Laparoscopic Urologic Surgery in Malignancies

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Jean J.M.C.H. de la Rosette ´ Inderbir S. Gill

Editors

Laparoscopic

Urologic Surgery in Malignancies

With 178 Figures

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Professor Dr. Jean J.M.C.H. de la Rosette Academic Medical Center

University ofAmsterdam Dept. ofUrology (G4-162) Meibergdreef9

1105 Amsterdam ZO The Netherlands Dr. Inderbir S. Gill

Section ofLaparoscopic and Minimally Invasive Surgery Glickman Urological Institute, A 100

Cleveland Clinic Foundation 9500 Euclid Avenue

Cleveland, OH 44195 USA

ISBN-10 3-540-20512-8 Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York ISBN-13 978-3-540-20512-8 Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York Library ofCongress Control Number: 2004116515

A catalog record for this book is available from Library of Congress.

Bibliographic information published by Die Deutsche Bibliothek.

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This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilm or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication ofthis publication or parts thereofis permitted only under the provisions ofthe German Copyright Law ofSeptember 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer-Verlag.

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The era ofendo-oncology has arrived. Endo-oncology is now firmly en- trenched in the diagnosis and management ofurologic cancers. From its early days with transurethral resection ofbladder tumors, to the more recent de- cades with establishment oftechniques for percutaneous resection oftransi- tional cell carcinoma, endo-oncology is the endoscopic treatment ofcancer.

More recently, the application oflaparoscopy to the treatment ofurologic cancers has continued the tradition. Laparoscopy has expanded and evolved from a diagnostic modality with laparoscopic pelvic lymphadenectomy for prostate cancer to include radical therapy for surgical management of every abdominal organ in the genitourinary system.

This textbook is important for many reasons. The integration of oncologic therapeutic intervention with a minimally invasive modality must bear the scrutiny ofdirect comparison with open surgery in terms ofactuarial survival statistics and functional results. Laparoscopic radical nephrectomy for renal cell carcinoma has withstood the test oftime in terms ofdisease-free survival, blood loss, postoperative discomfort, tumor port site implantation, hospital stay and convalescence. For other procedures, we look to achieve the same standards.

The advance oflaparoscopy into the realm ofoncologic surgery has also challenged individuals who perform open surgery to re-examine their practice in order to improve their functional results. The challenge to improve the morbidity ofany procedure is to the ultimate benefit ofour patients.

Just as there are multiple ways to cook in the kitchen, there are numerous techniques for laparoscopic radical prostatectomy. From a transperitoneal approach to an extraperitoneal approach, to subtle changes in addressing the seminal vesicles and vas deferens, vesical±urethral anastomosis or port place- ment, the optimal method continues to evolve. Significantly less blood loss and earlier achievement ofurinary continence are proven benefits ofthis procedure. With the learning curve, recognition of earlier difficulties have led to modifications that are reducing margin-positive rates to the standards set by open radical retropubic prostatectomy. We look forward to reviewing long- term ofPSA follow-up and survival statistics with which vigilant surveillance will prove the true efficacy of this procedure.

Foreword

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Endo-oncology, with a natural extension to include laparoscopy, has been seeded into the roots ofsurgical practice and training ofurologists world- wide. We look forward to the fruit that will continue to spring forth from the education and dissemination ofthis information.

Benjamin R. Lee, MD

Director, Laparoscopy Section, Assistant Professor of Urology, Long Island Jewish Medical Center

Arthur D. Smith, MD

President, Endourology Society

VI Foreword

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Long adept at sophisticated endourologic techniques that exclusively address the intraluminal aspects ofthe urinary tract, urologic surgeons are now em- bracing laparoscopic techniques which, like open surgery, address the extra- luminal aspect ofthe genitourinary system. In tandem, endourology and laparoscopy complete the spectrum ofminimally invasive urology.

The horizons oflaparoscopic surgery are expanding, such that the over- whelming majority ofabdominal urologic procedures have now been per- formed laparoscopically. In some of these procedures the laparoscopic alter- native has been demonstrated to be superior to its open counterpart, in others comparative analyses are currently ongoing, and in yet others only the initial forays of minimally invasive surgery have yet been undertaken.

