PROCEEDI
NGS
VOL.
I
Cambridge
ÉC O LE PO LY T EC H N IQ U E
FÉ DÉRA LE D E LA USAN NE
CISBAT 2015
FUTURE BUILDINGS & DISTRICTS
SUSTAINABILITY FROM NANO TO
URBAN SCALE
International Scientific Conference
9-11 September 2015, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
PROCEEDINGS VOL. I
IBPSA-CH Cambridge UniversityCISBAT 2015
International Scientific Conference
9-11 September 2015, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
FUTURE BUILDINGS & DISTRICTS –
SUSTAINABILITY FROM NANO TO URBAN SCALE
Copyright
2015 EPFL
ISBN Electronic version: 978-2-9701052-2-0
ISBN Print-version: Vol.I 978-2-9701052-0-6 Vol.II 978-2-9701052-1-3
Conference Host / Editor
Solar Energy and Building Physics Laboratory (LESO-PB) Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL)
Station 18, CH - 1015 Lausanne / Switzerland, [email protected] , http://leso.epfl.ch Conference Chair: Prof. J.-L. Scartezzini
Conference Manager: Barbara Smith
Scientific partners
Cambridge University, United Kingdom Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USA
Swiss Chapter of International Building Performance Simulation Association, Switzerland
Scientific committee
Chairman:
Prof. J.-L. Scartezzini, EPFL, Switzerland Members:
Prof. Jan Carmeliet, ETHZ, Switzerland Prof. Leon Glicksmann, MIT, USA
Prof. Hans Martin Henning, FhG-ISE, Germany Prof. Anne Grete Hestnes, NTNU, Norway Prof. Colin Jones, EPFL, Switzerland Dr Jérôme Kaempf, EPFL, Switzerland Dr André Kostro, EPFL, Switzerland Dr Dasaraden Mauree, EPFL, Switzerland Dr Nahid Mohajeri, EPFL, Switzerland
Rolf Moser, Enerconom SA / SFOE, Switzerland Dr MariaCristina MunariProbst,EPFL,Switzerland Prof. Dejan Mumovic, UCL, United Kingdom Prof. Brian Norton, DIT, Ireland
Prof. Christoph Reinhart, MIT, USA Dr. Peter Richner, EMPA, Switzerland
Prof. Darren Robinson, Univ. of Nottingham, United Kingdom Prof. Claude-Alain Roulet, EPFL, Switzerland
Prof. Arno Schlueter, ETHZ, Switzerland Dr Andreas Schueler, EPFL, Switzerland Prof. Roy Smith, ETHZ, Switzerland
Prof. Koen Steemers, Cambridge University, United Kingdom Prof. Jacques Teller, Univ. of Liège, Belgium
Prof. Thanos Tzempelikos, Purdue Univ., USA Prof. Stephen Wittkopf, HSLU, Switzerland IBPSA Switzerland Special Session: Prof. Achim Geissler, FHNW, Switzerland Dr Stefan Barp, AFC Zurich, Switzerland Dr Christian Struck, HSLU, Switzerland
Programming committee
Chairman:
Prof. J.-L. Scartezzini, EPFL, Switzerland Members:
Prof. Achim Geissler, FHNW, Switzerland Dr Jérôme Kaempf, EPFL, Switzerland Dr André Kostro, EPFL, Switzerland Dr Dasaraden Mauree, EPFL, Switzerland Dr Nahid Mohajeri, EPFL, Switzerland
Dr MariaCristina MunariProbst,EPFL,Switzerland Prof. Claude-Alain Roulet, EPFL, Switzerland Dr Andreas Schueler, EPFL, Switzerland
Under the patronage of
Swiss Federal Office of Energy (SFOE)
EcolePolytechniqueFédéraledeLausanne(EPFL)
Cambridge University
PREFACE
"Future Buildings and Districts – From Nano to Urban Scale" was the topic of the
international scientific conference CISBAT 2015, which took place in the Swiss lakeside city
of Lausanne from 9 to 11 September 2015.
Designed as a platform for interdisciplinary dialog and presentations of innovative research
and development in the field of sustainability in the built environment, the conference
covered a wide range of subjects from solar nanotechnologies to the simulation of buildings
and urban districts.
