVRIWKHVLQJOHEHDPW\SHDQGWKHVDPSOHVDUHPRXQWHGRXWVLGHWKHVSKHUHWKH WUDQVPLWWDQFH DQG UHIOHFWDQFH PHDVXUHPHQWV DUH FRUUHFWHG ZLWK WKH DX[LOLDU\ SRUW PHWKRG 7KH LQVWUXPHQW HUURU LV HVWLPDWHGWREHIRUWKHGLIIHUHQWPHDVXUHPHQWPRGHV0HDVXUHPHQWVZHUHSHUIRUPHGEHWZHHQDQGQP FRYHULQJRIWKHZKROHVRODUVSHFWUXP 3.2. Thermal 7KHWKHUPDOWUDQVPLWWDQFHRIWKHVHOHFWHGVDPSOHVLVFDOFXODWHGVWDUWLQJIURPWKHUPDOUHVLVWDQFHDQGFRQGXFWDQFH PHDVXUHGZLWKDKRWSODWHZLWKJXDUGULQJH[SHULPHQWDOIDFLOLW\7KHKRWSODWHLVGHVLJQHGWRSHUIRUPPHDVXUHPHQWV LQWKHGRXEOHVDPSOHPRGHDFFRUGLQJWRWKHSURFHGXUHVGHILQHGLQ>@DQGLQWKHVLQJOHVDPSOHPRGHE\PHDQV RIDWKHUPDOFRPSHQVDWRUUHSODFLQJRQHRIWKHWZRVDPSOH7KHVHTXHQFHRIOD\HUVLQWKHVLQJOHVDPSOHPRGHLV VKRZQLQ)LJD6WDQGDUGVDPSOHPXVWEH[FHQWLPHWHUVVDPSOHVZLWKWKLFNQHVVXSWRFHQWLPHWHUVFDQ EHWHVWHG6DPSOHVZLWKVL]HVPDOOHUWKDQ[FPFDQDOVREHWHVWHGZLWKDSUDFWLFDOORZHUOLPLWJLYHQE\WKH SODWHJXDUGULQJ[FP,QFDVHRIIVWDQGDUGVL]HVDPSOHVDUHWREHWHVWHGDGKRFDGMXVWPHQWVRIWKHWHVW FRQILJXUDWLRQQHHGWREHWDNHQ
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
D E
)LJ6HTXHQFHRIOD\HUVGXULQJPHDVXUHPHQWVDDQGYLHZRIWKHH[SHULPHQWDOIDFLOLW\E &DOFXODWLRQ
4.1. Estimation of the solar factor of the tested glazing unit
,Q RUGHU WR HVWLPDWH WKH VRODU IDFWRU J RI JOD]LQJ VDPSOHV RI ZKLFK WKH RSWLFDO DQG WKHUPDO SDUDPHWHUV DUH H[SHULPHQWDOO\WHVWHGZHORRNHGIRUDUHODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQWKHDEVRUEDQFHYDOXHVĮHJLYHQE\ĮH ±IJH±ȡHWKHYDOXH RIWKHWKHUPDOWUDQVPLWWDQFH8JDQGWKHVHFRQGDU\KHDWWUDQVIHUIDFWRUTL,WZDVWKHUHIRUHFDUULHGRXWDUHJUHVVLRQRI WKHDQDO\WLFDOYDOXHVREWDLQHGE\VLPXODWLRQXVLQJWKHVRIWZDUHWinshelter V3.0 >@WKDWLPSOHPHQWVWKHPHWKRGV GHVFULEHGLQWKHVWDQGDUG81,(1>@LQUHIHUHQFHFRQGLWLRQV7KHPHWKRGFDQEHDSSOLHGRQWKHSURGXFW W\SRORJ\WKLVSDSHUGHDOVZLWKLQSDUWLFXODUPXOWLSOHJOD]LQJXQLWVZLWKVKDGLQJGHYLFHVLQWHJUDWHGLQWKHJOD]LQJJDS 2WKHUJOD]LQJFRQILJXUDWLRQVDUHQRWWDNHQLQWRDFFRXQWIRUWKHOLPLWDWLRQRIWKHH[SHULPHQWDOIDFLOLWLHV
7R RSWLPL]H WKH QXPEHU RI VLPXODWLRQV D VHULHV RI GRXEOHJOD]LQJ V\VWHPV VLPLODU WR WKH RQHV XVHG LQ WKH H[SHULPHQWDWLRQZHUHFKRVHQGRXEOHJOD]LQJV\VWHPVZLWKORZHPLVVLYLW\FRDWLQJLQSRVLWLRQDPPJDSILOOHG ZLWKDUJRQ%HWZHHQWKHWZRJODVVSODWHVDUHLQVWDOOHGWKHVKDGLQJGHYLFHV7KHVLPXODWLRQVZHUHFDUULHGRXW PDLQWDLQLQJWKHIHDWXUHVRIWKHILUVWJODVVSDQHFOHDUJODVVPPWKLFNWKHFDYLW\VL]HDQGWKHSHUFHQWDJHRIDUJRQ 7KHRSWLFDOFKDUDFWHULVWLFVRIWKHVHFRQGSODWHDUHFKRVHQIURPWKHWinshelterGDWDEDVHWKHIDEULFDQGWKHYHQHWLDQ EOLQGVSDUDPHWHUVDUHDOVRREWDLQHGIURPWKHVDPHGDWDEDVHZLWKWKUHHGLIIHUHQWFRORUJUDGDWLRQVOLJKWPHGLXPDQG GDUN7KHUHJUHVVLRQHTXDWLRQVDUHREWDLQHGZLWKWZRGLIIHUHQWPHWKRGVWKHILUVWSHUIRUPVDOLQHDUUHJUHVVLRQIURPĮH DQGTL8JUDWLRYDOXHVWKHVHFRQGHTXDWLRQLVREWDLQHGIURPDVHFRQGRUGHUSRO\QRPLDOUHJUHVVLRQIURPĮH8JDQGTL 7KHWZRHTXDWLRQVDUHUHVSHFWLYHO\OLVWHGEHORZZKHUHWKHDEVRUEDQFHYDOXHVDUHH[SUHVVHGLQSHUFHQWDJH,QWKHILUVW FDVHWKHUHODWLYHFRHIILFLHQWVRIGHWHUPLQDWLRQ5ð LQWKHVHFRQG5ð
e g i U q D 8J g e g e e i U U q D D D4.2. Energy performance of a commercial building
,QRUGHUWRHYDOXDWHWKHYDULDWLRQRIWKHHQHUJ\SHUIRUPDQFHRIEXLOGLQJVDIWHUWKHDSSOLFDWLRQRIJOD]LQJXQLWVZLWK LQWHJUDWHGVKDGLQJGHYLFHVDQXPHULFDOPRGHORIDQRIILFHEXLOGLQJKDVEHHQVHWXS7KHHQHUJ\EHKDYLRUKDVEHHQ DQDO\]HGLQGLIIHUHQWFRQILJXUDWLRQVXVLQJ(QHUJ\3OXVVRIWZDUHZLWK'HVLJQ%XLOGHU*8,>@7KHHQHUJ\VLPXODWLRQV IRFXVRQDW\SLFDOIORRURIDQRIILFHEXLOGLQJZLWKDWRWDODUHDRIPGLYLGHGLQWRPRIRIILFHVSDFHDQG