Change must not be embraced just because it is different, or new. The tried and trusted must not be cast aside until its novel replacement has un- dergone an honest, duly diligent evaluation. Following this dictum, laparoscopy is being gradually incorporated into mainstream urology, with appro- priate caution and healthy, constructive critique.

Clinical advances ofany significance cannot occur in isolation. As regards laparoscopic urology, minimally invasive surgeons must join forces with their open surgical colleagues, so as to advance the field together. Free discussion and close collaboration are necessary to ensure that long-established surgical principles are adhered to, and outcomes are evaluated critically on an ongoing basis. Only by fulfilling its promise of being ªminimally invasive ± maximally effectiveº, will laparoscopic urology truly enter the mainstream. It is our be- liefthat laparoscopy is likely to have a far-reaching impact on our field.

This book is an effort towards compiling the current body of knowledge in laparoscopic urology under one cover. The various authors, respected experts in the field, have provided concise updates on their respective topics. We are deeply indebted to them for their thoughtful contributions. We hope that the information contained in this book will help interested urologists to advance their laparoscopic knowledge and skill set.

Jean J.M.C.H. de la Rosette, PhD, MD Inderbir S. Gill, MD, MCh

Preface

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1Adrenal Cancer

1.1 Transperitoneal Laparoscopic Adrenalectomy in Malignancies 3 Giorgio Guazzoni, Andrea Cestari, Francesco Montorsi,

Patrizio Rigatti

1.2 Retroperitoneal Laparoscopic Adrenalectomy for Malignancy 11 Simon V. Bariol, David A. Tolley

2 Renal Cell Carcinoma I

2.1Transperitoneal Radical Nephrectomy . . . . 19 Alwin F. Tan, Adrian D. Joyce

2.2 Extraperitoneal Laparoscopic Radical Nephrectomy . . . . 29 Andrs Hoznek, Laurent Salomon, Clment-Claude Abbou

2.3 Hand-Assisted Laparoscopic Nephrectomy . . . . 39 Franois Rozet, Declan Cahill, Franois Desgrandchamps

3 Renal Cell Carcinoma II

3.1Laparoscopic Partial Nephrectomy . . . . 49 Antonio Finelli, Inderbir S. Gill

3.2 Cryoablation and Other Invasive

and Noninvasive Ablative Renal Procedures . . . . 59 Patrick S. Lowry, Stephen Y. Nakada

4 Laparoscopic Radical Nephroureterectomy

for Upper Tract Transitional Cell Carcinoma . . . 71 Juan Palou, Antonio Rosales, Nico De Graeve,

Humberto Villavicencio

5 Bladder Cancer

5.1Laparoscopic Radical Cystectomy and Intracorporeal

Constructed Sigma Rectum-Pouch (Mainz Pouch II) . . . . 89 IngolfTuerk

5.2 Laparoscopic Radical Cystectomy

with Orthotopic Bladder Replacement . . . . 97 Roland F. van Velthoven, Jens Rassweiler

Contents

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6 Prostate

6.1Laparoscopic Pelvic Lymph Node Dissection . . . . 117 BrunolfW. Lagerveld, Jean J.M.C.H. de la Rosette

6.2 Extraperitoneal Laparoscopic Radical Prostatectomy:

The Brussels Technique . . . . 133 Renaud Bollens, Sarb Sandhu, Thierry Roumeguere,

Claude Schulman

6.3 Laparoscopic Radical Prostatectomy:

The Transperitoneal Antegrade Approach . . . . 141 Karim Touijer, Edouard Trabulsi, Waleed Hassen,

Bertrand Guillonneau

6.4 The Laparoscopic Radical Prostatovesiculectomy ±

Transperitoneal Access . . . . 149 Thomas Frede, Michael Schulze, Reinaldo Marrero,