CISBAT 2015 was the 13
thedition of CISBAT, whose vocation is to present new perspectives
offered by renewable energies in the built environment as well as the latest results of
research and development in sustainable building technology, in a setting that encourages
networking at the international level. The conference assembled building scientists,
engineers, urban planners and building designers from all over the world in an effort to
promote clean technologies for sustainable buildings and cities. Close to 170 scientific
papers were presented during three intense days of conference.
CISBAT 2015 was organized in scientific partnership with the Massachusetts Institute of
Technology (MIT) and Cambridge University. Furthermore, the organizing committee was
proud to be able to count on an international team of renowned scientists to ensure the
quality of presented papers. The conference also teamed up for the third time with the Swiss
Chapter of the International Building Performance Simulation Association (IBPSA-CH) to
strengthen the subject of “Building Simulation”, one of the conference's leading topics.
Finally we were proud to host an outreach event of the Swiss Competence Centre for Energy
Research “Future Energy Efficient Buildings and Districts” (SCCER FEEB&D) as well as a
Workshop on Grid-Supportive Buildings organised by Fraunhofer IBP and E.ON Energy
Research Center, RWTH Aachen.
Organised under the auspices of the Swiss federal Office of Energy (SFOE) and the Federal
Commission for Technology and Innovation (CTI), CISBAT 2015 connected researchers and
projects and gave an exciting insight into current research and development in the field of
sustainable buildings and cities. It is our greatest wish that the conference will have led to a
better understanding of the issues at stake and to fruitful, creative collaboration between its
participants.
Prof. Dr J.-L. Scartezzini
Chairman of CISBAT 2015
Head of Solar Energy and Building Physics Laboratory (LESO-PB), Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL)
i
CONTENTS VOL. I
Author index see back of book
Nanostructured Materials for Renewable Energies
E1 Plasmonic coupling controlled absorption and emission in liquid luminescent solar concentrator
S. Chandra, J. Doran, S. McCormack ... 3
E2 Cost-effective pilot-scale demonstration of ambient-dried silica aerogel production by a novel
one-pot process
L. Huber, S. Zhao, M. Koebel ... 9
E3 Laser ablation and nanoimprint lithography for the fabrication of embedded light redirecting
micromirrors
A. Kostro, M.A. Gonzalez Lazo, Y. Leterrier, E. Siringil, P. Hoffmann, A. Schueler ...15
E4 Potential of magnetron sputtered magnesium fluoride containing thin films for the multilayer
design of coloured coatings for solar collector glazing
S. Mertin, P. Muralt, J.-L. Scartezzini ... 21
E5 Low cost silica aerogel production
A. Stojanovic, M. Koebel ... 27 P44 In situ photoelectron spectroscopy: a powerful tool to develop electrochromic materials
O. Bouvard, M.A. González Lazo, A. Krammer, A. Schüler... 33 P45 High performance thermal insulation - examples from the Swiss built environment
S. Brunner, M. Koebel, J. Wernery ... 39 P46 Durability of aluminium based solar selective absorbers under condensed water
M. Dudita, L. Omlin, F. Ruesch, P. Gantenbein, S. Brunold, A. Duta ... 45 P47 Possibilities of Aerogels Application for Architectural Heritage Conservation
M. Ganobiak, E. Krávlová ... 51 P48 Characterization of transparent and conducting doped titanium dioxide for energy conversion
T. Potlog, D. Duca, M. Dobromir, A. Radu, D. Luca ... 57
Sustainable Building Envelopes
G1 Smart Window – A Window for Dynamic Control of Building Energy Performance
K. Allen, Y. Wu ... 65
G2 Thermal and visual comfort analysis of an office with thermochromic smart windows applied
R. Liang, Y. Wu, R. Wilson ... 71
G3 The design of a decentralized ventilation system for an office in Singapore: key findings for
future research
A.M. Rysanek, P.J. Murray, J. Pentelic, C. Miller, F. Meggers, A. Schlueter ... 77
G4 Thermal and optical analysis of a novel glazing façade system with parallel slats transparent
