Donald S. Fong Simon K. Law
Ursula Schmidt-Erfurth Editors
Drugs in Ophthalmology
Donald S. Fong Simon K. Law
Ursula Schmidt-Erfurth
Editors
Drugs in
Ophthalmology
1 3
ISBN-10 3-540-23435-7 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York ISBN-13 978-3-540-23435-7 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York
Library of Congress Control Number: 2005933261
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© Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2006 Printed in Germany
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specifi c statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
Product liability: the publishers cannot guarantee the accuracy of any information about dosage and application contained in this book. In every individual case the user must check such information by consulting the relevant literature.
Editor: Marion Philipp, Heidelberg, Germany Desk Editor: Martina Himberger, Heidelberg, Germany Production: ProEdit GmbH, Heidelberg, Germany Cover: Frido Steinen-Broo, EStudio Calamar, Spain Typesetting: Stürtz GmbH, Würzburg, Germany
Printed on acid-free paper 24/3151 Re 5 4 3 2 1 0 Donald S. Fong, MD, MPH
Director Clinical Trials
Department of Research and Evaluation Kaiser Permanente Southern California 100 S. Los Robles
Pasadena CA 91101, USA
Simon K. Law, MD, PharmD Jules Stein Eye Institute 100 Stein Plaza 2-235 Los Angeles CA 90095, USA
Ursula Schmidt-Erfurth, MD Professor and Chair
Department of Ophthalmology Medical University of Vienna Währinger Gürtel 18–20 A-1090 Vienna, Austria
Disclaimer
The nature of drug information is that it is constantly changing because of continu- ing research and clinical experience and is often subject to ongoing evaluation. While significant care has been taken to ensure the accuracy of the information, the reader is advised that the authors, editors, reviewers, contributors, and publishers cannot be responsible for the continued currency of the information, for any errors or omissions in this book, or for any consequences arising therefrom. Because of the changing nature of drug information, readers are advised that decisions regarding drug therapy must be based on the independent judgment of the ophthalmologist, changing information (literature and manufacturer‘s information), and changing medical practice.
List of Contributors
Amani A. Fawzi, MD
University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine Doheny Eye Institute San Pablo Street 1450 Los Angeles CA 90033, USA Donald S. Fong, MD, MPH
Director Clinical Trials
Department of Research and Evaluation Kaiser Permanente Southern California 100 S. Los Robles
Pasadena CA 91101, USA Simon K. Law, MD, PharmD
Jules Stein Eye Institute 100 Stein Plaza 2-235 Los Angeles CA 90095, USA Rike Michels
Department of Ophthalmology Medical University of Vienna Währinger Gürtel 18–20 A-1090 Vienna, Austria Ursula Schmidt-Erfurth, MD
Professor and Chair
Department of Ophthalmology Medical University of Vienna Währinger Gürtel 18–20 A-1090 Vienna, Austria Hasan Syed, MD, Stanford University
Medical Center General Surgery Welch Road 1170 Palo Alto CA 94304, USA
Table of Contents
I Alphabetical Listing of Drugs . . . 1 II Dosage Summary for Anti-infectives . . . 221
Introduction
This drug handbook is divided into two sections:
Alphabetical Listing of Drugs
Entries in this section are listed by generic name. Information for each drug is arranged in a consistent format for easy reference. If one or more of the following categories is not applicable to a certain drug, it will not be listed. If Pregnancy Category is not listed for an individual drug, then it is either listed under the first drug in a group of drugs, or safety and efficacy in pregnancy have not been established.
Summary of Anti-infectives
This section summarizes the common doses of antibiotics, antifungals, and antivirals.
For each drug, the dose for each route of administration is included.
Generic name
Brand names Common trade names Class of drug Therapeutic class Indications Common uses of the drug Dosage form Common forms of the drug
Dose The amount of drug to be given or taken during therapy.
The dosage is to be taken as a guideline and does not preclude other dosage regimens
Contraindications Information pertaining to inappropriate use of the drug Warnings Hazardous conditions related to use of the drug and disease
states or patient populations in which the drug should be used cautiously
Adverse reactions Considerations to be taken into account Pregnancy category
A
B
C
D
FDA categories that indicate the potential for causing birth defects
Controlled studies in pregnant women have failed to demonstrate a risk to the fetus in the fi rst trimester with no evidence of risk in later trimesters. The possibility of fetal harm appears remote
Either animal-reproduction studies have not demonstrated a fetal risk but there are no controlled studies in pregnant women, or animal-reproduction studies have shown an adverse eff ect that was not confi rmed in controlled studies in women in the fi rst trimester and there was no evidence of a risk in later trimesters
Either studies in animals have revealed adverse eff ects on the fetus (teratogenic, embryocidal eff ects, or other) and there are no controlled studies in women, or studies in women and animals are not available. Drugs should be given only if the potential benefi ts justify the potential risk to the fetus There is positive evidence of human fetal risk, but the benefi ts from use in pregnant women may be acceptable despite the risk (e.g., if the drug is needed in a life-threate- ning situation or for a serious disease for which safer drugs cannot be used or are ineff ective)
6
Generic name
X Studies in animals or humans have demonstrated fetal abnormalities or there is evidence of fetal risk based on human experience, or both, and the risk of the use of the drug in pregnant women clearly outweighs any possible benefi t. The drug is contraindicated in women who are or may become pregnant
Drug interactions Only clinically important interactions are listed
