• Non ci sono risultati.

IBLIOGRAFIA 7. B .

N/A
N/A
Protected

Academic year: 2021

Condividi "IBLIOGRAFIA 7. B ."

Copied!
19
0
0

Testo completo

(1)

!

""#!

7. B

IBLIOGRAFIA

.

!

1. Abad F.X., Pinto R.M., Bosch A. 1997. Disinfection of human enteric viruses on fomites. FEMS Microbiol. Lett.; 156: 107-111.

2. Abarca K., Ibanez I., de la Fuente P., Cerda L., Bergeret J., Frosner G., Ibarra H. 2011. Immunogenicity and tolerability of a paediatric presentation of a virosomal hepatitis A vaccine in Chilean children aged 1-16 years. Vaccine; 29: 8855-8862.

3. Ahmad K. 2002. Norwalk-like virus attacks troops in Afghanistan. Lancet Infect. Dis.; 2: 391.

4. Akriviadis E.A., Redeker A.G. 1989. Fulminant hepatitis A in intravenous drug users with chronic liver disease. Ann. Intern. Med.; 110: 838 – 839.

5. Appleton H. 2000. Control of food-borne viruses. British Medical Bulletin; 56: 172–184.

6. Arankalle V.A., Ramakrishnan J. 2009. Simian hepatitis A virus derived from a captive rhesus monkey in India is similar to the strain isolated from wild African green monkeys in Kenya. J. Viral. Hepat.; 16: 214-8.

7. Asanaka M., Atmar L., Ruvolo V., Crawford S.E., Neil F.H., Estes M.K. 2005. Replication and packaging of Norwalk virus RNA in cultered mammalian cells. PNAS; 102 (29): 10327-10332.

8. Atmar R.L., Metcalf T.G. Neill F.H., Estes M.K. 1993. Detection of enteric virus in oyster by using Polymerase Chain Reaction. Applied and Eniromental Microbiology; 59 (2): 631-635.

9. Atmar R.L., Neill F.H., Romalde J.L., Le Guyader F., Woodley C.M., Metcalf T.G., Estes M.K. 1995. Detection of Norwalk virus and hepatitis A virus in shellfish tissues with the PCR. Appl. Environ. Microbiol.; 61: 3014-3018. 10. Baert L., Vandekinderen I., Devlieghere F., Van Coillie E., Debevere J.,

Uyttendaele M. 2009. Efficacy of sodium hypochlorite and peroxyacetic acid to reduce murine norovirus 1, B40-8, Listeria monocytogenes, and Escherichia coli O157:H7 on shredded iceberg lettuce and in residual wash water. J. Food. Prot.; 72(5): 1047-54.

(2)

!

""#! homosexual males a risk group for hepatitis A infection in intermediate endemicity areas? Epidemiol. Infect.; 117: 145–148.

12. Barzaga B.N. 2000. Hepatitis A shifting epidemiology in South-East Asia and China. Vaccine; 18 (Suppl 1): S61-4.

13. Berke T., Matson D.O. 2000. Reclassification of the Caliciviridae into distinct genera and exclusion of hepatitis E virus from the family on the basis of comparative phylogenetic analysis. Arch. Virol.; 145: 1421-1436.

14. Blacklow N.R., Echeverria P., Smith D.H. 1976. Serological studies with reovirus-like enteritis agent. Infect Immun.; 13(6): 1563–1566.

15. Blacklow N.R., Hoggan M.D., Sereno M.S., Brandt C.D., Kim H.W., Parrott R.H., Chanock R.M. 1971. A seroepidemiologic study of adenovirus-associated virus infection in infants and children. Amer. J. Epidemiol.; 94: 359–366.

16. Bon F., Ambert-Balay K., Giraudon H., Kaplon J., Le Guyader S., Pommepuy M., Gallay A., Vaillant V., de Valk H., Chikhi-Brachet R., Flahaut A., Pothier P., Kholi E. 2005. Molecular epidemiology of caliciviruses detected in sporadic and outbreak cases of gastroenteritis in France from December 1998 to February 2004. Journal of Clinical Microbiology; 43 (9): 4659-4664.

17. Bower W.A., Nainan O.V., Han X., Margolis H.S. 2000. Duration of viremia in hepatitis A virus infection. J. Infect. Dis.; 182: 12–17.

18. Brundage S.C., Fitzpatrick A.N. 2006. Hepatitis A. Am. Fam. Physician; 73: 2162-8.

19. Bull R.A., Tu E.T.V., McIver C.J., Rawlinson W.D., White P.A. 2006. Emergence of a new Norovirus Genotype II.4 variant associated with global outbreaks of gastroenteritis. Journal of Clinical Microbiology; 44 (2): 327-333. 20. Carducci A., Muscillo M., Cantiani L., Vigetti M., Zucchini A., La Rosa G.,

Marianelli C. 1996. Monitoraggio virologico delle acque del Mar adriatico (provincia di Pesaro) in relazione agli indici batterici di balneazione. Atti seduta Scientifica S. It. Sez. Toscana, Firenze, 15 novembre 1996, 39-44.

21. Castilho J.G., Munford V., Resque H.R., Fagundes-Neto U., Vinjé J., Racz M.L. 2006. Genetic diversity of Norovirus among children and gastroenteritis in São Paulo State, Brazil. Journal of Clinical Microbiology; 44 (11): 3947-3953.

(3)

!

""#! 22. Caul E.O. 1996. Viral gastroenteritis: small round structured virus,

calicivirus and astrocvirues. Part I. The clinical and diagnostic perpective. J. Clinical Pathology; 49: 847-880.

23. CDC. 2002. Global epidemiology of hepatitis A: implications for control strategies.

http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/diseases/hepatitis/a/global_hepA_epi.pdf

24. CDC. National Center for Infectious Disease: Viral Hepatitis. http://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis/index.htm

25. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 1999. Prevention of hepatitis A through active or passive immunization: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep.; 48 (RR-12): 1-37.

26. Chironna M., Germinario C., De Medici D., Fiore A., Di Pasquale S., Quarto M., Barbuti S. 2002. Detection of hepatitis A virus in mussels from different sources marketed in Puglia region (South Italy). Int. J. Food. Microbiol.; 75: 11- 8.

