spaceu2019 final report

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RSCAS 2020/07

Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies

The European Governance and Politics Programme

spaceu2019 final report

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European University Institute

Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies

The European Governance and Politics Programme

Spaceu2019 final report

Lorenzo Cicchi

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ISSN 1028-3625

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www.eui.eu/RSCAS/Publications/ www.eui.eu

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Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies

The Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies, created in 1992 and currently directed by Professor Brigid Laffan, aims to develop inter-disciplinary and comparative research on the major issues facing the process of European integration, European societies and Europe’s place in 21st_{century global politics.}

The Centre is home to a large post-doctoral programme and hosts major research programmes, projects and data sets, in addition to a range of working groups and ad hoc initiatives. The research agenda is organised around a set of core themes and is continuously evolving, reflecting the changing agenda of European integration, the expanding membership of the European Union, developments in Europe’s neighbourhood and the wider world.

For more information: http://eui.eu/rscas

The EUI and the RSCAS are not responsible for the opinion expressed by the author(s).

The European Governance and Politics Programme

The European Governance and Politics Programme (EGPP) is an international hub of high quality research and reflection on Europe and the European Union. Launched in 2018, it is part of the research programmes of the Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies at the European University Institute. The EGPP maintains its core activities through externally funded research projects, including financial support from the European Commission through the European Union budget, and is animated by the Programme Associates, leading scholars from different disciplines brought together by their interest in European integration and its future development.

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Abstract

In occasion of the European Parliament elections of 2019, the EUI in partnership with StatLab launched project Spaceu2019, a two-fold online tool specifically tailored for mobile EU citizens voting either in their country of citizenship or residence. The University of Luzern in Switzerland contributed to the tool implementation. The first pillar consists of an interactive database, informing users on their electoral rights and allowing them to compare the conditions and requirements for participating in the political process of their country of residence or citizenship. The second pillar is euandi2019, a Voting Advice Application (VAA) helping citizen find the political party that best matches their policy preferences. The main objective was to create a more aware European-wide, politically active citizenry, therefore making the EP elections more relevant and transnational. This also may have helped getting citizens out to vote, given that EP elections are traditionally prone to particularly low levels of turnout. The main target group were EU mobile citizens as well as those with a dual citizenship, but also European citizens at large as this device is open to all and gives useful information on how to vote, and which parties are the best match, to static citizens as well. The project received funding by the European Union’s Rights, Equality and Citizenship Programme (2014-2020), Grant Agreement number 785683. None of this funding was transferred to Switzerland. The University of Luzern instead contributed through the Swiss National Science Foundation grant for project “Towards transnational voting in/for Europe”. This report provides information on the implementation and usage figures for both online tools.

Keywords

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1

General framework

*

In recent years, the number of EU mobile citizens (i.e. EU citizens resident in a Member State different than their own) is growing. EU mobile citizens have been granted the right to vote (as well as that of standing as candidates in EP elections) in the host Member State under the same conditions as that State’s nationals, as stated in Article 22 TFEU, Article 39 of the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights and Directive 93/109/EC(42). However, their political participation is generally low. Potential factors are 1. Access to participation in the host country and factors limiting it (legal framework, voting infrastructure); 2. Knowledge about the rights and opportunities to participate; 3. Level of political engagement; 4. Availability of politically suitable options.

Project Spaceu2019, implemented by the European University Institute1_{in collaboration with}

StatLab, specifically helps European citizens in regards of these factors. It is composed by two pillars: 1. An interactive database, informing users on their electoral rights and allowing them to compare

the conditions and requirements for participating in the political process of their country of residence vs. citizenship (tackling factors 1 and 2, and as a by-product factor 3);

2. An online Voting Advice Application (VAA), that allows users to match their policy preferences with the positions of the political parties running for EP elections in all 27 Member States, focusing on the electoral contexts in which voters exercise their voting rights (tackling factor 4, and as a by-product factor 3).

The first pillar was launched online in February 20192 and is still available at the address www.spaceu2019.eui.eu. By late March, all translations were completed and the dissemination strategy commenced. The second pillar, instead, was implemented as a stand-alone website launched in late April 2019 and still available at the address www.euandi2019.eui.eu . This decision was taken in order to order to maximize the impact of the tool: already in 2014 the EUI had launched a EU-wide VAA called euandi (read: “EU and I”), and the name continuity was deemed to be an important branding factor not to be lost by merging the VAA within the – at that time – already existing interactive electoral rights database. Multiple cross-linking logos (see figures in next sections) were deployed in both websites in order to ensure mutual re-directions from one pillar to the other.

Both websites were completely multi-lingual, with all pages and sub-pages available in EU’s 23 official languages3. The astonishing number of around 1.3 million users were reached, however with an extremely skewed distribution towards the second pillar. On overall it is safe to say that these figures can be viewed as a definitive success of the entire project.

* _{‘The project Spaceu2019 was funded by the European Union’s Rights, Equality and Citizenship Programme (2014-2020),}

G.A no. 785683. The content of report represents the views of the author only and is his/her sole responsibility. The European Commission does not accept any responsibility for use that may be made of the information it contains.

1

The University of Luzern also contributed to the tool implementation, through the Swiss National Science Foundation grant for project “Towards transnational voting in/for Europe”.

2

According to the EC Action Grant, both tools should have been launched simultaneously in March 2019. However, the party positioning were not available until later in the electoral campaign, so the launch of the VAA was postponed to April; conversely, the electoral law provisions of certain countries that required EU mobile citizens to register, in order to cast their vote in the country of residence, earlier than March, pushed the project scientific leadership to anticipate this date; therefore, the electoral database was already launched online in February.

3

Bulgarian, Croatian, Czech, Danish, Dutch, English, Estonian, French, German, Greek, Finnish, Hungarian, Italian, Latvian, Lithuanian, Maltese, Polish, Portuguese, Romanian, Slovak, Slovene, Spanish and Swedish.

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2 Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies Working Papers

Spaceu2019

Spaceu2019 consisted, as explained, of an interactive dataset of electoral rights for the EP elections 2019 specifically tailored at EU mobile citizens and available in all 23 EU official languages. Upon entering the homepage, users were asked to select their country of citizenship and residence (figure 1).

