13 November 2021
POLITECNICO DI TORINO Repository ISTITUZIONALE
Simulating Window Behaviour of Passive and Active Users / Torabi Moghadam, Sara; Soncini, Federica; Fabi, Valentina;
Corgnati, Stefano Paolo. - In: ENERGY PROCEDIA. - ISSN 1876-6102. - 78(2015), pp. 621-626.
[10.1016/j.egypro.2015.11.040]
Original
Simulating Window Behaviour of Passive and Active Users
Publisher:
Published
DOI:10.1016/j.egypro.2015.11.040
Terms of use:
openAccess
Publisher copyright
(Article begins on next page)
This article is made available under terms and conditions as specified in the corresponding bibliographic description in the repository
Availability:
This version is available at: 11583/2638209 since: 2016-05-03T13:30:39Z
Elsevier
1876-6102 © 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Peer-review under responsibility of the CENTRO CONGRESSI INTERNAZIONALE SRL doi: 10.1016/j.egypro.2015.11.040
Energy Procedia 78 ( 2015 ) 621 – 626
ScienceDirect
WK,QWHUQDWLRQDO%XLOGLQJ3K\VLFV&RQIHUHQFH,%3&
6LPXODWLQJ:LQGRZ%HKDYLRXURI3DVVLYHDQG$FWLYH8VHUV
6DUD7RUDEL0RJKDGDP
D)HGHULFD6RQFLQL
D9DOHQWLQD)DEL
D6WHIDQR&RUJQDWL
DaPolitecnico di Torino - Corso Duca degli Abruzzi, 24 - 10129 Torino, Italy
$EVWUDFW
3HRSOHXVXDOO\VSHQGPRVWRIOLIHWLPHZLWKLQEXLOGLQJVDQGVRWKH\QHHGWRPDNHWKHLQGRRUHQYLURQPHQWFRPIRUWDEOHE\KHDWLQJ
FRROLQJ YHQWLODWLRQDQG LOOXPLQDWLRQ $VVHVVLQJ WKHHQHUJ\FRQVXPSWLRQ ZLWKDFHUWDLQOHYHO RI DFFXUDF\LV D NH\ IDFWRU LQWKH
UHVHDUFK IRU VXVWDLQDELOLW\ DQG HIILFLHQF\ LQ EXLOGLQJV 7KLV VWXG\ DWWHPSWV WR DQDO\]H ZLQGRZ EHKDYLRXUDO PRGHOV LQ RIILFH
EXLOGLQJVFRPSDULQJ³$FWLYH´DQG³3DVVLYH´7KHRXWFRPHVTXDQWLI\WKHHIIHFWVRIQDWXUDOYHQWLODWLRQRQHQHUJ\ORDGVOHDGLQJWR
WKHFRQFOXVLRQWKDWDSUREDELOLVWLFRFFXSDQWEHKDYLRXUVFKHGXOHPD\UHSURGXFHLQDPRUHUHDOLVWLFZD\WKHDFWXDOHQHUJ\XVH
7KH$XWKRUV3XEOLVKHGE\(OVHYLHU/WG
3HHUUHYLHZXQGHUUHVSRQVLELOLW\RIWKH&(1752&21*5(66,,17(51$=,21$/(65/
Keywords:2SHQLQJ:LQGRZ%HKDYLRXU7KHUPDO3HUIRUPDQFH6LPXODWLRQ2IILFH%XLOGLQJ
,QWURGXFWLRQ
:LQGRZ RSHQLQJ EHKDYLRXU FDQ KDYH D VLJQLILFDQW LQIOXHQFH RQ YDULDWLRQ LQ HQHUJ\ FRQVXPSWLRQ DQG LQGRRU