27. Chomczynski P. 1993. A reagent for the single-step simultaneous isolation of RNA, DNA and proteins from cell and tissue samples. BioTechniques; 15: 532-537.

28. Ciocca M. 2000. "Clinical course and consequences of hepatitis A infection". Vaccine; 18: 71–4.

29. Clarke I.N., Lambden P.R. 2001. The molecular biology of human caliciviruses. Novartis Found. Symp.; 238: 180-91.

30. Cliver D.O. 1997. Virus transmission via food. World Health Stat. Q.; 50: 90–101.

31. Codex Committee on Food Hygiene. 1999. Discussion paper on viruses in food. Roma. FAO - Codex Alimentarius Commission. (CX/FH 99/11).

32. Cohen J.I., Rosenblum B., Feinstone S.M., Ticehurst J., Purcell R.H. 1989. Attenuation and cell culture adaptation of hepatitis A virus (HAV): a genetic analysis with HAV cDNA. J. Virol.; 63: 5364-5370.

33. Constantini V., Loisy L., Le Guyader F.S., Saif L.J. 2006. Human and animal enteric caliciviruses in oysters from different coastal regions of United States. Applied and Environmental Microbiology; 72 (3): 1800:1809.

(4)

!

""#! Colina R., Garcia L., Vega I., Glikman G., Romanowsky V., Castello A., Nicand E., Gassin M., Billaudel S., Ferre V. 2002. Molecular evolution of hepatitis A virus: a new classification based on the complete VP1 protein. J. Virol.; 76 (18): 9516-25.

35. Costa-Mattioli M., Di Napoli A., Ferre V., Billaudel S., Perez-Bercoff R., Cristina J. 2003. Genetic variability of hepatitis A virus. J. Gen. Virol.; 84: 3191-201.

36. Costa-Mattioli M., Di Napoli A., Ferreʼ V., Billaudel S., Perez- Bercoff R., Cristina J. 2003. Genetic variability of hepatitis A virus. J. Gen. Virol.; 84: 3191–3201.

37. Costafreda M.I., Bosch A., Pinto R.M. 2006. Development, evaluation, and standardization of a real-time TaqMan reverse transcription-PCR assay for quantification of hepatitis A virus in clinical and shellfish samples. Appl. Environ. Microbiol.; 72: 3846-3855.

38. Costantini V., Loisy L., Le Guyader F.S., Saif L.J. 2006. Human and animal enteric caliciviruses in oysters from different coastal regions of United States. Applied and Environmental Microbiology; 72 (3): 1800-1809.

39. Cox C., Cao S., Lu Y. 2009. Enhanced detection and study of murine norovirus-1 using a more efficient microglial cell line. Virol. J.; 6: 196.

40. Croci L., Toti L., De Medici D. Ricerca degli enterovirus nei molluschi in L. Orefice, Aggiornamenti su alcuni argomenti di microbiologia degli alimenti. Rapporto Istisan 92/36 pag 13-22.

41. Cuthbert J.A. 2001. Hepatitis A: old and new.Clin. Microbiol. Rev.; 14: 38-58.

42. da Silva A.K., Le Saux J.-C., Parnaudeau S., Pommepuy M., Elimelech M., Le Guyader F.S. 2007. Evaluation of removal of Norovirus during wastewater treatment, using Real-time Reverse Transcription – PCR: Different behaviors of Genogroups I and II. Applied and Environmental Microbiology; 73 (24): 7891-7897.

43. Daemer R.J., Feinstone S.M., Gust I.D., Purcell R.H. 1981. Propagation of human hepatitis A virus in African green monkey kidney cell culture: primary isolation and serial passage. Infect. Immun.; 32: 388-393.

44. David A.M. 2004. The Steering Committee for Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases Hepatitis A outbreaks: methods of intervention in South-East Asian countries. Int. J. Infect. Dis.; 8 (4): 201 – 209.

(5)

!

"#$! 45. de Bruin E., Duizer E., Vennema H., Koopmans M.P. 2006. Diagnosis of

Norovirus outbreaks by commercial ELISA or RT- PCR. J. Virol. Methods; 137 (2): 259–264.

46. De Leon R., Matsui S.M., Baric R.S., Herrmann J.E., Blacklow N.R., Greenberg H.B., Sobbey M.D. 1992. Detection of Norwalk virus in stool specinems by Reverse Trascritase-Polymerase Chain Reaction and onradioactive oligoprobes. Journal of Clinical Microbiolgy; 30 (12): 3151-3157. 47. De Medici D., Paniconi M. Virus trasmessi con i prodotti ittici in B. Pasolini,

E Alessi e D. De Medici, Workshop di aggiornamento su problematiche emergenti nel settore dei prodotti ittici, Rapporto Istisan 05/24 pag 65-72. 48. de Paula V.S., Villar L.M., Gaspar A.M.C. 2003. Comparison of four

extraction methods to detect hepatitis A virus RNA in serum and stool samples. Braz. J. Infect. Dis.; 7: 135-141.

49. Delem A.D. 1992. Comparison of modified HAVAB and ELISA for determination of vaccine-induced anti-HAV response. Biologicals; 20: 289-291.

50. Di Pasquale S., Paniconi, M., Auricchio, B., Orefice, L., Schultz, A.C. and De Medici D. 2010. Duplex real time PCR for the detection of hepatitis A virus in shellfish using Feline Calicivirus as a process control. J. Virol. Meth.; 163: 96–100.

51. Di Pinto A., Forte V.T., Tantillo G.M., Terio V., Buonavoglia C. 2003. Detection of hepatitis A virus in shellfish (Mytilus galloprovincialis) with RT-PCR. J. Food Prot.; 66: 1681–1685.

52. Dignani M.C., Miceli M.H., Rosa C.M., Gatica J., Martinez-Rolon J., Pizzolato M. 2003. Loss of hepatitis A virus (HAV) antibodies after peripheral stem cell transplantation (PSCT). Bone Marrow Transplant.; 31: 809-812. 53. Dolin R., Levy A.G., Wyatt R.G., Thornhill T.S., Gardner J.D. 1975. Viral

gastroenteritis induced by the Hawaii agent. Jejunal histopathology and serologic response. Am. J. Med.; 59: 761–768.

54. Dowd S.E., Pillai S.D., Wang S.Y., Corapcioglu M.Y. 1998. Delineating the specific influence of virus iso-electric point and size on virus adsorption and transport through sandy soils. Appl. Environ. Microbiol.; 64 (2): 405-410.