insulation material (PS-TIM)
Y. Sun, Y. Wu, R. Wilson, Z. Zhu ... 83
G5 Consequences of global warming on the energy performance of CFS with seasonal thermal
control
S. Vanzo, A.G. Kostro, J. Gong, A. Schueler ... 89
G6 Rooftop greenhouses: LCA and energy simulation
K. Benis, R. Gomes, R. Vicente, P. Ferrao, J. Fernandez ... 95
G7 Experimental investigation of a new solid wood panel for room temperature control -
Analysis of the cooling performance
N. Bishara, R. Plagge ... 101
G8 How solid is our knowledge of solid walls? - Comparing energy savings through three
different methods
J. Chambers, V. Gori, P. Biddulph, I. Hamilton, T. Oreszczyn, C. Elwell ... 107
G9 Sensitivity analysis of the life cycle emissions from a nZEB residential concept
A.A.-M. Houlihan Wiberg, L. Georges, S.M. Fufa, C.S. Good, B. Risholt ... 113
G10 Howcurrenttrendsinthedesignoffacadesinfluence the functional quality of interior spaces
ii
G11 Long-term performance of super insulating materials in building components & systems - IEA-EBC Annex 65
D. Quenard ... 125 P61 TEENERGY experience: how to reduce energy demand in Mediterranean schools
G. Alcamo, M. Sala, A. Trombadore ... 131 P62 Vertical Farms: Innovative teaching strategy towards nearly Zero Energy Buildings
G. Alcamo, L. Ceccherini Nelli, M. Sala ... 137 P63 An innovative training model for eco-building technologies in retrofitting
L. Ceccherini Nelli, M. Sala ... 143 P64 Thermal inertia of hollow wall blocks: actual behavior and myths
M. Cianfrini, M. Corcione, R. De Lieto Vollaro, E. Habib, A. Quintino ... 149 P65 A study on optimum insulation thickness in walls and energy savings based on degree
day approach for 3 different demo-sites in Europe
Ö. Duman, A. Koca, R.C. Acet, M.G. Cetin, Z. Gemici ... 155 P66 Experimental analysis of air flow profiles in a double skin façade in a maritime climate
O. Kinnane, D. Murphy ... 161 P67 Overheating in Scotland: Lessons from 26 monitored low energy homes
C. Morgan, J.A. Foster, T. Sharpe, A. Poston ... 167 P68 Is 3D printed house sustainable?
I. Oberti, F. Plantamura ... 173 P69 Integration of solar-climatic vision and structural design in architecture of tall buildings
A. Shahabian ... 179 P70 Develoment and evaluation of environmentally friendly façade elements for deep
retrofitting of buildings
J. Tywoniak, A. Lupisek, M. Bures, M. Volf, J. Hodková, P. Hejtmánek, J. Novácek ... 185 P71 Bio-reinforced lightweight reversible panel construction for low-rise building
L. Widder, J. Ko ... 191 P72 Methodological issues in evaluating integral sustainable renovations
L. Wijnants, K. Allacker, D. Trigaux, G. Vankerckhoven, F. De Troyer ...197
Daylighting and Electric Lighting
C1 Comparison of Measured and Computed BSDF of a Daylight Redirecting Component
L.O. Grobe, A. Noback, S. Wittkopf, Z.T. Kazanasmaz ... 205
C2 Characterisation and Modelling of Advanced Daylight Redirection Systems with Different
Goniophotometers
M.P. Krehel, J. Kaempf, S. Wittkopf ... 211
C3 EvalDRC: A tool for annual characterisation of daylight redirecting components with photon
mapping
R. Schregle, C. Bauer, L.O. Grobe, S. Wittkopf ... 217
C4 Using a pattern search algorithm to improve the operation of a daylight harvesting system
A.E. Tsangrassoulis, L.T. Doulos, F. Topalis ... 223
C5 Comparative Analysis of a Passive and Active Daylight Redirecting Blind in Support of Early
Stage Design
S. Yip, Y. Chen, A. Athienitis ... 229
C6 Validation and preliminary experiments of embedded discomfort glare assessment through
a novel HDR vision sensor
A. Motamed, L. Deschamps, J.-L. Scartezzini ... 235
C7 Shading device control: Effective impact on daylight contribution
B.A. Paule, J. Boutillier, S. Pantet ... 241
C8 DaylightingandshadingoftheEnergyEfficiencyCenter-Monitoringresultsanduseracceptance
M. Reim, W. Körner, H. Weinlaeder ... 247
C9 Model-based shading and lighting controls considering visual comfort and energy use
VERTICAL FARMS: INNOVATIVE TEACHING STRATEGY
TOWARDS NEARLY ZERO ENERGY BUILDINGS
PhD. MSc. Eng. Giuseppina Alcamo
1; PhD. MSc. Arch. Lucia Ceccherini Nelli
1; Prof. Arch.