HQYLURQPHQW7KHUHIRUHLWLVLPSRUWDQWWRFRQWHPSODWHWKHXQFHUWDLQW\UHODWHGWRZLQGRZRSHQLQJEHKDYLRXUZKHQ
GHVLJQLQJDQGUHDOL]LQJ WKH HQHUJ\ HIILFLHQF\ LQEXLOGLQJV &XUUHQWO\ FRPSXWDWLRQDO VLPXODWLRQ LVRQH RI WKH PRVW
ZLGHVSUHDG DQDO\VLV WRROV RI D EXLOGLQJ¶V HQHUJ\ SHUIRUPDQFH ,WV FRPSOH[LW\ LV FRQQHFWHG WR PLVFHOODQHRXV
GLVFLSOLQHVLQWKHVFLHQWLILFDUHDDQGFRQFHUQLQJKXPDQEHKDYLRXU7KHUHIRUHLWLVQRWHDV\WRFRPELQHWKHVHDVSHFWV
DQG HQVXUH WKDW WKH EXLOGLQJ SHUIRUPDQFH VLPXODWLRQ PD[LPL]HV LWV SRWHQWLDO &RPPRQO\ RFFXSDQW EHKDYLRXU LV
VLPSOLILHGWKURXJKWKHLPSOHPHQWDWLRQRIVWDQGDUGL]HGVFKHGXOHVLQVLPXODWLRQ>@%\FRQWUDVWKXPDQLQWHUDFWLRQ
ZLWKEXLOGLQJFRQWUROV\VWHPVLVJRYHUQHGLQDVWRFKDVWLFPDQQHUHJWKHLQIOXHQFHRIKXPDQEHKDYLRXURQZLQGRZ
RSHUDWLRQ DQG VKDGLQJ GHYLFHV >@ 6LQFH WKH VHQVH RI FRPIRUW YDULHV IURP SHUVRQ WR SHUVRQ WKH SUREDELOLW\ RI
SHUIRUPLQJDQDFWLRQWRUHVWRUHWKHFRPIRUWFRQGLWLRQVLVGLIIHUHQWIRUHYHU\LQGLYLGXDO>@)RUWKLVUHDVRQUHFHQW
&RUUHVSRQGLQJDXWKRU7HOID[
E-mail address:VDUDWRUDEL#SROLWRLW
© 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Peer-review under responsibility of the CENTRO CONGRESSI INTERNAZIONALE SRL
622 Sara Torabi Moghadam et al. / Energy Procedia 78 ( 2015 ) 621 – 626
GHYHORSPHQWVLQWKLVDUHDKDYHIRFXVHGRQVRPHGHWDLOHGDVSHFWVRIRFFXSDQF\5HJDUGLQJWKHGHILQLWLRQRI5HLQKDUW
>@WKURXJKWKHGHOLQHDWLRQRIUHSUHVHQWDWLYHDFWLYHDQGSDVVLYHXVHUVWKHLQGLYLGXDOYDULDELOLW\ZKLFKFKDUDFWHUL]HV
KXPDQ EHKDYLRXU VKRXOG EH LQFRUSRUDWHG LQ EXLOGLQJ VLPXODWLRQV 6SHFLILFDOO\ 5HLQKDUW FODVVLILHG RFFXSDQWV DV
DFWLYH RU SDVVLYH GD\OLJKWLQJ XVHUV >@ +H GHILQHG DV DFWLYH WKH XVHU ZKR SUHIHUV WR XVH QDWXUDO OLJKW DV PXFK DV
SRVVLEOHZKLOHDSDVVLYHXVHUWHQGVWRIDYRURQO\DUWLILFLDOOLJKW0RUHRYHUWKHVDPHGHILQLWLRQLVDSSOLHGWRWKHXVH
RI ZLQGRZ EOLQGV ZKHUH VRPHRQH ZKR RSHUDWHV WKH EOLQGV LQ RUGHU WR PD[LPL]H GD\OLJKW DYDLODELOLW\ RU DYRLG
GLVFRPIRUWGXHWRJODUHLVDFWLYHZKHUHDVDSDVVLYHXVHUPDQDJHVEOLQGVZLWKWKHLQWHQWLRQRIHOLPLQDWLQJGD\OLJKW
>@
7DNLQJ LWV FXH IURP WKH DERYHPHQWLRQHG VWXG\ E\ 5HLQKDUW WKH FXUUHQW UHVHDUFK H[DPLQHV WKH LPSOLFDWLRQV RI
