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1
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b ¤K E`d# zd Y f/XGF(√q)
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H
1
,
H
2
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1
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2
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√
q)
}.
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YE zE orad
H
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n »¼ Xee/Y"d /2Xµd¶'½¾/j¡feddb/}4dYK¢Y}PG(n, q)
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1
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2
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1
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n
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n |i ze}Åo dXe[Y}Æ~H4)dz' dXY} K¢®d¡ oEzE
Γ
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i=1
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PG(n, q)
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n
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n
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fY`"oXd Y d¡+X? Y/d d+oY'`Y}doz.EdY} nßQàQàQà á?âQãäådæ=âQãbçèdéêë'ìYíKåièEã-îïâQéiéiçð"èiâQãbçñòó)ô
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H
1
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H
2
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1
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n+1
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n
X
i=1
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XE
}«d 1
√
q + 1
q + 1
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2
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2
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√
q + 1;
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2
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n { |n = √q + 1
n ´=e}sq
2
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q + q + 1 = v
2
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√
q + q
−
√
q) +
√
q(
√
q + 1
− v
2
)(q
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√
q + 1;
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2
= 2
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n ´=}q
2
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q + q + 1 = v
2
(q
√
q) + q(
√
q + 1
− v
2
)(
√
q
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2
= √q + 1
n } dXd /f}[o}eXC;P
/} P
0
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d }R = rad P ∩
rad
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∈ R
kb¡ zEY} Y-+¦/YXdENo-/Γ
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Y}(√q + 1)
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C ∩ π
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`X[dE"e`dH
n NYTsÒa-jÂÚC
1
¶/½"·C
2
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0 º Õ ½Y5'Á#Ú Õ Ú+ÔÂk× Õ ºY¶'µ=×uº¶'½u ÕEÖV
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7 kkµ ÕÕKÖl7 §}o};;ee}S'XfXXY}ªddNH ∈ Γ
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n Þ z.EV
2
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1
V
2
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q +1
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V
2
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2
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n NYThÒÓ ¶¾ÂC
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C, H)
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(Γ, q) = q
2
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√
q +
√
q + 1
− η
2
(Γ
0
, q)
√
q;
{ | ¸ ÖV
∈ H
/η
3
(Γ, q) = q
2
− q + |π ∩ E|.
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0
=
H ∩ π
} C
0
=
C ∩ π
n ´jÀh = η
2
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0
, q)
n } EedoX '/};¢Y} XXoV
X}e}.kXH
b=/X +XP V
`XP
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0
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8 XdV
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n f}zπ
b®d fX}e}.lb/}`XH
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n f'koC
0
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η
3
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2
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u`bSÅb }/ z.dd n } C
0
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q + 1
YY}e dXoV
} η
3
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q(q
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q
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√
q) +
|π ∩ E|.
} EedoX 'fY}dbfoEo/YudXe=Y}d#Y} e/fd¢KXΓ
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7 |6}Ne;=b2"oXd YfXddY "Y}/}S'dk4¢¡d oQdz/u} S'Xo}E ∩ π
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0 Â`¶GF(√q)
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0
1
, r
0
2
) = (0, 1)
n ¢¿WΓ
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/} |E| = q
2
+ 1
nG e}/Xd }Å ;¢C
1
/}zC
2
d?K2YEdY} feddb/}Å}f/Γ
/} odd de¢ 4oXedzQXoY¢eEXYeV
1
} V
2
n ´=X#/X K2"oXEY YdYek+oE
0
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0
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0
} dYEXk√
q
− 1
E Y}sbN¤KY}o/} 2
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0
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0
o} dYEX=√
q
d YY}ee`bSe/Y^Y}[¡"Y}.P
n ´=+X`oEXkV
2
6∈ E
n |iE
0
"Y}.kdbX=|?de}V
2
= P
∈ E
n ÈÉ4ÊzËlÊ"ÌeÍNÎeÍCÊzÏ Ò¡-jÂÚΓ
0 ¶§½ Õ ½43;·Â65o½"µd¶/Úiºa¸]½"ÂS¶/µÁQÝ4ÁSÚ6ÂÙ ÕEÖ?Ø ÂµQÙ¸]ÚM¸N¶'½ÆÁQĵ Ö ¶¹SÂQÁ1®¸]Ú+Ôr
2
(Γ) =
r
3
(Γ) = 1
7 ÓuÔ½ /E
¸bÁ`¸]Ú+Ôµ2Ú+ÔÂ`Ľ ¸ Õ ½ ÕEÖ√
q+1
½ Õ ½Z3.·oÂ25.½"µd¶'Ú6Â Ø ÂµQÙ¡¸]ÚC¸N¶/½¹ÄµQÛ'ÂQÁ`¶'º]ºs1®¸]Ú+Ô¶l× Õ ¸]½ Ú ¸]½Æ¹ Õ ÙÙ Õ ½ / Õ µ¡Ú]Ô ÂĽz¸ Õ ½ ÕKÖ√
q
½ Õ ½Z3.·oÂ25.½"µd¶'Ú6Â Ø ÂµQÙ¡¸]ÚC¸N¶/½Æ¹ÄµQÛ'ÂÁ¶'½u·Å¶·Â65.½uµX¶'Ú6Â Ø ÂµQÙ¡¸]ÚC¸N¶/½ ¹ÄµQÛ' / ¶/º]ºsÁdÔ¶/µQ¸]½"5[¶(√q + 1)
3ÁÂX¹S¶/½ Ú 7 kkµ ÕÕKÖl7 ¿sP
/}zC
z dE"edYe¢¡d o}¢ddN/S/} À2
/} d }Y¢feddb/}}}Γ
n ¿sYdL = rad
P
/}zV
"d#oddl /C
n } dXdz'l =
|L ∩ E| ∈ {1,
√
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