Ahmed Hammady, Dogu Teber, Jens Rassweiler

6.5 Robotic Radical Prostatectomy: Surgical Technique . . . . 163 Mani Menon, Michael J. Fumo, Ashok K. Hemal

6.6 Extraperitoneal Versus Transperitoneal Laparoscopic

Radical Prostatectomy . . . . 177 Franois Rozet, Carlos Arroyo, Xavier Cathelineau, Eric Barret,

Guy Vallancien

6.7 Handling Complications in Laparoscopic

Radical Prostatectomy . . . . 185 Luis MartÌnez-Piµeiro, Hanna Prez-Chrzanowska,

Jorge Serra Gonzlez, JesÙs J. de la Peµa

7 Laparoscopic Retroperitoneal Lymph Node Dissection

for Testicular Tumors . . . 201 Gunther Janetschek

8 Morcellation or Intact Extraction in Laparoscopic Radical

Nephrectomy . . . 213 Yoshinari Ono, Yohei Hattori

9 Focusing Our Attention on Trocar Seeding! . . . 221 Giampaolo Bianchi, Salvatore Micali, Antonio Celia, Adara Caruso, Guglielmo Breda

10 Complicated Cases

10.1 Anticoagulation Therapy During Laparoscopic Surgery . . . . . 231 Massimiliano Spaliviero, Jihad H. Kaouk

10.2 Laparoscopy in the Obese . . . . 237 Peter Liao, Stephen C. Jacobs

10.3 Prior Surgery . . . . 245 Jens-Uwe Stolzenburg, Kossen M.T. Ho, Michael C. Truss

11 Training in Laparoscopy . . . 253 Maria P. Laguna, Hessel Wijkstra, Jean J.M.C.H. de la Rosette

X Contents

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12 Laparoscopic Instrumentation . . . 271 Monish Aron, Mihir M. Desai, Mauricio Rubinstein, Inderbir S. Gill 13 Anaesthesia for Laparoscopic Urologic Surgery

in Malignancies . . . 287 Christian P. Henny, Jan Hofland

14 The Future of Laparoscopic Surgery in Urologic Malignancies 301 Michael Marberger

a Contents XI

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Clment-Claude Abbou, MD Service d'Urologie

Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Henri Mondor 51 Av. du Marchal de Lattre de Tassigny 94010 Crteil Cedex, France

Monish Aron, MD

Section ofLaparoscopic and Minimally Invasive Surgery Glickman Urological Institute

A100, Cleveland Clinic Foundation 9500 Euclid Avenue

Cleveland, OH 44195, USA Carlos Arroyo, MD

Department ofUrology and Nephrology Institute Mutualiste Montsouris

42 Boulevard Jourdan 75014 Paris, France

Simon V. Bariol, MB BS, BSc The Scottish Lithotriptor Centre Western General Hospital Crewe Road

Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK Eric Barret, MD

42 Boulevard Jourdan 75014 Paris, France Giampaolo Bianchi, MD Department ofUrology

University ofModena and Reggio Emilia Modena, Italy

Renaud Bollens, MD Department ofUrology University Clinics Brussels Erasme HÖpital

Route de Lennik 808 1070 Brussels, Belgium

List of Contributors

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Guglielmo Breda, MD Division ofUrology Bassano Hospital Bassano del Grappa, Italy Declan Cahill, MD

42 Boulevard Jourdan 75014 Paris, France Adara Caruso, MD Division ofUrology Bassano Hospital Bassano del Grappa, Italy Xavier Cathelineau, MD

42 Boulevard Jourdan 75014 Paris, France Antonio Celia, MD Department ofUrology

Andrea Cestari, MD Department ofUrology Universit Vita e Salute San Raffaele Hospital Milan, Italy

Hanna Prez-Chrzanowska, MB, BS Department ofAnaesthesia and Critical Care La Paz University Hospital

Madrid, Spain Mihir M. Desai, MD

Cleveland, OH 44195, USA Franois Desgrandchamps, MD Department ofUrology

HÖpital Saint-Louis 1 Avenue Claude Vellefaux 75010 Paris, France XIV List of Contributors

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Antonio Finelli, MD, MSc, FRCSC

A 100, Cleveland Clinic Foundation 9500 Euclid Ave.