GLIIHUHQWW\SHVRIEXLOGLQJRFFXSDQWVUHODWHGWRWKHXVHRIZLQGRZV7KHSXUSRVHLVWRXQGHUVWDQGKRZWKHGLVWLQFWLRQ
EHWZHHQDFWLYHDQGSDVVLYHXVHUVFDQLQIOXHQFHWKHSUHGLFWHGHQHUJ\ORDGVLQDQRIILFHEXLOGLQJ7RWKLVHQGILUVWWKH
PRGHOGHILQHGE\+DOGLDQG5RELQVRQ>@LVFRQVLGHUHGDVDUHIHUHQFHVWRFKDVWLFZLQGRZPRGHO6XEVHTXHQWO\WKH
PRGHOHODERUDWHGE\3DU\V>@GHILQLQJDFWLYHDQGSDVVLYHXVHUVLVLPSOHPHQWHG)LQDOO\WKHFRPSDULVRQEHWZHHQ
WKHGLIIHUHQWXVHUW\SHVLVFDUULHGRXWIRUHDFKVFHQDULRIRUWKHSHUIRUPDQFHLQGLFDWRUV±HQHUJ\XVHIRUFRROLQJDQG
KHDWLQJDQGWKHYHQWLODWLRQUDWHV
,PSOHPHQWHGZLQGRZRSHQLQJEHKDYLRXU
,QWKLVIUDPHZRUNWKHUHJUHVVLRQSDUDPHWHUVGHVFULELQJWKHSUREDELOLW\IXQFWLRQVRIWKHRFFXSDQWVREVHUYHGLQDQ
RIILFH EXLOGLQJ EDVHG RQ +DOGL DQG 5RELQVRQ¶V REVHUYDWLRQ >@ DUH HODERUDWHG WR REWDLQ DFWLYH DQG SDVVLYH
EHKDYLRXU +RZHYHU VLQFH WKLV UHVHDUFK LV D JHQXLQH HIIRUW WR UHIOHFW WKH QRWLRQ RI DFWLYH DQG SDVVLYH XVHUV WKH
UHIHUHQFHPRGHORI+DOGLDQG5RELQVRQLVQRWGLVFXVVHGLQGHWDLO7KHHQWLUHPRGHO¶VDQDO\VLVFDQEHIRXQGLQ>@
ZKLOHKHUHRQO\WKHPDLQVHFWLRQVDUHFRQVLGHUHG
3DU\V¶PRGHOUHODWLQJWRWKHGHVFULSWLRQRIDFWLYHDQGSDVVLYHXVHUVZLWKUHJDUGWRFRQWURORSWLRQVLVWDNHQLQWR
DFFRXQWLQWKLVSDSHU>@7KLVDSSURDFKLVDGRSWHGVLQFHLWGHILQHVWKHYDULDELOLW\DPRQJXVHUVLQDQLQWXLWLYHZD\
*RLQJLQWRWKHVSHFLILFVRIWKHGLVWLQFWLRQEHWZHHQXVHUVWKHZRUNFDUULHGRXWE\3DU\V>@LVVHOHFWHGDVDVWRFKDVWLF
ZLQGRZEHKDYLRXUDOPRGHOZKHUHDFWLYHDQGSDVVLYHXVHUVDUHGHVFULEHGDVWKHTXDUWLOHVRIWKHGDWDUHODWHGWRWKH
SHRSOH REVHUYHG $V UHSRUWHG E\ +DOGL DQG 5RELQVRQ >@ ZKHQ WKH SUREDELOLW\ RI DFWLRQ LV $ LW FDQ EH
GHILQHGDVWKHFRPSDULQJLQGLFDWRURILQGLYLGXDOV3DU\VGHILQHV³active behaviour as the 25th percentile and passive behaviour as the 75th percentile of the set of individual A50-values, where A is the most influential driving variable of the respective probability function´>@0RUHRYHUWKHPRGHODVVRFLDWHGZLWKWKHGLIIHUHQWLDWLRQZLWKLQXVHUVDORQJ
ZLWKWKHDJJUHJDWHGPRGHORI+DOGLDQG5RELQVRQ>@LVD0DUNRYFKDLQFRQVLVWLQJRIWKUHHVXEPRGHOVRIZLQGRZ
RSHUDWLRQDUULYDOLQWHUPHGLDWHDQGGHSDUWXUHIRUERWKRSHQLQJDQGFORVLQJ