Marco Sala
11: University of Florence, Department of Architecture, Palazzo Vegni, via San Niccolò 93,
50125 Firenze (Italy)
ABSTRACT
The paper describes the experience made and results obtained during the experimental course
Laboratory of Architecture and Structure at the University of Florence, in which the
architecture process is explored including sustainable concepts versus Nearly Zero Energy
Buildings, integrating renewable energies in high-rise buildings. The innovative approach
was taken due to the fact that up to now, in most Architectural schools, projects are usually
seen as a synergy of different competencies often not oriented toward efficient buildings. The
synergy between different teachers and their specific knowledge has been very interesting in
the development of a six-month course in which 75 students were involved. They produced a
complex design in which technological aspects were investigated in an integrated approach as
a language of design starting from the study of the climatic context. This should be one of the
most diffused approach into architectural schools but normally requires different
competencies and the effort has to be made first by a strong interaction through teachers. The
course of 144 hours was divided in three sub-courses that in a synergic effort developed the
following themes: structure, innovative technologies, design; the results are projects of a
maximum height of 100 m, in which different functions – residential, commercial,
administrative - are integrated and studied in connection with the public transport in
Scandicci, near Florence. The educational approach and the synergies are all oriented versus
a sustainable architecture of a Vertical Farm.
Keywords: Nearly zero energy buildings, vertical farm, education and sustainability
INTRODUCTION
Faculties of architecture are usually oriented to develop an architectural project with a
prevalent and often monographic view. This approach does not give an integrated and
structured basis to students: after university, they usually have to make a strong effort to see a
project as a whole, converging different singular experiences made during their studies. The
today required competencies in Europe are very extensive: a professional has to cover many
aspects of the project and specialized teams are often dedicated to the improvement of such
aspects, i.e. integration of renewable energies in buildings for more efficient solutions.
In this paper, the experience of the Laboratory of Architecture and Structure at the University
of Florence represents a significant add-value for students as well as for teachers that have to
find an appropriate manner to teach and to cover three main different aspects of a project like
a professional team:
-
Structural development and dimension
-
Design of the project concept
-
Development of technological aspects oriented to low energy buildings and
sustainable habitat.
METHOD
The course is held at the fourth year of Architectural studies, followed by 75 students.
Students are required to develop the project in small groups (two or three students). Lessons
are held three times per week, 12 hours in three disciplines with a common theme to be
developed. The course takes six months and students follow each lesson to better focalize on
the objective of the course. In this first annual experience, teachers had to spend a major
effort: they met students several hours outside their official lessons, giving their specific
contribution under common revision sections for a better final elaboration of the project. The
project to be developed is located in Scandicci, near Florence, in an area with the following
dimensions: 100 x 100 square meters. In this area, the Municipality intends to realize a
vertical farm of a maximum high of 100 meters. The tram that connects Florence center with
Scandicci’s Hospital marginally serves the area. The course mainly focused on reaching a
complex approach to the design project; the design is conscious of several aspects such as the
complexity of the structure of a high building, the climatic effect on huge buildings in which
exposition can suggest different technological solutions or different final usages of
particularly exposed portions of the building. The required integration of plants, not just as an
additional theme of the project but as the main part of it, generated several interpretation of
the design. The vertical farm with greenhouses, sometimes for the community, sometimes for
external commercial products, has several and different interpretations: sometimes plants are
on vertical facades also to mitigate the microclimatic condition, in other cases they are on flat
terraces or in greenhouses. Different are also the formal, technological and structural solutions
that sometimes change within the same project. For logistic mobility, it is required that the
project integrates a tram-stop, on the line that connects Florence to Scandicci’s Hospital.