Figure 1. Spaceu2019 country selection page

After having selected the countries, users were redirected to a page presenting detailed information on how to cast their vote in both countries. This information is available in English and in all official languages of the selected country of citizenship; therefore, for instance, a German citizen could visualize how to vote in Germany or in any other country in both English and German. This takes into account also for those countries with multiple official languages4. Figure 2 below shows the visualization output for one case of such multi-lingual countries. All pages featured a link to the second pillar of the project, euandi2019.

4

Belgium: French and Dutch; Luxembourg: German and French; Finland: Finnish and Swedish. All other countries required only one translation; Ireland required none.

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Spaceu2019 final report

European University Institute 3

Figure 2. Spaceu2019 information output page

In order to increase the usability of the website, all textual information provided after selecting the country of citizenship and residence were streamlined so that they followed the same structure (See table 1 below).

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In total, 30 electoral rights country experts and worked for this leg of the project. Their main tasks were to provide the textual information for 1. Resident Citizens; 2. Non-resident citizens and 2. Non-citizen residents voting in their country of expertise; translate the information they collected for cases 1 and 2 in their native language; translate all other countries’ case 3 in their native language; monitor the potential developments in European elections’ electoral laws so to provide timely feedback in case some information had changed between the tool going online and election day. 3 additional translators were involved for support in multi-lingual countries. The complete list of experts can be found in Appendix A.

Spaceu2019 went online in February 2019; all translations were completed by March 25th_{. The}

dissemination strategy was then implemented in order to maximise the impact, with country-specific tweets and Facebook posts right before the registration deadlines of certain countries. In terms of usage, table 2 below show the number of users who selected the country of citizenship and residence and visualized the information output page (not the general clicks, or visits, to the website).

Table 2. Usage figures by citizenship and residence

Citizenship - Residence Count Citizenship - Residence Count

Portugal 1009 Malta 17

Italy 738 Italy - Germany 16

France 476 Germany - Italy 15

Czech Republic 351 Italy - Belgium 15

Slovakia 350 Estonia 14

Greece 192 France - Italy 14

Germany 103 Cyprus 13

Poland 92 Italy - France 13

Bulgaria 85 Sweden 13

Hungary 84 France - Germany 11

Romania 80 Poland - Germany 11

Spain 61 Portugal - Germany 11

Croatia 53 Romania - Italy 11

Slovenia 48 Germany - Netherlands 10

Austria 44 United Kingdom - Germany 10

United Kingdom 39 Bulgaria - Germany 9

Ireland 34 Greece - Germany 9

Belgium 23 Italy - Spain 9

Lithuania 22 Portugal - Italy 9

Spain - Portugal 20 Slovakia - Czech Republic 9

Finland 19 Spain - Italy 9

Netherlands 19 Other combinations 938

Luxembourg 17 TOTAL 5145

Note: if only one country is mentioned, country of citizenship = country of residence

As it can be seen, the total is rather low, with “only” 5145 complete sessions. The country distribution mirrors quite clearly, as shown in next paragraph, the distribution of usage figures of the second pillar. Another interesting element, highlighted by figure 3 below, is that despite the strong focus of the entire

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project on EU mobile citizens, the majority of users who benefitted from the first pillar are actually static citizens. The first combination where citizenship ≠ residence (Spain – Portugal) only appears quite late in the list of most clicked combinations, and they are in general all condensed in the right side of the figure.

Figure 3. Usage figures by citizenship and residence

Note: blue columns represent static citizens (country of citizenship = country of residence), while orange columns represent EU mobile citizens (country of citizenship ≠ country of residence).

Figures 4 below, instead, show the overall traffic analytics of website Spaceu2019. Here, numbers are sensibly higher, hinting to the fact that users landed on this homepage but did not actually consult the electoral database, possibly because they already felt confident enough in knowing how to cast their vote for the EP elections. In particular, the number of sessions reach quota 16,454 with 35,252 page views, for a total of 14,641 new users and a returning rate of 7.8%. The usage trend between the day Spaceu2019 was officially launched in its multi-lingual version (March 25th) and May 26th shows that, despite most of deadlines for EU mobile citizens fell in the months of March and April, the bulk of the users consulting this tool actually happened afterwards in late May, closer to election day.

0 200 400 600 800 1000 P o rt u g a l It a ly F ra n ce C ze ch R e p u b lic S lo v a k ia G re e ce G e rm a n y P o la n d B u lg a ri a H u n g a ry R o m a n ia S p a in C ro a ti a S lo v e n ia A u st ri a U n it e d K in g d o m Ir e la n d B e lg iu m L it h u a n ia S p a in P o rt u g a l F in la n d N e th e rl a n d s L u x e m b o u rg M a lt a It a ly G e rm a n y G e rm a n y It a ly It a ly B e lg iu m E st o n ia F ra n ce I ta ly C yp ru s It a ly F ra n ce S w e d e n F ra n ce G e rm a n y P o la n d G e rm a n y P o rt u g a l G e rm a n y R o m a n ia I ta ly G e rm a n y N e th e rl a n d s U n it e d K in g d o m G e rm a n y B u lg a ri a G e rm a n y G re e ce G e rm a n y It a ly S p a in P o rt u g a l It a ly S lo v a k ia C ze ch R e p u b lic S p a in I ta ly

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Figure 4. Spaceu2019 website analytics

Finally, it is worth noting that the number of user sessions mirrors quite accurately the most clicked combination of citizenship and residence presented in table 2 and figure 3, with Portugal, Italy and France in the first three places.

euandi2019

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VAAs are, in general, web-based tools that provide information to users in view of voting, by comparing their own policy preferences on major issues with the programmatic stances of political parties on such issues. Respondents manifest their (dis)agreement with a wide range of concrete and relevant policy statements; the VAA compares the user’s profile with the political parties competing in the election, and then provides an illustration of the degree of proximity between the user and parties. In other words,

5

Part of this section is adapted from Michel E., Cicchi L., Garzia D., Ferreira Da Silva F., Trechsel A. H., euandi2019:

project description and datasets documentation, EUI RSCAS, 2019/61, available in Cadmus, European University Institute

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VAAs reveal to the user the structure of the political competition in light of her own preferences. euandi2019 featured 22 statements, comprising a balanced set of political issues that cover most politically salient issues for parties and voters in the EU, and was the only transnational VAA for the 2019 European Elections. Figure 5 shows euandi2019’s homepage, with the “usual” cross-link to the other pillar Spaceu2019 in the upper right corner.