7KHIROORZLQJYDULDEOHVDUHPHDVXUHGE\+DOGLDQG5RELQVRQ>@DWPLQXWHLQWHUYDOVDVDQDGHTXDWHIUHTXHQF\
WR UHFRUG VKRUWWHUP RFFXSDQF\ SDWWHUQV LQGRRU WHPSHUDWXUH & RXWGRRU WHPSHUDWXUH GDLO\ PHDQ RXWGRRU
WHPSHUDWXUH&UDLQIDOOELQDU\YDULDEOHRQJRLQJSUHVHQFHGXUDWLRQPLQSUHFHGLQJDEVHQFHORQJHUWKDQKRXUV
ELQDU\IROORZLQJDEVHQFHORQJHUWKDQKRXUVELQDU\ZLQGRZKLJKHUWKDQJURXQGIORRUELQDU\3DU\VVWDUWLQJ
IURPWKHVDPHUHFRUGHGYDULDEOHVXVHGWKHGDWDREWDLQHGWRFUHDWHLQGLYLGXDOPRGHOV%RWKPRGHOV>@SUHGLFWWKH
SUREDELOLW\RIDFWLRQRSHQRUFORVHWKHZLQGRZXVLQJWKHORJLVWLFUHJUHVVLRQZKLFKLQIHUVWKHLQWHUDFWLRQEHWZHHQ
YDULDEOHVDFFRUGLQJWRWKHIROORZLQJHTXDWLRQ
ORJ ¸¸
¹
·
¨¨ ©
§
a b x b x b x c x x c x x
p p
n
n x SSUREDELOLW\aLQWHUFHSWEQFRHIILFLHQWV[QYDULDEOHVc1-n1FRHIILFLHQWVIRUWKHLQWHUDFWLRQWHUPV
3URSRVHGPHWKRGRORJ\
7KH FDVH VWXG\ LPSOHPHQWHG IRU WKH VLPXODWLRQV LV D PHGLXP VL]HG RIILFH EXLOGLQJ >@ IHDWXULQJ LQGLYLGXDO
KHDWLQJ]RQHVRIZKLFKHLJKWKDYHQRUWKIDFLQJZLQGRZVDQGWKHRWKHUVDUHVRXWKIDoDGHRULHQWHG(DFKRIILFHFHOOLV
HTXLSSHG ZLWK DQ RSHUDEOH ZLQGRZ ,Q WKLV OD\RXW HDFK WKHUPDO ]RQH LV FRQVLGHUHG VHSDUDWHO\ LQ D PXOWL]RQH
FRQWH[W ZKLFK DOORZV PRUH GHWDLOHG UHVXOWV WR EH REWDLQHG 7KH SUHVHW WHPSHUDWXUHV IRU KHDWLQJ DQG FRROLQJ DUH
FRQVLGHUHG&DQG&$&+LVSURYLGHGYLDWKHPHFKDQLFDOYHQWLODWLRQV\VWHPGXULQJWKHZRUNLQJKRXUV
LHIURPWRZLWKDOXQFKEUHDNIURPWR7KHLQVWDOOHGOLJKWLQJSRZHULVDVVXPHGWREH
:P ZKLOH WKH LQWHUQDO JDLQV GXH WR WKH HTXLSPHQW GXULQJ RFFXSLHG SHULRG DUH VXSSRVHG WR EH :P 7KH
RYHUDOODUHDJLYHQE\WKHVHWRIWKHUPDO]RQHVPRGHOOHGZLWKLQWKHEXLOGLQJVLPXODWLRQVRIWZDUHLVPDQG
WKHKHLJKWLVP7KHH[WHUQDOZDOOIDFLQJQRUWKKDVDWRWDOZLQGRZDUHDRIPZKLOHWKHRWKHURULHQWHGWR
VRXWKDPRXQWWRP7KHWKHUPRSK\VLFDOSURSHUWLHVRIWKHWUDQVSDUHQWFRPSRQHQWVLVGRXEOHSDQHJOD]LQJZLWK
8 >:P.@DQGRSDTXHFRPSRQHQWVDUHGHVFULEHGLQWKHWDEOHVEHORZ7DEOH3URFHGXUDOO\D0RQWH&DUOR
DQDO\VLV ZLWK UXQV LVSHUIRUPHG LPSOHPHQWLQJ WKH LQGLYLGXDOEHKDYLRXUDO PRGHO DFWLYH SDVVLYH XVHUV DQG WKH
UHIHUHQFHRQHDVSUHVHQWHGSUHYLRXVO\LQ,'$,&(
7DEOH7KHUPRSK\VLFDOSURSHUWLHVRIWKHWUDQVSDUHQWFRPSRQHQWV
6LPXODWLRQUHVXOWV
