415
Index
A
Adipocere, formation, 14 Age at death estimation,
arthritic changes, 105 bone remodeling, 103–105 chemical changes, 105 fetal measurements, 100, 101
infancy through adolescents, 101, 102 ossification center appearance
and epiphyseal union, 102, 103 overview, 99, 106
radiography, 105
Amino acids, isomerization in age at death estimation, 105
Animal bites, children, 245 Ankle, see also Foot,
structural features, 254 traffic injury,
mechanisms,
pedestrian trauma, 327, 329–332 bicycle accidents, 333
drivers and passengers, 333, 334 motorcycle accidents, 338 reconstruction, 324–326 Arthritis, age at death estimation, 105 Autolysis, biochemical processes
in decomposition, 6–11
Aviator’s foot, radiography, 144, 197, 198 B
Barefoot impression evidence, see Forensic podiatry
Bicycle accidents, knee and ankle joint injury mechanisms, 333
Biomechanics,
bone composition, 280–282 falls,
gait determinants, 346–349 macroslip, 349–351, 354 prospects for study, 354, 355
foot types, 383, 384
fracture patterns and injury mechanism, bone integrity effects, 303–305 case studies, 305–308
impact energy, 303 loading scenarios,
axial loading, 297 bending, 289–297 tension, 289
torsion, 297–300, 302, 303 overview, 288, 289
historical perspective of lower extremity studies, 286–288
pedestrian trauma example, 279, 280 physics of movement, 282–284 scoring and holing studies of bone
strength effects, 294–297 stress-risers, 294, 295
stress–strain curve, 284–286 Blunt force trauma, see also Falls,
child abuse, 246, 261–264 homicidal assault, 261 motor vehicle accidents,
automobiles, 264–266 children, 243, 244 motorcycles, 266, 267
pedestrian trauma, 243, 267, 268 plane accidents, 268, 269
skeletal trauma analysis, 269, 270 train accidents, 268
Bone-in-bone phenomenon, radiography, 151, 152
Bone island, radiography, 159–161 Bone remains, see Skeletal remains Bone remodeling, age at death estimation,
103–105
Bumper fracture, radiography, 145, 200 Bunions, forensic podiatry, 384, 385 C
Caffey’s disease, radiographic findings, 191
Calcaneus, stature estimation, 74, 88 Child trauma,
abuse,
blunt trauma, 246, 261–264 burns and scalds, 246 mimicking conditions,
bone disorders, 247
dermatologic disease, 247–250 infection, 247
radiography, 142, 185–192 penetrating trauma, 246
radiography, 118, 140–142, 171–180 causes and age of hospital admission
241, 242
hair tourniquet syndrome, 250, 251 lower extremities, 241–243 unintentional injury,
animal bites, 245 falls, 244
mangled extremity, 244, 245 motor vehicle accidents, 243, 244 overview, 242
pedestrian trauma, 243 Chinese bound-foot deformity,
radiography, 169
Chiropractor, case study of fracture, 305 Clubfoot deformity, identification of un-
known remains, 136,, 141 Computed tomography (CT),
falaca findings, 206
palmatoria findings, 147, 202–205 CT, see Computed tomography D
Decollement, skin detachment, 318, 319 Decomposition,
adipocere formation, 14 autolysis, 6–11
factors affecting biochemical processes, 14 liver mortis, 11, 12
mummification, 14 overview, 3–5 putrefaction, 12–14 rigor mortis, 11 sequence, 5, 6
Dismemberment, skeletal trauma analysis, 271, 272
E
EB, see Epidermolysis bullosa
Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, dermatologic complications, 250
Elbow, capping in torture, 212 Elderly abuse, radiography, 143 Epidermolysis bullosa (EB), clinical
features, 247, 248
Epiphyses, age at death estimation, 102, 103 F
Fabella, anatomy, 46–48
Falaca, radiographic findings, 147, 206, 207 Falls,
biomechanics,
gait determinants, 346–349 macroslip, 349–351, 354 prospects for study, 354, 355 children, 244
epidemiology, 343 friction testing, 344–346 slips, 343
tribology, 344–346 Femur,
age at death estimation,
amino acid isomerization, 105 bone remodeling, 104
fetal body length estimation, 100 infancy through adolescence, 101 ossification center appearance
in development, 102 anatomy,