Figure 5. the euandi2019 homepage

euandi2019 was launched online on April 29th_{2019, and attracted about 1.2 million users until the}

elections of May 26th 2019. Indeed, its media partnerships played a crucial role as euandi2019 featured on the homepage of numerous newspapers and news agencies in the six weeks preceding the election. The application was also advertised in multiple articles, press releases, and TV interviews in national media across Europe.

In terms of party coverage, euandi2019 featured 272 parties that ran in the 2019 elections to the European Parliament (N = 9.4 per country). The complete list of parties can be found in Appendix B. These parties were coded by more than 130 political party experts, who worked in the project in addition to the electoral rights experts (see appendix A for the complete list). Table 3 presents the number of parties coded in each country, and the proportion of parties who interacted with the expert coders and

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place themselves on the euandi2019 statements. More than half of the parties provided the euandi2019 team with self-placement on the statements (54.3%)6_.

Table 3. euandi2019 degree of party cooperation, by country

Country Total parties Self-placed Percentage

Austria 6 6 100.0% Belgium – Flanders 7 7 100.0% Belgium – Wallonia 7 1 14.3% Bulgaria 9 0 0.0% Croatia 12 6 50.0% Cyprus 7 7 100.0% Czech Republic 8 7 87.5% Denmark 10 9 90.0% Estonia 8 4 50.0% Finland 12 10 83.3% France 12 1 8.3% Germany 15 15 100.0% Greece 12 1 8.3% Hungary 7 1 14.3% Ireland 10 5 50.0% Italy 7 1 14.3% Latvia 10 9 90.0% Lithuania 7 1 14.3% Luxembourg 10 10 100.0% Malta 3 0 0.0% Netherlands 12 10 83.3% Poland 6 1 16.7% Portugal 12 3 25.0% Romania 7 1 14.3% Slovakia 10 3 30.0% Slovenia 15 11 73.3% Spain 8 2 25.0% Sweden 9 8 88.9% Total EU27 258 140 54.3% UK 14 n/a n/a

Entering the euandi2019 website, individual users were given the option to select their country and the language of their choice (the VAA is accessible in 23 official languages, as well as in English for every Member State). Users could then position themselves on the 22 issues statements included in the tool by indicating their level of agreement on a standard five-point scale ranging from ‘completely agree’ to ‘completely disagree’, and a ‘no opinion’ option. Users who answered the 22 statements of euandi2019 were also offered the possibility to attribute more or less importance to each issue (marking it as “less important” or “more important”). The saliency each user gives to an issue is taken into account in the final calculation of his/her proximity score with parties.

6

Due to ongoing Brexit negotiations in early 2019, the participation of British parties to the 2019 EP elections has been long uncertain. Since the euandi2019 British team could start working only very late in the process, they were not able to contact parties for self-placement. British parties are therefore excluded from calculation of party response rates.

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Once the user has completed the questionnaire and (possibly) attributed a degree of importance to each of the issues, the algorithm calculates the degree of proximity, or match (in percentage points) between the positions of the user and that of the parties included. Users can explore their proximity to the parties in the country they selected in the beginning of the questionnaire (Figure 6), but they are can also consult their degree proximity with parties of the entire European Union (Figure 7). This is particularly relevant for EU mobile citizen, who can therefore compare their preferences in respect to the political parties of their country of citizenship or residence. A link to Spaceu2019 was prominent in this page as well.

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Figure 7. “Party Matching” visualization: EU mobile citizens

euandi2019 shows the overlap between the political parties’ positions and the user's preferences in percentage points, in order to simplify the interpretation of the results. 0% indicates that a political party and a user’s preferences do not overlap at all, 100% indicates that they completely overlap. In addition to these simple proximity scores, euandi2019 provides users with further visualization outputs for the best user experience. Users can explore how they are situated in the political space, and how close or distant they are to political parties in the radar and the political bi-dimensional landscape (figure 8).

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euandi2019 was launched to the public on April 29th 2019, about a month before the European Parliament elections were held. It stopped registering users on May 26th_{2019, when all polling stations}

in EU Member state closed down. euandi2019 attracted a total of 1,277,795 users throughout Europe. Figure 9 presents the usage figures trend in this period. As it can be seen, the number of daily users increased in an almost geometrical fashion throughout the month prior to the election, with only two “abnormal” peaks of May 15th_{and 16}th_{. The day with most users, in absolute terms, was the Saturday}

before election day in most countries, May 25th.

Figure 9. Completed user profiles, April 29th_{– May 26}th₂₀₁₉

As table 4 below shows, users of euandi2019 are disproportionately distributed among EU Member states. These country variations can be explained mainly by two factors. Firstly, countries in which euandi2019 featured on the homepage of prominent news outlet for the longest have attracted the most users (e.g. Portugal, Italy). Secondly, countries where a longstanding tradition of VAA usage is present, with well-established national VAAs, have been less receptive to euandi2019 and attracted fewer users (e.g. Netherlands, Belgium, Finland, and Denmark).

0 20000 40000 60000 80000 100000 120000 140000 160000 180000 29 -apr-19 30-apr-19 1-ma g-19 2-mag -1 9 3-mag-1 9 4-mag-1 9 5-m ag-1 9 6-m ag-19 7-mag-1 9 8 -ma g-19 9-ma g -1 9 10 -mag-1 9 11 -mag-1 9 12 -m ag-19 13-ma g-19 14-ma g-19 15-ma g-1 9 16-m ag-1 9 17-ma g-19 18 -mag-1 9 19 -m ag-19 20-m ag-19 21-m ag-19 22-mag-19 23-ma g-1 9 24-mag -1 9 25-mag-1 9 26-mag-1 9

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Table 4. Completed user profiles per country

Country Freq. % Freq. %

Portugal 392599 30.7% United Kingdom 9924 0.8%

Italy 378491 29.6% Bulgaria 8429 0.7%

France 96087 7.5% Malta 6238 0.5%

Slovakia 83239 6.5% Spain 5944 0.5%

Czech Republic 63536 5.0% Belgium - Flanders 2990 0.2%

Greece 47724 3.7% Netherlands 2178 0.2%

Poland 37497 2.9% Finland 2127 0.2%

Germany 27407 2.1% Belgium - Wallonia 1824 0.1%

Estonia 21145 1.7% Sweden 1029 0.1% Romania 20279 1.6% Denmark 838 0.1% Hungary 17316 1.4% Luxembourg 618 0.0% Austria 13943 1.1% Latvia 473 0.0% Slovenia 12686 1.0% Cyprus 323 0.0% Ireland 11938 0.9% Lithuania 316 0.0% Croatia 10656 0.8% TOTAL 1277795 100%

In terms of policy preferences, euandi2019 users tend to favour post-materialist issue statements (e.g., legalization of same-sex marriage, soft drugs, and euthanasia), are in general supportive of pro-environment positions (e.g., public transport and renewable energies), and largely adopt pro-EU positions (see Table 5 below).

