Grapevine row orientation: a factor in microclimate, physiology, growth and yield

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V I T I C U L T U R E W I N E M A K I N GV I T I C U L T U R EN E W S

C A N O P Y M A N A G E M E N T

Grapevine row orientation: a factor in

microclimate, physiology, growth and yield

By Kobus Hunter1*_{, Cornelis Volschenk}1_{and Roberto Zorer}2

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

VINEYARD AND MEASUREMENTS

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1300 558 361 www.tuckaway.com.au

The TuckawayTM Staple

1_{Viticulture Division, ARC Infruitec-Nietvoorbij, Private Bag X5026, 7599 Stellenbosch, South Africa}

2_{Biodiversity and Molecular Ecology Department, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Via E. Mach 1, 38010 San Michele all’Adige, (TN), Italy} *_{Corresponding author: hunterk@arc.agric.za}

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V I T I C U L T U R E W I N E M A K I N GV I T I C U L T U R EN E W S C A N O P Y M A N A G E M E N T RESULTS !"#$%&'()&*+$*'#)&,! 8!%O"!!3!%P$4!"%Q'..!9%!@7!"$!2(!*% *!0$D'"$3%(#23$5#2*,% 8!%7"!D4`"'$*#2% 7!"$#3%+&"#0%R!7)!0A!"Hd()#A!"% )#%)8!%E"*)%8'.&%#&%e'26'"91%$*%;'"0% +0'@,%)!07!"')6"!%WXDb[_J1%'23%)8!% "$7!2$2-%7!"$#3%+&"#0%)8!%0$33.!% #&%e'26'"9%)#%)8!%!23%#&%C'"(81%$*% 8#)%+0'@,%)!07!"')6"!%fb[_J1,% 8!% '4!"'-!%0'("#%)!07!"')6"!%2#"0'..9% $2("!'*!*%&"#0%'77"#@$0')!.9%0$3D M!(!0A!"%+'"#623%7!'%A!""9%*$G!1%;8$.!% 0'@$060%)!07!"')6"!*%&"!<6!2).9% "!'(8%0#"!%)8'2%b[_J%&"#0%)8!"!%#2,% g$-8%)!07!"')6"!*%'"!%62&'4#6"'A.!% &#"%#750'.%78#)#*92)8!5(%'(54$)9% +W^Db[_J%623!"%E!.3%(#23$5#2*1%'23% )8!%*677.9%#&%7"!(6"*#"*%&#"%4'"$#6*% (#07#623*%'**#($')!3%;$)8%<6'.$)9% -"'7!%'23%;$2!%(#07#*$5#2,%h23!"% 8$-8%)!07!"')6"!*%+!*7!($'..9%fb^_J1/% )8!%"$*?%#&%#"-'2$(%'($3%"!*7$"'5#2/% 8$-8%7g%'23%7##"%(#.#6"%'23%I'4#6"% 3!4!.#70!2)%'23%0'$2)!2'2(!%$*%8$-8,% g$-8%78#)#*92)8!5(%'(54$)9%+*6("#*!% '4'$.'A$.$)9%&#"%)"'2*7#")%)#%-"'7!*1% 36"$2-%)8!%7"!D4`"'$*#2%7!"$#3%;#6.3% (#2)"$A6)!%)#%7"$0'"9%'23%*!(#23'"9% (#07#623%7##.*%7"!*!2)%$2%A!""$!*%')% )8!%*)'")%#&%"$7!2$2-/%;8!"!'*%$)%;#6.3% .'"-!.9%"!*)"$()%'%3!("!'*!%$2%#"-'2$(%'($3% '23%'2%$2("!'*!%$2%7g%36"$2-%"$7!2$2-,% -#%!.&+/()!0$*'#)&,!(&%/(*&%$1.( )#*+$*'#)&,! >2%.$2!%;$)8%0'("#(.$0')!/%'0A$!2)% +0!*#(.$0'5(1%78#)#*92)8!5(%'(54!% "'3$'5#2%+#2%)#7%#&%('2#7$!*1%;'*% 8$-8!*)%36"$2-%S#4!0A!"%)#%e'26'"9% +F$-6"!%W1,%R!'*#2'.%7'i!"2*%#&% 78#)#*92)8!5(%'(54!%"'3$'5#2%$2%A62(8% G#2!*%')%0$("#(.$0')!%.!4!.%*8#;!3% )8')%UVD#"$!2)')!3%"#;*%0'$2)'$2!3% 2#"3+!(45(6$)1'!,!('&.$3,(&%/(*'$0!731(8#!9( &,(,:!(,+!&,)!%,('!8!'($;(,:!(!<1!+#)!%,( &,( $=!+,0$%(><1!+#)!%,(2&+)($;(? 6( @%;+3#,!*7A#!,8$$+=#BC(D+!!/!( #8!+(-&''!.C( $=!+,0$%C(E$3,:(?;+#*&5 0 300 600 900 1200 1500 1800 0 100 200 300 400 00:00 06:00 12:00 18:00 00:00 P A R ou ts id e [µ mol m -2 s -1] P A R i n si d e can op y [ µ m ol m -2 s -1] Time of day [HH:mm]