SHRSOHZRUNIURP0RQGD\WR)ULGD\IURPWRDQGIURPWR7KHKHDWLQJWHPSHUDWXUHIRUWKH RIILFHLV&DQG&IRUVHUYLFH]RQH7KHFRUH]RQHDUHDZLWKVHUYLFHVKDVQRFRQGLWLRQLQJERWKLQVXPPHUDQG ZLQWHU,QVXPPHUDOOORFDOZLWKWKHH[FHSWLRQRIWKHFRUH]RQHKDVDWHPSHUDWXUHRI&,QWKHRIILFHVDUHSUHVHQW HOHFWURQLFHTXLSPHQWZLWKDQRYHUDOOORDGHTXDOWR:P7KHLQILOWUDWLRQUDWHLVHTXDOWRK7KHHQWLUHFRPSOH[
LVKHDWHGDQGFRROHGZLWKDKHDWSXPSZLWKD&23RI7KHOLJKWLQJKDVDSRZHURI:P7KHQRUPDWLYH
UHIHUHQFH IRU DOO SUHYLRXVGDWD DUH WKH ,WDOLDQ VWDQGDUG 81, 76 >@ 7KH RSWLFDO WKHUPDO DQG HQHUJHWLF FKDUDFWHULVWLFVRIWKHWUDQVSDUHQWHQFORVXUHVDUHWKHRQHVPHDVXUHGRQ'*8B$DQG'*8B&VDPSOHVLQVWDOOHGLQD IUDPHZLWKDWKHUPDOWUDQVPLWWDQFHHTXDOWR:P.7KHVLPXODWLRQVZHUHSHUIRUPHGZLWKDYDOXHRIWKHUPDO WUDQVPLWWDQFHRIWKHRSDTXHHQYHORSHHOHPHQWVHTXDOWR:P.DQGWZRUDWHVRI::5:LQGRZVWR:DOO5DWLR KRPRJHQHRXVLQDOORULHQWDWLRQVDQG 5HVXOWV 5.1. Optical
7KH VSHFWUDO WUDQVPLWWDQFH DQG UHIOHFWDQFH FXUYHV RI WKH PHDVXUHG VDPSOHV DUH SORWWHG LQ )LJ DQG )LJ UHVSHFWLYHO\ 7DEOH SUHVHQWV WKH EURDGEDQG YDOXHV RI WUDQVPLWWDQFH DQG UHIOHFWDQFH ERWK LQ WKH VRODU DQG YLVLEOH VSHFWUXP9DOXHVDUHFDOFXODWHGVWDUWLQJIURPWKHVSHFWUDOYDOXHVDFFRUGLQJWRUHIHUHQFHVSHFWUDJLYHQLQ>@6DPSOHV ZHUHPHDVXUHGFRQVLGHULQJWZRFRQILJXUDWLRQV%OLQGXSDQGGRZQ0RUHRYHUVDPSOH'*8B&ZLWKEOLQGGRZQZDV WHVWHGZLWKFRQYH[LW\RIODPHOODHWRZDUGVLQGRRUDQGRXWGRRU%\REVHUYLQJ)LJWKHVKDGLQJV\VWHPVFXWDOPRVWWR ]HURWKHWUDQVPLWWDQFHEHLQJDQGWKHPHDVXUHGPD[LPXPYDOXHVIRU'*8B$DQG'*8B&UHVSHFWLYHO\ '*8B%LVFKDUDFWHUL]HGE\DWRWDOVKDGLQJGHYLFHVRLQWKHEOLQGGRZQFRQILJXUDWLRQWKHWUDQVPLWWDQFHLVHTXDOWR 