List of Figures
Chapter 1
Figure (1.1) – Response of an ideal spring to a sudden shear. Figure (1.2) – Response of an ideal dashpot to a sudden shear. Figure (1.3) – Maxwell body.
Figure (1.4) – Voigt body.
Figure (1.5) – Stress relaxation experiment. Figure (1.6) – Series of step strain.
Figure (1.7) – Creep behaviour of a viscoelastic solid. Figure (1.8) – Creep behaviour of a viscoelastic liquid. Figure (1.9) – Contributions to creep compliance.
Figure (1.10) – Dynamic creep behaviour of a Base asphalt. Figure (1.11) – Dynamic creep behaviour of a PMA.
Figure (1.12) – Viscosity curve showing shear thinning. Figure (1.13) – Meaning of the Carrau equation parameters. Figure (1.14) – Burger body.
Figure (1.15) – Generalized Maxwell body with 5 elements. Figure (1.16) – Generalized Voigt body with 3 elements. Figure (1.17) – Effect of the temperature on asphalt. Figure (1.19) – Meaning of the damping function.
Chapter 2
Figure (2.1) – Composition of various petroleum crude oils. Figure (2.2) – Elemental analysis of various petroleum asphalts. Figure (2.3) – Colloidal structure of asphalt.
Figure (2.4) – Structure of SBS.
Chapter 3
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Chapter 4
Figure (4.1) – Softening point as a function of polymer percentage. Figure (4.2) – Penetration as a function of polymer percentage. Figure (4.3) – Morphology of S2 after 15min of mixing, 250x. Figure (4.4) – Final morphology of S2, 250x.
Figure (4.5) – Morphology of S4, after 15min of mixing, 100x. Figure (4.6) – Morphology of S4, after 60min of mixing, 100x. Figure (4.7) – Final morphology of S4, 250x.
Figure (4.8) – Morphology of S6, after 15min of mixing, 100x. Figure (4.9) – Morphology of S6, after 60min of mixing, 250x. Figure (4.10) – Final morphology of S6, 250x.
Figure (4.11) – Creep curves, all materials, 40°C, 25Pa. Figure (4.12) – Creep curves, modified binders, 40°C, 25Pa. Figure (4.13) – Stress effect on Base asphalt, 40°C.
Figure (4.14) – Stress effect on S2, 40°C. Figure (4.15) – Stress effect on S4, 40°C. Figure (4.16) – Stress effect on S6, 40°C.
Figure (4.17) – Strain curves: stress effect on S6, 40°C. Figure (4.18) – Temperature effect on all materials, 25Pa. Figure (4.19) – Stress effect on S2, 50°C.
Figure (4.20) – Stress effect on S4, 50°C. Figure (4.21) – Stress effect on S6, 50°C. Figure (4.22) – Stress effect on S6, 60°C.
Figure (4.23) – Creep curves, all materials, short cycle, 40°C, 25Pa. Figure (4.24) – Stress effect on Base asphalt, short cycle, 40°C. Figure (4.25) – Stress effect on S2, short cycle, 40°C.
Figure (4.26) – Stress effect on S6, short cycle, 40°C.
Figure (4.27) – Stress effect on Base asphalt, short cycle, 50°C. Figure (4.28) – Stress effect on S2, short cycle, 50°C.
Figure (4.29) – (40°C, Base, 25Pa) fitting with Voigt (2 elements) model. Figure (4.30) – (40°C, Base, 25Pa) fitting with Gamma distribution model. Figure (4.31) – (40°C, Base, 25Pa) fitting with Burger model.
Figure (4.32) – (40°C, Base, 25Pa) fitting with simplified Burger model. Figure (4.33) – (50°C, Base, 25Pa) fitting with simplified Burger model. Figure (4.34) – (50°C, Base, 25Pa) fitting with Voigt Viscosity model.
Figure (4.35) – (50°C, Base, 25Pa) fitting with Voigt Viscosity model, log-scale.
Figure (4.36) – (50°C, Base, 25Pa) fitting with Voigt Viscosity (1 parameter), log-scale. Figure (4.37) – (50°C, S4, 25Pa) fitting with Burger model.
Figure (4.38) – (50°C, S4, 25Pa) fitting with Gamma distribution model. Figure (4.39) – (50°C, S4, 25Pa) fitting with Voigt (2 elements) model.
Figure (4.40) – (50°C, S4, 25Pa) fitting with Voigt (2 elements) model, log scale. Figure (4.41) – (40°C, S4, 25Pa) fitting with Voigt (2 elements) model.