,Q RUGHU WR YHULI\ WKH ILQDO HQHUJ\ SHUIRUPDQFHV GXH WR WKH DFWLRQ RQ ZLQGRZV E\ GLIIHUHQW XVHU W\SHV LW LV
IXQGDPHQWDO WR DQDO\VH KRZ EHKDYLRXUDO PRGHOV XQGHU VLPLODU ZHDWKHU FRQGLWLRQV SHUIRUP 7KHLU HIIHFW RQ
YHQWLODWLRQ UDWHV FRROLQJ DQGKHDWLQJ ORDGV LVYHULILHG ,Q SDUWLFXODU WKH UHVXOWVRI HDFKSHUIRUPDQFH LQGLFDWRU DUH
SUHVHQWHGVHDVRQDOO\ZLWKWKHDLPRIH[DPLQLQJWKHGLVFUHSDQF\EHWZHHQWKUHHW\SHVRIPRGHOV5HIHUHQFHZLQGRZ
RSHQLQJPRGHO>@$FWLYHDQG3DVVLYHXVHUV>@
4.1. ACH
7KH FRQVWDQW PHFKDQLFDO DLU FKDQJH UDWH LV DVVXPHG KDV D IL[HG DVVXPSWLRQ ZKLOH LW LV YDULDEOH LQ D
SUREDELOLVWLF DOJRULWKP¶V PRGHO IRU ZLQGRZ RSHQLQJ 6LQFH ZLQGRZ RSHQLQJ LV JRYHUQHG E\ LQGRRU DQG RXWGRRU
WHPSHUDWXUH ZKHQ FRPSDULQJ GLIIHUHQW XVHUV LW FDQ EH QRWLFHG WKDW ZLWK WKH KLJKHVW DLU FKDQJH UDWH UHFRUGHG LQ
7KLVFDWHJRU\LVGHILQHGLQ6WDQGDUG(1IRURIILFHEXLOGLQJV0LQLPXPRSHUDWLYHWHPSHUDWXUHIRUKHDWLQJ&DQG0D[LPXP
RSHUDWLYHWHPSHUDWXUHIRUFRROLQJ&
0DWHULDO 'HQVLW\ 6SHFLILFKHDW 7KHUPDO 8YDOXH 7KLFNQHVV
>NJP@ >-NJ.@ FRQGXFWLYLW\
>:P.@
>:P.@
>P@
([WHUQDOZDOO
7KHUPDO3ODVWHU
%LRPDWWRQH+HPSDQG/LPH
%LRPDWWRQH+HPSDQG/LPH
7LWDQLXP=LQF
5RRI
0LQHUDO3DQHO
*DOYDQL]HG6WHHO6KHHW
&RQFUHWH
.UDIW3DSHU
5RFNZRRO
%LWXPHQ
*UHHQEL]*UHHQ5RRI
([WHUQDOIORRU
&RQFUHWH
5RFNZRRO
1DWXUDO%HWRQ
+HPSDQG+\GUDXOLF/LPH
&OD\3DQHO
6WRQH3DQHO
624 Sara Torabi Moghadam et al. / Energy Procedia 78 ( 2015 ) 621 – 626
VXPPHUVHDVRQWKHUHLVDUHPDUNDEOHYDULDWLRQEHWZHHQPRGHOV$&+LVHYHQWKUHHWLPHVKLJKHULQWKHPRGHOZLWK
WKHDFWLYHXVHUVLH$&+$FWLYHVXPPHU KFRPSDUHGWRWKHSDVVLYHXVHUVLH$&+3DVVLYHVXPPHU K)LJ
D7KHDFWLYHXVHUVDUHFOHDUO\WKHRQHVZKRDFWLYHO\VHHNWRRSHQWKHZLQGRZ
$FRPPRQSDWWHUQLQWKHLQWHUPHGLDWHDQGZLQWHUVHDVRQVFRPHVRXWIURPWKHDQDO\VLVRIDLUFKDQJHUDWHVYDOXHV
:LWK UHJDUG WR WKH FRPSDULVRQ EHWZHHQ WKH UHIHUHQFH PRGHO DQG WKRVH DFWLYH DQG SDVVLYH WKH UHIHUHQFH PRGHO
HQVXUHV WKH KLJKHVW YHQWLODWLRQ UDWH LQ ZLQWHU LH $&+5HIHUHQFHZLQWHU K ZKLOH LQ VXPPHU DQG GXULQJ WKH
LQWHUPHGLDWHVHDVRQVLWLVKDQGKUHVSHFWLYHO\
7KHDLUFKDQJHUDWHYDOXHRIWKHUHIHUHQFHPRGHOGXULQJWKHFROGZLQWHUPRQWKVILWVZLWKKHDWLQJHQHUJ\XVHLQ