Table 5. Users’ positions on the euandi2019 statements

Item (short description)

Com. Dis. Tend to Dis. Neutral Tend to Agree Com. Agree N % of total

1. Maintain social programmes 12% 21% 13% 36% 18% 1 272 890 98%

2. Stronger support for unemployed 15% 25% 17% 28% 15% 1 257 392 98%

3. EU punish deficit 8% 16% 17% 38% 21% 1 244 122 97%

4. Proportional distribution of asylum seekers 16% 14% 12% 32% 27% 1 241 931 97%

5. Restrictions to immigration 17% 18% 13% 20% 33% 1 258 545 98%

6. Immigrants should accept our values 18% 16% 11% 24% 31% 1 261 364 99% 7. Legalisation of same-sex marriage 17% 9% 13% 18% 43% 1 257 551 98%

8. Legalisation of soft drugs 15% 11% 15% 22% 36% 1 255 211 98%

9. Legalise euthanasia 12% 8% 13% 29% 37% 1 244 988 97%

10. Reduce government spending 8% 11% 13% 30% 38% 1 242 251 97%

11 EU tax raising powers 25% 23% 19% 21% 13% 1 188 842 93%

12. Tax stock market gains 10% 12% 18% 31% 30% 1 172 693 92%

13. Promote public transport 10% 13% 15% 35% 27% 1 210 329 95%

14. Support renewable energy 9% 12% 10% 36% 33% 1 255 501 98%

15. Accept privacy restrictions 19% 18% 11% 29% 23% 1 249 032 98% 16. Punish criminals more severely 8% 12% 16% 29% 35% 1 238 376 97% 17. Strengthen EU defence policy 5% 10% 17% 33% 35% 1 237 532 97% 18. One voice for EU foreign policy 7% 12% 15% 34% 33% 1 225 821 96%

19. European integration is good 5% 6% 12% 34% 43% 1 227 268 96%

20. Euro is a bad thing 36% 19% 10% 13% 22% 1 245 895 98%

21. Less veto power for member states 30% 22% 22% 18% 9% 1 157 552 91% 22. Vote for parties from other member states 21% 20% 19% 24% 15% 1 165 736 91%

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A stable share of around 80 percent of users have not attributed specific levels of salience to individual statements (see Table 6 below). Most issues are deemed “important” for about 12 to 20 percent of euandi2019 users. Notably, the only three statements that are considered important for less than 10 percent of users relate to EU institutions and the way they work: “EU tax raising powers”, “veto of Member States”, “possibility to vote for parties in other Member States”.

Table 6. Users attributed salience on the 22 euandi2019 statements

Statement (short description) - = +

1. Maintain social programmes 5.1 77.4 17.5

2. Stronger support for unemployed 6.3 79.4 14.3

3. EU punish deficit 7.0 80.6 12.5

4. Proportional distribution of asylum seekers 6.0 79.0 15.0

5. Restrictions to immigration 5.7 76.9 17.4

6. Immigrants should accept our values 6.1 77.4 16.5

7. Legalisation of same-sex marriage 7.0 74.1 18.8

8. Legalisation of soft drugs 8.6 75.9 15.5

9. Legalise euthanasia 6.7 76.3 17.0

10. Reduce government spending 3.7 78.1 18.2

11 EU tax raising powers 7.6 83.0 9.4

12. Tax stock market gains 5.6 80.3 14.2

13. Promote public transport 5.4 79.4 15.2

14. Support renewable energy 4.0 76.1 19.9

15. Accept privacy restrictions 5.0 79.0 16.0

16. Punish criminals more severely 6.4 80.4 13.2

17. Strengthen EU defence policy 5.6 81.1 13.3

18. One voice for EU foreign policy 5.7 82.3 12.1

19. European integration is good 3.8 79.4 16.8

20. Euro is a bad thing 5.2 79.1 15.7

21. Less veto power for member states 6.7 84.3 9.1

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APPENDIX A: The Spaceu2019 team

Project leadership

Prof. Dr. Alexander H. Trechsel (project co-leader) Dr. Diego Garzia (project co-leader)

Dr. Lorenzo Cicchi, EUI (scientific project coordinator)

Ingo Linsenmann, EUI (financial and administrative coordinator)

Dr. Mihkel Solvak, Statistikalabor (StatLab) and University of Tartu, Estonia (tech coordinator)

Elena Torta, EUI (media and outreach coordinator) Julia Hiltrop, EUI (administrative support)

Simone Ottaviano, EUI (tech support) Lorenzo Corsani (tech support)

Martina Popova, EUI (media and outreach support)

Joanna Zofia Wielgo, EUI (administrative and financial support) Giorgio Giamberini (graphic designer)

Alberto-Horst Neidhardt (Back-end specialist)

Electoral rights country experts

Jean-Thomas Arrighi de Casanova Ieva Bloma Dimitris Christopoulos Stephen Coutts Corina Demetriou Alina Dobreva Isabel Estrada

Kasper Møller Hansen

Kristina Ivanauskaitė-Pettinari Mari-Liis Jakobson Jana Jaseckova Raphael Kies Piotr Korzec Lukas Linek Louise Nikolic Catarina Oliveira Alina Ostling Marta Parades Johanna Peltoniemi Szabolcs Pogonyi Dorota Pudzianowska Nastasja Reslow Julija Sardelić Dan Schmit Sorina Soare Dejan Stjepanovic Guido Tintori Gerd Valchars Daniela Vintila George Vital Zammit

Additional electoral rights translators

Koen Docter Alexander Marinov Tia Reimer-Elster

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Political party experts, by country