articular surfaces, 34 condyles, 34–36 epicondyles, 36–38 intercondylar notch, 38 overview, 18, 33, 34 popliteal surface, 38, 39 bending fracture, 293, 294 bone islands, 159–161
fibrous cortical defects, 162, 163
fracture and radiography, 164, 171, 174, 177 fragmentary remains, 22, 24
knee injury and stress evidence, 50, 53, 54 Legg-Calvé-Perthe disease, 150
length variation, 21 osteogenic sarcoma, 157 positioning for X-ray,
anterior view, 223, 224, 226, 227 lateral view, 225, 226
race determination, 73, 74, 87 sex determination, 84–86
stature estimation, 76–78, 88–90, 92–94, 133 stress tolerance, 286
traffic injury reconstruction, 326, 327 Fibrous dysplasia, radiography, 158
Fibula,
anatomy, 19, 44 bending fracture, 295
fetal body length estimation, 100 ossification center appearance
in development, 102 ossification center appearance
in development, 102 pseudoarthrosis, 145
stature estimation, 92–94, 133 Foot,
anatomy, 19, 380–383 anthropology,
death investigation examples,
biographic profiling for identification, 360, 361
fireworks factory explosion, 362, 363 plane crashes, 363, 365, 366, 369–371 train crashes, 368, 369
historical perspective, 359, 360 bones, 19
developmental radiology, 127–130 fetal body length estimation from first
metatarsal, 101
footwear and print evidence, see Forensic podiatry
heel pad thickness measurement, 132, 133 Madura foot, 153
melorheostosis of bones, 147 neurogenic destruction, 149 ossification center appearance
in development, 102
pedal injury patterns, see Pedal injury patterns
plantar fascia attachment site calcification, 153 positioning for X-ray,
anterior view, 231, 232 lateral view, 233, 235 recovery of specimens, 370–372 sex determination from tarsals, 87 size trends, 387
stature determination from metatarsals, 89 structural features, 254
Forensic podiatry,
barefoot impression evidence, boot matching with foot, 401–403 historical perspective, 403, 404 individualizing features, 404 measurement of footprints, 404–407 research prospects, 412
biomechanical foot types, 383, 384
case examples, 396, 397, 401–404, 407–411 crime scene handling guidelines, 377–380 evaluation principles,
ACE-V, 391
analysis of questioned item, 391 certainty levels, 396
class characteristics, 390, 391 comparison and evaluation, 395, 396 individual characteristics, 390, 391 known standard fabrication, 393–395 pedal evidence and forensic
considerations, 391–393 evidence types, 389
foot anatomy and classification, 380–383 forensic team role, 390
glossary of terms, 397–399
historical perspective, 375–377, 403 pathology, 384–386
professional organizations, 377 shoe types and components, 387–389 Fracture, see also specific bones
and traumas,
biomechanics, see Biomechanics
blunt force trauma in child abuse, 261–264 radiography, see Radiography
tension line visualization, 292, 295, 296 timing and mechanism of trauma, 257–261 Fractures,
child abuse, 118, 140–142, 171–180 radiography of healed fractures, 137,
164, 174
Fully method, stature estimation, 75 G
Gait, determinants, 346–349 Gunshot injuries,
radiographic findings,
caliber of bullets, 149, 150, 213 identification of bullet type and
composition, 151, 155, 159, 215–220
localization, 150, 151, 213, 214 number of bullets, 149
skeletal trauma analysis, 272, 273 H
Hair tourniquet syndrome, features, 250, 251 Hammer toe deformity, forensic podiatry, 385 J
Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, radiography, 155, 156
K
Kerley method, age at death estimation, 103, 104
Knee,
bones, see Fabella; Femur; Patella; Tibia developmental radiology, 126
intercondylar shelf angle, 131, 132 osteopoikilosis, 148
positioning for X-ray,
anterior view, 223, 224, 226, 227 lateral view, 225, 226
skeletal evidence of injury and stress, 48–54
traffic injury, mechanisms,
bicycle accidents, 333
drivers and passengers, 333, 334 motorcycle accidents, 338 pedestrian trauma, 327, 329–332 reconstruction, 322–324
Knee capping, radiographic findings, 147, 149, 208–211
L
