General Conclusions
General Conclusions
In this PhD work the investigation of a few applications of microwave heating in different fields of chemical engineering and material processing was carried out. In general, the elements, required for successful application of microwave processing to industrial materials, include selection of materials able to microwave processing, understanding of the process requirements and of the process economics, characterization of material in relation to thermo-chemical properties, investigating if the parts to be processed will interact with the microwave field, selection of equipment and design of applicators suitable for the application and an adequate measurement and control of process variables such as incident power, temperature and field strength.
Both in the research and application development areas, a fundamental role is played by the modelling and simulation of microwave processes. While a lot of commercially software are available for simulating electromagnetic problems, not all of these codes can be combined with those for modelling heat transfer. This suggests that application development must be accompanied by the improvement of apposite models and simulation tools which will be indispensable for the actual implementation of microwave processing technologies.
The processes analysed in this work were revealed promising for future development. In particular, the microwave treatment of contaminated soils from petroleum products resulted a perspective alternative and convenient technology respect to the conventional decontamination treatments. For the correct application of the treatment, the previous knowledge of the temperature distribution in the microwave irradiated soil resulted of fundamental
importance, by using a mathematical model that describes the heat and mass transfer evolution in the soil-water system during the microwave remediation. The optimal condition in order to remove all the more volatile components of a commercial kerosene and almost of the 99% of the heavier compounds, was a
moisture content of 0.15 kg water/kg dry soil. In fact, decontamination runs confirmed the necessity an adequate water amount in the soil in order to achieve a cost-effective use of the microwave heating in a feasible and efficient soil remediation process.
On the other hand, the microwave assisted chemical vapour infiltration process, developed in this PhD work, resulted practicable also on the industrial scale-up, even if many problems had required unusual solutions. The silicon carbide deposition inside of the silicon carbide sample was satisfactorily homogeneous and compact, even if an evident inter-tow porosity was still present. The plant resulted well-sealed and suitable in order to carried out operations in absence of moisture and air. In fact, the oxygen content in the treated sample was considerably decreased respect to the untreated fibres, then the silicon carbide compounds were not affected by oxygen impurities.
In conclusion, the effective adoption of the microwave heating in
environmental engineering would probably reduce process time and the
required process energy consumption. Moreover, apart from highly specialised applications, microwave heating have seen little commercialisation in the field of environmental engineering. This is for several reasons: firstly, little
fundamental data exists regarding the dielectric properties of materials, the second reason for the low development of microwave heating processes is a lack of knowledge concerning the design of microwave heating equipment. However, microwave assisted processes do not rely on benefits from reduced energy consumption alone, but other benefits include process time-savings, increased process yield and environmental compatibility. Processes where a number of these benefits are apparent may be considered to be likely
candidates for further development.
Also in the field of processing materials, microwave heating presents
substantial industrial application potential. Moreover, it is extremely difficult finding well established and highly competitive applications for the microwave processing methods. In essence, only radically improved properties of the obtained products can lead to acceptance of the microwave technologies, which
General Conclusions
means that feasibility studies should be preceded by fundamental research efforts aimed at finding microwave-specific effects in the material processing. Consequently the most promising applications are those which utilize the specificity of microwave processing and result in novel materials or radically improved material properties or waste treatment improvement. Industrial mastering of microwave processing is therefore contingent upon high-level fundamental and applied research in the field of microwave–materials interaction.
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