Basic and Clinical Principles

E

E NDOCRINOLOGY

Basic and Clinical Principles

S^ECOND E^DITION

Edited by

S

M

,

Cedars Sinai Medical Center and UCLA School of Medicine

P. M

C

,

Oregon Health & Science University Beaverton, OR

© 2005 Humana Press Inc.

999 Riverview Drive, Suite 208 Totowa, New Jersey 07512

For additional copies, pricing for bulk purchases, and/or information about other Humana titles, contact Humana at the above address or at any of the following numbers: Tel.: 973-256-1699;

Fax: 973-256-8341, E-mail: orders@humanapr.com; or visit our Website: http://humanapress.com All rights reserved.

No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording, or otherwise without written permission from the Publisher.

All articles, comments, opinions, conclusions, or recommendations are those of the author(s), and do not necessarily reflect the views of the publisher.

Due diligence has been taken by the publishers, editors, and authors of this book to assure the accuracy of the information published and to describe generally accepted practices. The contributors herein have carefully checked to ensure that the drug selections and dosages set forth in this text are accurate and in accord with the standards accepted at the time of publication. Notwithstanding, as new research, changes in government regulations, and knowledge from clinical experience relating to drug therapy and drug reactions constantly occurs, the reader is advised to check the product information provided by the manufacturer of each drug for any change in dosages or for additional warnings and contraindications. This is of utmost importance when the recommended drug herein is a new or infrequently used drug. It is the responsibility of the treating physician to determine dosages and treatment strategies for individual patients. Further it is the responsibility of the health care provider to ascertain the Food and Drug Administration status of each drug or device used in their clinical practice. The publisher, editors, and authors are not responsible for errors or omissions or for any consequences from the application of the information presented in this book and make no warranty, express or implied, with respect to the contents in this publication.

Cover design by Patricia F. Cleary.

This publication is printed on acid-free paper. ∞

ANSI Z39.48-1984 (American National Standards Institute) Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials.

Photocopy Authorization Policy:

Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use, or the internal or personal use of specific clients, is granted by Humana Press Inc., provided that the base fee of US $30 is paid directly to the Copyright Clearance Center at 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923. For those organizations that have been granted a photocopy license from the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged and is acceptable to Humana Press Inc. The fee code for users of the Transactional Reporting Service is: [1-58829-427-7/05 $30].

Printed in the United States of America. 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Endocrinology : basic and clinical principles / edited by Shlomo Melmed, P. Michael Conn.— 2nd ed.

p. cm.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN 1-58829-427-7 (alk. paper) eISBN 1-59259-829-3

1. Endocrinology. 2. Hormones. 3. Endocrine glands—Diseases. I. Melmed, Shlomo. II. Conn, P. Michael.

QP187.E555 2005

612.4—dc22 2004018638

v Endocrinology: Basic and Clinical Principles, Sec- ond Edition aims to provide a comprehensive knowl- edge base for the applied and clinical science of endocrinology. The challenge in its presentation was to produce a volume that was timely, provided integra- tion of basic science with physiologic and clinical prin- ciples, and yet was limited to 500 pages. This length makes the volume suitable as a text; and the timeliness we have striven for allows the book to serve as an off- the-shelf reference. Our goal was achieved largely through the selection of authors who are both expert writers and teachers. Tables and illustrative matter were used optimally to present information in a con- cise and comparative format.

Endocrinology: Basic and Clinical Principles, Sec- ond Edition will be useful to physicians and scientists as well as to students who wish to have a high-quality,

P^REFACE

current reference to the general field of endocrinology.

The use of an outline system and a comprehensive index will allow readers to locate promptly topics of particu- lar interest. Key references are provided throughout for individuals requiring more in-depth information. The volume covers the comprehensive spectrum of current knowledge of hormone production and action, even including nonmammalian systems and plants, coverage rarely included in similar volumes.

The editors wish to express appreciation to our dis- tinguished chapter authors for their efforts, as well as diligently meeting publication deadlines and to the staff at Humana Press for their cooperation and useful sug- gestions.

Shlomo Melmed P. Michael Conn

Preface ... vii Contributors ... ix Value Added eBook ... xi

P^ART I. INTRODUCTION

1 Introduction to Endocrinology ... 3 P. Michael Conn

P^ART II. H^ORMONE SECRETION AND A^CTION

2 Receptors: Molecular Mediators of Hormone Action ... 9 Kelly E. Mayo

3 Second-Messenger Systems

and Signal Transduction Mechanisms ... 35 Eliot R. Spindel

4 Steroid Hormones ... 49 Derek Henley, Jonathan Lindzey, and Kenneth S. Korach

5 Plasma Membrane Receptors for Steroid Hormones

in Cell Signaling and Nuclear Function ... 67 Richard J. Pietras and Clara M. Szego