Lawnmower, pediatric injury, 244, 245 Legg-Calvé-Perthe disease, radiography, 150 Leukemia, radiographic findings, 192 Lisfranc lesion, radiography, 145, 199 Liver mortis, biochemical processes
in decomposition, 11, 12 M
Madura foot, radiography, 153 Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI),
bone island of femur, 160
fibrous cortical defects of femur, 163 Meningococcemia, clinical manifestations, 247 Menkes disease, radiographic findings, 189 Messerer’s fracture, traffic accidents, 320, 321 Metaphyseal cupping, radiography, 140, 176 Metaphyseal fracture, infant abuse, 172, 173 Motor vehicle accidents (MVAs),
automobile drivers and passengers, 264–266 children, 243, 244
motorcycles, 266, 267
pedestrian trauma, 243, 267, 268 Motorcycles, see Motor vehicle accidents Motor vehicle accidents (MVAs),
automobiles, 264–266
bicycle collisions, see Bicycle accidents biological markers,
evidential value, 313, 314
lower extremity injury analysis findings, 314
reconstruction parameters, 312, 313 children, 243, 244
collision speed determination from injuries, 338 incidence, 311, 312
knee and ankle joint injuries, mechanisms,
bicycle accidents, 333
drivers and passengers, 333, 334 motorcycle accidents, 338 pedestrian trauma, 327, 329–332 reconstruction, 322–324
lower extremity injury analysis in reconstruction, ankle injury, 324–326 external injuries, 314–316
femoral proximal epiphysis injury, 326, 327
knee injury, 322–324 long bone fracture, 320–322 soft tissue injuries, 316, 318, 320 motorcycles, 266, 267
pedestrian trauma, see Pedestrian trauma physics of movement, 282–284
seatbelt case study, 306–308 MRI, see Magnetic resonance imaging Mummification, biochemical processes
in decomposition, 14
MVAs, see Motor vehicle accidents N
Natural objects, confusion of bones with, 22, 23, 26
O
OI, see Osteogenesis imperfecta
Osgood–Schlatter disease, skeletal analysis, 54, 67
Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI), radiography, 142, 185 rarity, 247
types and causes, 247
Osteogenic sarcoma, radiography, 157 Osteomalacia, radiographic findings, 187 Osteomyelitis,
osteomyelitis of Garré, 154 radiographic findings, 190 P
Palmatoria, radiographic findings, 147, 201–205
Patella,
anatomy, 18, 45, 46 dorsal defect, 136, 138–141 knee injury and stress evidence, 54 tension fracture, 289–291
Pedal injury patterns,
aviator’s foot, 144, 197, 198 bumper fracture, 145, 200 classification, 143, 144 Lisfranc lesion, 145, 199 talar injury, 193–196 Pedestrian trauma,
biological markers,
evidential value, 313, 314 lower extremity injury analysis
findings, 314
reconstruction parameters, 312, 313 cadaver study, 279, 280
case examples of reconstruction from injuries, 305, 306, 339–341 children, 243
collision speed determination from injuries, 338 incidence, 311, 312
knee and ankle joint injuries, mechanisms, 327, 329–332 reconstruction, 322–324
lower extremity injury analysis in recon- struction,
ankle injury, 324–326 external injuries, 314–316
femoral proximal epiphysis injury, 326, 327 knee injury, 322–324
long bone fracture, 320–322 soft tissue injuries, 316, 318, 320 skeletal trauma analysis, 267, 268 Pediatrics, see Child trauma
Pelligrini-Stieda disease, radiography, 169 skeletal analysis, 54, 60 Penetrating trauma,
child abuse, 246
skeletal trauma analysis, 270, 271 Plane accidents,
foot identification and analysis, 363, 365, 366, 369–371
skeletal trauma analysis, 268, 269 Putrefaction, biochemical processes
in decomposition, 12–14 R
Race, determination from lower extremity analysis, 72–74, 87
Radiography,
age at death determination, 105, 122, 123, 125
equipment for X-rays, cassettes, 168 film, 165, 168 mobile unit, 160 film,
documentation, 171 exposure, 171, 173, 221 handling, 165
processing, 168, 171
foreign bodies in bone, 139, 170 gunshot wounds,
caliber of bullets, 149, 150, 213 identification of bullet type and
composition, 151, 155, 159, 215–220
localization, 150, 151, 213, 214 number of bullets, 149