WKLVVHDVRQZKHQWKHDLUFKDQJHUDWHLVKLJKHUDQGWKHKHDWLQJV\VWHPXVHVPRUHHQHUJ\WRUHVWRUHWKHKHDWORVVHVGXH
WR KXPDQ LQWHUDFWLRQ ZLWK ZLQGRZV 5HVXOW IOXFWXDWLRQV LQ WKH VDPH RIILFH EXLOGLQJ FDXVHG E\ FKDQJLQJ RFFXSDQW
SDWWHUQVDFWLYHSDVVLYHDQGUHIHUHQFHDUHSUHVHQWHGLQWKHIROORZLQJILJXUHV7RDGGUHVVWKHVHQVLWLYLW\RIWKH
SHUIRUPDQFH LQGLFDWRU UHVSHFW WR IOXFWXDWLRQV LQ RFFXSDQW EHKDYLRXU WKH VWDWLVWLFDO LQGLFDWRU &9 &RHIILFLHQW RI
9DULDWLRQLVDSSOLHG7KLVLQGLFDWRULVDQRUPDOL]HGPHDVXUHRIGLVSHUVLRQRIDSUREDELOLW\GLVWULEXWLRQRUIUHTXHQF\
GLVWULEXWLRQDQGLWLVGHILQHGDVWKHUDWLRRIWKHVWDQGDUGGHYLDWLRQWRWKHPHDQ7KHUHODWLRQEHWZHHQWKHSHUFHQWDJHV
RI &9 LV VKRZQ LQ PDMRU GHWDLO LQ )LJ E ,W LV REVHUYHG WKDW WKH VDPH YDOXH RI &9 DSSHDUV LQ WKH ZLQWHU DQG
LQWHUPHGLDWHVHDVRQIRUERWKDFWLYHDQGSDVVLYHZKLOHLQVXPPHUWKHUHLVDYDULDWLRQ3DVVLYHXVHUVDUHWKHRQHVZKR
YDU\PRUHWKDQWKHRWKHUV&9$FWLYHVXPPHU ,WLVLPSRUWDQWWRFRQVLGHU6WDQGDUG'HYLDWLRQDQG&RHIILFLHQWRI
9DULDWLRQ WRJHWKHU )RU LQVWDQFH HYHQ LI WKH &9 YDOXH LV JHQHUDOO\ WKH ORZHVW WKLV FRXOG EH QRW WUXH IRU VWDQGDUG
GHYLDWLRQ )LJ D VKRZV WKH FRUUHVSRQGLQJ 6' YDOXHV ZKLFK DUH LQGLFDWRUV RI WKH UHVXOWV¶ IOXFWXDWLRQ GHULYLQJ
IURPWKHSUREDELOLVWLFDSSURDFK
4.2. Heating
7KHFRQVWDQWPHFKDQLFDODLUFKDQJHUDWHLVDVVXPHGKDVDIL[HGDVVXPSWLRQZKLOHLWLVKLJKHULQDSUREDELOLVWLF
DOJRULWKP¶VPRGHOIRUZLQGRZRSHQLQJ7KXVWKHYDULDWLRQVLQ$&+EHWZHHQWKHGLIIHUHQWDSSURDFKHVKLJKOLJKWHG
ZKDW VKRXOG EH H[SHFWHG 9DU\LQJ WKH LPSOHPHQWDWLRQ RI RFFXSDQW EHKDYLRXUDO PRGHOV ZLWKLQ WKH EXLOGLQJ
VLPXODWLRQ WRRO LW UHVXOWV LQ D PRUH RU OHVV HQHUJ\ XVH $ ³PDQXDO´ VWRFKDVWLF ZLQGRZ FRQWURO IRU DFWLYH DQG
SDVVLYHXVHUVLQFUHDVHVZLWKDYDULDWLRQRIDQGUHVSHFWLYHO\LQWKHZLQWHUVHDVRQ(+HDWLQJVWDQGDUGVXPPHU
N:KP&RQVHTXHQWO\WKHYDULDWLRQEHWZHHQGLIIHUHQWXVHUVKDVDQLPSDFWRQWKHKHDWLQJHQHUJ\ORDGVHH
)LJD
0RGHOVGHILQHGE\DQDFWLYHXVDJHRIWKHZLQGRZUHJLVWHUHGDYDOXHKLJKHUWKDQSDVVLYHLQDOOVHDVRQVZLWKD
PD[LPXPGLIIHUHQFHRIN:KPLQWKHLQWHUPHGLDWHWLPHRI\HDU
)LJD0HDQYDOXHVDQGVWDQGDUGGHYLDWLRQE&9YDOXHVGHULYLQJIURP
WKHSUREDELOLVWLFDSSURDFKIRU$&+
:KHQ FRPSDUHG ZLWK WKH UHIHUHQFH PRGHO WKH KHDWLQJ HQHUJ\ ORDG LV HOHYDWHG ZLWK UHVSHFW WR DFWLYH ǻ