Figure (4.42) – (40°C, S4, 25Pa) fitting with Voigt (3 elements) model. Figure (4.43) – (40°C, S4, 100Pa) fitting with Gamma distribution model. Figure (4.44) – (40°C, S4, 100Pa) fitting with Voigt (2 elements) model. Figure (4.45) – (40°C, S4, 1000Pa) fitting with simplified Burger model. Figure (4.46) – Dynamic creep curves, all materials, 50°C, 25Pa.
Figure (4.47) – Effect of stress for S2, 10 cycles, 50°C. Figure (4.48) – Effect of stress for S2, 100 cycles, 50°C. Figure (4.49) – Effect of stress for S4, 100 cycles, 50°C. Figure (4.50) – Effect of stress for S6, 100 cycles, 50°C.
Figure (4.51) – Effect of temperature for Base, 100 cycles, 100Pa. Figure (4.52) – Effect of temperature for S6, 100 cycles, 100Pa. Figure (4.53) – Cycle comparison for S6, 60°C, 25Pa.
Figure (4.54) – Cycle comparison for S2, 50°C, 25Pa. Figure (4.55) – Cycle comparison for S4, 40°C, 25Pa. Figure (4.56) – Cycle comparison for S6, 40°C, 25Pa. Figure (4.57) – Cycle comparison for S2, 50°C, 1000Pa. Figure (4.58) – Cycle comparison for S6, 60°C, 1000Pa. Figure (4.59) – Cycle comparison for S4, 40°C, 1000Pa. Figure (4.60) – Cycle comparison for Base, 40°C, 25Pa.
Figure (4.61) – Cycle comparison for S4, 50°C, 25Pa.
Figure (4.62) – (Base, 40°C, 25Pa) fitting with Burger model, 100 cycles.
Figure (4.63) – (Base, 40°C, 25Pa) fitting with simplified Burger model, 1st cycle. Figure (4.64) – (Base, 40°C, 25Pa) fitting with simplified Burger model, 100cycles. Figure (4.65) – (Base, 40°C, 25Pa) fitting with Burger model to the 1st cycle, propagated. Figure (4.66) – (Base, 40°C, 25Pa) fitting with simplified Burger model to the 1st cycle, propagated.
Figure (4.67) – (S4, 40°C, 25Pa) fitting with Gamma distribution model, 100 cycles. Figure (4.68) – (S4, 40°C, 25Pa) fitting with Voigt (2 elements) model, 100 cycles. Figure (4.69) – (S4, 40°C, 25Pa) fitting with Voigt (2 elements) model to 10 cycles. Figure (4.70) – (S4, 40°C, 25Pa) fitting with Voigt (2 elements) model to 10 cycles, propagated.
Figure (4.71) – (S4, 40°C, 25Pa) fitting with Voigt (2 elements) model to the 1st cycle, propagated.
Figure (4.72) – (S4, 40°C, 25Pa) fitting with Voigt (2 elements) model to 50 cycles, propagated.
Figure (4.73) – (S2, 50°C, 25Pa) fitting with Voigt (2 elements) model to the 50th cycle, propagated for the last 50 cycles.
Figure (4.74) – (S2, 50°C, 25Pa) fitting with Voigt (2 elements) model to the 50th cycle. Figure (4.75) – (S2, 50°C, 25Pa) fitting with Voigt (2 elements) model to the 75th cycle. Figure (4.76) – (S2, 50°C, 25Pa) fitting with Voigt (2 elements) model to the 100th cycle. Figure (4.77) – (S2, 50°C, 1000Pa) fitting with simplified Burger model, 100 cycles. Figure (4.78) – Relaxation curves, Base asphalt at 25°C.
Figure (4.79) – Relaxation curves, shifted, Base asphalt at 25°C. Figure (4.80) – Damping function of Base asphalt.
Figure (4.81) – (Base) fitting with equation (3.9). Figure (4.82) – (Base) fitting with equation (3.10). Figure (4.83) – (Base) fitting with equation (3.11). Figure (4.84) – Relaxation curves, S4 at 30°C.
Figure (4.85) – Relaxation curves, shifted, S4 at 30°C. Figure (4.86) – Memory function of S4, parametric. Figure (4.87) – Memory function of S4, nonparametric.
Figure (4.88) – (S4) fitting with equation (3.8). Figure (4.89) – Relaxation curves, S6 at 35°C. Figure (4.90) – (S6) fitting with equation (3.8).
Figure (4.91) – Memory function of S6, nonparametric. Figure (4.92) – Memory function of S6, parametric.