RESULTS
The most interesting results reached by the experimental course are related to the following
different aspects:
-
The innovative interdisciplinary approach that requires a very good communication
and interaction and integration of competencies through teachers of the course;
- A very strong effort made by students in the design of a complex building, in which
residential and commercial and offices are designed under the optic of a sustainable
building. The term “sustainable” is related to the most appropriate relation between people
and: the Greenland, public sustainable mobility, energy efficient components for energy
saving, integration of renewables, indoor comfort.
Some results are presented below.
Figure 1: Example of vertical farm project. External view of the building. Credits: Zabotina
N.
Fig. 2. This project is based on the concept of a modular building, with an external dynamic
surface and solar shading devises. The building can grow with the necessity of funcionalities.
Several functions are included such as a restaurant, a supermarket, a library, a little space
for music, flats and offices and commercial destinations are studied in a concept of a vertical
city. Credits: D. Pedrini, L. Pilati
Fig. 3. All projects are simulated to better define solar shading devises or vertical green
facades in the most appropriate orientation. Above, a detailed study of the solar shading
device chosen in the project. Often, external shading devises are FV panels for the production
of electric energy. Credits: D. Pedrini, L. Pilati
Figures 4, 5: Rendering of the Hill-Project and masterplan. The idea of the vertical farm is in
this project developed with growing food on flat terrace at dedicated residential part of the
building. As required, the tram has to stop nearest the new building. Credits: D. Locchi, W. B.
Zhang
DISCUSSION
Each group has developed a project taking into account most of the requirement. The idea to
design low energy buildings is often not fully developed due to the not adequate time given to
the student for the development of the course; however renewables are normally integrated
and building components adequately chosen with low U value and effective thermal mass on
south, south east and south west orientation.
CONCLUSION
The theme proposed to students is very interesting but possibly too complex for a six-month
course; nevertheless, the results were brilliant despite the fact that the final exams had to be
postponed to allow more time to finish the projects. The experience calls for a more contained
project from the dimensional point of view, giving the opportunity to all students to close the
exam of the Laboratory in time.
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AUTHOR INDEX
Author Index
A
Abdallah Saad, Zied ... 425
Acet, Ruşen Can ... 155
Acha Roman, Consolación Ana ... 493
Aduda, Kennedy ... 443, 449 Afjei, Thomas ... 549, 767 Afshari, Hossein ... 413, 969 Al-Azri, Nasser ... 425, 627 Alcamo, Giuseppina ... 131, 137 Alisafaee, Mohammad ... 413, 969 Allacker, Karen ... 197, 511 Allani, Yassine ... 425, 627 Allen, Kaitlin ... 65 Alonso, Laura ... 333 Andresen, Inger ... 561 Andric, Ivan ... 621 Arberet, Simon ... 437 Aries, Myriam B.C. ... 363 Assouline, Dan ... 555 Athanassiadis, Aristide ... 493 Athienitis, Andreas ... 229 Athukorala, A.U.C.D ... 687
B
Bäckström, Kristian ... 431 Bahu, Jean-Marie ... 931 Ballif, Christophe ... 675 Baquero, Enrique ... 699 Barbera, Eduardo ... 357 Bauer, Carsten ... 217 Bauer, Dan... 645 Bauer, Manuel ... 119 Beckers, Benoit ... 883 Behl, Madhur ... 401 Ben, Hui ... 339 Benis, Khadija ... 95 Benner, Joachim ... 931 Bermejo-Busto, Javier ... 699 Besuievsky, Gonzalo ... 883 Biberacher, Markus ... 975 Bichsel, Jürg ... 487 Biddulph, Phillip ... 107 Bignardi, Matteo ... 603 Bishara, Nadja ... 101 Biswas, Jayant ... 413, 969 Blanpain, Olivier ... 883 Bloechle, Max ... 615Bollinger, Lynn Andrew ... 841