55. Duizer E., Bijkerk P., Rockx B., de Groot A., Twisk F., Koopmans M. 2004. Inactivation of caliciviruses. Applied and Environmental Microbiology; 70: 4538-4543.

(6)

!

"#"! 56. Duizer E., Schwab K.J., Neill F.H., Atmar, R.L., Koopmans, M.P., Estes,

M.K. 2004. Laboratory efforts to cultivate Noroviruses. J. Gen. Virol.; 85 (Pt 1): 79-87.

57. Durkop J. 1992. Virus. contamination of Surface, Water Trends in Microbial Ecology Proceeding of the Sixth International Symposium on Microbial Ecology Barcelona, 6-11.

58. eMedicineHealth. 2007. "Hepatitis A Symptoms". 2007-05-17. Retrieved 2007-05-18.

http://www.emedicinehealt.com/hepatitis_a/page3_em.htm#Hepatitis A Symptoms

59. Emerson S.U., Huang Y.K., Nguyen H., Brockington A., Govindarajan S., Claire M.S., Shapiro M., Purcell R.H. 2002. Identification of VP1/2A and 2C as virulence genes of hepatitis A virus and demonstration of genetic instability of 2C. J. Virol.; 76: 8551-8559.

60. Emerson S.U., Huang Y.K., Purcell R.H. 1993. 2B and 2C mutations are essential but mutations throughout the genome of HAV contribute to adaptation to cell culture. Virology; 194: 475-480.

61. Emerson S.U., Tsarev S.A., Purcell R.H. 1991. Biological and molecular comparisons of human (HM-175) and simian (AGM-27) hepatitis A viruses. J. Hepatol.; 13 (Suppl. 4): S144-S145.

62. Enriquez C.E., Hurst C.J., Gerba C.P. 1995. Survival of the enteric adenoviruses 40 and 41 in tap, sea, and waste water. Water Research; 29: 2548–2553.

63. Feachem R.G., Bradley D.J., Garelick H., Mara D.D. 1983. Sanitation and disease: health aspects of excreta and wastewater managment. John Wiley and sons Inc.New York, N.Y.

64. Feinstone S.M., Daemer R.J., Gust I.D., Purcell R.H. 1983. Live attenuated vaccine for hepatitis A. Dev. Biol. Stand.; 54: 429-432.

65. Feinstone S.M., Kapikian A.Z., Purcell R.H. 1973. Hepatitis A: detection by immune electron microscopy of a virus-like antigen associated with acute illness. Science; 182: 1026.

66. Fiore A.E., Wasley A., Bell B.P. 2006. Prevention of hepatitis A through active or passive immunization: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). Advisory Committee on Immunization

(7)

!

"##! Practices (ACIP). MMWR Recomm Rep. 2006; 55(RR-7): 1 – 23.

67. Fleet G.H., Heiskanen P., Reid I. and Buckle K. A. 2000. Food- borne viral illness—status in Australia. Int. J. Food Microbiol.; 59: 127–136.

68. Flehmig B. 1980. Hepatitis A-virus in cell culture. I. Propagation of different hepatitis A-virus isolates in a fetal rhesus monkey kidney cell line (FrhK-4). Med. Microbiol. Immunol.; 168: 239-248.

69. Francki R.I.B., Fauquet C.M., Knudson D.L., Brown F. 1991. Classification and nomenclature of viruses. Fifth report of the International Committee on taxonomy of viruses. Arch. Virol. Suppl.; 2: 320-326.

70. Funkhouser A.W., Purcell R.H., D'Hondt E., Emerson S.U. 1994. Attenuated hepatitis A virus: genetic determinants of adaptation to growth in MRC-5 cells.J. Virol.; 68: 148-157.

71. Gary P.R. 1988. Microbial purification of shellfish, a review of depuration and relaying. J. Food Prot.; 51: 218-251.

72. Gauss-Muller V., Deinhar F. 1984. Effect of hepatitis A virus infection on cell metabolism in vitro. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med.; 175: 10-15.

73. Gerba C.P. 2000. Assessment of enteric pathogen shedding durino recreational activities and its impact on water quality. Quant. Microbiol.; 2: 55-68.

74. Germinario C., Lopalco P.L., Chirona M., Da Villa G., Chicanna M. 2000. From hepatitis B to hepatitis A and B prevention: the Puglia (Italy) experience. Vaccine; 18 (Suppl. 1): S83–S85.

75. Gilgen M., Germann D., Luthy J., Hubner P. 1997. Three-step isola- tion method for sensitive detection of enterovirus, rotavirus, hepatitis A virus, and small round structured viruses in water samples. Int. J. Food Microbiol.; 37: 189–199.

76. Glantz S.A. 2003. Statistica per discipline biomediche. McGraw-Hill Companies.

77. Glikson M., Galun E., Oren R., Tur-Kaspa R., Shouval D. 1992. Relapsing hepatitis A: review of 14 cases and literature survey. Medicine (Baltimore); 71: 14–23.

(8)

!

"#$! 78. Green K.Y., Ando T., Balayan M.S., Berke T., Clarke I.N., Estes M.K.,

Matson D.O., Nakata S., Neill J.D., Studdert M.J., Thiel H.J. 2000. Taxonomy of the Caliciviruses. J. Infect. Dis.; 181 (2): 322-330

79. Green K.Y., Chanock R.M., Kapikian A.Z. 2001 Human Caliciviruses. 841 - 874. In: Knipe DM, Howley PM Fields Virology. Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, Philadelphia Pa. In http://pathport.vbi.vt.edu/pathinfo/pathogens/Norwalk.html 80. Gregory J.B., Webster L.F., Griffith J.F., Stewart J.R. 2011. Improved

detection and quantification of norovirus from water. J. Virol. Methods; 172: 1-2.

81. Gulati B.R., Allwood P.B., Hedberg C.W., Goyal S.M. 2001. Efficacy of commonly used disinfectants for the inactivation of calicivirus on strawberry, lettuce, and a food-contact surface. Journal of Food Protection; 64: 1430-1434. 82. Hadler S.C., Webster H.M., Erben J.J., Swanson J.E., Maynard J.E. 1980.