N:KPDQGSDVVLYHǻ N:KPFRQWURORIWKHZLQGRZ$FWXDOO\RSHQZLQGRZVGXULQJZLQWHUOHDGWRDQ
LQFUHDVHLQKHDWLQJHQHUJ\GHPDQGDVDUHVXOWRIKLJKWUDQVPLVVLRQORVVHV
)URPWKHDQDO\VLVRI6WDQGDUG'HYLDWLRQDQG&9YDOXHV)LJDELWLVGHGXFHGWKDWDOOEHKDYLRXUDOPRGHOV
UHIHUHQFHPRGHODFWLYHDQGSDVVLYHSUHVHQWYHU\ORZSHUFHQWDJHRIYDULDWLRQ
4.3. Cooling
7KH ORZHVW HQHUJ\ XVH IRU FRROLQJ LQ FKDQJLQJ ZLQGRZ RSHUDWLRQ XVHU W\SH DFWLYH LV REVHUYHG LQ VXPPHU
SUREDEO\EHFDXVHZLQGRZRSHQLQJHQFRXUDJHVWKHQDWXUDOYHQWLODWLRQRIWKHLQGRRUHQYLURQPHQW
$VDFRQVHTXHQFHRIWKHFOLPDWLFFKDUDFWHULVWLFVRIWKHVHOHFWHGZHDWKHU]RQHWKHGLIIHUHQFHLQKDQGOLQJZLQGRZ
FRQWUROV\VWHPLVOHVVHYLGHQWGXULQJWKHZLQWHUDQGLQWHUPHGLDWHVHDVRQV
&RROLQJ ORDGV DUH IRUFHIXOO\ DIIHFWHG E\ ZLQGRZ RSHQLQJ 2QFH SUREDELOLVWLF FRQWURO LV SHUPLWWHG VXPPHU
UHGXFWLRQVLQFRROLQJORDGVDUHLQWKHRUGHURIIRUDFWLYHXVHUVDQGIRUSDVVLYHLH(&RROLQJVWDQGDUGVXPPHU
N:KP
7KHUHVXOWVVKRZQLQ)LJKLJKOLJKWWKDWWKHUHIHUHQFHPRGHOLVDOZD\VEHWZHHQWKHRWKHUW\SHVRIXVHUVDFWLYH
DQGSDVVLYHZLWKDYDOXHRIN:KPGXULQJWKHVXPPHUGHFUHDVLQJWRN:KPDQGWRVOLJKWO\PRUHWKDQ
]HURN:KPLQWKHLQWHUPHGLDWHDQGZLQWHUVHDVRQUHVSHFWLYHO\
7KH &9 RI DOO W\SHV RI LPSOHPHQWHG XVHU PRGHOV KDV WKH VDPH WUHQG )LJ E 0RUHRYHU ORRNLQJ DW WKH
VWDQGDUGGHYLDWLRQQXPHULFDOYDOXHV6'LVDOPRVWVLPLODULQDOOFDVHV)LJDDVSURYHGE\6'YDOXHVSDVVLQJ
IURPMXVWN:KPIRUDFWLYHDQGSDVVLYHWRN:KPIRUUHIHUHQFHLQVXPPHU
)LJD0HDQYDOXHVDQGVWDQGDUGGHYLDWLRQE&9YDOXHVGHULYLQJ
IURPWKHSUREDELOLVWLFDSSURDFKIRU+HDWLQJ
626 Sara Torabi Moghadam et al. / Energy Procedia 78 ( 2015 ) 621 – 626
&RQFOXVLRQDQGIXWXUHZRUN
7KH VHW RI PRGHOV SUHVHQWHG LQ WKLV SDSHU DUH DQ DWWHPSW WR VLPXODWH WKH LPSDFW RI LQGLYLGXDO EHKDYLRXU E\
LPSOHPHQWLQJWKHORJLVWLFUHJUHVVLRQPRGHOVLQWHQGHGIRUDFWLYHDQGSDVVLYH>@DQGJHQHUDOL]HGZLQGRZEHKDYLRXU
>@RQEXLOGLQJHQHUJ\VLPXODWLRQ
7KH LQYHVWLJDWLRQV FDUULHG RXW LQ WKLV UHVHDUFK GHPRQVWUDWH WKH LPSRUWDQFH RI WDNLQJ LQWR DFFRXQW ZLQGRZ
RSHQLQJEHKDYLRXUIRUDEHWWHUXQGHUVWDQGLQJRIWKHHQHUJ\XVHSDWWHUQVRIRIILFHEXLOGLQJV
7KHUHIRUH D JHQHUDOL]HG PRGHO RI XVHU EHKDYLRXU PD\ XQGHUHVWLPDWH RU RYHUHVWLPDWH WKH SUHGLFWHG HQHUJ\