Austria

Carsten Wegscheider Fabian Habersack

Reinhard Heinisch - Team Co-Leader Sarah Caroline Dingler

Zoe Lefkofridi - Team Co-Leader

Belgium - Wallonia

Régis Dandoy - Team Leader

Belgium - Flanders

Daan Fonck Francesca Colli

Yf Reykers - Team Leader

Bulgaria

Boris Popivanov Elitsa Markova

Trajche Panov - Team Leader

Croatia

Ana Balkovic Davor Boban

Ivan Obadić - Team Co-Leader Kristijan Kotarski

Višeslav Raos - Team Co-Leader

Cyprus

Corina Demetriou - Team Leader Dimitris Trimithiotis Eleni Evagorou Nicos Trimikliniotis Czech Republic Aleš Kudrnáč Eva Tomsova Jaromír Mazák

Lukas Linek - Team Leader Otto Eibl

Denmark

Andreas Brøgger Albertsen Caroline Bertram

Caroline Helt Jensen

Jakob Bøggild Johannsen - Team Leader

Estonia

Andres Reiljan - Team Co-Leader Maarja Saluste

Martin Mölder

Nele Leosk - Team Co-Leader Risto Conte Keivabu

Finland

Aino Tiihonen

Johannes Lehtinen - Team Leader Marco Svensson La Rosa

Risto Niemikari Thomas Karv

France

Aurelie Boursier

Elie Michel - Team Leader Morgan Le Corre Juratic Theo Fournier Germany Christine Müller Lucas Schramm Martin Weinrich Omran Shroufi Sophia Hunger

Wiebke Drews - Team Leader

Greece

Anna Kyriazi - Team Co-Leader Hannah Androulaki-Khan

Natalia Tellidou - Team Co-Leader Nikolaos Gkotsis Papaioannou Stefanos Pentaras

Hungary

Anna Kyriazi - Team Leader Áron József Szászi

Harb Jan Macell Zalan Jakab

Ireland

James Cross - Team Co-Leader

Maria Laura Sudulich - Team Co-Leader Sarah Flaherty

Darren Litter Jack O'Donnell

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Daniel Keating Emma Mulligan Conor Callaghan Lydia Foley Shauna Kearney Diarmuid Cunniffe Karl Burke Seán O'Reilly Marek Sustak Adam Nugent Christian Zörner Joseph Talot Italy Daniela Piccio Edoardo Bressanelli Elisa Volpi Francesco Visconti

Giorgio Malet - Team Leader Matteo Albanese

Latvia

Diāna Potjomkina Elīna Grīnhofa

Ieva Bloma - Team Leader Sintija Broka

Lithuania

Egle Kavoliunaite Kristina Ambrazeviciute

Petras Ragauskas - Team Leader Ramūnas Birštonas Rugilė Trumpytė Luxembourg Ioana Turdean Marc Gori Marie Halbich

Raphael Kies - Team Leader

Malta

Godfrey Baldacchino – Team Leader

Netherlands

Emma Hoes Feike Fliervoet

Mathilde van Ditmars - Team Co-Leader

Rutger Birnie - Team Co-Leader Tom Buitelaar Poland Agnieszka Sztajdel Daniel Platek Katarzyna Grzybowska-Walecka Radoslav Michalski

Wojciech Gagatek - Team Leader

Portugal

Frederico Ferreira da Silva - Team Co-Leader Jorge M. Fernandes

José Santana Pereira - Team Co-Leader Mariana Mendes

Tiago Silva - Team Co-Leader

Romania

Adrian Matus

Arpad Todor - Team Co-Leader Claudia Badulescu - Team Co-Leader Raluca Popp

Toma Burean

Slovakia

Marta Kralikova Martin Kovanič

Peter Plenta - Team Leader Radka Vicenová Tomáš Madleňák Slovenia Alem Maksuti Barbara Možina Nina Sivec

Simon Delakorda - Team Leader Tjaša Božič

Spain

Álvaro Canalejo Molero Mar Cañizares Espadafor Nerea Gándara Guerra Pedro Martín Cadenas

Sergi Martinez - Team Leader

Sweden

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Henrik Ekengren Oscarsson Linda Berg

Rickard Eksten - Team Co-Leader

United Kingdom

Maria Laura Sudulich - Team Co-Leader Raluca Popp - Team Co-Leader

APPENDIX B: List of parties included in euandi2019

Country Party name (English) Party name and acronym

Austria Austrians People’s Party Österreichische Volkspartei (ÖVP)

Austria Social Democratic Party of Austria Soialdemokratische Partei Österreichs (SPÖ) Austria Freedom Party of Austria Freiheitliche Partei Österreichs (FPÖ) Austria

NEOS – The New Austria and Liberal Forum

NEOS – Das Neue Österreich und Liberales Forum (NEOS)

Austria Austrian Green Party Die Grünen – Die Grüne Alternative (GRÜNE) Austria Initiative 1 Europe Initiative 1 Europa (1EUROPA)

Belgium - Flanders Workers' Party of Belgium Partij van de Arbeid (PVDA) Belgium - Flanders Socialist Party Differently Socialistische Partij Anders (sp.a)

Belgium - Flanders Green Groen (Groen)

Belgium - Flanders Open Flemish Liberals and Democrats Open Vlaamse Liberalen en Democraten (Open Vld) Belgium - Flanders Christian Democratic and Flemish Christen-Democratisch en Vlaams (CD&V)

Belgium - Flanders New Flemish Alliance Nieuw-Vlaamse Alliantie (N-VA) Belgium - Flanders Flemish Interest Vlaams Belang (Vlaams Belang) Belgium - Wallonia Socialist Party Parti Socialiste (PS)

Belgium - Wallonia Reformist Movement Mouvement Réformateur (MR) Belgium - Wallonia Humanist Democratic Centre Centre Démocrate Humaniste (cdH)

Belgium - Wallonia Ecolo Ecolo

Belgium - Wallonia Workers' Party of Belgium Parti du travail de Belgique (PTB)

Belgium - Wallonia Democratic Federalist Independent Démocrate Fédéraliste Indépendant (DéFI) Belgium - Wallonia People's Party Parti Populaire (PP)

Bulgaria Ataka Атака (Атака)

Bulgaria

National Front for the Salvation of

Bulgaria Национален фронт за спасение на България (НФСБ)

Bulgaria Bulgarian National Movement Обединети патриоти (ВМРО) Bulgaria

Citizens for European Development of Bulgaria

Граждани за европейско развитие на България (ГЕРБ)