7KHVSHFWUDOUHVSRQVHRI'*8B%ZLWKEOLQGXSZDVQRWSUHVHQWHGVLQFHLWLVHTXDOWRVDPSOH'*8B&EHLQJWKHWZR VDPSOHVFKDUDFWHUL]HGE\WKHVDPHH[WHUQDODQGLQWHUQDOJODVVFRPSRQHQWV,WLVZRUWK\WRQRWLFHWKHVSHFWUDOEHKDYLRU LQUHIOHFWDQFHUHSRUWHGLQ)LJ7KHEOLQGGRZQFRQILJXUDWLRQLQFUHDVHVWKHUHIOHFWDQFHYDOXHVLQWKHYLVLEOHEDQGDQG WHQGVWRGHFUHDVHWKHPLQWKHQHDULQIUDUHGUHJLRQ$VH[SHFWHGWKHVHQVLEO\KLJKVSHFWUDOYDOXHVXSWRLQWKHQHDU LQIUDUHGEDQGDVLQIHUUHGIURPWKHWUHQGVRIWKHQRWVKDGHGFRQILJXUDWLRQVGHQRWHORZHPLVVLYLW\SURSHUWLHVRIWKH LQWHUQDOJODVVFRPSRQHQWV )LJ6SHFWUDOWUDQVPLWWDQFHRIWKHVHOHFWHGVDPSOHV Ϭ͕Ϭ Ϭ͕ϭ Ϭ͕Ϯ Ϭ͕ϯ Ϭ͕ϰ Ϭ͕ϱ Ϭ͕ϲ Ϭ͕ϳ Ϭ͕ϴ Ϭ͕ϵ ϭ͕Ϭ ϯϴϬ ϲϬϬ ϴϮϬ ϭϬϰϬ ϭϮϲϬ ϭϰϴϬ ϭϳϬϬ ϭϵϮϬ ϮϭϰϬ dƌĂŶƐŵŝƚƚĂŶĐĞ tĂǀĞůĞŶŐŚƚ͕Ŷŵ ʏͲ 'hͺůŝŶĚhƉ ʏͲ 'hͺůŝŶĚĚŽǁŶ ʏͲ 'hͺůŝŶĚŽǁŶ͕ůĂŵĞůůĂĞĐŽŶǀĞdžŝƚLJƚŽǁĂƌĚƐŽƵƚĚŽŽƌ ʏͲ 'hͺůŝŶĚŽǁŶ͕ůĂŵĞůůĂĞĐŽŶǀĞdžŝƚLJƚŽǁĂƌĚƐŝŶĚŽŽƌ ʏͲ 'hͺůŝŶĚhƉ
)LJ6SHFWUDOUHIOHFWDQFHRIWKHVHOHFWHGVDPSOHV 7DEOH%URDGEDQGWUDQVPLWWDQFHDQGUHIOHFWDQFHYDOXHVRIWKHVHOHFWHGVDPSOHV IJY ȡY IJH ȡH '*8B$%OLQGXS '*8B$%OLQGGRZQ '*8B%%OLQGGRZQ '*8B&%OLQGXS '*8B&%OLQGGRZQODPHOODHFRQYH[LW\WRRXWGRRU '*8B&%OLQGGRZQODPHOODHFRQYH[LW\WRLQGRRU 5.2. Thermal 7KHPHDVXUHPHQWUHVXOWVDUHSUHVHQWHGLQ7DEOH$VLQIHUUHGWKHWHPSHUDWXUHGLIIHUHQFHDQGWKHPHDQWHPSHUDWXUH DUH LQ WKH UDQJH LQGLFDWHG LQ WKH UHOHYDQW VWDQGDUG UHVSHFWLYHO\ . DQG & RU SUHVHQW VOLJKWO\ KLJKHU YDULDWLRQVFRQVLGHUHGQHJOLJLEOHIRUWKLVWHVWSXUSRVHV7KHVDPHUHOHYDQWVWDQGDUGZDVXVHGWRFDOFXODWHWKH8YDOXHV DSSO\LQJWKHVXUIDFHWKHUPDOUHVLVWDQFHYDOXHVIRUDFFRUGLQJWRWKHVDPSOHO\LQJSRVLWLRQ7KH7DEOHUHSRUWVWKH UHVXOWVDFKLHYHGIRUDOOWKHVDPSOHFRQILJXUDWLRQVZKLFKDUHH[SODLQHGLQDGHGLFDWHGFROXPQ