Hepatitis A in day-care centers: a community-wide assessment. N. Engl. J. Med.; 302: 1222-1227.

83. Hansman G.S., Oka T., Katayama K., Takeda N. 2007. Human sapoviruses: genetic diversity, recombination and classification. Rev. Med. Virol.; 17: 133- 41.

84. Hewitt J., Bell D., Simmons G.C., Rivera-Aban M., Wolf S., Greening G.E. 2007. Gastroenteritis outbreak caused by waterborn norovirus at a New Zealand Ski Resort. Applied and Environmental microbiology; 73 (24): 7853-7857.

85. Hollinger F.B., Emerson S.U. 2001. Hepatitis A virus, p. 799-840. In D. M. Knipe and P. M. Howley (ed.), Fields virology , 4th ed. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, New York, N.Y.

86. HPA. 2009. Guidance for the Prevention and Control of Hepatitis A Infection.

http://www.hpa.org.uk/webc/HPAwebFile/HPAweb_C/1259152095231

87. Huang S.N., Lorenz D., Gerety R.J. 1979. Electron and immunoelectron microscopic study on liver tissues of marmosets infected with hepatitis A virus. Lab. Investig.; 41: 63-71.

88. Hutin Y.J., Pool V., Cramer E.H., Nainan O.V., Weth J., Williams I.T., Goldstein S T., Gensheimer K.F., Bell B.P., Shapiro C.N., Alter M.J., Margolis H.S. 1999. A multistate, foodborne outbreak of hepatitis A.N. Engl. J. Med.; 340: 595-602.

(9)

!

"#$! 89. Ike A.C., Brockmann S.O., Hartelt K., Marschang R.E., Contzen M.,

Oehme R.M. 2006. Molecular epidemiology of Norovirus in outbreaks of gastroenteritis in Southwest Germany from 2001 to 2004. Journal of Clinical Microbiology; 44 (4): 1262-1267.

90. Iturriza-Gòmara M., Xerry J., Gallimore C.I., Dockery C., Gray J. 2008. Evaluation of the Loopamp (loop-mediated isothermal amplification) kit for detection Norovirus RNA in faecal samples. Journal Clinical Virology; 42 (4): 389-393.

91. Jiang X., Estes M.K., Metcalf T.G. 1987. Detection of hepatitis A virus by hybridization with single-stranded RNA probes. Appl. Environ. Microbiol.; 53: 2487-2495.

92. Jindal M., Rana S.S., Gupta R.K., Das K., Kar P. 2002. Serological study of hepatitis A virus infection amongst the students of a medical college in Delhi and evaluation of the need of vaccination. Indian J. Med. Res.; 115: 1-4.

93. Jothikumar N., Cliver D.O., Mariam T.W. 1998. Immunomagnetic captures PCR for rapid concentration and detection of hepatitis A virus from environmental samples.Appl. Environ. Microbiol.; 64: 504-508.

94. Jothikumar N., Lowther J., Henshilwood K., Lees D.N., Hill V.R., Vinjé J. 2005. Rapid and sensitive detection of Norovirus by using Taqman-based one-step Reverse Trascription-PCR assay and application to naturally contaminated shellfish samples. Applied and Environmental Microbiology; 71 (4): 1870-1875.

95. Kageyama T., Kojima S., Shinohara M., Uchida K., Fukushi S., Hoshino F.B., Takeda N., Katayama K. 2003. Broadly reactive and highly sentive assay for Norwalk-like viruses based on Real-Time Quantitative Reverse Trascription-PCR. Journal of Clinical Microbiology; 41 (4): 1548-1557.

96. Kageyama T., Shinohara M., Uchida K., Fukushi S., Hoshino F.B., Kojima S., Takai R., Oka T., Takeda N., Katamaya K. 2004. Coexistence of multiple genotypes, including newly identified genotypes, in outbreaks of gastroenteritis due to Norovirus in Japan. Journal of Clinical Microbiology; 42 (7): 2988-2995. 97. Kapikian A.Z., Wyatt R.G., Dolin R. 1972. Visualization by immune

electron microscopy of a 27-nm particle associated with acute infectious nonbacterial gastroenteritis. J. Virol.; 10 (5): 1075–81.

98. Kaplan J.E., Feldman R., Campbell D.S., Lookabaugh C., Gary G.W. 1982. The frequency of a Norwalk-like pattern of illness in outbreaks of acute gastroenteritis. Am. J. Publ. Health; 72: 1329-1332.

(10)

!

"#$! 99. Karst S.M. 2010. Pathogenesis of noroviruses, emerging RNA viruses.

Viruses; 2: 748–781.

100. Karst S.M., Wobus C.E., Lay M., Davidson J., Virgin I.V., H.W. 2003. STAT1-dependent innate immunity to a Norwalk-like virus. Science; 299: 1575 – 1578.

101. Katayama K., Shirato-Horikoshi H., Kojima S., Kageyama T., Oka T., Hoshino F.B., Fukushi S., Shinohara M., Uchida K., Suzuki Y., Gojobori T., Takeda N. 2002. Phylogenetic analysis of the complete genome of 18 Norwalk-like viruses. Virology; 299(2): 225–239.

102. Kingsley D.H., Richards G.P. 2001. Rapid and efficient extraction method for reverse transcription-PCR detection of hepatitis A and Norwalk-like viruses in shellfish. Appl. Environ. Microbiol.; 67: 4152-4157.

103. Koff R.S. 1998. Hepatitis A. Lancet. 341 (9116): 1643 -1649.

104. Koopmans M., Duizer E. 2004. Foodborne viruses: an emerging problem. Intern. J. Food Microbiol.; 90: 23-41.

105. Koopmans M., von Bonsdorff C.H., Vinje J., De Medici D., Monroe S. 2002. Foodborne viruses. FEMS Microbiol Rev.; 26 (2): 187-205.

106. La Rosa G., Fontana S., Di Grazia A., Iaconelli M., Pourshaban M., Muscillo M. 2007. Molecular identification and genetic analysis of Norovirus genogroups I and II in water enviroments: comparative analysis of different reverse transcription –PCR Assays. Applied and Environmental Microbiology; 73 (13): 4152-4161.

107. Lambden P.R. Caul E.O., Ashley C.R., Clarke I.N. 1993. Sequence and genome organization of human small round-structured (Norwalk-like) virus. Science; 259 (5094): 516-519.