Bulgaria Bulgarian Socialist Party Българска социалистическа партия (БСП) Bulgaria Movement for Rights and Freedoms Движение за права и свободи (ДПС)

Bulgaria Will - Volya Воля (Воля)

Bulgaria Alternative for Bulgarian Revival Алтернатива за българско възраждане, АБВ* Bulgaria Democratic Bulgaria "Демократична България" (ДБ)

Croatia Croatian Democratic Union Hrvatska demokratska zajednica (HDZ) Croatia Social Democratic Party of Croatia Socijaldemokratska partija Hrvatske (SDP)

Croatia Human Shield Živi zid (ŽZ)

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Croatia

Anti-Corruption, Development and Transparency Party

Stranka antikorupcije, razvoja i transparentnosti (START)

Croatia Civic Liberal Alliance Građansko-liberalni savez (GLAS) Croatia

Bruna Esih – Zlatko Hasanbegović:

Independents for Croatia Bruna Esih – Zlatko Hasanbegović: Neovisni za Hrvatsku (NHR) Croatia Croatian Peasant Party Hrvatska seljačka stranka (HSS)

Croatia

Croatian People's Party – Liberal

Democrats Hrvatska narodna stranka - Liberalni demokrati (HNS) Croatia Istrian Democratic Assembly Istarski demokratski sabor (IDS)

Croatia Croatian Conservative Party Hrvatska konzervativna stranka (HKS)

Croatia We can Možemo!

Cyprus Democratic Rally Δημοκρατικός Συναγερμός (ΔΗΣΥ)

Cyprus Progressive Party of Working People Ανορθωτικό Κόμμα Εργαζομενου Λαου (ΑΚΕΛ)

Cyprus Democratic Party Δημοκρατικό Κόμμα (ΔΗΚΟ)

Cyprus Movement for Social Democracy Σοσιαλιστικό Κόμμα (ΕΔΕΚ)

Cyprus National Popular Front Εθνικό Λαικό Μέτωπο (ΕΛΑΜ)

Cyprus Alliance Συμμαχία

Cyprus Jasmine Γιασεμι

Czech Republic Action of Dissatisfied Citizens 2011 ANO 2011 (ANO)

Czech Republic Czech Social Democratic Party Česká strana sociálně demokratická (ČSSD) Czech Republic Czech Pirate Party Česká pirátská strana (Piráti)

Czech Republic

Communist Party of Bohemia and

Moravia Komunistická strana Čech a Moravy (KSČM)

Czech Republic

Christian and Democratic Union – Czechoslovak People's Party

Křesťanská demokratická unie-Československá strana lidová (KDU-ČSL)

Czech Republic Civic Democratic Party Občanská demokratická strana (ODS) Czech Republic Coalition STAN and TOP 09 koalice STAN a TOP 09 (STAN-TOP)

Czech Republic Freedom and Direct Democracy Svoboda a přímá demokracie Tomio Okamura (SPD) Denmark The Danish Social Democrats Socialdemokratiet (A)

Denmark The Social Liberal Party Det Radikale Venstre (B) Denmark The Conservative Party Det Konservative Folkeparti (C) Denmark The Socialist People’s Party Socialistisk Folkeparti (F)

Denmark Liberal Alliance Liberal Alliance (I)

Denmark The Danish People’s Party Dansk Folkeparti (O)

Denmark The Liberal Party Venstre (V)

Denmark The Red-Green Alliance Enhedslisten (Ø)

Denmark The Alternative Alternativet (Å)

Denmark People’s Movement Against the EU Folkebevægelsen mod EU (N) Estonia Estonian Reform Party Eesti Reformierakond (RE)

Estonia Estonian Centre Party Eesti Keskerakond (KE)

Estonia Conservative People's Party of Estonia Eesti Konservatiivne Rahvaerakond (EKRE)

Estonia Fatherland Isamaa Erakond (IE)

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Estonia Estonia 200 Erakond Eesti 200 (E200)

Estonia Estonian Greens Erakond Eestimaa Rohelised (EER)

Estonia Richness of Life Elurikkuse Erakond (ERE)

Finland Social Democratic Party Suomen Sosialidemokraattinen Puolue (SDP) Finland National Coalition Party Kansallinen Kokoomus (Kok.)

Finland Centre Party Suomen Keskusta (Kesk.)

Finland Green League Vihreä liitto (Vihr.)

Finland Finns Party Perussuomalaiset (PS)

Finland Left Alliance Vasemmistoliitto (Vas.)

Finland Swedish People's Party Suomen ruotsalainen kansanpuolue (RKP) Finland Christian Democrats Suomen Kristillisdemokraatit (KD)

Finland Blue Reform Sininen tulevaisuus (Sin.)

Finland Pirate Party Piraattipuolue (PP)

Finland Feminist Party Feministinen puolue (FP)

Finland Seven Star Movement Seitsemän Tähden Liike

France The Lovers of France Amoreux De La France (AMF)

France Worker's Struggle Lutte Ouvrière (LO)

France Undomitable France La France Insoumise (LFI)

France French Communist Party Parti Communiste Français (PCF) France Europe Ecologie - The Greens Europe Ecologie - Les Verts (EELV)

France Generation.s Génération.s (Gs)

France Socialist Party - Public Place Parti Socialiste - Place Publique (PS-PP)

France Republic Onwards La République En Marche (LREM) // La Renaissance France Union of Democrats and Independents Union des Démocrates et Indépendants (UDI)

France The Republicans Les Républicains (LR)

France National Rally Rassemblement National (RN)

France Popular Republican Union Union Populaire Républicaine (UPR)

Germany Social Democratic Party of Germany Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands (SPD) Germany Ecological Democratic Party Ökologisch-Demokratische Partei (ÖDP)

Germany

Party for Labour, Rule of Law, Animal Protection, Promotion of Elites and Grassroots Democratic Initiatives

Die Partei für Arbeit, Rechtsstaat, Tierschutz, Elitenförderung und basisdemokratische Initiativen (Die PARTEI)

Germany

Christian Democratic Union of Germany/ Christian Social Union in Bavaria

Christlich Demokratische Union Deutschlands/ Christlich Soziale Union in Bayern (CDU/CSU) Germany Free Democratic Party Freie Demokratische Partei (FDP)

Germany Family Party of Germany Familien-Partei Deutschlands (FAMILIE) Germany Alliance 90/The Greens Bündis 90/Die Grünen (GRÜNE)