historical perspective, 113–121 human versus animal remains, 122 identification of unknown remains, developmental and congenital
variations, 135, 136
disease or degenerative change, 137, 138 mass casualties, 139, 140
overview, 135
statistical considerations, 135 trabecular patterns and vascular
grooves, 138
orthopedic materials, 138, 167 osteogenesis imperfecta, 142, 185 pattern injuries,
abuse, adults, 142
child abuse, 118, 140–142, 171 elderly, 143
pedal injury patterns, 143–146, 194–200 torture and terrorism, 147–149, 201–212 positioning,
foot,
anterior view, 231, 232 lateral view, 233, 235 hip, 221, 222
lower leg,
anterior view, 228, 229 lateral view, 230 overview, 173 thigh or knee,
anterior view, 223, 224, 226, 227 lateral view, 225, 226
sex determination, 123, 125, 126, 130, 132 skeletal remains and documentation, 28, 29 spiral fractures, 298–300
Rigor mortis, biochemical processes in decomposition, 11
Rubella, radiographic findings, 186 Ruxton murder case, history of radiology,
118, 119 S
Scanogram, long bone length measurement, 134, 135
Scurvy, radiographic findings, 188 Sex, determination from lower extremity
analysis, 70–72, 84–87, 123, 125, 126, 130, 132
Shoes,
components, 387–389
footwear evidence, see Forensic podiatry proper sizing, 386, 387
types, 387
SJS, see Stevens-Johnson syndrome Skeletal remains, see also specific bones,
age at death estimation, arthritic changes, 105 bone remodeling, 103–105 chemical changes, 105 fetus, 100, 101
infancy through adolescents, 101, 102 ossification center appearance and
epiphyseal union, 102, 103, 125 overview, 99, 106
radiography, 105
algorithm for forensic analysis, 22, 23 archaeologic findings, 26, 27
cleaning, 255, 256
confusion of bones with natural objects, 22, 23, 26
definitions, damage, 256 defects, 256 fractures, 256 injury, 256 insult, 256
documentation, 28–30
heating and tension line visualization, 292, 295, 296
human versus animal remains, 26 missing person matching, 30 photography, 256
race determination, 72–74, 87 reconstruction, 256
recovery and transport, 27, 28
sex determination, 70–72, 84–87 stature determination, 74–83, 88–94 timing of trauma, 257–261
Skeleton, see also specific bones, anatomy overview in forensics, 18, 19 bone composition, 280–282
embryology, 20–22
radiography, see Radiography Slips, see Falls
Smith v. Grant, history of radiology, 115–117 Spiral fracture,
radiography and analysis, 298–300 traffic accidents, 321, 322
Stature, determination from bones, aging loss considerations, 81, 82 decompositional process effects, 83 errors in living measurement and
reporting, 79–81 fragmentary bone analysis, 79 Fully method, 75
lower extremity analysis, 75–79 overview, 74, 79–83
Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS),
dermatologic complications, 248, 249 Stress–strain curve, generation and analysis,
284–286
Synovium, knee injury and stress evidence, 51 Syphylis, radiographic findings, 192 T
Thigh,
positioning for radiography, anterior view, 223, 224, 226, 227 lateral view, 225, 226
structural features, 254 Tibia,
anatomy,
articular surfaces, 40, 41 condyles, 42, 43 overview, 18, 19, 39 posterior surface, 43, 44 tuberosity, 42
bending fracture, 293–295 fetal body length estimation, 100 fracture in child abuse, 178 fragmentary remains, 22, 25
knee injury and stress evidence, 50, 54 kyphoscoliosis, 145
length variation, 22 melorheostosis, 146
ossification center appearance in development, 102 periostitis in Caffey’s disease, 191
positioning for X-ray, anterior view, 228, 229 lateral view, 230 race determination, 73, 74 sex determination, 71, 86
stature estimation, 88, 90–94, 133 stress tolerance, 286, 287
Toddler’s fracture, radiography, 141, 183, 184 Traffic accidents, see Bicycle accidents;
Motor vehicle accidents; Pedestrian trauma
Train accidents,
foot identification and analysis, 368, 369 skeletal trauma analysis, 268
Tribometry, friction testing, 344–346 V
Viscoelasticity, definition, 286 X
X-ray, see Radiography