Average October 2011/12/13 to March 2012/13/14

N-S E-W NE-SW NW-SE Outside

2#"3+!(F5(G#*+$(:$3+'.()!&%(1:$,$0.%,:!H*(&*H8!(+&/#&H$%($;(&(E:#+&IJ4K474L(G",(8#%!.&+/( 1'&%,!/(,$(;$3+(/#M!+!%,(+$9($+#!%,&H$%0(&,( $=!+,0$%(><1!+#)!%,(2&+)($;(? 6(@%;+3#,!*7 A#!,8$$+=#BC(E$3,:(?;+#*&5(

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Vineyard & Orchard Sweepers

(4)

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(5)

V I T I C U L T U R E W I N E M A K I N GV I T I C U L T U R EN E W S C A N O P Y M A N A G E M E N T ('2#79%*$3!,%J#2*$3!"$2-%)8!%*!'*#2'.% *62%7')8/%)8!%('2#79%3!2*$)9%#&%)8!% UV%#"$!2)')!3%"#;*%;#6.3%A!%("$5('.% 36"$2-%)8!%!25"!%*!'*#2%'23%*8#6.3% A!%;!..%0'2'-!3%$2%#"3!"%)#%&'4#6"% 78#)#*92)8!*$*%'23%#)8!"%4$5(6.)6"'..9% $07#")'2)%&'()#"*%+!,-,%A63%&!"5.$)9/% *8##)%.$-2$E('5#2%&#"%*76"%'23%('2!% 7"62$2-/%-"'7!%"$7!2$2-1,% N+$9,:(*:&+&*,!+#0H*0 ]"$0'"9%'23%*!(#23'"9%*8##)% (8'"'()!"$*5(*%*8#;!3%0$2#"%3$:!"!2(!*% A!);!!2%"#;%#"$!2)'5#2*%'23%('2#79% *$3!*,%]"$0'"9%*8##)%.!2-)8*%'23% 7"$0'"9%.!'&%'"!'a*!(#23'"9%.!'&%'"!'% "'5#*%'4!"'-!3%YY[DYW[(0%'23%[,Z[D [,k[(0/%"!*7!(54!.9/%$23$('52-%-##3% ('2#79%8!$-8)%'23%.!'&%'-!%(#07#*$5#2,% U'(8%7"$0'"9%*8##)%8'3%'77"#@$0')!.9% YY%7"$0'"9%.!'4!*%'23%2$2!%*!(#23'"9% *8##)*,%R$2(!%4$2!*%;!"!%)#77!3%7"!D 4`"'$*#2/%7"$0'"9%-"#;)8%;'*%(#2)"#..!3% '23%*!(#23'"9%*8##)%-"#;)8%*506.')!3% '*%'%(#07!2*'5#2%0!(8'2$*0%&#"% !@(!**%4$-#6",% 8!%*!(#23'"9%.!'&%'"!'% #&%)8!%7"$0'"9%*8##)*%#2%)8!%R%'23% RV%*$3!*%)!23!3%)#%A!%.#;!",% 8!%RV% ('2#79%*$3!%3$*7.'9!3%-!2!"'..9%.#;!"% 4'.6!*%&#"%0#*)%(8'"'()!"$*5(*,% 8!%UVD #"$!2)')!3%4$2!*%*8#;!3%'%8$-8!"%)#)'.% .!'&%'"!'H.!'&%0'**/%0'$2.9%'i"$A6)!3% )#%)8!%*$-2$E('2).9%8$-8!"%*!(#23'"9% .!'&%'"!'H.!'&%0'**,% 8!%SR%'23%UV% #"$!2)'5#2*%8'3%8$-8!"%('2!%0'**/%$,!,/% '2%'4!"'-!%#&%b,Z\%)#22!*H8'%4!"*6*% b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d4!"% )8!%7!"$#3%#&%$2("!'*$2-%-"'7!%"$7!2!**/% "'(8$*%0'**%+'4!"'-!%#&%'..%#"$!2)'5#2*% l%k,X-1%3!("!'*!3%A9%#2.9%^m/%;8!"!'