7DEOH7KHUPDOPHDVXUHPHQWUHVXOWV
6DPSOH =RQH 0HDQWHPSHUDWXUH& 7HPSHUDWXUH
GLIIHUHQFH. 8YDOXH :P. '*8B$ %OLQGXS '*8B$ %OLQGGRZQ '*8B% %OLQGXS '*8B% %OLQGGRZQORZHJODVVLQWHUQDO '*8B% %OLQGGRZQORZHJODVVLQWHUQDO '*8B& %OLQGXS '*8B& %OLQGGRZQODPHOODHFRQYH[LW\WRRXWGRRU '*8B& %OLQGGRZQODPHOODHFRQYH[LW\WRLQGRRU ,WFDQEHREVHUYHGWKHVWURQJLPSDFWRIWKHUROOHUEOLQGRQWKH'*8B$ZLWK:P.UHGXFWLRQRI8YDOXH UHVSHFWWKHJOD]LQJV\VWHPRQO\7KHFRQYHUWLQDEOLQGKDVDPRGHUDWHLPSDFWRQWKHLQVXODWLRQSHUIRUPDQFHVLQFHWKH 8YDOXHLVUHGXFHGE\:P.IRUERWKFRQILJXUDWLRQV7KHVDPHLPSURYHPHQWLVDFKLHYHGIRUWKHODPHOODHV\VWHPV
ZLWK WKH ORZ HPLVVLYLW\ FRQYH[LW\ WRZDUGVWKH LQGRRU VLGH IRU VDPSOH & RQ WKH FRQWUDU\QRZ VLJQLILFDQW HIIHFW LV PHDVXUHGIRURXWGRRURULHQWHGFRQYH[LW\RIWKHODPHOODH Ϭ͕Ϭ Ϭ͕ϭ Ϭ͕Ϯ Ϭ͕ϯ Ϭ͕ϰ Ϭ͕ϱ Ϭ͕ϲ Ϭ͕ϳ Ϭ͕ϴ Ϭ͕ϵ ϭ͕Ϭ ϯϴϬ ϲϬϬ ϴϮϬ ϭϬϰϬ ϭϮϲϬ ϭϰϴϬ ϭϳϬϬ ϭϵϮϬ ϮϭϰϬ ZĞĨůĞĐƚĂŶĐĞ tĂǀĞůĞŶŐŚƚ͕Ŷŵ ʌͲ 'hͺůŝŶĚhƉ ʌͲ 'hͺůŝŶĚhƉ ʌͲ 'hͺůŝŶĚŽǁŶ ʌͲ 'hͺŽǁŶ͕ůĂŵĞůůĂĞĐŽŶǀĞdžŝƚLJƚŽǁĂƌĚƐŽƵƚĚŽŽƌ ʌͲ 'hͺŽǁŶ͕ůĂŵĞůůĂĞĐŽŶǀĞdžŝƚLJƚŽǁĂƌĚƐŝŶĚŽŽƌ ʌͲ 'hͺůŝŶĚŽǁŶ
5.3. Solar factor
7KHVRODUIDFWRURIWKHVDPSOHVLVFDOFXODWHGZLWK(TDQG(TIURPWKHUHVXOWVRIWKHH[SHULPHQWDOFDPSDLJQ RQWKHWHVWVDPSOHVDVGHVFULEHGLQSDUDJUDSKDQG,Q7DEOHDUHUHSRUWHGWKHYDOXHVRIWKHUPDOWUDQVPLWWDQFH 8JDQGDEVRUEDQFHĮHWKHVHFRQGDU\KHDWWUDQVIHUIDFWRUTLDQGJREWDLQHGIURPJ TLʏH
7KH J YDOXHV RI WKH VDPSOHV $ DQG & ZLWK EOLQG XS FRQGLWLRQ LV HVWLPDWH IURP WKH RSWLFDO SURSHUWLHV REWDLQHG FRPELQLQJ WZR JODVV SODWHV PDWFKLQJ DV FORVH DV SRVVLEOH WKH RSWLFDO YDOXHV REWDLQHG H[SHULPHQWDO 7KH\ DUH UHVSHFWLYHO\DQG 7DEOH9DOXHVRITLDQGJ 6DPSOH =RQH 8YDOXH:P . ĮH TLHT JHT TLHT JHT '*8B$ %OLQGGRZQ '*8B% %OLQGGRZQ '*8B& %OLQGGRZQODPHOODHFRQYH[LW\WRRXWGRRU '*8B& %OLQGGRZQODPHOODHFRQYH[LW\WRLQGRRU 5.4. Energy performances