FRQVXPSWLRQRIDEXLOGLQJFRQVHTXHQWO\UHVXOWLQJLQDZURQJHVWLPDWLRQRIH[SHFWHGHQHUJ\FRQVXPSWLRQ
)ROORZLQJ WKH FXUUHQW UHVHDUFK IXWXUH VWXGLHV VKRXOG IRFXV PRUH RQ WKH GLVWLQFWLRQ EHWZHHQ XVHUV ZKHQ
FRQVLGHULQJ RFFXSDQW EHKDYLRXU LQ RUGHU WR SURYLGH D PRUH SUHFLVH UHSUHVHQWDWLRQ RI UHDOLW\ E\ VLPXODWLRQ WRROV
SUHGLFWLRQ PHWKRGV $OWKRXJK WKH SURSRVHG PHWKRGRORJ\ DVSLUHV WR LPSURYH HQHUJ\ HIILFLHQF\ LQ QHZ EXLOGLQJV
GXULQJDQHDUOLHUSKDVHRIGHVLJQWKLVFDQDOVREHDSSOLHGWRUHWURILWWLQJSURMHFWVLQH[LVWLQJEXLOGLQJV
5HIHUHQFHV
>@(PPHULFK6&UXP-6LPXODWHG3HUIRUPDQFHRI1DWXUDODQG+\EULG9HQWLODWLRQ6\VWHPVLQDQ2IILFH%XLOGLQJ*DLWKHUVEXUJ%XLOGLQJDQG
)LUH5HVHDUFK/DERUDWRU\
>@+ROPHV0+DFNHU-&OLPDWH&KDQJH7KHUPDO&RPIRUWDQG(QHUJ\0HHWLQJWKH'HVLJQ&KDOOHQJHVRIWKHVW&HQWXU\,Q(QHUJ\DQG
%XLOGLQJVS
>@0DKGDYL$3HRSOHLQ%XLOGLQJ3HUIRUPDQFH6LPXODWLRQ+HQVHQ- /DPEHUWV5HGLWRUV%XLOGLQJ3HUIRUPDQFH 6LPXODWLRQIRU'HVLJQDQG
2SHUDWLRQ1HZ<RUN7D\ORU )UDQFLVS
>@ 1LFRO -) &KDUDFWHULVLQJ 2FFXSDQW %HKDYLRXU LQ %XLOGLQJV 7RZDUGV D 6WRFKDVWLF 0RGHO RI 2FFXSDQW 8VH RI :LQGRZV /LJKWV %OLQGV
+HDWHUVDQG)DQV3URFRI%XLOGLQJ6LPXODWLRQ5LRGH-DQHLURS
>@5HLQKDUW&)/LJKWVZLWFK$0RGHOIRU0DQXDODQG$XWRPDWHG&RQWURORI(OHFWULF/LJKWLQJDQG%OLQGV,Q6RODU(QHUJ\
>@+DOGL)5RELQVRQ',QWHUDFWLRQVZLWK:LQGRZ2SHQLQJVE\2IILFH2FFXSDQWV,Q%XLOGLQJDQG(QYLURQPHQWS
>@3DU\V:&RVW2SWLPL]DWLRQRI&HOOXODU2IILFH%XLOGLQJV%DVHGRQ%XLOGLQJ(QHUJ\6LPXODWLRQ3K'7KHVLV
>@ 7RUDEL 0RJKDGDP 6 6RQFLQL ) &RUJQDWL 63 )DEL 9 7DKPDVHEL ) 0DKGDYL $ 7KH ,PSDFW RI :LQGRZ 2SHUDWLRQ $VVXPSWLRQV RQWKH
7KHUPDO 6LPXODWLRQ 5HVXOWV RI DQ 2IILFH %XLOGLQJ 3URFHHGLQJV RI WKH QG ,&$8' ,QWHUQDWLRQDO &RQIHUHQFH LQ $UFKLWHFWXUH DQG 8UEDQ
'HVLJQ(SRND8QLYHUVLW\7LUDQD$OEDQLD0D\
>@ +DOGL ) 5RELQVRQ ' $GDSWLYH $FWLRQV RQ 6KDGLQJ 'HYLFHV LQ 5HVSRQVH WR /RFDO 9LVXDO 6WLPXOL ,Q -RXUQDO RI %XLOGLQJ 3HUIRUPDQFH
6LPXODWLRQS±
>@$OKRPRXG062SWLPXP7KHUPDO'HVLJQRI2IILFH%XLOGLQJV,Q,QWHUQDWLRQDO-RXUQDORI(QHUJ\5HVHDUFKS
)LJD0HDQYDOXHVDQGVWDQGDUGGHYLDWLRQE&9YDOXHVGHULYLQJIURPWKH
SUREDELOLVWLFDSSURDFKIRU&RROLQJ