108. Le Guyader F.S., Bon F., De Medici D., Parnaudeau S., Bertone A., Crudeli S., Doyle A., Zidane M., Suffredini E., Kholi E., Maddalo F., Monini M., Pommepuy M., Pothier P., Ruggeri M. 20006b. Detection of multiple noroviruses associated with an international gastroenteritis outbreak linked to oyster consumption. Journal of Clinical Microbiology; 44 (11): 3878-3882. 109. Le Guyader F.S., Loisy F., Atmar R.L., Hutson A.M., Estes M.K.,

Ruvoën-Clouet N., Pommepuy M., Le pendu J. 2006a. Norwalk virus-specific binding to oyster digestive tissues. Emerging Infection Disease; 12 (6): 931-936.

110. Leclerc H., Schwartzbrod L., Dei-Cas E. 2002. Microbial agents associated with waterborne diseases. Crit. Rev. Microbiol.; 28 (4): 371-409.

(11)

!

"#$! 111. Lee B.Y., Wettstein Z.S., McGlone S.M. 2011. Economic value of

norovirus outbreak controlmeasures in healthcare settings. Clin. Microbiol. Infect.; 17 (4): 640–646.

112. Lee D., Cho Y.A., Park Y., Hwang J.H., Kim J.W., Kim N.Y., Lee D.H., Lee W. 2008. Hepatitis A in Korea: epidemiological shift and call for vaccine strategy. Intervirology; 51: 70-74.

113. Lee D.H., Prince A.M. 2001. Automation of nucleic acid extraction for NAT screening of individual blood units. Transfusion; 41: 483-487.

114. Lemon S.M. 1993. Immunologic approaches to assessing the response to inactivated hepatitis A vaccine. J. Hepatol.; 18 (Suppl 2): S15-S19.

115. Lemon S.M. 1997. Type A viral hepatitis: epidemiology, diagnosis, and prevention. Clinical Chemistry; 8 (B): 1494±9.

116. Lemon S.M., Binn L.N., Marchwicki R.H. 1983. Radioimmunofocus assay for quantitation of hepatitis A virus in cell cultures. J. Clin. Microbiol.; 17: 834-839.

117. Leuenberger S., Widdowson M.C., Feilchenfieldt, J., Egger R., Streuli R. 2007. Norovirus outbreak in a district general hospital – new strain identified. Swiss Med. Wkly; 137: 57-61.

118. Li J.W., Zhong T.X., Xin W.W., Jin L.Z., Fu H.C. 2004. Mecha- nisms of inactivation of hepatitis A virus in water by chlorine dioxide. Water Res.; 38: 1514–1519.

119. Lodder W.J., Husman A.M. 2004. Presence of Norovirus and other enteric Viruses in sewage and surface waters in the Netherlands. Applied and Enviromental Microbiology; 71 (3): 1453-1461.

120. Loisy, F., Atmar, R.L., Guillon, P., Le Cann P., Pommepuy M., Le Guyader, F.S. 2005. Real-time RT-PCR for norovirus screening in shellfish. J. Virol. Methods; 123 (1): 1–7.

121. Lopman A.B., Gallimore C., Gray J.J. Vipod I.B., Andrews N., Sarangi J., Reacher M.H., Brown D.W. 2006. Linking healthcare associated norovirus outbreaks: a molecular epidemiologic method for investigating transmission. BMC Infection Diseases; 6 (108): 1-11.

122. Lopman B., Zambon M., Brown D.W. 2008. The evolution Norovirus, the “Gastric flu”. Plos Medicine; 5 (2): 187-189.

(12)

!

"#$! 123. Macori G. Applicazione e importanza delle Biotecnologie nel campo della

sicurezza alimentare: un approccio molecolare alla ricerca di Norovirus GGI e GGII. Sviluppo e applicazione della Real Time RT-PCR. Università di Roma. Anno Accademico 2009-2010.

124. Margolis H.S., Nainan O.V., Krawczynski K., Bradley D.W., Ebert J.W., Spelbring J., Fields H.A., Maynard J.E. 1988. Appearance of immune complexes during experimental hepatitis A infection in chimpanzees. J. Med. Virol.; 26: 315-326.

125. Martella V., Lorusso E., Decaro N., Elia G., Radogna A., DʼAbramo M., Desario C., Cavalli A., Corrente M., Camero M., Germinario C.A., Bànyai K., Di Martino B., Marsillo F., Carmicheal L.E., Buonavoglia C. 2008. Detection and molecular characterization of a canine norovirus. Emerging Infectious Diseases.; 14 (8): 1306-1308.

126. Matsui S.M., Kim J.P., Greenberg H.B., Su W., Sun Q., Johnson P.C., DuPont H.L., Oshiro L., Reyes G.R. 1991. The isolation and characterization of a Norwalk virus-specific cDNA. J. Clin. Invest.; 87: 1456-1461.

127. Mayer C.A., Neilson A.A. 2010. Hepatitis A - prevention in travellers. Aust Fam. Physician; 39 (12): 924-8.

128. Mbithi J.N., Springthorpe S., Sattar S.A. 1991. Effect of relative humidity and air temperature on survival of hepatitis A virus on environmental surfaces. Appl. Environ. Microbiol.; 57: 1334-1399.

129. Moe C.L., Sair A., Lindesmith L., Estes M.K., Jaykus L.A. 2004. Diagnosis of Norwalk Virus Infection by Indirect Enzyme Immunoassay Detection of Salivary Antibodies to Recombinant Norwalk Virus Antigen. Clinical and Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology; 11 (6): 1028–1034.

130. Morace G. Virus dellʼEpatite A: aspetti clinici e molecolari in L.Croci e D. De Medici Epatite A trasmessa con gli alimenti. Rapporti Istisan 00/2, pag.13-23.

131. Moreno-Espinosa S., Farkas T., Jiang X. 2004. Human caliciviruses and pediatric gastroenteritis. Semin. Pediatr. Infect Dis.; 15(4): 237-245.

132. Moritsugu Y., Dienstag J.L., Valdesuso J., Wong D.C., Wagner J., Routenberg J.A.,, Purcell R.H. 1976. Purification of hepatitis A antigen from feces and detection of antigen and antibody by immune adherence hemagglutination. Infect. Immun.; 13: 898-908.

