Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 6 | 1

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

Intermolecular Interaction Energy

(5)

(6)

Ionic Structures

(7)

A Typical Ionic Liquid Being Considered for Low- emission Manufacturing Processes, 1-methyl-3-

methylimidazolium (DMIM), is Shown in Two

Representations

(8)

A Density Potential Plot of the Second-

Period, p-block Hydrides Shows the Greater Polarity of NH ₃ , H ₂ 0,

and HF as Compared with CH ₄

(9)

The Strong Diapole of the OH Bond Results in a Strong Attraction of the Hydrogen End of a Water

Molecule for a Lone Pair on the Oxygen of

Another Water Molecule

(10)

The Positively Charged Sodium Ion

Interacts with the Excess Electron Density

Around the Oxygen Atom in Water

(11)

Surrounding a Negatively Charged Chloride Ion with Water Molecules Results in the Water

Molecules Orienting with the Hydrogen Atoms

Pointing Toward the Chloride Ion

(12)

The Temperature Range for the Liquid Form of H ₂ O is Much Larger than that for H ₂ S, H ₂ Se, or H ₂ Te, All of Which Have the

Same Bent Structure

(13)

(14)

(15)

The Boiling Points of Stable p-block Hydrides Show a Regular Variation Down a Group, with the Notable

Exceptions of NH ₃ , H ₂ O, and HF. These Three

Hydrides have Anomalously High Boiling Points

(16)

(17)

(18)

(19)

(20)

(21)

The Intermolecular Interaction of SO ₂ with Water is an Example of a Dipole -

Dipole Interaction

(22)

Two Representations of the Interaction Between SO ₂ and H ₂ O. (a) The Negative End of the Water Dipole is Attracted

to the Positive End of the Sulfur Dioxide Dipole. (b) The Large Electron Density on the Oxygen Atom of Water is Attracted to the Positively Charged Region Near the Sulfur

Atom of Sulfur Dioxide

(23)

Dipole-dipole Notation

(24)

(a) Like All Homonuclear Diatomic Molecules, N ₂ is Nonpolar.

(b) Bringing a Positive Test Charge Near the N ₂

Molecules Attracts the Negatively Charged Electrons and Repels the Positively Charged Cores. (c) Due to the Dynamic Nature of the Electron Cloud, Occasionally it will

be Shifted Slightly Relative to the Atomic Cores, Giving Rise to an Instantaneous Dipole. The Positive End of the

Dipole Attracts Electrons in the Neighboring Molecule

(25)

The Group IVA Hydrides Are All Nonpolar Molecules, Interacting Through Induced

Dipole Induced Dipole Forces

(26)

(27)

(28)

(29)

(30)

(31)

(32)

(33)

(34)

(35)

(36)

(37)

(38)

(39)

(40)

(41)

(42)

(43)

(44)

(45)

(46)

(47)

(48)

due atomi cristallo con molti atomi

banda di valenza banda di

conducibilità gap di banda

 ₁ +  ₂

 antilegante

 _legante

E

(49)

conduttori isolanti semiconduttori

(50)

(51)

(52)

(53)

(54)

(55)

(56)

(57)

(58)

(59)

(legame ionico 100 - 350 kJ/mol)

4 | 2

(60)

(61)

(62)

(63)

(64)

(65)

(66)

(67)

(68)

(69)

The Unit Cells for the Crystal Lattices of

Metallic Elements

(70)

The Crystal Structure of the Metallic Elements;

The Semimetals Si and Ge; and the Noble Gases

in their Low-temperature, Solid Form

(71)

A Collection of Spherical Objects Is Packed in (a) a Simple Square Array and

(b) a Close Pack Layer

(72)

In Hexagonal Packing, Cations in the Second Layer Sit in Triangular

Hollows of the First Layer

(73)

Comparison of Common Crystal Structures

(74)

The Melting Point of the Metallic Elements has a Regular Variation with Position in

the Periodic Table

(75)

Comparison of the Density of Metals in Periods 4, 5 and 6 of the Periodic Table Shows that the

Density Varies Periodically, with a Rise and Fall

Repeated in Each Period

(76)

The Flexibility of Five Common

Elemental Wires Varies Considerably

(77)

Bending a Wire Distorts the

Hexagonal Close Pack Layers

(78)

There Is a Correlation Between Stiffness and Melting Point in Wires Composed of

Five Common Metallic Elements

(79)

A Flag Pole Is Designed to Bend and

Flex in a Strong Wind

(80)

A Typical Stress-strain Plot

Sforzo=F/A Deformazione=deltal/l

₀

(81)

The Elastic Modulus for Transition Metals and Calcium First Increases and Then

Decreases Across the Fourth Period

Modulo elastico=sigma/epsilon

(82)

The Atomic-scale Result of Application of a Stretching Force. Bonds Along the Length are

Elongated, while Bonds Across the

Width are Compressed

(83)

The Energy of a Typical Bond

(84)

The Valence Electron Configuration of

Fourth-Metal Period

(85)

Plastic Distortion Occurs When the Strain Becomes too Great and the Atoms Shift,

Adopting New Neighbors

(86)

The Dark Line Represents the Variation in Energy as Two Rows of Atoms Slide over Each Other. In a Close

Pack Structure (a) the Variation Is Quite Smooth. In a Body-centered Cubic Structure (b), the Larger Spacing

Between Atoms Means that there Is a Larger Energy

Barrier to Get from One Position to the Next.

(87)

A Close Pack Plane (FCC or HCP)

and a BCC Lattice

(88)

Slip Planes of the BCC, FCC, and HCP

Crystal Lattices

(89)

A Line Defect in a Simple Cubic Lattice

(90)

It Takes a Great Deal of Effort to Pull All the Teeth of a Zipper Apart at Once, Pulling Apart a Pair of Teeth

at a Time Requires Much Less Effort

(91)

(a) A Single Missing Atom in an Otherwise Regular Array is an Example of a Kind of Pint Defect Called a Vacancy Defect. (b) A Row of Atoms Where the Regular

Crystalline Array Is Disrupted Is a Line Defect. (c ) An Area Where Two Crystalline Arrays Meet but are out of

Register with Each Other Is a Grain Boundary

(92)

Successive ”Snapshots" of a Line Defect

Rippling Through a Crystal Lattice

(93)

As the Defect Ripples Through the Solid Lattice, it is Difficult for It to Cross the Gap

at the Grain Boundary

(94)

Resistivity of First Transition Series Elements Decreases Smoothly from the Start of the Series

to the End, with the Notable Exception of Mn.

(95)

Resistivity Shows a General Decrease

Across All Three Transition Series

(96)

Resistivity of Transition Elements

(97)

(98)

Selected Alloys

(99)

Two Elements from a Substitutional Alloy over a Large Compositional Range if they are Similar in

Size, Crystal Structure, and Electronegativity

(100)

Copper-Nickel Solutions

(101)

The Cooling Rate Determines

the Morphology of the Solid Formed

(102)

(a) Two Unit Cells of the Iron Lattice are Shown with the Interstitial Site Indicated. (b) In steel,

Carbon Occupies Some of the Interstitial Sites.

(103)

Superplastic Steel Can Be Stretched to 11 times its Original Length Without Cracking or Breaking. A Piece Originally 1 in. Long, Can Be Pulled at 900 degrees C to