Bony, Jacques ... 633 Borga, Giovanni ... 975 Borsò, Pierluca ... 413, 969 Bouillard, Philippe ... 493 Boukhris, Yosr ... 425, 627 Boutillier, Julien ... 241 Bouvard, Olivia ... 33 Bouziri, Salim ... 943 Brassel, Kai-Holger ... 889 Brassier, Pascale ... 431 Broström, Tor ... 499 Bruecker, Stefan ... 669 Brunner, Samuel ... 39 Brunold, Stefan ... 45 Bruse, Marcel ... 889 Bunea, Mircea ... 633 Bureš, Michal ... 185
C
Cali, Davide ... 381 Capezzali, Massimiliano ... 999, 1005 Carmeliet, Jan ... 591, 609, 717, 853, 859 Carpentier, Cyril ... 711 Casper, Egbert ... 931 Catenazzi, Giacomo ... 877 Cattaneo, Gianluca ... 675Ceccherini Nelli, Lucia ... 137, 143 Cecere, Carlo ... 481
Cerezo, Carlos ... 901
Çetin, Mevlüt Gürsel ... 155
Chambers, Jonathan ... 107 Chan, Ying-Chieh ... 253 Chandra, Subhash ... 3 Chen, Yuxiang ... 229 Cherix, Gaëtan ... 1005 Ciampi, Giovanni ... 259 Cianfrini, Marta ... 149 Cieszczyk, Aleksander ... 393 Cipriano, Piergiorgio ... 931 Citherlet, Stéphane ... 633 Coccolo, Silvia ...791, 833, 907 Colamesta, Perla ... 387 Collet, Pierre ... 711 Condotta, Massimiliano ... 975 Coors, Volker ... 889 Corcione, Massimo ... 149
Cotrado Sehgelmeble, Mariela ... 543
Cotrufo, Nunzio ... 407
D
Daguenet-Frick, Xavier ... 639Darmayan, Loïc ... 1005
De Bont, Kevin ... 443
De Lieto Vollaro, Roberto ... 149
De Troyer, Frank ... 197 Degens, Anja... 815 Deltenre, Quentin ... 493 Deschamps, Laurent ... 235 Diepens, Jan F. ... 363 Djalilian, Shahrbanoo ... 295 Dobromir, Marius ... 57 Doppenberg, Frank ... 785 Doran, John ... 3 Dorer, Viktor ... 639, 847
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
CISBAT can only exist thanks to the patronage of the Swiss Federal Office of Energy and other donors. We are very grateful for their continuing support.
We also thank the Swiss Competence Center for Energy Research “Future Buildings and District”, supported by the Swiss Federal Commission for Technology and Innovation, for their partnership and funding of the Outreach Event.
Our scientific partners from Cambridge University, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the Swiss Chapter of the International Building Simulation Association as well as the members of the CISBAT scientific committee and the session chairs have enthusiastically supported the conference and ensured its quality. We would like to express our sincere thanks for the time and effort they have spent to make it a success.
Behind the scenes, we have received much competent support from the EPFL administration as well as from our caterers and diverse suppliers. We herewith express our sincere thanks for their efficient and friendly collaboration.
The active and uncomplicated help of all staff members of the Solar Energy and Building Physics Laboratory was much appreciated. Special thanks go to our technical and IT staff whose professionalism and excellent organisation was essential at every stage of preparation and during the conference.
Finally, we cordially thank all speakers, authors and participants who have brought CISBAT 2015 to life.
Prof. Dr J.-L. Scartezzini
Chairman of CISBAT 2015
Head of Solar Energy and Building Physics Laboratory (LESO-PB), Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL)
Barbara Smith
CISBAT Conference Manager
To the authors of CISBAT 2015 papers,
We are pleased to inform you that all papers published in the CISBAT 2015 proceedings are now available online with individual Digital Object Identifiers (DOI).
To find the DOI of your paper(s), please use the search interface at http://cisbat.epfl.ch/proceedings.php .
The print versions of the proceedings are also available online at
http://infoscience.epfl.ch/record/212778 (Volume I - ISBN 978-2-9701052-0-6)
http://infoscience.epfl.ch/record/212779 (Volume II - ISBN 978-2-9701052-1-3).
If you liked CISBAT 2015, you will not want to miss the next CISBAT Conference, which will take place from 6 to 8 September 2017. We will send you the Call for papers in due time.
With kind regards from all of us here at the EPFL Solar Energy and Building Physics Lab in Lausanne, Barbara
--
Barbara Smith, Conference Manager CISBAT 2015 International Conference
http://cisbat.org