(13)

!

"#$! A. 1995. Food technologies and public health. Geneva: Food Safety Unit Division of Food and Nutrition, World Health Organization; (WHO/FNU/FOS/95.12; Food Safety Issues).

134. Myrmel M., Berg E.M., Rimstad E., Grinde B. 2004. Detection of enteric viruses in shelfish from the Norwegian coast. Applied and Environmental Microbiology; 70 (5): 2678-2684.

135. Nainan O.V., Armstrong G.L., Han X., Williams I.T., Bell B.P., Margolis H.S. 2005. Hepatitis A molecular epidemiology in the United States, 1996-1997: sources of infection and implications of vaccination policy. J. Infect. Dis.; 191: 957-963.

136. Nainan O.V., Cromeans T.L., Margolis H.S. 1996. Sequence-specific, single-primer amplification and detection of PCR products for identification of hepatitis viruses. J. Virol. Methods; 61: 127-134.

137. Nainan O.V., Margolis H.S., Robertson B.H., Balayan M., Brinton M.A. 1991. Sequence analysis of a new hepatitis A virus naturally infecting cynomolgus macaques (Macacafascicularis). J. Gen. Virol.; 72: 1685-1689. 138. Nainan O.V., Xia G., Vaughan G., Margolis H.S. 2006. Diagnosis of

hepatitis A virus infection: a molecular approach. Clin. Microbiol. Rev.; 19: 63– 79.

139. Nenonen, N.P., Hannoun C., M. Olsson B., Bergstrom T. 2009. Molecular analysis of an oyster-related norovirus outbreak. J. Clin. Virol.; 45: 105-108. 140. Neonen N.P., Hannoun C., Horal P., Hernroth B., Bergström T. 2008.

Tracing of Norovirus outbreak strains in mussels collected near sewage effluents. Applied and Environmental Microbiology; 74 (8): 2544-2549.

141. Nishida T., Kimura H., Saitoh M., Shinohara M., Kato M., Fukuda S., Munemura T., Mikami T., Kawamoto A., Akima M., Kato Y., Nishi K., Kozawa K., Nishido O. 2003. Detection, quantification, and phylogenetic analysis of Noroviruses in Japanese oyster. Applaied and Environmental Microbiology; 69 (10): 5782-5786.

142. Nishida T., Nishio O., Kato M., Chuma T., Kato H., Iwata H., Kimura H. 2007. Genotyping and quantitation of Noroviruses in oyster from two distinct sea areas in Japan. Microbiology and Immunology; 51 (2): 177-184.

143. Oogane T., Hirata A., Funatogawa K., Kobayashi K., Sato T., Kimura H. 2008. Food poisoning caused by Norovirus GII/4 in school lunch, Tochigi Prefecture, Japan. Japan Journal Infection Disease; 61: 423-424.

(14)

!

"#$! 144. Ozawa K., Oka T., Takeda N., Hansman G.S. 2007. Norovirus infections in

syntomatic and asyntomatic food handlers in Japan. Journal of Clinical Microbiology; 45 (12): 3996-4005.

145. Panda S.K., Thakral D., Rehman S. 2007. Hepatitis E virus. Rev. Med. Virol.; 17: 151-80.

146. Park Y., Cho Y.H., Jee Y., KO G. 2008. Immunomagnetic separation with real-time reverse transcriptase PCR assays for diction of norovirus in contaminated food. Applied Environmental Microbiology; 74 (13): 4226-4230. 147. Patel M.M., Widdowson M.-A., Glass R.I., Akazawa K., Vinjé J., Parashar

U.D. 2008. Systematic literature review of role Norovirus in sporadic gastroenteritis. Emerging Infectious Diseases; 14 (8): 1224-1231.

148. Payment P. 1998. Waterborne viruses and parasites: resistence to treatment and disinfection. OECD Workshop Molecular Methods for Safe Drinking Water.

149. Phan T.G., Kaneshi K., Ueda Y., Nakaya S., Nishimura S., Yamamoto A., Sugita K., Takanashi S., Okitsu S., Ushijima H. 2007. Genetic heterogeneity, evolution, and recombination in Noroviruses. J. Med. Virol.; 79: 1388-400. 150. Pinto R.M., Costafreda M.I., Bosch A. 2009. Risk assessment in

shellfish-borne outbreaks of hepatitis A. Appl. Environ. Microbiol.; 75: 7350–7355. 151. Poddar U., Thapa B.R., Prasad A., Singh K.. 2002. Changing spectrum of

sporadic acute viral hepatitis in Indian children. J. Trop. Pediatr.; 48: 210-213. 152. Prato R., Lopalco P.L., Chironna M., Barbuti G., Germinario C., Quaro M.

2004. Norovirus gastroenteritis general outbreak associated with raw shellfish consuption in South Italy. BMC Infectious Diseases; 4 (37): 1-6.

153. Previsani N., Lavanchy D., Siegl G. 2004. Hepatitis A. In: Viral Hepatitis Molecular Biology, Diagnosis, Epidemiology and Control. IK Mushahwar. Elsevier; 1-30.

154. Provost P.J., Wolanski B.S., Miller W.J., Ittensohn O.L., McAleer W.J., Hilleman M.R. 1975. Physical, chemical and morphologic dimensions of human hepatitis A virus strain CR326 (38578).Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med.; 148: 532-539.

155. Purcell R.H., Wong D.C., Moritsugu Y., Dienstag J.L., Routenberg J.A., Boggs J.D. 1976. A microtiter solid phase radioimmunoassay for hepatitis A antigen and antibody. J. Immunol.; 116: 349-356.

(15)

!

"#$! 156. R Development Core Team. 2011. R: A language and environment for

statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. ISBN 3-900051-07-0, URL http://www.R-project.org/.

157. Rabenau H.F., Sturmer M., Buxbaum S., Walczok A., Preiser W., Doerr H.W. 2003. Laboratory diagnosis of norovirus: which method is the best? Intervirology; 46: 232–238.

158. Rabenau H.F., Stǖrmer M., Buxbaum S., Walczok A., Preser W., Doerr H.W. 2003. Laboratory diagnosis of Norovirus: which method is the best? Intervirology; 46: 232-238.

159. Rao V.C., Metcalf T.G., Melnick J.L. 1986. Human viruses in sediments, sludges, and soils Bullettin of the W.H.O. 64: 1-14.