*% A62(8%0'**%+'4!"'-!%#&%'..%#"$!2)'5#2*% l%Ykc-1%3!("!'*!3%A9%Y^m,%O!""9%0'**% ')%'77"#@$0')!.9%Wb_O/%W^_O%'23%WX_O% ;'*%Y,^Y-/%Y,bZ-%'23%Y,WX-/%"!*7!(54!.9,% 8!%A!""9%0'**%#&%)8!%UV%#"$!2)'5#2% ;'*/%"!*7!(54!.9/%^m/%Xm%'23%cm% 8$-8!"%)8'2%)8!%'4!"'-!%&#"%)8!%"!*)%#&% )8!%"#;%#"$!2)'5#2%)"!')0!2)*%')%)8!% 3$:!"!2)%"$7!2!**%.!4!.*,% 8!%UV%"#;% #"$!2)'5#2%+*#6)8%*$3!%$2%7'"5(6.'"1% "!*6.)!3%$2%(#2*$*)!2).9%8$-8!"%A!""9% 0'**%'23%4#.60!,%J'2#79%"'3$'5#2% 7"#E.!*%')%("$5('.%50!*%36"$2-%)8!%3'9% +'23%*!'*#21%;!"!%0#*)%.$?!.9%$07'(52-% &'()#"*%#2%A!""9%*$G!%'23%&#"%UV/%0#"!% &'4#6"'A.!%;8#.!%4$2!%;')!"%"!.'5#2% *)')6*%0'9%8'4!%A!!2%'%7"$0'"9%('6*'.% &'()#",% #)'.%.!'&%'"!'%+Y[DYW(0!"#$%resh

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(6)

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W H E R E C U T T I N G E D G E M E E T S S U S TA I N A B I L I T Y

• S AV E P R O D U C T I O N C O S T S B Y M U LT I -TA S K I N G

• Purpose designed MultiTool Frame with hydraulic side-shift. • 3 Frame Sizes: FLEX1, FLEX2-S and FLEX2-L from 1.35m to 4m • Convertible for front and/or rear mounting.

• German patented RH-S Roller Hoe available in various sized 2 / 3 / 4 / 5 and 6. • FH-70 Finger Weeder available in 2 different strength.

• Can be equipped with TWISTER bio-brush weeders, cane rakes and HDT mower heads. • Various available hydraulic implement adjustment options.

• RH-S and FH-70 do not require motors or fine-sensor technology.

MEET THE NEW FISCHER

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FLEX2

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2 Sometimes, faster is better @ 8km/h, recommended operating speed for RH3-s + FH-70

Watch it ononon

RSO CANE RAKES HDT-MOWER HEADS TWISTER 1 & 2

Available with FLEX-33 front plate mountable lifting device as alternative to

front linkage.

fischeraustralis.com.au

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Grapevine row orientation: a factor in microclimate, physiology, growth and yield