Germany The Left Die Linke

Germany Alternative for Germany Alternative für Deutschland (AfD) Germany

Bernd Lucke and the Liberal

Conservative Reformers Bernd Lucke und die Liberal-Konservativen Reformer (LKR)

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Germany Free Voters Freie Wähler (FW)

Germany Alliance C – Christians for Germany Bündnis C – Christen für Deutschland (Bündnis C) Germany

Party Human Environment Animal

Protection Partei Mensch Umwelt Tierschutz (Tierschutzpartei) Germany Pirate Party Germany Piratenpartei Deutschland (PIRATEN)

Greece Τhe River Το Ποτάμι (ΠΟΤ)

Greece Greek Solution Ελληνική Λύση (ΕΛ)

Greece Union of Centrists Ένωση Κεντρώων (ΕΚ)

Greece Communist Party of Greece Κομμουνιστικό Κόμμα Ελλάδας (ΚΚΕ)

Greece Independent Greeks Ανεξάρτητοι Έλληνες (ΑΝΕΛ)

Greece New Democracy Νέα Δημοκρατία (NΔ)

Greece SYRIZA Συνασπισμός Ριζοσπαστικής Αριστεράς (ΣΥΡΙΖΑ)

Greece Golden Dawn Χρυσή Αυγή (ΧΑ)

Greece Popular Unity Λαϊκή Ενότητα (ΛΑΕ)

Greece MeRA25 ΜέΡΑ25

Greece Ecologists Οικολόγοι Πράσινοι (Ο.Π.)

Greece Μovement for Change Κίνημα Αλλαγής (ΚΙΝ.ΑΛ.)

Hungary

Fidesz – Hungarian Civic Alliance with Christian Democratic People's Party

Fidesz – Magyar Polgári Szövetség (Fidesz) with Kereszténydemokrata Néppárt (KDNP) (Fidesz-KDNP) Hungary Movement for a Better Hungary Jobbik Magyarországért Mozgalom (Jobbik)

Hungary Democratic Coalition Demokratikus Koalíció (DK)

Hungary Our Homeland Movement Mi Hazánk Mozgalom (Mi Hazánk) Hungary Politics Can Be Different Lehet Más a Politika (LMP)

Hungary Momentum Movement Momentum Mozgalom (Momentum)

Hungary

Hungarian Socialist Party with Dialogue for Hungary

Magyar Szocialista Párt (MSZP) with Párbeszéd Magyarországért (Párbeszéd) (MSZP-Párbeszéd)

Ireland Fine Gael Fine Gael (FG)

Ireland Fianna Fáil Fianna Fáil (FF)

Ireland Sinn Féin Sinn Féin (SF)

Ireland Labour Party Labour Party (LAB)

Ireland Solidarity/People-Before-Profit Solidarity/People-Before-Profit (S/PBP)

Ireland The Greens The Greens (G)

Ireland Direct Democracy Ireland (DDI) Direct Democracy Ireland (DDI)

Ireland Renua Renua ®

Ireland Workers Party Workers Party (WP)

Ireland Social Democrats Social Democrats (SD)

Italy The League Lega (L)

Italy Five Star Movement Movimento Cinque Stelle (M5S)

Italy Forward Italy Forza Italia (FI)

Italy Brothers of Italy Fratelli d'Italia (FdI)

Italy Democratic Party Partito Democratico (PD)

Italy More Europe Più Europa (+E)

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Latvia "Harmony" Social Democratic Party "Saskaņa" sociāldemokrātiskā partija

Latvia Who Owns the State? KPV LV

Latvia New Conservative Party Jaunā konservatīvā partija (JKP)

Latvia Development/For! Attīstībai/Par! (A/P!)

Latvia

The National Alliance “All for Latvia” - “For Fatherland and Freedom/LNNK”

Nacionālā apvienība “Visu Latvijai!”-“Tēvzemei un Brīvībai/LNNK” (TB/LNNK)

Latvia The Union of Greens and Farmers Zaļo un Zemnieku Savienība (ZZS)

Latvia New Unity Jaunā vienotība (JV)

Latvia The Union of Latvia’s Russians Latvijas Krievu savienība (LKS) Latvia The Alliance of Latvia’s regions Latvijas Reģionu apvienība (LRA)

Latvia The Progressives Progresīvie

Lithuania

Homeland Union – Lithuanian Christian

Democrats Tėvynės sąjunga – Lietuvos krikščionys demokratai (TS-LKD)

Lithuania Lithuanian Peasant and Greens Union Lietuvos valstiečių ir žaliųjų sąjunga (LVŽS) Lithuania Lithuanian Social Democratic Party Lietuvos socialdemokratų partija (LSDP) Lithuania Order and Justice Party Partija Tvarka ir teisingumas (TT)

Lithuania Labour Party Darbo partija (DP)

Lithuania

Liberals Movement of the Republic of

Lithuania Lietuvos Respublikos liberalų sąjūdis (LRLS) Lithuania

Electoral Action of Poles in Lithuania - Union of Christian Families

Lietuvos lenkų rinkimų akcija - Krikščioniškų šeimų sąjunga (LLRA-KŠS)

Luxembourg Christian Social People's Party Chrëschtlech-Sozial Vollekspartei (CSV)

Luxembourg Democratic Party Demokratesch Partei (DP)

Luxembourg The Greens Déi Gréng

Luxembourg Alternative Democratic Reform Party Alternativ Demokratesch Reformpartei (ADR)

Luxembourg The Left Déi Lénk

Luxembourg Communist Party of Luxembourg Kommunistische Partei Luxemburgs (KPL) Luxembourg Pirate Party Luxembourg Piratepartei Lëtzebuerg

Luxembourg Volt Volt

Luxembourg The Conservatives Déi Konservativ

Luxembourg Luxembourg Socialist Workers' Party Lëtzebuerger Sozialistesch Aarbechterpartei (LSAP)

Malta Labour Party Partit Laburista (PL)

Malta Democratic Party Democratic Party

Malta Nationalist Party Partit Nazzjonalista (PN)

Netherlands 50Plus 50Plus

Netherlands Christian Democrats Christen Democratisch Appèl (CDA) Netherlands

Christian Union / Reformed Political

Party ChristenUnie (CU) / Staatkundig Gereformeerde Partij (SGP)

Netherlands D66 Democraten ‘66 (D66)