160. Rehnstam-Holm A., Hernroth B. 2005. Shellfish and public health: a Swedish perspective. Ambio; 34 (2): 139-144.

161. Richards A.F., Lopman B., Gunn A., Curry A., Ellis D., Cotterill H., Ratcliffe S., Jenkis M., Appleton H., Gallimore C.I., Gray J.J., Brown D.W. 2003. Evaluation of a commercial ELISA for detecting Norwalk-like virus antigen in faeces. Journal Clinical Virology; 26 (1): 109-115.

162. Rippey S.R. 1994. Infectious diseases associated with molluscan shellfish consumption. Clinical Microbiology Reviews; 7 (4): 419-425.

163. Robertson B.H., Jansen R.W., Khanna B., Totsuka A., Nainan O.V., Siegl G., Widell A., Margolis H.S., Isomura S., Ito K., Ishizu T., Moritsugu Y., Lemon S.M. 1992. Genetic relatedness of hepatitis A virus strains recovered from different geographical regions. J. Gen. Virol.; 73(Pt 6): 1365-77.

164. Robertson B.H., Khanna B., Nainan O.V., Margolis H.S. 1991. Epidemiologic patterns of wild-type hepatitis A virus determined by genetic variation. J. Infect. Dis.; 163: 286-292.

165. Sanchez G., Bosch A., Pinto R.M. 2007. Hepatitis A virus detection in food: current and future prospects. Lett. Appl. Microbiol.; 45: 1-5.

166. Schmid M., Oehme R., Schalasta G., Brockmann S., Kimming P., Enders G. 2004. Fast detection of Noroviruses using a real-time PCR assay and automated sample preparation. BMC Infectious Diseases; 4 (15): 1-8.

167. Schreiber D.S., Blacklow N.R., Trier J.S. 1973. The mucosal lesion of the proximal small intestine in acute infectious nonbacterial gastroenteritis. N. Engl. J. Med.; 288: 1318–1323.

(16)

!

"#"! 168. Schreiber D.S., Blacklow N.R., Trier J.S. 1974. The small intestinal lesion

induced by Hawaii agent acute infectious nonbacterial gastroenteritis. J Infect Dis.;129 (6): 705–708.

169. Scoging A.C. 1992. Illness associated with seafood. Epidemiologic report. Canadian Medicine Association; 147: 1344-1347.

170. Seelig R., Pott G., Seelig H.P., Liehr H., Metzger P., Waldherr R. 1984. Virus-binding activity of fibronectin: masking of hepatitis A virus. J. Virol. Methods; 8: 335-347.

171. SEIEVA. 2003-2008 Sistema Epidemiologico Integrato dellʼEpatite Virale Acuta. http://progetti.iss.it/seie/index.php?lang=1

172. Shao Z.J., Xu D.Z., Yan Y.P., Li J.H., Zhang J.X., Zhang Z.Y., Pan B.R. 2003. Detection of anti-HAV antibody with dot immunogold filtration assay. World J. Gastroenterol.; 9: 1508-1511.

173. Shouval D., Ashur Y., Adler R., Lewis J.A., Armstrong M.E., Davide J.P., McGuire B., Kuter B., Brown L., Miller W. 1993. Single and booster responses to an inactivated hepatitis A vaccine: comparisons with immune globulin prophylaxis. Vaccine; 11 (Suppl. 1): S9-S14.

174. Siebenga J.J, Vennema H., Renckens B., de Bruin E., van der Veer B., Siezen R.J., Koopmans M. 2008. Epochal evolution of GGII.4 Norovirus capsid ptotein from 1995 to 2006. Journal of Virology; 81 (18): 9932-9941. 175. Siegl G., deChastonay J., Kronauer G. 1984. Propagation and assay of

hepatitis A virus in vitro. J. Virol. Methods; 9:53-67.

176. Simmons A. 2010. Crohnʼs disease: Genes, viruses and microbes. Nature; 466 (7307): 699–700.

177. Sjogren M.H., Hoke C.H., Binn L.N., Eckels K.H., Dubois D.R., Lyde L., Tsuchida A., Oaks S., Jr. R., Marchwicki W., Lednar R., Chloupek J., Ticehurst J., Bancroft W.H. 1991. Immunogenicity of an inactivated hepatitis A vaccine. Ann. Intern. Med.; 114: 470-471.

178. Sjogren M.H., Tanno H., Fay O., Sileoni S., Cohen B.D., Burke D.S., Feighny R.J. 1987. Hepatitis A virus in stool during clinical relapse. Ann. Intern. Med.; 106: 221–226.

179. Skinhoj P., Mathiesen L.R., Kiryger P., Moller A.M.. 1981. Faeccel excretion of hepatitis A virus in patients with symptomatic hepatitis A infection. Scand. J. Gastroenterol.; 16: 1057-1059.

(17)

!

"#$! 180. Skinhoj P., Mikkelsen F., Hollinger F.B. 1977. Hepatitis A in Greenland:

importance of specific antibody testing in epidemiologic surveillance. Am. J. Epidemiol.; 105: 140-147.

181. Sobsey M.D., Dean C.H., Knuckles M.E., Wagner R.A., 1980. Interactions and survival of enteric viruses in soil materials. Appl. Environ. Microbiol.; 40: 92-101.

182. Stahlberg A., Hakansson J., Xian X., Semb H., Kubista M. 2004a. Properties of the reverse transcription reaction in mRNA quantification. Clin. Chem.; 50: 509-515.

183. Stahlberg A., Kubista M., Pfaffl M. 2004b. Comparison of reverse transcriptases in gene expression analysis. Clin. Chem.; 50: 1678-1680.

184. Stapleton J.T. 1995. Host immune response to hepatitis A virus. J. Infect. Dis.; 171: S9-S14.

185. Straub T.M., zu Bentrup K.H., Orosz-Coghlan P., Dohnalkova A., Mayer B.K., Bartholomew R.A., Valdez C.O., Bruckner-Lea C.J., Gerba C.P., Abbaszadegan M., Nickerson C.A. 2007. Cell culture infectivity assay for Norovirus. Emerging Infectious Diseases; 13 (9): 396-403.