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±ZLWKEOLQGGRZQ$VLQIHUUHGLQILJXUHWKHGHFUHDVHLQWRWDOWKHUPDO ORDGVERWKIRU'*8B$DQG'*8B&DUHDURXQG±ZLWK::5DQGDURXQG±ZLWK::5 7KHFRQYH[LW\RULHQWDWLRQRIWKHODPHOODHLQ'*8B&KDYHDOLWWOHLPSDFWRQHQHUJ\GHPDQGDURXQG± D E )LJD(QHUJ\SHUIRUPDQFHVZLWK::5WRE(QHUJ\SHUIRUPDQFHVZLWK::5WR Ͳ ϱϬϬϬ ϭϬϬϬϬ ϭϱϬϬϬ 'hͺ ůŝŶĚƵƉ 'hͺ ůŝŶĚĚŽǁŶ 'hͺ ůŝŶĚƵƉ 'hͺ ůŝŶĚĚŽǁŶ͕ůĂŵĞůůĂĞ ĐŽŶǀĞdžŝƚLJƚŽŝŶĚŽŽƌ 'hͺ ůŝŶĚĚŽǁŶ͕ůĂŵĞůůĂĞ ĐŽŶǀĞdžŝƚLJƚŽŽƵƚĚŽŽƌ ŶĞƌŐLJ WĞƌĨŽƌŵĂŶĐĞ͕ ŬtŚ ,ĞĂƚŝŶŐ ŽŽůŝŶŐ Ͳ ϱϬϬϬ ϭϬϬϬϬ ϭϱϬϬϬ ϮϬϬϬϬ 'hͺ ůŝŶĚƵƉ 'hͺ ůŝŶĚĚŽǁŶ 'hͺ ůŝŶĚƵƉ 'hͺ ůŝŶĚĚŽǁŶ͕ůĂŵĞůůĂĞ ĐŽŶǀĞdžŝƚLJƚŽŝŶĚŽŽƌ 'hͺ ůŝŶĚĚŽǁŶ͕ůĂŵĞůůĂĞ ĐŽŶǀĞdžŝƚLJƚŽŽƵƚĚŽŽƌ ŶĞƌŐLJ WĞƌĨŽƌŵĂŶĐĞ͕ ŬtŚ ,ĞĂƚŝŶŐ ŽŽůŝŶŐ
7DEOH(QHUJ\SHUIRUPDQFH ::5
:LQGRZVWR :DOO5DWLR
'*8B$%OLQGXSN:K '*8B$%OLQGGRZQN:K '*8B&%OLQGXSN:K
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
UHJUHVVLRQ 7KH SRWHQWLDOLWLHV RI WKHVH V\VWHPV WR LPSURYH WKH HQHUJ\ SHUIRUPDQFHV RI FRPPHUFLDO EXLOGLQJ DUH GHPRQVWUDWHDKLJKLPSDFWLQWHUPVRISULPDU\HQHUJ\XVH7KHWRWDOHQHUJ\SHUIRUPDQFHVLPSURYHLQDOOFDVHVZLWK EOLQGGRZQDVDFRQVHTXHQFHRIWKHOLPLWDWLRQRIFRROLQJORDGVWKHUHODWLYHLQFUHDVHRIKHDWLQJORDGVEXWKDYHOLPLWHG LQIOXHQFHRQWKHWRWDOHQHUJ\GHPDQGDVDFRQVHTXHQFHRIJRRGWKHUPDOLQVXODWLRQOHYHORIZDOOVDQGJOD]LQJ $FNQRZOHGJHPHQWV $XWKRUVZDUPO\DFNQRZOHGJH/XFD3DSDL]IRUKLVWHFKQLFDOVXSSRUWDQG3HOOLQL6S$IRUVDPSOHSUHSDUDWLRQ 5HIHUHQFHV >@ %3,(±%XLOGLQJV3HUIRUPDQFH,QVWLWXWH(XURSH(XURSHVEXLOGLQJVXQGHUWKHPLFURVFRSH%UXVVHOV >@ ,3&&&OLPDWH&KDQJH0LWLJDWLRQRI&OLPDWH&KDQJH:RUNLQJ*URXS,,,7HFKQLFDO6XSSRUW8QLW&DPEULGJH8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV >@ (&WKH(3DQGWKH(&'LUHFWLYHRQ(QHUJ\SHUIRUPDQFHEXLOGLQJGLUHFWLYH(3'%DQG(8'LUHFWLYH(&(3'%UHFDVW %UXVVHOV >@ %HOOLD/0DULQR&0LQLFKLHOOR)3HGDFH$$Q2YHUYLHZRQ6RODU6KDGLQJ6\VWHPVIRU%XLOGLQJV(QHUJ\3URFHGLD± >@ 'XERLV06RODU6KDGLQJDQG%XLOGLQJ(QHUJ\8VH$/LWHUDWXUH5HYLHZ5HSRUW7$%.²/XQG,QVWLWXWHRI7HFKQRORJ\ >@ 6KDUGD $ .XPDU 6 +HDW WUDQVIHU WKURXJK *OD]LQJ 6\VWHPV ZLWK ,QWHU3DQH 6KDGLQJ 'HYLFHV $ 5HYLHZ (QHUJ\ 7HFKQRORJ\ 3ROLF\
± >@ (16RODUSURWHFWLRQGHYLFHVFRPELQHGZLWKJOD]LQJ±&DOFXODWLRQRIWRWDOVRODUHQHUJ\WUDQVPLWWDQFHDQGOLJKWWUDQVPLWWDQFH 3DUW'HWDLOHGFDOFXODWLRQPHWKRG(XURSHDQ&RPPLWWHHIRU6WDQGDUGL]DWLRQ >@ ,627KHUPDOSHUIRUPDQFHRIZLQGRZVGRRUVDQGVKDGLQJGHYLFHV±'HWDLOHGFDOFXODWLRQV >@ 0DFFDUL$0RQWHFFKL07UHSSR)=LQ]L0&$75$0DQDSSDUDWXVIRUWKHRSWLFDOFKDUDFWHUL]DWLRQRIDGYDQFHGWUDQVSDUHQWPDWHULDOV $SSOLHG2SWLFV >@ (1*ODVVLQEXLOGLQJ'HWHUPLQDWLRQRIWKHUPDOWUDQVPLWWDQFH8YDOXH±*XDUGHGKRWSODWHPHWKRG%6,6WDQGDUGV3XEOLFDWLRQ >@ :LQVKHOWHU:,1GRZVDQG6+DGLQJ(QHUJ\/LJKWLQJDQG7KHUPDO(YDOXDWLRQ5RXWLQH(1($$YDLODEOHKWWSZZZSLWHQHDLW >@ (16RODUSURWHFWLRQGHYLFHVFRPELQHGZLWKJOD]LQJ&DOFXODWLRQRIWRWDOVRODUHQHUJ\WUDQVPLWWDQFHDQGOLJKWWUDQVPLWWDQFH 'HWDLOHGFDOFXODWLRQPHWKRG(XURSHDQ&RPPLWWHHIRU6WDQGDUGL]DWLRQ >@ (QHUJ\3OXV70(QJLQHHULQJ5HIHUHQFH7KH5HIHUHQFHWR(QHUJ\3OXV&DOFXODWLRQV >@ 81,763UHVWD]LRQLHQHUJHWLFKHGHJOLHGLILFL'HWHUPLQD]LRQHGHOIDEELVRJQRGLHQHUJLDGHOO¶HGLILFLRSHUODFOLPDWL]]D]LRQH HVWLYDHGLQYHUQDOH >@ 81,763UHVWD]LRQLHQHUJHWLFKHGHJOLHGLILFL'HWHUPLQD]LRQHGHOIDEELVRJQRGLHQHUJLDGHOO¶HGLILFLRSHUODFOLPDWL]]D]LRQH HVWLYDHGLQYHUQDOH