Netherlands DENK DENK

Netherlands Forum for Democracy Forum voor Democratie (FvD)

Netherlands Green Left GroenLinks (GL)

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Netherlands Animal Party Partij voor de Dieren (PvdD)

Netherlands Freedom Party Partij voor de Vrijheid (PVV)

Netherlands Socialist Party Socialistische Partij (SP) Netherlands

People's Party for Freedom and

Democracy Volkspartij voor Vrijheid en Democratie (VVD)

Poland Law and Justice Prawo i Sprawiedliwość (PiS)

Poland Civic Coalition Koalicja Obywatelska (KO)

Poland Spring Wiosna

Poland Kukiz’15 Kukiz’15

Poland

Confederation – Korwin Braun Liroy

Narodowcy Konfederacja – Korwin Braun Liroy Narodowcy

Poland The Left Together Lewica Razem

Portugal Social Democratic Party Partido Social-Democrata (PSD)

Portugal Socialist Party Partido Socialista (PS)

Portugal Left Bloc Bloco de Esquerda (BE)

Portugal People's Party CDS-Partido Popular (CDS-PP)

Portugal Unitary Democratic Coalition Coligação Democrática Unitária (CDU)

Portugal Earth Party Movimento Partido da Terra (MPT)

Portugal Democratic Republican Party Partido Democrático Republicano (PDR) Portugal People-Animals-Nature Pessoas, Animais, Natureza (PAN)

Portugal Alliance Aliança

Portugal Enough Chega

Portugal FREE Livre

Portugal Portuguese Workers' Communist Party Partido Comunista dos Trabalhadores Portugueses (PCTP-MRPP) Romania The Social Democratic Party Partidul Social Democrat (PSD)

Romania The National Liberal Party Partidul National Liberal (PNL)

Romania

Alliance 2002 USR-PLUS (Save Romania Union & Freedom, Unity and Solidarity Party)

Alianta 2020 USR-PLUS (Uniunea Salvati Romania & Partidul Libertate, Unitate și Solidaritate )

Romania

Party Alliance of Liberals and

Democrats Partidul Alianta Liberalilor Democrati (ALDE) Romania People's Movement Party Partidul Mișcarea Populară (PMP)

Romania

Democratic Alliance of Hungarians in

Romania Uniunea Democrată Maghiară din România (UDMR)

Romania Pro Romania Pro Romania

Slovakia Direction – Social Democracy SMER - sociálna demokracia (SMER-SD) Slovakia Freedom and Solidarity Sloboda a Solidarita (SaS)

Slovakia

Ordinary People and Independent

Personalities OBYČAJNÍ ĽUDIA a nezávislé osobnosti (OĽANO) Slovakia Slovak National Party Slovenská národná strana (SNS)

Slovakia Kotleba - People's Party Our Slovakia Kotleba - Ľudová strana Naše Slovensko (ĽSNS) Slovakia We Are Family - Boris Kollár SME RODINA - Boris Kollár (SME RODINA)

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Slovakia Christian Democratic Movement Kresťanskodemokratické hnutie (KDH)

Slovakia Party of Hungarian Community Strana maďarskej komunity - Magyar Közösség Pártja (SMK)

Slovakia

Coalition of Progressive Slovakia and Together – Civic Slovakia

Koalícia Progresívne Slovensko a SPOLU - občianska demokracia (PS a SPOLU)

Slovenia Slovenian Democratic Party Slovenska demokratska stranka (SDS) Slovenia Modern Centre Party Stranka modernega centra (SMC) Slovenia Slovenian National Party Slovenska nacionalna stranka (SNS) Slovenia Party of Alenka Bratušek Stranka Alenke Bratušek (SAB)

Slovenia Homeland League Domovinska liga (DOM)

Slovenia The Left Levica (L)

Slovenia

Democratic Party of Pensioners of

Slovenia Demokratična stranka upokojencev Slovenije (DeSUS) Slovenia Slovenian People’s Party Slovenska ljudska stranka (SLS)

Slovenia Good Country Dobra država (DD)

Slovenia Social Democrats Socialni demokrati (SD)

Slovenia List of Marjan Šarec Lista Marjana Šarca (LMŠ)

Slovenia

Let's connect (Pirate Party of Slovenia, Youth Party – European Greens, Solidarity Party, Worker's Party)

Povežimo.se (Piratska stranka Slovenije, Stranka mladih - Zeleni Evrope, Solidarnost – za pravično družbo, Delavska stranka)

Slovenia Unified Slovenia Movement Gibanje Zedinjena Slovenija (ZSi)

Slovenia New Slovenia - Christian Democrats Nova Slovenija - Krščanski demokrati (NSi) Slovenia Andrej Čuš and Greens of Slovenia Andrej Čuš in Zeleni Slovenije (ZS)

Spain Compromise for Europe Compromiso por Europa (CpE)

Spain Coalition for a Solidary Europe Coalición por una Europa Solidaria (CEUS)

Spain Socialist Party Partido Socialista Obrero Español (PSOE)

Spain Popular Party Partido Popular (PP)

Spain We Can Unidos Podemos Cambiar Europa (Ps)

Spain Citizens Ciudadanos (Cs)

Spain Now Republics Ahora Repúblicas (AR)

Spain Vox Vox (Vox)

Sweden The Social Democrats Socialdemokraterna (S)

Sweden The Moderates Moderaterna (M)

Sweden The Sweden Democrats Sverigedemokraterna (SD)

Sweden The Centre Party Centerpartiet (C)

Sweden The Left Party Vänsterpartiet (V)

Sweden The Christian democrats Kristdemokraterna (KD)

Sweden The Liberals Liberalerna (L)

Sweden The Green Party Miljöpartiet (MP)

Sweden Feminist Initiative Feministiskt Initiativ (FI)

UK Brexit Party Brexit Party

UK Change UK Change UK

UK Conservative Conservative

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UK Green Party Green Party

UK Labour Labour

UK Liberal Democrats Liberal Democrats

UK Plaid Cymru Plaid Cymru

UK Scottish Green Party Scottish Green Party

UK SDLP SDLP

UK SNP SNP

UK UKIP UKIP

UK Ulster Unionist Party Ulster Unionist Party

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Lorenzo Cicchi

Author contacts:

Lorenzo Cicchi

Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies, European University Institute Villa Schifanoia, Via Boccaccio 121

I-50133 Florence

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