186. Sugieda M., Nagaoka H., Kakishima Y., Ohshita T., Nakamura S., Nakajima S. 1998. Detection of Norwalk-like virus genes in the caecum contents of pigs. Arch Virol.; 143 (6): 1215-21.

187. Sugieda M., Nakajima S. 2002. Viruses detected in the caecum contents of healthy pigs representing a new genetic cluster in genogroup II of the genus "Norwalk- like viruses". Virus Res; 87: 165-72.

188. Symes S.J., Gunesekere I.C., Marshall J.A., Wright P.J. 2007. Norovirus mixed infection in an oyster-associated outbreak: an opportunity for recombination. Arch Virol; 152: 1075-86.

189. Tanaka J. 2000. Hepatitis A shifting epidemiology in Latin America. Vaccine; 18:Suppl 1: S57-S60.

190. Tassopoulos N.C., Papaevangelou G.J., Ticehurst J.R., Purcell R.H. 1986. Fecal excretion of Greek strains of hepatitis A virus in patients with hepatitis A and in experimentally infected chimpanzees.J. Infect. Dis.; 154: 231-237. 191. Terio V., Martella V., Moschidou P., Di Pinto G., Tantillo G., Buonavoglia

C. 2010. Norovirus in retail shellfish. Food Microbiol.; 27: 29–32.

(18)

!

"##! J.A.R., Leenders A.C.A.P., Schneeberger P.M., Bruisten S.M. 2005. Molecular epidemiology of hepatitis A in Noord-Brabant, The Netherlands. J Clin Virol; 32: 128–36.

193. Troeger H., Loddenkemper C., Schneider T., Schreier E., Epple H., Zeitz M., Fromm M., Schulzke J. 2009. Structural and functional changes of the duodenum in human norovirus infection. Gut; 58: 1070-1077.

194. Tufenkeji H. 2000. Hepatitis A shifting epidemiology in the Middle East and Africa. Vaccine; 18 (Suppl 1): 565–7.

195. Ueki Y., Shoji M., Sato Y., Okimura Y., Saito N., Otomo H., Onodera H. 2007. Norovirus GII/4 variants observed in outbreaks of gastroenteritis in Miyagi Prefecture between November and December of 2006. Japan Journal Diseases; 60: 240-241.

196. UnitConversion.org http://www.unitconversion.org

197. Vainio K., Myrmel M. 2006. Molecular epidemiology of Norovirus Outbreak in Norway during 2000 to 2005 and comparison of four Norovirus Real-time Reverse Transcriptase PCR assay. J. Clin. Microbiol.; 44: 3695-3702

198. Villano S.A., Nelson K.E., Vlahov D., Purcell R.H., Saah A.J., Thomas D.L. 1997. Hepatitis A among homosexual men and injection drug users: more evidence for vaccination. Clin. Infect. Dis.; 25: 726--8.

199. Vinjè J., Hamidjaja R.A., Sobsey M.D. 2004. Development and application of a capsid VP1 (region D) based reverse transcription PCR assay for genotyping of genogroup I and II noroviruses. Journal Virological Methods; 116: 109-117.

200. Wang C.H., Tschen S.Y., Heinricy U., Weber M., Flehmig B. 1996. Immune response to hepatitis A virus capsid proteins after infection. J. Clin. Microbiol.; 34: 707-713.

201. Wang Z.Q., Ma L., Gao H., Dong X.G. 1986. Propagation of hepatitis A virus in human diploid fibroblast cells. Acta Virol.; 30: 463-467.

202. Ward R.L., Akin E.K. 1984. Minimum infectious dose of animal viruses. CRC Crit. Rev. Environ. Contr.; 14: 2797-310.

203. Wiedmann M., Boehm S., Schumacher W., Swysen C., Zauke M. 2003. Evaluation of three commercial assays for the detection of hepatitis A virus. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis.; 22: 129-130.

(19)

!

"#$! gastroenteritis. Clin. Microbiol. Infect.; 9: 247-62.

205. Wobus C.E., Karst S.M., Thackray L.B., Chang K.O., Sosnovtsev S.V., Belliot G., Krug A., Mackenzie J.M., Green K.Y., Virgin H.W. 2004. Replication of Norovirus in cell culture reveals a tropism for dendritic cells and macrophages. PLoS Biology; 2 (12): 2076 – 2084.

206. Wobus C.E., Thackray L.B., Virgin H.W.I. 2006. Murine norovirus: a model system to study norovirus biology and pathogenesis. J. Virol.; 80 :5104–12. 207. Wolf, S., Williamson W.M., Hewitt J., Rivera-Aban M., Lin S., Ball A.,

Scholes P., Greening G.E. 2007. Sensitive multiplex real-time reverse transcription-PCR assay for detection of human and animal noroviruses in clinical and environmental samples. Appl. Environ. Microbiol.; 73: 5464-5470. 208. World Healt Organization

www.who.int/vaccine_research/disease/zoonotic/en/index2.html

209. Worm H.C., Van der Poel W.H., Brandstatter G. 2002. Hepatitis E: an overview. Microbes Infec.; 4: 657-66.

210. Xi J.N., Graham D.Y., Wank K., Estes M.K. 1990. Norwalk virus genome cloning and characterization. Science; 250 (4987): 1580-1583.

211. Yates M.V., Yates S.R. 1988 Modeling microbial fate in the subsurface environment. Crit. Rev. Environ. Control.; 17: 307-344.

Riferimenti

Documenti correlati

An illustration of the system as considered in this work is presented in Figure 2.3: the vehicle trajectory (generated by simulation or measured in a real vehicle), is analysed by

In this work, we investigated the potential toxic effect of FeNPs by using two viability assays (MTS and ATP assay) in three different in vitro models: A549 (epithelial

It considered the meaning of the principle of proportionality in the European dimension and highlighted some examples of the application of proportionality in banking regulation, in

metachronous multiple primary malignant tumors (MPMT) groups according to the patient’s characteristics, anatomical localizations of MPMT group neoplasms and

[r]

We used a sample of quasars selected by their optical spectra in conjunction with sensitive and high-resolution low-frequency radio data provided by the LOw Frequency ARray (LOFAR)

It allows us to expect that the great electron − PO phonon scattering increase is the main factor responsible for the great decrease of the mobility and conductivity

The students who properly formulated a contradiction through the dialogue-based system achieved the best results in terms of abstraction according to the Hill