Cleveland, OH 44195, USA Thomas Frede, MD Department ofUrology SLK Kliniken Heilbronn Am Gesundbrunnen 20 74078 Heilbronn, Germany Michael J. Fumo, MD Vattikuti Urology Institute Henry Ford Hospital 2799 West Grand Boulevard Detroit, MI 48202, USA Inderbir S. Gill, MD, MCh

A 100, Cleveland Clinic Foundation 9500 Euclid Ave.

Cleveland, OH 44195, USA Jorge Serra Gonzlez, MD

Department ofAnaesthesia and Critical Care La Paz University Hospital

Madrid, Spain Nico De Graeve, MD Department ofUrology FundaciÕ Puigvert

Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona 08025 Barcelona, Spain

Giorgio Guazzoni, MD Department ofUrology Universit Vita e Salute San Raffaele Hospital Milan, Italy

Bertrand Guillonneau, MD

Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center

Sidney Kimmel Center for Prostate and Urologic Cancers 353 East 68th Street

New York, NY 10021, USA Ahmed Hammady, MD Department ofUrology SLK Kliniken Heilbronn Am Gesundbrunnen 20 74078 Heilbronn, Germany

a List of Contributors XV

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Waleed Hassen, MD

New York, NY 10021, USA Yohei Hattori, MD, PhD Department ofUrology

Nagoya University Graduate School ofMedicine 65 Tsurumai, Showa-ku

Nagoya-shi, 466-8550, Japan Ashok K. Hemal, MD, MCh, FACS Vattikuti Urology Institute

Henry Ford Hospital 2799 West Grand Boulevard Detroit, MI 48202, USA Christian P. Henny, MD, PhD Department ofAnaesthesiology

Academic Medical Centre/University ofAmsterdam Amsterdam, The Netherlands

Jan Hofland, MD, PhD Department ofAnaesthesiology

Academic Medical Centre/University ofAmsterdam Amsterdam, The Netherlands

Kossen M.T. Ho, MD, DPhil Department ofUrology University ofLeipzig 04103 Leipzig, Germany Andrs Hoznek, MD Service d'Urologie

Stephen C. Jacobs, MD

Divisions ofUrology and Videoscopic Surgery Department ofSurgery

University ofMaryland School ofMedicine Baltimore, Maryland, USA

Gunther Janetschek, MD Department ofUrology KH der Elisabethinen Linz, Austria

Adrian D. Joyce, MD Pyrah Department ofUrology St. James University Hospital Leeds, UK

XVI List of Contributors

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Jihad H. Kaouk, MD

The Cleveland Clinic Foundation Glickman Urological Institute

Section ofLaparoscopic and Minimally Invasive Surgery 9500 Euclid Avenue

Cleveland, OH 44195, USA Brunolf W. Lagerveld, MD Department ofUrology AMC University Hospital Meibergdreef9

Amsterdam, The Netherlands Maria P. Laguna, MD, PhD Department ofUrology AMC University Hospital Meibergdreef9

Amsterdam, The Netherlands Peter Liao, MD, PhD

Divisions ofUrology and Videoscopic Surgery Department ofSurgery

University ofMaryland School ofMedicine Baltimore, Maryland, USA

Patrick S. Lowry, MD

The University ofWisconsin Medical School Division ofUrology, G5/339

Clinical Science Center 600 Highland Avenue

Madison, WI 53792-3236, USA Michael Marberger, MD, FRCS Department ofUrology

University ofVienna Medical School Wåhringer Gçrtel 18±20

1090 Vienna, Austria Reinaldo Marrero, MD Department ofUrology SLK Kliniken Heilbronn Am Gesundbrunnen 20 74078 Heilbronn, Germany Mani Menon, MD, FACS Director

Vattikuti Urology Institute Henry Ford Hospital 2799 West Grand Boulevard Detroit, MI 48202, USA

a List of Contributors XVII

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Salvatore Micali, MD Department ofUrology