6 Growth Factors ... 85 Derek LeRoith and William L. Lowe Jr.

7 Prostaglandins and Leukotrienes: Locally Acting Agents ... 93 John A. McCracken

8 The Neuroendocrine–Immune Interface ... 113 Michael S. Harbuz and Stafford L. Lightman

Part III. Insects/Plants/Comparative

9 Insect Hormones ... 127 Lawrence I. Gilbert

10 Phytohormones and Signal Transduction Pathways in Plants ... 137 William Teale, Ivan Paponov, Olaf Tietz, and Klaus Palme

11 Comparative Endocrinology ... 149 Fredrick Stormshak

vii

C^ONTENTS

Part IV. Hypothalamic–Pituitary

12 Hypothalamic Hormones:

GnRH, TRH, GHRH, SRIF, CRH, and Dopamine ... 173 Constantine A. Stratakis and George P. Chrousos

13 Anterior Pituitary Hormones ... 197 Ilan Shimon and Shlomo Melmed

14 Posterior Pituitary Hormones ... 211 Daniel G. Bichet

15 Endocrine Disease: Value for Understanding Hormonal Actions ... 233 Anthony P. Heaney and Glenn D. Braunstein

16 The Pineal Hormone (Melatonin) ... 255 Irina V. Zhdanova and Richard J. Wurtman

17 Thyroid Hormones (T

4, T

3) ... 267 Takahiko Kogai and Gregory A. Brent

18 Calcium-Regulating Hormones:

Vitamin D and Parathyroid Hormone ... 283 Geoffrey N. Hendy

19 Oncogenes and Tumor Suppressor Genes in Tumorigenesis

of the Endocrine System ... 301 Anthony P. Heaney and Shlomo Melmed

20 Insulin Secretion and Action ... 311 Run Yu, Hongxiang Hui, and Shlomo Melmed

21 Cardiovascular Hormones ... 321 Willis K. Samson and Meghan M. Taylor

22 Adrenal Medulla (Catecholamines and Peptides) ... 337 William J. Raum

23 Hormones of the Kidney ... 353 Masashi Mukoyama and Kazuwa Nakao

24 Reproduction and Fertility ... 367 Neena B. Schwartz

25 Endocrinology of Fat, Metabolism, and Appetite ... 375 Rachel L. Batterham and Michael A. Cowley

26 Endocrinology of the Ovary ... 391 Denis Magoffin, Ashim Kumar, Bulent Yildiz, and Ricardo Azziz

27 The Testis ... 405 Amiya Sinha Hikim, Ronald S. Swerdloff, and Christina Wang

28 Endocrinology of Aging ... 419 Steven W. J. Lamberts

Index ... 429

Contents viii

ix RICARDO AZZIZ,MD,MPH,MBA • Department of

Obstetrics and Gynecology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA RACHEL L. BATTERHAM,MBBS,PhD • University College

London, London, UK

DANIEL G. BICHET,MD • Clinical Research Unit and Nephrology Service, Hospital du Sacre-Coeur de Montreal, Montreal, Canada

GLENN D. BRAUNSTEIN,MD • Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA

GREGORY A. BRENT,MD • Departments of Medicine and Physiology, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA

GEORGE P. CHROUSOS,PhD • National Institute of Child Health & Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD

P. MICHAEL CONN,PhD • Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR

MICHAEL A. COWLEY,PhD • Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR

LAWRENCE I. GILBERT,PhD • Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC MICHAEL S. HARBUZ,PhD • Department of Medicine,

Henry Wellcome Laboratories for Integrated Neuroscience and Endocrinology, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK

ANTHONY P. HEANEY,MD,PhD • Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA

GEOFFREY N. HENDY,PhD • Department of Medicine, Royal Victoria Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Canada

DEREK V. HENLEY,PhD • Laboratory of Reproductive and Developmental Toxicology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC AMIYA SINHA HIKIM,PhD • Division of Endocrinology,

Department of Medicine, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center and Education and Research Institute, UCLA School of Medicine, Torrance, CA

CONTRIBUTORS

HONGXIANG HUI,MD,PhD • Division of Endocrinology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA

TAKAHIKO KOGAI,MD,PhD • Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, UCLA School of Medicine,

Los Angeles, CA

KENNETH S. KORACH,PhD • Laboratory of Reproductive and Developmental Toxicology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC ASHIM KUMAR,MD • Department of Obstetrics and

Gynecology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA

STEVEN W. J. LAMBERTS,MD,PhD • Department of Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands

DEREK LEROITH,MD,PhD • Diabetes Branch, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MA

STAFFORD L. LIGHTMAN,PhD • Department of Medicine, Henry Wellcome Laboratories for Integrated Neuroscience and Endocrinology, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK

JONATHAN LINDZEY,PhD • Department of Natural Sciences, Clayton College and State University, Morrow, GA

WILLIAM L. LOWE JR.,MD • Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, IL

DENIS MAGOFFIN,PhD • Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA

KELLY E. MAYO,PhD • Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Cell Biology, Center for Reproductive Science, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL

JOHN A. MCCRACKEN,PhD • University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT

SHLOMO MELMED,MD • Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA

MASASHI MUKOYAMA,MD,PhD • Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan

KAZUWA NAKAO,MD,PhD • Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan

KLAUS PALME,PhD • Institute for Biology,

Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany

IVAN PAPONOV,PhD • Institute for Biology,

Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany

RICHARD J. PIETRAS,MD,PhD • Department

of Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA

WILLIAM J. RAUM,MD,PhD • Departments of Medicine and Surgery, Louisiana State University Medical Center, New Orleans, LA

WILLIS K. SAMSON,PhD • Department of

Pharmacologic and Physiologic Science, St.

Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO

NEENA B. SCHWARTZ,PhD • Department of Neuro- biology and Physiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL

ILAN SHIMON,MD • Institute of Endocrinology, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel

ELIOT R. SPINDEL,MD,PhD • Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR

FREDRICK STORMSHAK,PhD • Departments of Biochemistry/Biophysics and Animal Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvalis, OR

CONSTANTINE A. STRATAKIS,PhD,DSc • National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD

RONALD S. SWERDLOFF,MD • Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center and Education and Research Institute, UCLA School of Medicine, Torrance, CA CLARA M. SZEGO,PhD • Department of Molecular,

Cellular, and Developmental Biology, Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA

MEGHAN M. TAYLOR,PhD • Department of Pharma- cologic and Physiologic Science, St. Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO WILLIAM TEALE,PhD • Institute for Biology, Albert-

Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany OLAF TIETZ,PhD • Institute for Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-

Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany CHRISTINA WANG,MD • Division of Endocrinology,

Department of Medicine, General Clinical Research Center, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center and Education and Research Institute, UCLA School of Medicine, Torrance, CA

RICHARD J. WURTMAN,MD • Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Clinical Research Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology,

Cambridge, MA

BULENT YILDIZ,MD • Interdepartmental Clinical Pharma-cology Center, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA

RUN YU,MD,PhD • Division of Endocrinology, Cedars- Sinai Medical Center, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA

IRINA V. ZHDANOVA,MD,PhD • Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA

x Contributors

Value-Added eBook/PDA on CD-ROM

This book is accompanied by a value-added CD-ROM that contains an eBook version of the volume you have just purchased. This eBook can be viewed on your computer, and you can synchronize it to your PDA for viewing on your handheld device. The eBook enables you to view this volume on only one computer and PDA.

Once the eBook is installed on your computer, you cannot download, install, or e-mail it to another computer;

it resides solely with the computer to which it is installed. The license provided is for only one computer. The eBook can only be read using Adobe^®Reader^®6.0 software, which is available free from Adobe Systems Incorporated at www.Adobe.com. You may also view the eBook on your PDA using the Adobe^®PDA Reader^® software that is also available free from Adobe.com.

You must follow a simple procedure when you install the eBook/PDA that will require you to connect to the Humana Press website in order to receive your license. Please read and follow the instructions below:

1. Download and install Adobe^® Reader^® 6.0 software.

You can obtain a free copy of the Adobe^® Reader^® 6.0 software at www.adobe.com

*Note: If you already have the Adobe^® Reader^® 6.0 software installed, you do not need to reinstall it.

2. Launch Adobe^® Reader^® 6.0 software

3. Install eBook: Insert your eBook CD into your CD-ROM drive PC: Click on the “Start” button, then click on “Run”

At the prompt, type “d:\ebookinstall.pdf” and click “OK”

*Note: If your CD-ROM drive letter is something other than d: change the above command accordingly.

MAC: Double click on the “eBook CD” that you will see mounted on your desktop.

Double click “ebookinstall.pdf”

4. Adobe^® Reader^® 6.0 software will open and you will receive the message

“This document is protected by Adobe DRM” Click “OK”

*Note: If you have not already activated the Adobe^® Reader^® 6.0 software, you will be prompted to do so. Simply follow the directions to activate and continue installation.

Your web browser will open and you will be taken to the Humana Press eBook registration page. Follow the instructions on that page to complete installation. You will need the serial number located on the sticker sealing the envelope containing the CD-ROM.

If you require assistance during the installation, or you would like more information regarding your eBook and PDA installation, please refer to the eBookManual.pdf located on your cd. If you need further assistance, contact Humana Press eBook Support by e-mail at ebooksupport@humanapr.com or by phone at 973-256- 1699.

*Adobe and Reader are either registered trademarks or trademarks of Adobe Systems Incorporated in the United States and/or other countries.

xi