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ACTIVE GALACTIC NUCLEI

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ACTIVE

GALACTIC

NUCLEI

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ACTIVE GALACTIC  NUCLEI

Galaxies that emit a  very large amount of energy from a  point­like (unresolved) region  at their center

Size  of emitting region smaller  than  the solar system  Radiation is non­thermal.

Extends  for  a very broad  region of wavelength.

Broad emission lines

Interpreted  as  Doppler shift   velocity of gas  vgas ~ 0.1 c

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A ZOO  of different  objects  

SEYFERT GALAXIES   (Carl Seyfert  1943)  Galaxies  with bright blue  nucleus, broad lines

Radius  Emitting Galaxies

Some galaxies   (Cygnus A)  have large radius  emitting lobes

QUASARS  

radio sources with point­like (star­like)   optical counterpart Discovery in 1963  3C 273  m  = 13.1   source

M. Schmidts   finds  redshift of z  = 0.158

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Seyfert­1 Galaxy  NGC 5548   Optical spectrum

Broad  component 5900 Km/sec Narrow component   400 Km/sec

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Z = 4.90 QUASAR

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 z = 5.82

 z = 5.99

 z = 6.28

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Quasar Hosts seen by  HST

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Redshift distribution of 7236 Quasars

Hewitt­Burbidge catalogue  (1993)

 1048 erg/sec

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 z = 0.031  z = 0.034

 z = 0.117  z = 0.129  z = 0.044  z = 0.048

AGN 

observed  by Cherenkov  Telescopes

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BL Lacertae

“BLAZARS” :

 Quasars, BL­Lac Objects

 Brightests, most variable  objects

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BL Lacertae

Whole Earth Blazar Telescope  (WEBT)

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BLACK   HOLE   PARADIGM

Energy Source : 

Gravitational  Potential Energy 

converted  into  radiation  via  viscous dissipation in an accretion disk surrounding a Black Hole

SIZE

Luminosity (Eddington) Constraint

Time variability:   R < ct 

MASS

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"FORCES"  acting on an electron at radius  r 

 p, e bound by

Coulomb interaction

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Condition of the existence of the source:

Accretion is positive

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Fueling of an AGN

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3C 219

Optical

Radio

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JETS

JET Invisible

Counter JET

Radio Lobes Hot Spots

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CYGNUS­A

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VLA telescopes

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VLBI 

(Very Long Baseline Interferometry)

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M87

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UNIFIED  MODEL of AGN's

NON Spherical (Axi­symmetric)   Emission

Wide Variety of AGN's  phenomena is a combination of

Real Differences  in  a small number of   physical parameters  M, dM/dt, ...

Apparent Differences  due to the orientation of the AGN with respect to the observer. 

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Active  Galactic  Nucleus

at different  scales

From S. Ciprini

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From  Ciprini

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NGC 4258

Very solidly  established Black Hole 

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SPECTRAL ENERGY DISTRIBUTION  (SED)

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Mkn­501    Spectral Energy Distribution

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H. Krawczinsky  

 et al. Astro­ph/0204229

Absorption 

in intergalactic space    e+ e­

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Mrk 501

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Clear Evidence for the accelerations of  e±

Natural  to expect

the “co­acceleration”

of  protons  (nuclei)

Unambiguous Signature:

Neutrino  Emission

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