Francesco Montorsi, MD Department ofUrology Universit Vita e Salute San Raffaele Hospital Milan, Italy

Stephen Y. Nakada, MD

The University ofWisconsin Medical School Division ofUrology, G5/339

Clinical Science Center 600 Highland Avenue

Madison, WI 53792-3236, USA Yoshinari Ono, MD, PhD Department ofUrology

Nagoya University Graduate School ofMedicine 65 Tsurumai, Showa-ku

Nagoya-shi, 466-8550, Japan Juan Palou, MD, PhD Fundacio Puigvert Cartagena, 340 08025 Barcelona, Spain JesÙs J. de la Peµa, MD, PhD Division ofUrology

La Paz University Hospital Madrid, Spain

Luis MartÌnez-Piµeiro, MD, PhD Division ofUrology

La Paz University Hospital Madrid, Spain

Jens Rassweiler, MD Department ofUrology SLK Kliniken Heilbronn Am Gesundbrunnen 20 74078 Heilbronn, Germany Patrizio Rigatti, MD Department ofUrology Universit Vita e Salute San Raffaele Hospital Milan, Italy

XVIII List of Contributors

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Antonio Rosales, MD Department ofUrology FundaciÕ Puigvert

Jean J. M.C.H. de la Rosette, MD, PhD Department ofUrology

AMC University Hospital Meibergdreef9

Amsterdam, The Netherlands Thierry Roumeguere, MD Department ofUrology University Clinics Brussels Erasme HÖpital

Route de Lennik 808 1070 Brussels, Belgium Franois Rozet, MD

42 Boulevard Jourdan 75014 Paris, France Mauricio Rubinstein, MD

Cleveland, OH 44195, USA Laurent Salomon, MD Service d'Urologie

Sarb Sandhu, BSc (Hons), FRCS Department ofUrology

University Clinics Brussels Erasme HÖpital

Route de Lennik 808 1070 Brussels, Belgium Claude Schulman, MD, PhD Department ofUrology University Clinics Brussels Erasme HÖpital

Route de Lennik 808 1070 Brussels, Belgium

a List of Contributors XIX

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Michael Schulze, MD Department ofUrology SLK Kliniken Heilbronn Am Gesundbrunnen 20 74078 Heilbronn, Germany Massimiliano Spaliviero, MD

The Cleveland Clinic Foundation Cleveland, OH 44195, USA Jens-Uwe Stolzenburg, MD Department ofUrology University ofLeipzig Liebigstraûe 20

04103 Leipzig, Germany Alwin F. Tan, MD

Pyrah Department ofUrology St. James University Hospital Leeds, UK

Dogu Teber, MD Department ofUrology SLK Kliniken Heilbronn Am Gesundbrunnen 20 74078 Heilbronn, Germany

David A. Tolley, MB BS, FRCP Ed, FRCS, FRCS Ed The Scottish Lithotriptor Centre

Western General Hospital Crewe Road

Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK Karim A. Touijer, MD

New York, NY 10021, USA Edouard Trabulsi, MD

New York, NY 10021, USA Michael C. Truss, MD

Department ofUrology and Pediatric Urology Medizinische Hochschule Hannover

Carl-Neuberg-Straûe 1 30625 Hannover, Germany XX List of Contributors

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Ingolf Tuerk, MD, PhD Department ofUrology Lahey Clinic

Burlington, MA 01805, USA Guy Vallancien, MD Department ofUrology Institute Mutualiste Montsouris 42 Boulevard Jourdan

75014 Paris, France

Roland F. van Velthoven, MD, PhD Department ofUrology

Institut Jules Bordet

Universit Libre de Bruxelles Brussels, Belgium

Humberto Villavicencio, MD Department ofUrology FundaciÕ Puigvert

Hessel Wijkstra, MSc, PhD Department ofUrology AMC University Hospital Meibergdreef9

Amsterdam, The Netherlands

a List of Contributors XXI

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1Adrenal Cancer